CH625985A5 - Method for the production of a tubular body from wear-resistant metal - Google Patents
Method for the production of a tubular body from wear-resistant metal Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CH625985A5 CH625985A5 CH1553677A CH1553677A CH625985A5 CH 625985 A5 CH625985 A5 CH 625985A5 CH 1553677 A CH1553677 A CH 1553677A CH 1553677 A CH1553677 A CH 1553677A CH 625985 A5 CH625985 A5 CH 625985A5
- Authority
- CH
- Switzerland
- Prior art keywords
- core
- wear
- resistant metal
- metal
- coating
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
- B22F5/10—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product of articles with cavities or holes, not otherwise provided for in the preceding subgroups
- B22F5/106—Tube or ring forms
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/10—Sintering only
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
- B22F5/10—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product of articles with cavities or holes, not otherwise provided for in the preceding subgroups
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
- B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
- B22F7/062—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P15/00—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
- B29C48/50—Details of extruders
- B29C48/68—Barrels or cylinders
- B29C48/6801—Barrels or cylinders characterised by the material or their manufacturing process
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/18—After-treatment
- C23C4/185—Separation of the coating from the substrate
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
- B22F5/10—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product of articles with cavities or holes, not otherwise provided for in the preceding subgroups
- B22F2005/103—Cavity made by removal of insert
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
- Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
- Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Herstellen eines rohrförmigen Körpers aus verschleissfestem Metall, der zur Auskleidung einer Bohrung in einem Werkstück, vorzugsweise einem Schneckenmaschinengehäuse bestimmt ist, wobei das Metall durch Flammspritzen auf einen zylindrischen Kern aufgetragen, anschliessend gesintert oder geschmolzen und danach der Kern aus dem derart entstandenen Körper entfernt wird. The invention relates to a method for producing a tubular body made of wear-resistant metal, which is intended for lining a bore in a workpiece, preferably a screw machine housing, the metal being applied to a cylindrical core by flame spraying, then sintered or melted and then the core made of body thus created is removed.
Ein Verfahren der vorstehend genannten Art ist bekannt aus der US-PS 3 101 531. Es eignet sich besonders zum Auskleiden von verhältnismässig engen Bohrungen, bei denen die sonst üblichen Methoden des Panzerns mit verschleiss-und/oder korrosionsfestem Material, wie beispielsweise Auf-tragsschweissen oder Flammspritzen von Metallpulver mit anschliessendem Sintern bzw. Schmelzen nicht oder nur mit erheblichen Schwierigkeiten anwendbar sind. Nachteilig bei dem bekannten Verfahren ist einmal die notwendige Zwischenbearbeitung der auf den Kern aufgeschmolzenen Metallschicht, was vor allem bei hochverschleissfestem Material nur durch Schleifen möglich ist. Dazu kommt aber noch die Notwendigkeit, den Kern durch Ausbohren, also durch ein ziemlich aufwendiges spanabhebendes Verfahren entfernen zu müssen. Die Zerspanung des Kerns ist um so schwieriger, je mehr das verschleissfeste Metall in den Kern diffundiert ist. Abgesehen von dem notwendigen Arbeitsaufwand ist der Verlust des Kerns ein ganz erheblicher Nachteil, durch den die Wirtschaftlichkeit des bekannten Verfahrens in Frage gestellt ist. A method of the type mentioned above is known from US Pat. No. 3,101,531. It is particularly suitable for lining relatively narrow bores in which the otherwise usual methods of armoring with wear and / or corrosion-resistant material, such as, for example, build-up welding or flame spraying metal powder with subsequent sintering or melting cannot be used or can only be used with considerable difficulty. A disadvantage of the known method is the necessary intermediate processing of the metal layer melted onto the core, which is only possible by grinding, particularly in the case of highly wear-resistant material. In addition, there is the need to remove the core by drilling out, that is, by a rather complex machining process. Machining the core is all the more difficult the more the wear-resistant metal has diffused into the core. Apart from the necessary workload, the loss of the core is a very considerable disadvantage, by which the economic viability of the known method is questioned.
Ein anderes bekanntes Verfahren zur Herstellung von Werkstücken aus einer verschleiss- und korrosionsfesten Kobalt-Chrom-Wolfram-Legierung mit Gewindebohrungen oder anderen profilierten Bohrungen besteht darin, dass die Legierung auf einen der Bohrung entsprechenden Kern aus säurelöslichem Metall aufgeschweisst und danach der metallische Kern aufgelöst wird (US-PS 2 074 007). Auch bei diesem Verfahren ist der Kern nach einmaligem Gebrauch verloren. Another known method for producing workpieces from a wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant cobalt-chromium-tungsten alloy with threaded bores or other profiled bores consists in welding the alloy onto a core made of acid-soluble metal corresponding to the borehole and then dissolving the metallic core (U.S. Patent 2,074,007). With this method, the core is lost after a single use.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, das eingangs genannte Verfahren so zu verbessern, dass der Körper aus verschleissfestem Metall ohne Zerstörung des Kerns von letzterem getrennt werden kann. The invention has for its object to improve the above-mentioned method so that the body made of wear-resistant metal can be separated from the core without destroying the core.
Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäss dadurch gelöst, dass vor dem Flammspritzen der Kern mit einem flüssigen Bindemittel benetzt, auf die benetzbare Oberfläche des Kerns eine Schicht Sand aufgetragen und der so gebildete Überzug getrocknet wird, worauf das in pulverförmigem Zustand vorliegende verschleissfeste Metall auf den Überzug aufgespritzt und dort gesintert oder geschmolzen wird und dass nach dem Erstarren des Metalls der Kern in axialer Richtung aus dem Körper herausbewegt wird. Durch das Überziehen des Kerns mit einer dünnen Sandschicht kann nicht nur die Voraussetzung für die Trennung von Körper und Kern und damit für die Wiederverwendbarkeit des letzteren geschaffen, sondern auch jegliche Vermischung des verschleissfesten Metalls mit dem Metall des Kerns verhindert werden. Nachdem bisher das Flammspritzen von verschleissfestem Metall, beispielsweise einer Nickel-Chrom-Bor-Silicium (NiCrBSi)-Legierung immer nur zur unmittelbaren Beschichtung von metallischen Oberflächen angewendet wurde, war es für den Fachmann eine überraschende Feststellung, dass sich nach dem erfindungsgemäs-sen Verfahren ein aus einer gleichmässig dichten Schicht verschleissfesten Metalls bestehender Körper allein durch Flammspritzen und anschliessendes Sintern bzw. Schmelzen herstellen lässt. Damit ist es möglich, Körper aus verschleissfestem Metall mit sehr dünnen Wandungen und von einer etwa dem Feinguss entsprechenden Qualität auf einfache Weise zu produzieren. This object is achieved according to the invention in that, before flame spraying, the core is wetted with a liquid binder, a layer of sand is applied to the wettable surface of the core and the coating formed in this way is dried, whereupon the wear-resistant metal which is present in powder form is sprayed onto the coating and is sintered or melted there and that after the metal has solidified, the core is moved out of the body in the axial direction. Coating the core with a thin layer of sand not only creates the conditions for separating the body and core and thus the reusability of the latter, but also prevents any mixing of the wear-resistant metal with the metal of the core. Since the flame spraying of wear-resistant metal, for example a nickel-chromium-boron-silicon (NiCrBSi) alloy, has so far only ever been used for the direct coating of metallic surfaces, it was a surprising finding for the person skilled in the art that the process according to the invention was suitable a body consisting of a uniformly dense layer of wear-resistant metal can be produced solely by flame spraying and subsequent sintering or melting. It is thus possible to produce bodies made of wear-resistant metal with very thin walls and of a quality approximately corresponding to the investment casting.
Besonders gute Resultate lassen sich erzielen, wenn in einer Ausführungsform der Erfindung als flüssiges Bindemittel zum Benetzen des Kerns Leinöl verwendet und auf die benetzte Oberfläche Zirkonsand aufgetragen wird. Zweckmässigerweise wird der aus Leinöl und Zirkonsand gebildete Überzug bei einer Temperatur von 200 — 220 °C etwa 2 Stunden lang getrocknet. Particularly good results can be achieved if, in one embodiment of the invention, linseed oil is used as the liquid binder for wetting the core and zircon sand is applied to the wetted surface. The coating formed from linseed oil and zircon sand is expediently dried at a temperature of 200-220 ° C. for about 2 hours.
Eine erhebliche Vereinfachung beim Auskleiden einer Werkstückbohrung mit verschleissfestem Material lässt sich zweckmässigerweise dadurch erzielen, dass das Sintern oder Schmelzen des verschleissfesten Metalls durch Umgiessen des auf dem Kern befindlichen Materials mit flüssigem Stahl in einer Form erfolgt, wobei gleichzeitig das mit der auszukleidenden Bohrung versehene Werkstück entsteht. A considerable simplification when lining a workpiece bore with wear-resistant material can expediently be achieved by sintering or melting the wear-resistant metal by pouring liquid steel in a mold around the material located on the core, at the same time producing the workpiece provided with the bore to be lined .
