CH635667A5 - METHOD OF CONTROLLING A HEATING APPARATUS AND CONTROLLING DEVICE FOR IMPLEMENTING THE PROCESS. - Google Patents
METHOD OF CONTROLLING A HEATING APPARATUS AND CONTROLLING DEVICE FOR IMPLEMENTING THE PROCESS. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CH635667A5 CH635667A5 CH288680A CH288680A CH635667A5 CH 635667 A5 CH635667 A5 CH 635667A5 CH 288680 A CH288680 A CH 288680A CH 288680 A CH288680 A CH 288680A CH 635667 A5 CH635667 A5 CH 635667A5
- Authority
- CH
- Switzerland
- Prior art keywords
- block
- temperature
- air
- water
- fan
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000009529 body temperature measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 claims 16
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005338 heat storage Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000008236 heating water Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H9/00—Details
- F24H9/20—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
- F24H9/2064—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for air heaters
- F24H9/2071—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for air heaters using electrical energy supply
- F24H9/2078—Storage heaters
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
- F24H15/20—Control of fluid heaters characterised by control inputs
- F24H15/258—Outdoor temperature
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
- F24H15/30—Control of fluid heaters characterised by control outputs; characterised by the components to be controlled
- F24H15/335—Control of pumps, e.g. on-off control
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
- F24H15/30—Control of fluid heaters characterised by control outputs; characterised by the components to be controlled
- F24H15/355—Control of heat-generating means in heaters
- F24H15/37—Control of heat-generating means in heaters of electric heaters
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H7/00—Storage heaters, i.e. heaters in which the energy is stored as heat in masses for subsequent release
- F24H7/02—Storage heaters, i.e. heaters in which the energy is stored as heat in masses for subsequent release the released heat being conveyed to a transfer fluid
- F24H7/04—Storage heaters, i.e. heaters in which the energy is stored as heat in masses for subsequent release the released heat being conveyed to a transfer fluid with forced circulation of the transfer fluid
- F24H7/0408—Storage heaters, i.e. heaters in which the energy is stored as heat in masses for subsequent release the released heat being conveyed to a transfer fluid with forced circulation of the transfer fluid using electrical energy supply
- F24H7/0416—Storage heaters, i.e. heaters in which the energy is stored as heat in masses for subsequent release the released heat being conveyed to a transfer fluid with forced circulation of the transfer fluid using electrical energy supply the transfer fluid being air
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H7/00—Storage heaters, i.e. heaters in which the energy is stored as heat in masses for subsequent release
- F24H7/02—Storage heaters, i.e. heaters in which the energy is stored as heat in masses for subsequent release the released heat being conveyed to a transfer fluid
- F24H7/04—Storage heaters, i.e. heaters in which the energy is stored as heat in masses for subsequent release the released heat being conveyed to a transfer fluid with forced circulation of the transfer fluid
- F24H7/0408—Storage heaters, i.e. heaters in which the energy is stored as heat in masses for subsequent release the released heat being conveyed to a transfer fluid with forced circulation of the transfer fluid using electrical energy supply
- F24H7/0433—Storage heaters, i.e. heaters in which the energy is stored as heat in masses for subsequent release the released heat being conveyed to a transfer fluid with forced circulation of the transfer fluid using electrical energy supply the transfer medium being water
Abstract
Description
Le but de la présente invention est de remédier au moins partiellement, aux inconvénients sus-mentionnés. The object of the present invention is to remedy at least partially the above-mentioned drawbacks.
