CA2665868C - Nonexpandable stent - Google Patents
Nonexpandable stent Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2665868C CA2665868C CA2665868A CA2665868A CA2665868C CA 2665868 C CA2665868 C CA 2665868C CA 2665868 A CA2665868 A CA 2665868A CA 2665868 A CA2665868 A CA 2665868A CA 2665868 C CA2665868 C CA 2665868C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- stent
- reinforcement member
- configuration
- securing element
- tubular body
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 125
- 239000012781 shape memory material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 33
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910001000 nickel titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910001285 shape-memory alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 21
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 13
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 13
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 10
- 208000031481 Pathologic Constriction Diseases 0.000 description 8
- 230000036760 body temperature Effects 0.000 description 8
- 210000001198 duodenum Anatomy 0.000 description 8
- 210000000277 pancreatic duct Anatomy 0.000 description 8
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000001723 curing Methods 0.000 description 5
- -1 polydimethylsiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000003446 memory effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012858 resilient material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 4
- HZEWFHLRYVTOIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ti].[Ni] Chemical compound [Ti].[Ni] HZEWFHLRYVTOIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 208000024891 symptom Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 3
- UPMLOUAZCHDJJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4'-Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate Chemical compound C1=CC(N=C=O)=CC=C1CC1=CC=C(N=C=O)C=C1 UPMLOUAZCHDJJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920005601 base polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 210000000013 bile duct Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N butane-1,4-diol Chemical compound OCCCCO WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004205 dimethyl polysiloxane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000435 poly(dimethylsiloxane) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920003226 polyurethane urea Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 206010004593 Bile duct cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010023126 Jaundice Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010061902 Pancreatic neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000639 Spring steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006399 behavior Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003445 biliary tract Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001124 body fluid Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000010839 body fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 201000011510 cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004985 diamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005442 diisocyanate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002009 diols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N disiloxane Chemical class [SiH3]O[SiH3] KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005489 elastic deformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006355 external stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000014674 injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007726 management method Methods 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- HLXZNVUGXRDIFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel titanium Chemical compound [Ti].[Ti].[Ti].[Ti].[Ti].[Ti].[Ti].[Ti].[Ti].[Ti].[Ti].[Ni].[Ni].[Ni].[Ni].[Ni].[Ni].[Ni].[Ni].[Ni].[Ni].[Ni].[Ni].[Ni].[Ni] HLXZNVUGXRDIFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000013047 polymeric layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000452 restraining effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012815 thermoplastic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004634 thermosetting polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000000844 transformation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001131 transforming effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008733 trauma Effects 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/82—Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/94—Stents retaining their form, i.e. not being deformable, after placement in the predetermined place