In der Zeichnung ist die Aufeinanderfolge der bei der Anwendung des erfindungsgemässen Verfahrens vorgesehenen Arbeitsschritte am Beispiel eines einfachen Werkstücks schematisch dargestellt. In the drawing, the sequence of the work steps provided when using the method according to the invention is shown schematically using the example of a simple workpiece.
In Position A ist der Kern 1 in Gestalt eines kreiszylindrischen Rohres aus normalem Baustahl, z.B. St 35.8 abgebildet. Der Kern kann natürlich ebensogut massiv sein. Sein Querschnitt ist entsprechend der Form der auszukleidenden Bohrung gestaltet. So hat beispielsweise bei dem Gehäuse einer zweiwelligen Schneckenmaschine die gegen Verschleiss zu schützende Bohrung einen 8förmigen Querschnitt. In position A, the core 1 is in the form of a circular cylindrical tube made of normal structural steel, e.g. St 35.8 pictured. The core can of course be just as massive. Its cross section is designed according to the shape of the bore to be lined. For example, in the housing of a twin-screw machine, the bore to be protected against wear has an 8-shaped cross section.
Der erste Behandlungsschritt erfolgt bei Position B. Dort wird der Kern 1 z.B. durch Tauchen oder mittels einer Sprühpistole 2 mit Leinöl benetzt. Je nach Materialbeschaffenheit kann die Oberfläche des Kerns vor dem Benetzen, z. B. durch Sandstrahlen, vorbehandelt werden. The first treatment step takes place at position B. There the core 1 is e.g. wetted with linseed oil by dipping or using a spray gun 2. Depending on the material properties, the surface of the core before wetting, e.g. B. pretreated by sandblasting.
Unmittelbar nach dem Benetzen mit Leinöl wird bei Position C eine dünne Schicht Zirkonsand mit Hilfe einer Streuvorrichtung 3 aufgetragen. Im allgemeinen genügt ein einmaliger Auftrag, wobei nur so viel Sand verwendet wird, wie auf dem Leinöl haften bleibt. Bei Bedarf kann jedoch noch ein Immediately after wetting with linseed oil, a thin layer of zircon sand is applied at position C using a scattering device 3. In general, a single application is sufficient, using only as much sand as is left on the linseed oil. If necessary, however, one can still
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weiteres Benetzen und Sandauftragen erfolgen. Der Zirkonsand ist hinsichtlich seiner Zusammensetzung und Körnung so beschaffen, wie er üblicherweise in Giessereien verwendet wird. further wetting and sanding are carried out. The composition and grain size of the zircon sand is as it is usually used in foundries.
In Position D wird der aus Leinöl und Zirkonsand gebildete Überzug 4 bei einer Umgebungstemperatur von ca. 200 bis 220 °C etwa 2 Stunden lang getrocknet. In position D, the coating 4 formed from linseed oil and zircon sand is dried at an ambient temperature of approximately 200 to 220 ° C. for about 2 hours.
Auf den Überzug 4 wird in Position E mittels einer Flammspritzpistole 5 in pulverförmigem Zustand vorliegendes ver-schleissfestes Metall 6 in einer Schichtdicke von 0,4 bis 5 mm aufgetragen. Als verschleissfestes Metall kommt beispielsweise eine handelsübliche NiCrBSi-Legierung mit einer Zusammensetzung von 70,5% Ni, 17% Cr, 3,5%B, 4% Si, 1% C und 4% Fe in Betracht. Zur Erhöhung der Verschleissfestigkeit kann dieser Legierung in an sich bekannter Weise noch Wolf-ramkarbid beigefügt sein. Wear-resistant metal 6 present in a powdery state in a layer thickness of 0.4 to 5 mm is applied to the coating 4 in position E by means of a flame spray gun 5. For example, a commercially available NiCrBSi alloy with a composition of 70.5% Ni, 17% Cr, 3.5% B, 4% Si, 1% C and 4% Fe can be considered as wear-resistant metal. In order to increase the wear resistance, wolf ram carbide can also be added to this alloy in a manner known per se.
Die auf den Überzug 4 des Kerns 1 aufgetragene Spritzmetallschicht 6 wird bei Position F in üblicher Weise, beispielsweise in einem mit strichpunktierten Linien angedeuteten Vakuumofen 7 gesintert bzw. geschmolzen. Nach dem Erstarren der Metallschicht 6 wird bei Position G der Kern 1 mittels eines, z.B. hydraulisch betätigten Stempels 8 axial aus dem von der Metallschicht 6 gebildeten Körper herausbewegt. Letzterer 5 kann nun in üblicher Weise als Büchse in eine gegen Verschleiss zu schützende Werkstückbohrung eingesetzt werden. The spray metal layer 6 applied to the coating 4 of the core 1 is sintered or melted at position F in the usual way, for example in a vacuum furnace 7 indicated by dash-dotted lines. After the metal layer 6 has solidified, the core 1 is positioned at position G by means of, e.g. hydraulically operated stamp 8 axially moved out of the body formed by the metal layer 6. The latter 5 can now be used in the usual way as a bushing in a workpiece bore to be protected against wear.
