CA2627016C - Process and apparatus for low-nox combustion - Google Patents
Process and apparatus for low-nox combustion Download PDFInfo
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- CA2627016C CA2627016C CA2627016A CA2627016A CA2627016C CA 2627016 C CA2627016 C CA 2627016C CA 2627016 A CA2627016 A CA 2627016A CA 2627016 A CA2627016 A CA 2627016A CA 2627016 C CA2627016 C CA 2627016C
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- burner
- furnace
- oxidizing agent
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- fuel
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
- C03B5/16—Special features of the melting process; Auxiliary means specially adapted for glass-melting furnaces
- C03B5/235—Heating the glass
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C9/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for returning combustion products or flue gases to the combustion chamber
- F23C9/006—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for returning combustion products or flue gases to the combustion chamber the recirculation taking place in the combustion chamber
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C7/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for air supply
- F23C7/02—Disposition of air supply not passing through burner
- F23C7/06—Disposition of air supply not passing through burner for heating the incoming air
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C9/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for returning combustion products or flue gases to the combustion chamber
- F23C9/06—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for returning combustion products or flue gases to the combustion chamber for completing combustion
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C9/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for returning combustion products or flue gases to the combustion chamber
- F23C9/08—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for returning combustion products or flue gases to the combustion chamber for reducing temperature in combustion chamber, e.g. for protecting walls of combustion chamber
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES
- F23J11/00—Devices for conducting smoke or fumes, e.g. flues
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
- F23L15/00—Heating of air supplied for combustion
- F23L15/04—Arrangements of recuperators
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
- F23L7/00—Supplying non-combustible liquids or gases, other than air, to the fire, e.g. oxygen, steam
- F23L7/002—Supplying water
- F23L7/005—Evaporated water; Steam
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
- F23L7/00—Supplying non-combustible liquids or gases, other than air, to the fire, e.g. oxygen, steam
- F23L7/007—Supplying oxygen or oxygen-enriched air
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for combustion apparatus using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in air; Combustion processes therefor
- F23C2900/09002—Specific devices inducing or forcing flue gas recirculation
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23D—BURNERS
- F23D2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for burners using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in a carrier gas
- F23D2900/00004—Burners specially adapted for generating high luminous flames, e.g. yellow for fuel-rich mixtures
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
- Y02E20/34—Indirect CO2mitigation, i.e. by acting on non CO2directly related matters of the process, e.g. pre-heating or heat recovery
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion Of Fluid Fuel (AREA)
- Air Supply (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a process and an apparatus for low-NOx combustion with at least one burner (5) using fuel and oxidizing agent and/or furnace off-gases and/or carbon dioxide and/or steam. The low-NOx combustion according to the invention can be used in conventional melting and holding furnaces, in particular in aluminium holding furnaces or rotary drum furnaces and glass-melting furnaces, with the potential for considerable economies to be made.
Description
PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR LOW-NO,, COMBUSTION
The invention relates to a process and an apparatus for low-NO, combustion using fuel and oxidizing agent and/or furnace off-gases and/or carbon dioxide and/or steam.
In the known low-NOõ combustion, the furnace off-gases, which are sucked in by a blower, sheath the burner flame, thereby reducing the flame temperature and consequently the thermal emission of NO,.
However, this conventional combustion has the significant drawback that the furnace off-gases which are recirculated in the furnace installation are not completely mixed with the oxidizing agent, and consequently the stipulated emission of NO,, in the off-gas can only be realized at additional cost.
High investment costs are inevitable with the known low-NOx combustion, and costs are additionally incurred for maintenance of the installation, in particular the highly loaded blower and the pipelines. Moreover, external energy is required to operate the blower.
SUMMARY
Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a process and an apparatus which allow economical and low-pollutant (low-NO,,) combustion in conventional furnace installations.
Advantageous refinements of the invention are given herein.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for low-NOx combustion in a combustion chamber with at least one burner (5) using fuel and oxidizing agent and furnace off-gas and/or carbon dioxide and/or steam, wherein the oxidizing agent and the furnace off-gases and/or the carbon dioxide and/or the steam are fed to the burner (5) as a mixture which is produced by means of an injector (6), wherein the burner (5) is connected by means of a pipeline (7): - to the injector (6) and -to a heat exchanger (8) for heating oxidizing agent, carbon dioxide or steam, wherein the heat exchanger (8) is arranged in a stack (2) which discharges the furnace off-gases from the combustion chamber and whereby the injector (6) is arranged in the line (7).
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for carrying out low-NOx combustion with at least one burner, which is arranged in a burner block of a furnace wall surrounding the combustion chamber and which is supplied with oxidizing agent and fuel, as previously defined, wherein the burner (5) is connected by means of a line (7): - to a heat exchanger (8) for heating oxidizing agent, carbon dioxide or steam and - to an injector (6) for producing a mixture of oxidizing agent and furnace off-gas and/or carbon dioxide and/or steam, wherein the heat exchanger (8) is arranged in a stack (2) which discharges the furnace off-gases from the combustion chamber, and wherein the injector (6) is arranged in the pipeline (7).
In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a use of the apparatus as previously defined, in a melting or holding furnace, in an aluminium holding furnace or rotary drum furnace.