A cet effet, la présente invention a pour objet un procédé de régulation d'un appareil de chauffage comprenant un bloc de stockage thermique, des résistances électriques pour chauffer ce bloc, un circuit fermé de circulation d'aircompre-nant des canaux de convection à travers ce bloc, reliant un canal de distribution et un canal collecteur d'air, ces deux canaux communiquant avec la sortie, respectivement, l'entrée d'un ventilateur sur lequel le circuit se referme, un échangeur de chaleur air-eau placé entre la sortie dudit canal collecteur et l'entrée du ventilateur et des moyens pour varier la proportion du débit d'air constant du ventilateur envoyé à travers ledit bloc. Ce procédé est caractérisé par le fait que l'on détermine une température désirée pour l'eau sortant dudit échangeur, que l'on fixe ladite proportion du débit d'air envoyée à travers le bloc d'accumulation, nécessaire pour atteindre cette température désirée et que l'on enclenche les résistances électriques de chauffage du bloc dès que la proportion du débit d'air nécessaire pour atteindre cette température désirée est égale au débit d'air du ventilateur. Cette invention a encore pour objet un dispositif de régulation pour la mise en œuvre du procédé, destiné à un appareil de chauffage comprenant un passage de dérivation qui relie la sortie du ventilateur à la sortie dudit canal collecteur d'air, caractérisé par le fait qu'il comporte un organe de répartition de débit d'air du ventilateur, monté oscillant entre une position limite de fermeture de l'entrée dudit canal de distribution et une position limite de fermeture dudit passage de dérivation, cette dernière position limite déterminant la mise sous tension des résistances électriques durant les heures diurnes et un organe d'entraînement relié à cet organe de répartition pour le déplacer entre ses deux positions limites, cet organe d'entraînement étant commandé par un régulateur associé à au moins une sonde de mesure de la température de l'eau à la sortie dudit échangeur. To this end, the subject of the present invention is a method for regulating a heating device comprising a thermal storage block, electrical resistors for heating this block, a closed air circulation circuit comprising convection channels to through this block, connecting a distribution channel and an air collecting channel, these two channels communicating with the outlet, respectively, the inlet of a fan on which the circuit closes, an air-water heat exchanger placed between the outlet of said collecting channel and the inlet of the fan and means for varying the proportion of the constant air flow of the fan sent through said block. This process is characterized by the fact that a desired temperature is determined for the water leaving said exchanger, that the said proportion of the air flow sent through the accumulation block, necessary to reach this desired temperature is fixed. and that the electrical heating resistors of the block are switched on as soon as the proportion of the air flow required to reach this desired temperature is equal to the air flow of the fan. Another subject of this invention is a regulation device for implementing the method, intended for a heating device comprising a bypass passage which connects the outlet of the fan to the outlet of said air collecting channel, characterized in that '' It comprises a fan air flow distribution member, mounted oscillating between a limit position for closing the inlet of said distribution channel and a limit position for closing said bypass passage, the latter limit position determining the placing under voltage of the electrical resistances during daylight hours and a drive member connected to this distribution member to move it between its two limit positions, this drive member being controlled by a regulator associated with at least one temperature measurement probe water at the outlet of said exchanger.
L'appareil de chauffage équipé du dispositif selon l'invention permet de fournir une puissance réglable à partir d'un débit constant du ventilateur et en fonction de la température désirée pour l'eau. De plus cet appareil présente l'avantage de commander l'enclenchement diurne des résistances de chauffage du bloc d'accumulation en fonction de la puissance soutirée et non en fonction de la température du bloc. Grâce à cette particularité, la capacité énergétique utilisable du bloc est accrue, notamment en demi-saison lorsque la puissance nécessaire diminue en raison de l'augmentation de la température ambiante extérieure. Ceci conduit donc à une utilisation plus rationnelle de l'énergie stockée, intéressante aussi bien pour l'utilisateur que pour le distributeur de courant électrique. The heating appliance equipped with the device according to the invention makes it possible to supply an adjustable power starting from a constant flow rate of the fan and according to the desired temperature for the water. In addition, this device has the advantage of controlling the daytime engagement of the heating resistors of the accumulation block as a function of the power drawn off and not as a function of the temperature of the block. Thanks to this feature, the usable energy capacity of the unit is increased, especially in mid-season when the power required decreases due to the increase in the outdoor ambient temperature. This therefore leads to a more rational use of the stored energy, advantageous both for the user and for the electric current distributor.
La figure unique du dessin annexé illustre, à titre d'exemple, une forme d'exécution du dispositif de régulation d'un appareil de chauffage, objet de la présente invention. The single figure of the appended drawing illustrates, by way of example, an embodiment of the regulation device of a heating appliance, object of the present invention.