Das Sintern bzw. Schmelzen der Spritzmetallschicht 6 kann auch dadurch geschehen, dass - wie bei Position F' angegeben - der Kern 1 in eine Form 9 eingesetzt und dort mit flüssigem io Gussstahl, z.B. GS 52 umgössen wird. Dabei wird die Spritzmetallschicht 6 aufgeschmolzen und gleichzeitig findet eine feste Verbindung mit dem durch das Giessen gebildeten Werkstück 10 statt. Nach dem Auspressen des Kerns 1 mittels des Stempels 8 bei Position G' liegt ein fertiges Werkstück 10 mit 15 verschleissfest ausgekleideter Bohrung vor. The sintering or melting of the spray metal layer 6 can also take place in that - as indicated at position F '- the core 1 is inserted into a mold 9 and there with liquid io cast steel, e.g. GS 52 is overmolded. The spray metal layer 6 is melted and at the same time a firm connection takes place with the workpiece 10 formed by the casting. After the core 1 has been pressed out by means of the punch 8 at position G ', a finished workpiece 10 with 15 wear-resistant lined bore is present.
Beim Auspressen des Kerns 1 zerfällt der Überzug 4 ganz von selbst. Am Kern eventuell noch anhaftende Sandreste lassen sich leicht entfernen, wonach der Kern zur Wiederverwendung bereitsteht. When the core 1 is pressed out, the coating 4 disintegrates on its own. Any sand residues still adhering to the core can be easily removed, after which the core is ready for reuse.
1 Blatt Zeichnungen 1 sheet of drawings
Claims (4)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE2657271A DE2657271C2 (en) | 1976-12-17 | 1976-12-17 | Method of manufacturing a tubular body from wear-resistant metal |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CH625985A5 true CH625985A5 (en) | 1981-10-30 |
Family
ID=5995817
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH1553677A CH625985A5 (en) | 1976-12-17 | 1977-12-16 | Method for the production of a tubular body from wear-resistant metal |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5376956A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH625985A5 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2657271C2 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1553318A (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1088836B (en) |
Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2472033A1 (en) * | 1979-12-21 | 1981-06-26 | Castolin Sa | MANUFACTURE OF HOLLOW BODIES, BY THERMAL PROJECTION, FOR EXAMPLE BY PLASMA TORCH OR TORCH, OF METAL ALLOYS AND / OR CERAMIC MATERIALS |
| SE430858B (en) * | 1980-06-11 | 1983-12-19 | Uddeholms Ab | SET FOR PREPARATION OF SINTERED AND INFILTRATED Pipes |
| DE4040975A1 (en) * | 1990-12-20 | 1992-06-25 | Audi Ag | Cylinder block prodn. of light metal alloy - comprising application of an abrasion resistant coating to the support collars |
| NO180115C (en) * | 1993-12-07 | 1997-02-19 | Ameco International As | Rotary locking device equipped with wear coating and method for making the wear coating |
| EP1691811B1 (en) | 2003-12-11 | 2014-07-23 | Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc. | Combination of a sedative and a neurotransmitter modulator, and methods for improving sleep quality and treating depression |
| CN102240893A (en) * | 2011-05-27 | 2011-11-16 | 自贡市巨光硬面材料有限公司 | Technology for manufacturing hard alloy thin-wall shaft sleeve |
| DE102016206481B4 (en) * | 2016-04-18 | 2019-06-27 | Coperion Gmbh | rotary |
| CN106736283A (en) * | 2016-12-19 | 2017-05-31 | 安徽天裕汽车零部件制造有限公司 | A kind of manufacturing process of damper bushing blank |
-
1976
- 1976-12-17 DE DE2657271A patent/DE2657271C2/en not_active Expired
-
1977
- 1977-11-24 GB GB48941/77A patent/GB1553318A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-12-16 CH CH1553677A patent/CH625985A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1977-12-16 IT IT30829/77A patent/IT1088836B/en active
- 1977-12-16 JP JP15230277A patent/JPS5376956A/en active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB1553318A (en) | 1979-09-26 |
| IT1088836B (en) | 1985-06-10 |
| JPS5376956A (en) | 1978-07-07 |
| DE2657271C2 (en) | 1978-10-26 |
| DE2657271B1 (en) | 1978-03-09 |
| JPS5621487B2 (en) | 1981-05-20 |
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