In accordance with still another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a use of the process as previously defined, in a melting or holding furnace, or glass-melting furnace.
DESCRIPTION
According to the invention, a mixture of oxidizing agent and/or furnace off-gas and/or carbon dioxide and/or steam is burnt with the fuel, which is fed to the - la-burner separately, by means of the burner, which is arranged in a burner block in a refractory lining of a furnace installation.
For this purpose, the oxidizing agent is fed to an injector at a pressure of from 0.2 to 40 bar and advantageously having been heated from 20 to 900 C in a heat ex-changer by means of furnace off-gas. The oxidizing agent may also be fed to the injector directly without being heated.
The oxidizing agent, which expands as it flows out of the nozzle (which is axially displaceable in the injector at the flow end side), generates a gas jet at a velocity of from 20 to 660 m/s, and thereby generates a reduced pressure in the injector, the sucking action of which sucks either furnace off-gas and/or carbon dioxide (CO2) and/or superheated steam generated from water through heat exchange with fur-nace off-gas into the jet of oxidizing agent, and this mixture is then fed to the burner, with temperature balancing, in a line connecting the injector to the burner.
A conventional blowing nozzle or some other equivalent technical means can also be used instead of the injector, which is advantageously arranged in a stack pro-vided for discharging the furnace off-gases from the combustion chamber of the furnace installation.
As an alternative to the oxidizing agent, it is possible for fuel gas at a pressure of from 0.2 to 40 bar to be fed to the injector. In this case, the oxidizing agent is added to the burner.
The mixture of oxidizing agent and/or furnace off-gases and/or carbon dioxide (CO2) and/or steam, which is fed to the burner at a temperature of from 20 C
to 1600 C, preferably 900 C, and at a velocity of from 5 to 70 m/s, has an oxygen content of at least 5% by volume.
The burner, which is, for example, arranged set back in the burner block, is advan-tageously a parallel-flow burner with two tubes (inner tube and outer tube) ar-ranged substantially coaxially with respect to one another for feeding fuel and oxi-dizing agent and/or furnace off-gases and/or carbon dioxide and/or steam to the burner mouth. The fuel or the oxidizing-agent mixture may be passed to the burner mouth through the inner tube or through the outer tube.
The oxidizing agent used is an oxygen-containing medium with an oxygen content of at least 10% by volume.
The fuel used may be any conventional gaseous or liquid fuel, particularly advan-tageously natural gas.
The injector, which is advantageously operated with the oxidizing agent, is equipped with an axially displaceable nozzle for controlling the intake quantity and concentration and temperature of the mixture fed to the burner. This eliminates the need to supply the injector with external energy, which entails additional costs.
The heat exchanger which is used to heat the oxygen, carbon dioxide and the water and is advantageously arranged in the stack that discharges the furnace off-gases from the combustion chamber of the furnace installation is advantageously a con-ventional recuperator or regenerator.
The burner used is preferably a conventional parallel-flow burner with at least one feed for the oxidizing agent and at least one feed for the fuel, preferably compris-ing two cylindrical, concentrically arranged tubes.
The burner design according to the invention allows the mixture of oxidizing agent and/or furnace off-gases and/or carbon dioxide (CO2) and/or steam to flow out of the burner mouth of the burner at a velocity which is 0.3 to 4 times higher than the fuel, with the result that a total momentum flux, based on the burner power, of from 1.5 to 8 N/MW and a ratio of the momentum flux densities of the mixture of oxidizing agent and furnace off-gases to fuel of from 0.8 to 31 are ensured, and as a result a power density of from 0.2 to 0.5 KW/mm2 is reached at the outlet of the burner block.
The invention relates to a process and an apparatus for low-NO, combustion using fuel and oxidizing agent and/or furnace off-gases and/or carbon dioxide and/or steam.
In the known low-NOõ combustion, the furnace off-gases, which are sucked in by a blower, sheath the burner flame, thereby reducing the flame temperature and consequently the thermal emission of NO,.
However, this conventional combustion has the significant drawback that the furnace off-gases which are recirculated in the furnace installation are not completely mixed with the oxidizing agent, and consequently the stipulated emission of NO,, in the off-gas can only be realized at additional cost.
High investment costs are inevitable with the known low-NOx combustion, and costs are additionally incurred for maintenance of the installation, in particular the highly loaded blower and the pipelines. Moreover, external energy is required to operate the blower.
SUMMARY
Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a process and an apparatus which allow economical and low-pollutant (low-NO,,) combustion in conventional furnace installations.
Advantageous refinements of the invention are given herein.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for low-NOx combustion in a combustion chamber with at least one burner (5) using fuel and oxidizing agent and furnace off-gas and/or carbon dioxide and/or steam, wherein the oxidizing agent and the furnace off-gases and/or the carbon dioxide and/or the steam are fed to the burner (5) as a mixture which is produced by means of an injector (6), wherein the burner (5) is connected by means of a pipeline (7): - to the injector (6) and -to a heat exchanger (8) for heating oxidizing agent, carbon dioxide or steam, wherein the heat exchanger (8) is arranged in a stack (2) which discharges the furnace off-gases from the combustion chamber and whereby the injector (6) is arranged in the line (7).