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M27/00—Drainage appliance for wounds or the like, i.e. wound drains, implanted drains
- A61M27/002—Implant devices for drainage of body fluids from one part of the body to another
- A61M27/008—Implant devices for drainage of body fluids from one part of the body to another pre-shaped, for use in the urethral or ureteral tract
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Anesthesiology (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Otolaryngology (AREA)
- Ophthalmology & Optometry (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Cardiology (AREA)
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
- Transplantation (AREA)
- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- Media Introduction/Drainage Providing Device (AREA)
- Prostheses (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US85203406P | 2006-10-16 | 2006-10-16 | |
| US60/852,034 | 2006-10-16 | ||
| PCT/US2007/081460 WO2008115271A2 (en) | 2006-10-16 | 2007-10-16 | Nonexpandable stent |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2665868A1 CA2665868A1 (en) | 2008-09-25 |
| CA2665868C true CA2665868C (en) | 2013-08-06 |
Family
ID=39766643
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2665868A Active CA2665868C (en) | 2006-10-16 | 2007-10-16 | Nonexpandable stent |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20080091275A1 (https=) |
| EP (1) | EP2081628B1 (https=) |
| JP (1) | JP5302891B2 (https=) |
| AU (1) | AU2007349205B2 (https=) |
| CA (1) | CA2665868C (https=) |
| WO (1) | WO2008115271A2 (https=) |
Families Citing this family (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8999364B2 (en) | 2004-06-15 | 2015-04-07 | Nanyang Technological University | Implantable article, method of forming same and method for reducing thrombogenicity |
| US8206635B2 (en) * | 2008-06-20 | 2012-06-26 | Amaranth Medical Pte. | Stent fabrication via tubular casting processes |
| US10898620B2 (en) | 2008-06-20 | 2021-01-26 | Razmodics Llc | Composite stent having multi-axial flexibility and method of manufacture thereof |
| US8206636B2 (en) * | 2008-06-20 | 2012-06-26 | Amaranth Medical Pte. | Stent fabrication via tubular casting processes |
| US8603185B2 (en) * | 2010-03-11 | 2013-12-10 | Cook Medical Technologies Llc | Stent geometry |
| EP2688736B1 (en) | 2011-03-22 | 2017-11-29 | Applied Medical Resources Corporation | Method of making medical tubing having drainage holes |
| US9095457B2 (en) * | 2012-07-20 | 2015-08-04 | Cook Medical Technologies Llc | Anti-migration biliary stent and method |
| JP5408682B1 (ja) * | 2013-06-28 | 2014-02-05 | ガデリウス・メディカル株式会社 | ステントキット |
| US9242079B2 (en) * | 2013-11-12 | 2016-01-26 | Gyrus Acmi, Inc. | Ureteral stents with waveform interlayers and interstitching |
| CN104001256A (zh) * | 2014-06-13 | 2014-08-27 | 胡冰 | 一种放置在人体左肝管内的顺应性好的支架 |
| US12179013B2 (en) | 2019-08-29 | 2024-12-31 | Deepqure Inc. | Electrode device for wrapping vessel in the body and method therefor |
| KR102238795B1 (ko) * | 2019-08-29 | 2021-04-09 | 주식회사 딥큐어 | 체내의 관을 감싸기 위한 전극 장치 및 이의 방법 |
| US20230233312A1 (en) * | 2022-01-21 | 2023-07-27 | Covidien Lp | Stent design for transluminal application |
| CN114593001B (zh) * | 2022-03-14 | 2024-01-09 | 德阳市东方恒运电机有限公司 | 一种贯流式水轮机控制环、外配水环之间的装配方法 |
| JPWO2024043219A1 (https=) * | 2022-08-22 | 2024-02-29 | ||
| WO2025079435A1 (ja) * | 2023-10-12 | 2025-04-17 | 株式会社カネカ | 生体内留置具 |
Family Cites Families (27)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4307723A (en) * | 1978-04-07 | 1981-12-29 | Medical Engineering Corporation | Externally grooved ureteral stent |