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Cette figure représente très schématiquement les éléments essentiels d'un appareil de chauffage à accumulation comprenant un carter isolant 1 renfermant un bloc d'accumulation 2 dans lequel sont réparties des résistances électriques de chauffage 3 alimentées par une rampe de distribution commune 4. Des canaux de circulation d'air (non représentés) traversent ce bloc pour relier un canal de distribution 5 et un canal collecteur 6. Ces canaux communiquent respectivement avec la sortie et l'entrée d'un ventilateur 7, entrée devant laquelle se trouve un échangeur de chaleur 8 d'un circuit de chauffage central 9. Un passage de dérivation 10 est ménagé sous le bloc d'accumulation 2 et un volet de répartition 11 est monté oscillant autour d'un axe 12 entre une position d'obturation du passage de dérivation 10 et une position d'obturation de le canal de distribution 5. Un servo-moteur synchrone This figure very schematically represents the essential elements of a storage heater comprising an insulating casing 1 enclosing a storage block 2 in which are distributed electrical heating resistors 3 supplied by a common distribution rail 4. Channels of air circulation (not shown) pass through this block to connect a distribution channel 5 and a collecting channel 6. These channels communicate respectively with the outlet and the inlet of a fan 7, inlet in front of which is a heat exchanger 8 of a central heating circuit 9. A bypass passage 10 is provided under the accumulation block 2 and a distribution flap 11 is mounted oscillating around an axis 12 between a position for closing the bypass passage 10 and a closed position of the distribution channel 5. A synchronous servo motor
13 relié à un organe de régulation 14 commande la position angulaire du volet de répartition 11. Cet organe de régulation 13 connected to a regulating member 14 controls the angular position of the distribution flap 11. This regulating member
14 est relié, dans cet exemple, à une sonde 15 placée dans le circuit de chauffage central 9 en amont des radiateurs et à une sonde 16 placée soit à l'extérieur soit à l'intérieur du local à chauffer pour mesurer la température ambiante et déterminer la température de l'eau. 14 is connected, in this example, to a probe 15 placed in the central heating circuit 9 upstream of the radiators and to a probe 16 placed either outside or inside the room to be heated to measure the ambient temperature and determine the water temperature.
Le circuit d'alimentation électrique comporte une partie alimentant les résistances électriques 3 et commandée par une horloge 17 reliée à un commutateur jour/nuit. Un interrupteur 18 est disposé dans la portion «jour» du circuit d'alimentation et est relié au volet de répartition 11 pour que celui-ci ferme cet interrupteur en position d'obturation du passage de dérivation 10, de manière à enclencher les résistances électriques de chauffage 3. Un interrupteur de sécurité 19 est encore placé dans la partie de ce circuit d'alimentation des résistances 3, commune aux portions jour/nuit de ce circuit. Cet interrupteur 19 est relié à une sonde 20 de mesure de la température du bloc, pour éviter que cette température dépasse une certaine limite. Une autre partie du circuit d'alimentation est branchée au ventilateur 7 et à un circulateur 21 par l'inter-médaire de l'organe de régulation 14. Un interrupteur de sécurité 22 est disposé dans cette partie du circuit d'alimentation et est relié à la sonde 15 pour couper le ventilateur 7 au cas où la température de l'eau deviendrait anormalement élevée, par exemple en cas de blocage du volet de répartition 11. The electrical supply circuit comprises a part supplying the electrical resistors 3 and controlled by a clock 17 connected to a day / night switch. A switch 18 is disposed in the “day” portion of the supply circuit and is connected to the distribution flap 11 so that the latter closes this switch in the closed position of the bypass passage 10, so as to engage the electrical resistances heating 3. A safety switch 19 is also placed in the part of this resistance supply circuit 3, common to the day / night portions of this circuit. This switch 19 is connected to a probe 20 for measuring the temperature of the block, to prevent this temperature from exceeding a certain limit. Another part of the supply circuit is connected to the fan 7 and to a circulator 21 by way of the regulating member 14. A safety switch 22 is arranged in this part of the supply circuit and is connected to the probe 15 to switch off the fan 7 in the event that the water temperature becomes abnormally high, for example in the event of blockage of the distribution flap 11.