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for carrying out low-NOx combustion with at least one burner, which is arranged in a burner block of a furnace wall surrounding the combustion chamber and which is supplied with oxidizing agent and fuel, as previously defined, wherein the burner (5) is connected by means of a line (7): - to a heat exchanger (8) for heating oxidizing agent, carbon dioxide or steam and - to an injector (6) for producing a mixture of oxidizing agent and furnace off-gas and/or carbon dioxide and/or steam, wherein the heat exchanger (8) is arranged in a stack (2) which discharges the furnace off-gases from the combustion chamber, and wherein the injector (6) is arranged in the pipeline (7).
In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a use of the apparatus as previously defined, in a melting or holding furnace, in an aluminium holding furnace or rotary drum furnace.
In accordance with still another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a use of the process as previously defined, in a melting or holding furnace, or glass-melting furnace.
DESCRIPTION
According to the invention, a mixture of oxidizing agent and/or furnace off-gas and/or carbon dioxide and/or steam is burnt with the fuel, which is fed to the - la-burner separately, by means of the burner, which is arranged in a burner block in a refractory lining of a furnace installation.
For this purpose, the oxidizing agent is fed to an injector at a pressure of from 0.2 to 40 bar and advantageously having been heated from 20 to 900 C in a heat ex-changer by means of furnace off-gas. The oxidizing agent may also be fed to the injector directly without being heated.
The oxidizing agent, which expands as it flows out of the nozzle (which is axially displaceable in the injector at the flow end side), generates a gas jet at a velocity of from 20 to 660 m/s, and thereby generates a reduced pressure in the injector, the sucking action of which sucks either furnace off-gas and/or carbon dioxide (CO2) and/or superheated steam generated from water through heat exchange with fur-nace off-gas into the jet of oxidizing agent, and this mixture is then fed to the burner, with temperature balancing, in a line connecting the injector to the burner.
A conventional blowing nozzle or some other equivalent technical means can also be used instead of the injector, which is advantageously arranged in a stack pro-vided for discharging the furnace off-gases from the combustion chamber of the furnace installation.
As an alternative to the oxidizing agent, it is possible for fuel gas at a pressure of from 0.2 to 40 bar to be fed to the injector. In this case, the oxidizing agent is added to the burner.
The mixture of oxidizing agent and/or furnace off-gases and/or carbon dioxide (CO2) and/or steam, which is fed to the burner at a temperature of from 20 C
to 1600 C, preferably 900 C, and at a velocity of from 5 to 70 m/s, has an oxygen content of at least 5% by volume.
The burner, which is, for example, arranged set back in the burner block, is advan-tageously a parallel-flow burner with two tubes (inner tube and outer tube) ar-ranged substantially coaxially with respect to one another for feeding fuel and oxi-dizing agent and/or furnace off-gases and/or carbon dioxide and/or steam to the burner mouth. The fuel or the oxidizing-agent mixture may be passed to the burner mouth through the inner tube or through the outer tube.
The oxidizing agent used is an oxygen-containing medium with an oxygen content of at least 10% by volume.
The fuel used may be any conventional gaseous or liquid fuel, particularly advan-tageously natural gas.
The injector, which is advantageously operated with the oxidizing agent, is equipped with an axially displaceable nozzle for controlling the intake quantity and concentration and temperature of the mixture fed to the burner. This eliminates the need to supply the injector with external energy, which entails additional costs.
The heat exchanger which is used to heat the oxygen, carbon dioxide and the water and is advantageously arranged in the stack that discharges the furnace off-gases from the combustion chamber of the furnace installation is advantageously a con-ventional recuperator or regenerator.
The burner used is preferably a conventional parallel-flow burner with at least one feed for the oxidizing agent and at least one feed for the fuel, preferably compris-ing two cylindrical, concentrically arranged tubes.
The burner design according to the invention allows the mixture of oxidizing agent and/or furnace off-gases and/or carbon dioxide (CO2) and/or steam to flow out of the burner mouth of the burner at a velocity which is 0.3 to 4 times higher than the fuel, with the result that a total momentum flux, based on the burner power, of from 1.5 to 8 N/MW and a ratio of the momentum flux densities of the mixture of oxidizing agent and furnace off-gases to fuel of from 0.8 to 31 are ensured, and as a result a power density of from 0.2 to 0.5 KW/mm2 is reached at the outlet of the burner block.
The outlet velocity of the mixture of oxidizing agent and/or furnace off-gases and/or carbon dioxide (CO2) and/or steam is between 20 and 80 rnis at the burner mouth.
The burner may also be arranged on the off-gas side of the furnace installation, preferably in the stack which discharges the furnace off-gases from the combustion chamber of the furnace installation, or at any other location which is suitable for its intended use in the furnace wall surrounding the combustion chamber of the fur-nace installation.
It is also possible for the injector and the heat exchanger to be arranged in the burner. An injector/heat exchanger arrangement of this type is advantageous if the furnace off-gas is extracted through an annular gap around the burner mouth, as for example in the case of rotary drum furnaces, in particular when the burner is in-stalled on the off-gas side of the furnace. In this case, the mixture of oxidizing agent and/or furnace off-gas and/or carbon dioxide and/or steam is recuperatively heated by the furnace off-gases.