| US4212304A (en) * | 1978-04-07 | 1980-07-15 | Medical Engineering Corp. | Uretheral catheter stent |
| US4675361A (en) * | 1980-02-29 | 1987-06-23 | Thoratec Laboratories Corp. | Polymer systems suitable for blood-contacting surfaces of a biomedical device, and methods for forming |
| US4874360A (en) * | 1988-07-01 | 1989-10-17 | Medical Engineering Corporation | Ureteral stent system |
| US4931037A (en) * | 1988-10-13 | 1990-06-05 | International Medical, Inc. | In-dwelling ureteral stent and injection stent assembly, and method of using same |
| US5964744A (en) * | 1993-01-04 | 1999-10-12 | Menlo Care, Inc. | Polymeric medical device systems having shape memory |
| US5716410A (en) * | 1993-04-30 | 1998-02-10 | Scimed Life Systems, Inc. | Temporary stent and method of use |
| IL105828A (en) * | 1993-05-28 | 1999-06-20 | Medinol Ltd | Medical stent |
| US5486191A (en) * | 1994-02-02 | 1996-01-23 | John Hopkins University | Winged biliary stent |
| DE4446036C2 (de) * | 1994-12-23 | 1999-06-02 | Ruesch Willy Ag | Platzhalter zum Anordnen in einer Körperröhre |
| US5830179A (en) * | 1996-04-09 | 1998-11-03 | Endocare, Inc. | Urological stent therapy system and method |
| US6395021B1 (en) * | 1997-02-26 | 2002-05-28 | Applied Medical Resources Corporation | Ureteral stent system apparatus and method |
| US5876450A (en) * | 1997-05-09 | 1999-03-02 | Johlin, Jr.; Frederick C. | Stent for draining the pancreatic and biliary ducts and instrumentation for the placement thereof |
| WO1999042036A1 (en) * | 1998-02-20 | 1999-08-26 | General Surgical Innovations, Inc. | Bendable, reusable medical instruments with improved fatigue life |
| US6746489B2 (en) * | 1998-08-31 | 2004-06-08 | Wilson-Cook Medical Incorporated | Prosthesis having a sleeve valve |
| US6517573B1 (en) * | 2000-04-11 | 2003-02-11 | Endovascular Technologies, Inc. | Hook for attaching to a corporeal lumen and method of manufacturing |
| JP2003530165A (ja) * | 2000-04-11 | 2003-10-14 | サイムド ライフ システムズ， インコーポレイテッド | 強化保持構造体 |
| US6764519B2 (en) * | 2000-05-26 | 2004-07-20 | Scimed Life Systems, Inc. | Ureteral stent |
| US6939377B2 (en) * | 2000-08-23 | 2005-09-06 | Thoratec Corporation | Coated vascular grafts and methods of use |
| DE20119322U1 (de) * | 2000-11-21 | 2002-02-21 | Schering Ag, 13353 Berlin | Röhrenförmige Gefäßimplantate (Stents) |
| US6620202B2 (en) * | 2001-10-16 | 2003-09-16 | Scimed Life Systems, Inc. | Medical stent with variable coil and related methods |
| US7041139B2 (en) * | 2001-12-11 | 2006-05-09 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Ureteral stents and related methods |
| US6913625B2 (en) * | 2002-03-07 | 2005-07-05 | Scimed Life Systems, Inc. | Ureteral stent |
| US7875068B2 (en) * | 2002-11-05 | 2011-01-25 | Merit Medical Systems, Inc. | Removable biliary stent |
| US7357818B2 (en) * | 2003-03-26 | 2008-04-15 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Self-retaining stent |
| US7338530B2 (en) * | 2003-11-24 | 2008-03-04 | Checkmed Systems, Inc. | Stent |
| US8585753B2 (en) * | 2006-03-04 | 2013-11-19 | John James Scanlon | Fibrillated biodegradable prosthesis |
-
2007
- 2007-10-16 CA CA2665868A patent/CA2665868C/en active Active
- 2007-10-16 US US11/873,167 patent/US20080091275A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2007-10-16 WO PCT/US2007/081460 patent/WO2008115271A2/en not_active Ceased
- 2007-10-16 EP EP07874399.4A patent/EP2081628B1/en active Active
- 2007-10-16 JP JP2009533472A patent/JP5302891B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-10-16 AU AU2007349205A patent/AU2007349205B2/en not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2081628B1 (en) | 2013-06-12 |
| WO2008115271A3 (en) | 2009-02-26 |
| US20080091275A1 (en) | 2008-04-17 |
| JP2010506685A (ja) | 2010-03-04 |
| JP5302891B2 (ja) | 2013-10-02 |
| AU2007349205B2 (en) | 2013-05-23 |
| WO2008115271A2 (en) | 2008-09-25 |
| EP2081628A2 (en) | 2009-07-29 |
| AU2007349205A1 (en) | 2008-09-25 |
| CA2665868A1 (en) | 2008-09-25 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request |