Pendant les heures de nuit, le bloc d'accumulation 2 est chauffé à sa température maximum soit 650°C. L'organe de régulation 14 affiche la température de l'eau du circuit de chauffage central en fonction de la température extérieure mesurée par la sonde 16 et il compare la température de l'eau mesurée par la sonde 15 à la température affichée. L'organe régulateur 14 actionne le servo-moteur 13 dans un sens ou dans l'autre suivant que la température mesurée de l'eau est During the night hours, the accumulation block 2 is heated to its maximum temperature, ie 650 ° C. The regulator 14 displays the water temperature of the central heating circuit as a function of the outside temperature measured by the probe 16 and it compares the water temperature measured by the probe 15 with the displayed temperature. The regulating member 14 actuates the servomotor 13 in one direction or the other depending on whether the measured temperature of the water is
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trop élevée ou non, diminuant, respectivement augmentant la section de passage entre la sortie du ventilateur 7 et le canal de distribution 5, augmentant, respectivement diminuant, la section d'entrée du passage de dérivation 10. too high or not, decreasing, respectively increasing the section of passage between the outlet of the fan 7 and the distribution channel 5, increasing, respectively decreasing, the section of entry of the bypass passage 10.
Ce mode de régulation permet d'adapter constamment la puissance soutirée du bloc d'accumulation 2 à la température désirée de l'eau du circuit de chauffage, en modifiant le débit massique d'air à travers ce bloc 2. Au moment où le volet de répartition 11 ferme complètement le passage de dérivation 10, la puissance soutirée est juste suffisante pour chauffer l'eau de sorte que suite au refroidissement progressif du bloc d'accumulation 2, la puissance deviendra rapidement insuffisante. C'est pourquoi le volet de répartition 11 ferme l'interrupteur 18, assurant l'alimentation diurne des résistances électriques 3 du bloc d'accumulation 2, jusqu'à ce que sa température soit suffisante pour produire un déplacement du volet de répartition 11 en sens inverse. This regulation mode makes it possible to constantly adapt the power drawn from the accumulation block 2 to the desired temperature of the water in the heating circuit, by modifying the mass flow of air through this block 2. When the shutter distribution 11 completely closes the bypass passage 10, the power drawn is just sufficient to heat the water so that following the gradual cooling of the accumulation block 2, the power will quickly become insufficient. This is why the distribution flap 11 closes the switch 18, ensuring the daytime supply of the electrical resistances 3 of the accumulation block 2, until its temperature is sufficient to produce a displacement of the distribution flap 11 in reverse.
La commande de la relance diurne du chauffage du bloc en fonction de la puissance soutirée permet de faire des économies en courant de jour. En effet, si on considère que le bloc est chauffé à 650°C durant la nuit dans cet exemple, il a une puissance nominale de 18 K W calculée pour chauffer l'eau du circuit de chauffage central à 90°C. La température minimum à laquelle le bloc peut fournir cette puissance est de 250°C. Si la relance diurne du chauffage du bloc était commandée par la température de ce bloc, il faudrait donc provoquer cette relance chaque fois que le bloc atteindrait cette température. The control of the daytime restart of the heating of the block according to the drawn off power makes it possible to save in daytime current. Indeed, if we consider that the block is heated to 650 ° C overnight in this example, it has a nominal power of 18 K W calculated to heat the water of the central heating circuit to 90 ° C. The minimum temperature at which the block can supply this power is 250 ° C. If the daytime restart of the block heater was controlled by the temperature of this block, it would therefore be necessary to trigger this restart each time the block reaches this temperature.
Or, si en raison de la température extérieure l'eau ne doit être chauffée qu'à 70°C, nécessitant une puissance de 9 KW, l'énergie contenue dans le bloc à 250°C est encore largement suffisante et on a calculé que le bloc pourra fournir la puissance désirée jusqu'à ce que sa température s'abaisse à 150°C. However, if due to the outside temperature the water should only be heated to 70 ° C, requiring a power of 9 KW, the energy contained in the block at 250 ° C is still largely sufficient and it has been calculated that the block can provide the desired power until its temperature drops to 150 ° C.
Le système de régulation décrit permet donc de tirer parti au maximum d'un volume de stockage donné et conduit à un amortissement plus rapide du coût du bloc d'accumulation. Le calcul du volume de ce bloc peut en outre être optimalisé en raison de la capacité moyenne de stockage accrue compte tenu de ce système de régulation. The described regulation system therefore makes it possible to take maximum advantage of a given storage volume and leads to faster amortization of the cost of the accumulation block. The calculation of the volume of this block can also be optimized due to the increased average storage capacity taking into account this regulation system.