The lines which carry the oxidizing agent, the furnace off-gas, the carbon dioxide and the steam consist of heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant NiCr or ODS
alloys and are provided with an insulation which ensures the required thermal protection from the inside and/or the outside and preferably ceramic fibres.
The burner block which includes the burner preferably has a cylindrical opening.
The burner is equipped with a UV light receiver for flame monitoring.
The mixture of oxidizing agent and/or furnace off-gas and/or carbon dioxide and/or steam which is fed to the burner in accordance with the invention reduces the reaction rate of the combustion, since the reactions of the oxygen with the fuel are impeded by the CO2 and/or H20 molecules.
The mixing of the oxidizing agent with furnace gas and/or carbon dioxide and/or steam results in the formation of a voluminous combustion flame with a high con-centration of carbon dioxide and steam. The greater volume of the flame compared to that achieved with known combustion, and the higher concentration of carbon dioxide and/or steam in the burner flame significantly increase the gas radiation of carbon dioxide and/or steam, which takes place in the spectral region in radiation bands, with the result that the material to be treated can be heated by a flame tem-perature which lowers the levels of NO in the off-gas. The radiation bands which are relevant to carbon dioxide are in the range from 2.4 to 3 gm, 4 to 4.8 gm, 12.5 to 16.4 pin, and those which are relevant to steam are in the range from 1.7 to 2 gm, 2.2 to 3 gm and 12 to 30 gm.
As a result of the high-viscosity mixture of oxidizing agent and/or furnace off-gases and/or carbon dioxide and/or steam being fed to the burner at a temperature of from 20 C to 1600 C, preferably 900 C, this mixture is mixed in such a manner with the fuel at the burner mouth that the combustion takes place at a flame tem-perature of from 800 C to 2700 C, which significantly reduces the thermal NOx off-gas potential of the furnace installation.
The mixture of oxidizing agent and/or furnace off-gases and/or carbon dioxide and/or steam which is fed to the burner, as well as the burner which is used in ac-cordance with the invention, causes the fuel to be at least partially self-carburized in the fuel tube of the burner and, owing to the design of the burner, in the fuel-rich core of the burner flame. The self-carburization or decomposition takes place in oxygen-free zones and at temperatures of greater than 1000 C in the case of hy-drocarbons, so as to form soot. The heating of the soot particles in the burner flame leads to continuous radiation in the range from 0.2 to 20 micrometers and therefore to cooling of the flame, so that the NO off-gas levels from the furnace installation are additionally lowered.
A further advantage is the improved heating of lower layers, e.g. in a glass melt bath, since liquid glass is semi-transparent to wavelengths in the range from 0.3 to 4 micrometers.
The burner may also be arranged on the off-gas side of the furnace installation, preferably in the stack which discharges the furnace off-gases from the combustion chamber of the furnace installation, or at any other location which is suitable for its intended use in the furnace wall surrounding the combustion chamber of the fur-nace installation.
It is also possible for the injector and the heat exchanger to be arranged in the burner. An injector/heat exchanger arrangement of this type is advantageous if the furnace off-gas is extracted through an annular gap around the burner mouth, as for example in the case of rotary drum furnaces, in particular when the burner is in-stalled on the off-gas side of the furnace. In this case, the mixture of oxidizing agent and/or furnace off-gas and/or carbon dioxide and/or steam is recuperatively heated by the furnace off-gases.
The lines which carry the oxidizing agent, the furnace off-gas, the carbon dioxide and the steam consist of heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant NiCr or ODS
alloys and are provided with an insulation which ensures the required thermal protection from the inside and/or the outside and preferably ceramic fibres.
The burner block which includes the burner preferably has a cylindrical opening.
The burner is equipped with a UV light receiver for flame monitoring.
The mixture of oxidizing agent and/or furnace off-gas and/or carbon dioxide and/or steam which is fed to the burner in accordance with the invention reduces the reaction rate of the combustion, since the reactions of the oxygen with the fuel are impeded by the CO2 and/or H20 molecules.
The mixing of the oxidizing agent with furnace gas and/or carbon dioxide and/or steam results in the formation of a voluminous combustion flame with a high con-centration of carbon dioxide and steam. The greater volume of the flame compared to that achieved with known combustion, and the higher concentration of carbon dioxide and/or steam in the burner flame significantly increase the gas radiation of carbon dioxide and/or steam, which takes place in the spectral region in radiation bands, with the result that the material to be treated can be heated by a flame tem-perature which lowers the levels of NO in the off-gas. The radiation bands which are relevant to carbon dioxide are in the range from 2.4 to 3 gm, 4 to 4.8 gm, 12.5 to 16.4 pin, and those which are relevant to steam are in the range from 1.7 to 2 gm, 2.2 to 3 gm and 12 to 30 gm.
As a result of the high-viscosity mixture of oxidizing agent and/or furnace off-gases and/or carbon dioxide and/or steam being fed to the burner at a temperature of from 20 C to 1600 C, preferably 900 C, this mixture is mixed in such a manner with the fuel at the burner mouth that the combustion takes place at a flame tem-perature of from 800 C to 2700 C, which significantly reduces the thermal NOx off-gas potential of the furnace installation.
The mixture of oxidizing agent and/or furnace off-gases and/or carbon dioxide and/or steam which is fed to the burner, as well as the burner which is used in ac-cordance with the invention, causes the fuel to be at least partially self-carburized in the fuel tube of the burner and, owing to the design of the burner, in the fuel-rich core of the burner flame. The self-carburization or decomposition takes place in oxygen-free zones and at temperatures of greater than 1000 C in the case of hy-drocarbons, so as to form soot. The heating of the soot particles in the burner flame leads to continuous radiation in the range from 0.2 to 20 micrometers and therefore to cooling of the flame, so that the NO off-gas levels from the furnace installation are additionally lowered.
A further advantage is the improved heating of lower layers, e.g. in a glass melt bath, since liquid glass is semi-transparent to wavelengths in the range from 0.3 to 4 micrometers.
The NO off-gas levels are additionally reduced by the use of preferably low-N2 oxidizing agent mixtures and fuels.
The circulating furnace gases cause nitrogen oxides which are present in the coin-bustion chamber of the furnace installation to be fed to the burner flame, and these nitrogen oxides are then reduced to form nitrogen (N2) in the fuel-rich zones of the burner flame.
The very long, soft and visible flames generated in the combustion chamber of the furnace installation allow particularly advantageous low-NOx combustion in alu-minium holding furnaces and rotary drum furnaces.
Moreover, the combustion according to the invention is stable and low-noise.
The noise level is 50-80 Decibels.
With the low-NO x combustion according to the invention - unlike with the known flame-free combustion - the flame radiation in the visible region advantageously increases the heat transfer to the material to be treated.
The high concentration and volume of CO2/H20 vapour in the burner flame addi-tionally increases the gas radiation of CO2 and/or H20 vapour, which takes place in the spectral region in radiation bands, in such a manner as to ensure improved heat transfer to the material to be treated, e.g. when melting glass.
Furthermore, the turbulence and swirling during combustion, which have a disrup-tive influence when dust-containing products are introduced, are reduced.
The injector insert significantly reduces the wear and maintenance costs for the furnace installation incurred, for example, with a blower consisting of expensive heat-resistant materials which has hitherto been used. Moreover, the supply of ex-ternal energy which has hitherto been required to operate the blower is no longer necessary.
The circulating furnace gases cause nitrogen oxides which are present in the coin-bustion chamber of the furnace installation to be fed to the burner flame, and these nitrogen oxides are then reduced to form nitrogen (N2) in the fuel-rich zones of the burner flame.
The very long, soft and visible flames generated in the combustion chamber of the furnace installation allow particularly advantageous low-NOx combustion in alu-minium holding furnaces and rotary drum furnaces.
Moreover, the combustion according to the invention is stable and low-noise.
The noise level is 50-80 Decibels.
With the low-NO x combustion according to the invention - unlike with the known flame-free combustion - the flame radiation in the visible region advantageously increases the heat transfer to the material to be treated.
The high concentration and volume of CO2/H20 vapour in the burner flame addi-tionally increases the gas radiation of CO2 and/or H20 vapour, which takes place in the spectral region in radiation bands, in such a manner as to ensure improved heat transfer to the material to be treated, e.g. when melting glass.
Furthermore, the turbulence and swirling during combustion, which have a disrup-tive influence when dust-containing products are introduced, are reduced.
The injector insert significantly reduces the wear and maintenance costs for the furnace installation incurred, for example, with a blower consisting of expensive heat-resistant materials which has hitherto been used. Moreover, the supply of ex-ternal energy which has hitherto been required to operate the blower is no longer necessary.
Furthermore, the thermal loading and therefore wear to the pipe tubes is reduced, since the mixing of the oxidizing agent with furnace off-gases and/or carbon diox-ide and/or steam lowers the temperature of the media that are to be transported.
In addition, primary energy can be saved through preheating of the oxygen used as oxidizing agent and/or carbon dioxide and/or steam by furnace off-gases in the heat exchanger, and as a result the operating costs of the furnace installation can be reduced further.
The low-NO), combustion according to the invention, with a uniform temperature distribution at a low temperature level (burner flame) in the combustion chamber and therefore with a significantly reduced NO off-gas potential can be used in any conventional furnace installation, particularly advantageously in aluminium hold-ing furnaces or glass-melting furnaces.
The invention is explained in more detail below on the basis of an exemplary em-bodiment illustrated in the drawing, in which:
Fig. 1 diagrammatically depicts a furnace installation with combustion apparatus;
Fig. 2 diagrammatically depicts a further furnace installation with combustion apparatus;
Fig. 3 diagrammatically depicts a third furnace installation with combustion appa-ratus.
The furnace installation illustrated in Fig. 1 comprises a refractory lining 1 which surrounds a combustion chamber and has an off-gas opening 19 and a stack 2, which discharges the furnace off-gases, and pipeline 3 as well as a burner block 4 with a burner 5, the burner 5 being connected by a pipeline 7 to an injector 6 and to a heat exchanger 8 arranged in the stack 2.