Parmi les avantages de l'appareil de chauffage équipé du dispositif objet de cette invention, il faut également relever que la section de passage commandée par le volet de répartition est sensiblement constante, l'augmentation de la section d'une des ouvertures coïncidant automatiquement à une diminution correspondante de la section de passage de l'autre ouverture permettant de faire un réglage précis des débits respectifs, la perte de charge totale restant constante à travers les deux ouvertures de passage de l'air sortant du ventilateur. De ce fait, le ventilateur qui travaille à une vitesse constante est soumis à une charge aussi sensiblement constante. Among the advantages of the heating appliance equipped with the device that is the subject of this invention, it should also be noted that the passage section controlled by the distribution flap is substantially constant, the increase in the section of one of the openings automatically coinciding with a corresponding reduction in the passage section of the other opening making it possible to make a precise adjustment of the respective flow rates, the total pressure drop remaining constant through the two openings for the passage of air leaving the fan. As a result, the fan which operates at a constant speed is also subjected to a substantially constant load.
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1 feuille dessins 1 sheet of drawings
Claims (3)
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CH288680A CH635667A5 (en) | 1980-04-15 | 1980-04-15 | METHOD OF CONTROLLING A HEATING APPARATUS AND CONTROLLING DEVICE FOR IMPLEMENTING THE PROCESS. |
PCT/CH1981/000043 WO1981003060A1 (en) | 1980-04-15 | 1981-04-14 | Method for regulating a heating apparatus and heating apparatus regulated by such method |
EP81810141A EP0038304B1 (en) | 1980-04-15 | 1981-04-14 | Method of controlling a heating apparatus and heating apparatus controlled by this method |
DE8181810141T DE3164677D1 (en) | 1980-04-15 | 1981-04-14 | Method of controlling a heating apparatus and heating apparatus controlled by this method |
AT81810141T ATE8434T1 (en) | 1980-04-15 | 1981-04-14 | METHOD OF CONTROLLING A HEATING APPLIANCE AND HEATING APPLIANCE CONTROLLED BY THIS METHOD. |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CH288680A CH635667A5 (en) | 1980-04-15 | 1980-04-15 | METHOD OF CONTROLLING A HEATING APPARATUS AND CONTROLLING DEVICE FOR IMPLEMENTING THE PROCESS. |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CH635667A5 true CH635667A5 (en) | 1983-04-15 |
Family
ID=4243808
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CH288680A CH635667A5 (en) | 1980-04-15 | 1980-04-15 | METHOD OF CONTROLLING A HEATING APPARATUS AND CONTROLLING DEVICE FOR IMPLEMENTING THE PROCESS. |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0038304B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE8434T1 (en) |
CH (1) | CH635667A5 (en) |
DE (1) | DE3164677D1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1981003060A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0171028A3 (en) * | 1984-08-07 | 1987-09-09 | Heinz Proske | Heating plant |
GB2586625B (en) * | 2019-08-29 | 2021-08-25 | Tepeo Ltd | A storage boiler |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1579781A1 (en) * | 1965-07-28 | 1970-09-10 | Roesen Wilhelm | Substructure for electric heat block storage |
BE826231A (en) * | 1975-03-04 | 1975-09-04 | Acec | ELECTRIC STOVE WITH A HEAT ACCUMULATION AND / OR RESTITUTION ADJUSTMENT DEVICE |
-
1980
- 1980-04-15 CH CH288680A patent/CH635667A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1981
- 1981-04-14 AT AT81810141T patent/ATE8434T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1981-04-14 EP EP81810141A patent/EP0038304B1/en not_active Expired
- 1981-04-14 WO PCT/CH1981/000043 patent/WO1981003060A1/en unknown
- 1981-04-14 DE DE8181810141T patent/DE3164677D1/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0038304A1 (en) | 1981-10-21 |
EP0038304B1 (en) | 1984-07-11 |
ATE8434T1 (en) | 1984-07-15 |
DE3164677D1 (en) | 1984-08-16 |
WO1981003060A1 (en) | 1981-10-29 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
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PUE | Assignment |
Owner name: L INDUSTRIELLE D EQUIPEMENT |
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PL | Patent ceased |