The furnace off-gases which flow out of the combustion chamber through the off-gas opening 19 are cooled as they flow around the heat exchanger 8 and then flow out of the furnace installation through the stack 2.
The gaseous oxygen, which is used as oxidizing agent at a temperature of from -to 40 C and at a pressure of from 0.2 to 40 bar, flows into the heat exchanger through an inlet 9.
The oxygen flowing through the heat exchanger 8, which is designed as a recu-perator or regenerator, is heated by the furnace off-gases flowing around the heat exchanger 8 and flows through an outlet 10 of the heat exchanger 8 into the injec-tor 6 through an inlet 11 at a temperature of from 20 to 900 C.
The oxygen which flows out of the outflow nozzle 12 of the injector 6 at a velocity of from 20 to 660 m/s expands, thereby generating an oxygen jet flowing at a ve-locity of from 20 to 660 m/s.
The high flow velocity of the oxygen jet generates a reduced pressure at position 13 in the injector 6, the sucking action of which reduced pressure sucks the furnace off-gases out of the combustion chamber through the pipeline 3 into the oxygen jet, and in the pipeline 7, which is designed as a mixing section of length x, they are mixed with the oxygen jet, with temperature balancing, after which the mixture of oxygen and furnace off-gases is fed, at a temperature of from 20 to 1600 C, through a connection 14 to the burner 5, which via a further connection 15 is sup-plied with natural gas as gaseous fuel.
The pipelines carrying the oxygen and the furnace off-gases consist of a heat-resistant NiCr or ODS alloy and are provided on the inner side with a thermal pro-tection and/or on the outer side with a thermal insulation, e.g. comprising ceramic fibres or ceramic blocks.
The burner 5, which is used as a parallel-flow burner, advantageously has an inner tube and an outer tube, with the natural gas used as gaseous fuel flowing to the burner mouth 16 through the fuel tube 18, which is arranged as the inner tube, and the mixture of oxygen and furnace off-gas flowing to the burner mouth 16 through the outer tube, which accommodates fuel tube 18 and is designed as an annular gap 21, generating a long, soft and visible burner flame 17 in the combustion chamber of the furnace installation for heating material that is to be treated.
Partial self-carburization of the fuel takes place in the fuel tube 18 of the burner 5 through recuperative heat exchange with the mixture of oxidizing agent and fur-nace off-gases.
The burner structure according to the invention allows the mixture of oxidizing agent and furnace off-gases to flow out of the burner mouth 16 of the burner at a velocity which is 0.3 to 4 times higher than the fuel, with the result that a total momentum flux, based on the burner power, of from 1.5 to 8 N/MW and a ratio of the momentum flux densities of the mixture of oxidizing agent and furnace off-gases to fuel of from 0.8 to 31 are ensured, and as a result a power density of from 0.2 to 0.5 KW/mm2 is reached at the outlet of the burner block 4.
The mixture of oxidizing agent and furnace off-gases flows out of the burner mouth 16 at a velocity of from 20 to 80 m/s.
The burner flame which burns the material that is to be treated in the combustion chamber has a flame temperature of from 800 C to 2700 C.
The burner block 4 which accommodates the burner 5 has a preferably cylindrical opening.
The burner is advantageously equipped with a UV light receiver 20 for flame monitoring.
The furnace installation which is diagrammatically depicted in Fig. 2 is advanta-geously used if the furnace off-gases are ladened with dust or other substances which are aggressive or promote oxidation. This furnace installation comprises the refractory lining 1, which surrounds a combustion chamber of a furnace installa-tion and has an off-gas opening 19, and a stack 2, which discharges the furnace off-gas and accommodates the heat exchanger 8, as well as the burner block 4, which contains the burner 5 and is connected by a pipeline 7 to the injector 6 and the heat exchanger 8.
The furnace off-gases which flow out of the combustion chamber through the off-gas opening 19 are cooled as they flow around the heat exchanger 8, which is sup-plied with water, and then flow out of the furnace installation via the stack 2.
As it flows through the heat exchanger 8, the water which is fed to the heat ex-changer 8 through the inlet 9 is evaporated through heat exchange with the furnace off-gas flowing around the heat exchanger 8 and then flows into the injector 6 at position 13 as superheated steam at a temperature of from 20 to 900 C.
The gaseous oxygen, which is used as oxidizing agent at a temperature of from -to 40 C and a pressure of from 0.2 to 40 bar, flows into the injector 6 through the inlet 11. The oxygen jet expanding as it flows out of the outflow nozzle 12 of the injector 6 increases its flow velocity to 20 to 340 m/s, with the result that a reduced pressure is generated at position 13 in the injector 6, the sucking action of which reduced pressure sucks the superheated steam into the oxygen jet flowing through the injector 6 at position 13 and mixes it with the oxygen jet, with temperature balancing, in the pipeline 7, which is designed as mixing section of length x, and the oxygen/steam mixture flows, at a temperature of from 20 to 1600 C, through connection 14 into the burner 5, which is supplied through connection 15 with natural gas as gaseous fuel.
The pipelines carrying the oxygen and the steam consist of a heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant NiCr or ODS alloy and are designed from the inside with a thermal protection or from the outside with a thermal insulation, e.g.
comprising a ceramic fibre or ceramic block.
The burner 5, which is used as a parallel-flow burner, advantageously has an inner tube and an outer tube, natural gas which is used as gaseous fuel flowing to the burner mouth 16 through the fuel tube 18, which is arranged as an inner tube, and the mixture of oxygen and steam flowing to the burner mouth 16 through the outer tube, which accommodates the fuel tube 18 and is designed as an annular gap 21, thereby generating the long, soft and visible burner flame 17 with a flame tempera-tare of from 800 C to 2700 C in the combustion chamber of the furnace installa-tion for heating material that is to be treated.
Partial self-carburization of the fuel takes place in the fuel tube 18 of the burner 5 through recuperative heat exchange with the mixture of oxidizing agent and steam.
The burner design according to the invention allows the mixture of oxidizing agent and steam to flow out of the burner mouth 16 of the burner at a velocity which is 0.3 to 4 times higher than the fuel, with the result that a total momentum flux, based on the burner power, of from 1 to 8 N/MW and a ratio of the momentum flux densities of the mixture of oxidizing agent and steam to fuel of from 0.8 to 31 are ensured, and as a result a power density of from 0.2 to 0.5 KW/mm2 is reached at the outlet of the burner block 4.
The mixture of oxidizing agent and steam flows out of the burner mouth 16 at a velocity of from 20 to 80 m/s.
The burner block 4 has a preferably cylindrical opening.
The burner is equipped with a UV light receiver 20 for flame monitoring.
The furnace installation which is diagrammatically depicted in Fig. 3 is used if the furnace off-gases are ladened with dust or other aggressive or oxidation-promoting substances. This furnace installation comprises the refractory lining 1, which sur-rounds a combustion chamber and has an off-gas opening 19, and the stack 2, which is designed to discharge the furnace off-gas and contains the heat exchanger 8, as well as the burner block 4 with burner 5, burner 5 being connected to the in-jector 6 and to the heat exchanger 8 by a pipeline 7.
In addition, primary energy can be saved through preheating of the oxygen used as oxidizing agent and/or carbon dioxide and/or steam by furnace off-gases in the heat exchanger, and as a result the operating costs of the furnace installation can be reduced further.
The low-NO), combustion according to the invention, with a uniform temperature distribution at a low temperature level (burner flame) in the combustion chamber and therefore with a significantly reduced NO off-gas potential can be used in any conventional furnace installation, particularly advantageously in aluminium hold-ing furnaces or glass-melting furnaces.
The invention is explained in more detail below on the basis of an exemplary em-bodiment illustrated in the drawing, in which:
Fig. 1 diagrammatically depicts a furnace installation with combustion apparatus;
Fig. 2 diagrammatically depicts a further furnace installation with combustion apparatus;
Fig. 3 diagrammatically depicts a third furnace installation with combustion appa-ratus.
The furnace installation illustrated in Fig. 1 comprises a refractory lining 1 which surrounds a combustion chamber and has an off-gas opening 19 and a stack 2, which discharges the furnace off-gases, and pipeline 3 as well as a burner block 4 with a burner 5, the burner 5 being connected by a pipeline 7 to an injector 6 and to a heat exchanger 8 arranged in the stack 2.
The furnace off-gases which flow out of the combustion chamber through the off-gas opening 19 are cooled as they flow around the heat exchanger 8 and then flow out of the furnace installation through the stack 2.
The gaseous oxygen, which is used as oxidizing agent at a temperature of from -to 40 C and at a pressure of from 0.2 to 40 bar, flows into the heat exchanger through an inlet 9.
The oxygen flowing through the heat exchanger 8, which is designed as a recu-perator or regenerator, is heated by the furnace off-gases flowing around the heat exchanger 8 and flows through an outlet 10 of the heat exchanger 8 into the injec-tor 6 through an inlet 11 at a temperature of from 20 to 900 C.
The oxygen which flows out of the outflow nozzle 12 of the injector 6 at a velocity of from 20 to 660 m/s expands, thereby generating an oxygen jet flowing at a ve-locity of from 20 to 660 m/s.
The high flow velocity of the oxygen jet generates a reduced pressure at position 13 in the injector 6, the sucking action of which reduced pressure sucks the furnace off-gases out of the combustion chamber through the pipeline 3 into the oxygen jet, and in the pipeline 7, which is designed as a mixing section of length x, they are mixed with the oxygen jet, with temperature balancing, after which the mixture of oxygen and furnace off-gases is fed, at a temperature of from 20 to 1600 C, through a connection 14 to the burner 5, which via a further connection 15 is sup-plied with natural gas as gaseous fuel.
The pipelines carrying the oxygen and the furnace off-gases consist of a heat-resistant NiCr or ODS alloy and are provided on the inner side with a thermal pro-tection and/or on the outer side with a thermal insulation, e.g. comprising ceramic fibres or ceramic blocks.
The burner 5, which is used as a parallel-flow burner, advantageously has an inner tube and an outer tube, with the natural gas used as gaseous fuel flowing to the burner mouth 16 through the fuel tube 18, which is arranged as the inner tube, and the mixture of oxygen and furnace off-gas flowing to the burner mouth 16 through the outer tube, which accommodates fuel tube 18 and is designed as an annular gap 21, generating a long, soft and visible burner flame 17 in the combustion chamber of the furnace installation for heating material that is to be treated.
Partial self-carburization of the fuel takes place in the fuel tube 18 of the burner 5 through recuperative heat exchange with the mixture of oxidizing agent and fur-nace off-gases.
The burner structure according to the invention allows the mixture of oxidizing agent and furnace off-gases to flow out of the burner mouth 16 of the burner at a velocity which is 0.3 to 4 times higher than the fuel, with the result that a total momentum flux, based on the burner power, of from 1.5 to 8 N/MW and a ratio of the momentum flux densities of the mixture of oxidizing agent and furnace off-gases to fuel of from 0.8 to 31 are ensured, and as a result a power density of from 0.2 to 0.5 KW/mm2 is reached at the outlet of the burner block 4.
The mixture of oxidizing agent and furnace off-gases flows out of the burner mouth 16 at a velocity of from 20 to 80 m/s.
The burner flame which burns the material that is to be treated in the combustion chamber has a flame temperature of from 800 C to 2700 C.
The burner block 4 which accommodates the burner 5 has a preferably cylindrical opening.
The burner is advantageously equipped with a UV light receiver 20 for flame monitoring.
The furnace installation which is diagrammatically depicted in Fig. 2 is advanta-geously used if the furnace off-gases are ladened with dust or other substances which are aggressive or promote oxidation. This furnace installation comprises the refractory lining 1, which surrounds a combustion chamber of a furnace installa-tion and has an off-gas opening 19, and a stack 2, which discharges the furnace off-gas and accommodates the heat exchanger 8, as well as the burner block 4, which contains the burner 5 and is connected by a pipeline 7 to the injector 6 and the heat exchanger 8.
The furnace off-gases which flow out of the combustion chamber through the off-gas opening 19 are cooled as they flow around the heat exchanger 8, which is sup-plied with water, and then flow out of the furnace installation via the stack 2.
As it flows through the heat exchanger 8, the water which is fed to the heat ex-changer 8 through the inlet 9 is evaporated through heat exchange with the furnace off-gas flowing around the heat exchanger 8 and then flows into the injector 6 at position 13 as superheated steam at a temperature of from 20 to 900 C.
The gaseous oxygen, which is used as oxidizing agent at a temperature of from -to 40 C and a pressure of from 0.2 to 40 bar, flows into the injector 6 through the inlet 11. The oxygen jet expanding as it flows out of the outflow nozzle 12 of the injector 6 increases its flow velocity to 20 to 340 m/s, with the result that a reduced pressure is generated at position 13 in the injector 6, the sucking action of which reduced pressure sucks the superheated steam into the oxygen jet flowing through the injector 6 at position 13 and mixes it with the oxygen jet, with temperature balancing, in the pipeline 7, which is designed as mixing section of length x, and the oxygen/steam mixture flows, at a temperature of from 20 to 1600 C, through connection 14 into the burner 5, which is supplied through connection 15 with natural gas as gaseous fuel.
The pipelines carrying the oxygen and the steam consist of a heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant NiCr or ODS alloy and are designed from the inside with a thermal protection or from the outside with a thermal insulation, e.g.
comprising a ceramic fibre or ceramic block.
The burner 5, which is used as a parallel-flow burner, advantageously has an inner tube and an outer tube, natural gas which is used as gaseous fuel flowing to the burner mouth 16 through the fuel tube 18, which is arranged as an inner tube, and the mixture of oxygen and steam flowing to the burner mouth 16 through the outer tube, which accommodates the fuel tube 18 and is designed as an annular gap 21, thereby generating the long, soft and visible burner flame 17 with a flame tempera-tare of from 800 C to 2700 C in the combustion chamber of the furnace installa-tion for heating material that is to be treated.
Partial self-carburization of the fuel takes place in the fuel tube 18 of the burner 5 through recuperative heat exchange with the mixture of oxidizing agent and steam.
The burner design according to the invention allows the mixture of oxidizing agent and steam to flow out of the burner mouth 16 of the burner at a velocity which is 0.3 to 4 times higher than the fuel, with the result that a total momentum flux, based on the burner power, of from 1 to 8 N/MW and a ratio of the momentum flux densities of the mixture of oxidizing agent and steam to fuel of from 0.8 to 31 are ensured, and as a result a power density of from 0.2 to 0.5 KW/mm2 is reached at the outlet of the burner block 4.
The mixture of oxidizing agent and steam flows out of the burner mouth 16 at a velocity of from 20 to 80 m/s.
The burner block 4 has a preferably cylindrical opening.
The burner is equipped with a UV light receiver 20 for flame monitoring.
The furnace installation which is diagrammatically depicted in Fig. 3 is used if the furnace off-gases are ladened with dust or other aggressive or oxidation-promoting substances. This furnace installation comprises the refractory lining 1, which sur-rounds a combustion chamber and has an off-gas opening 19, and the stack 2, which is designed to discharge the furnace off-gas and contains the heat exchanger 8, as well as the burner block 4 with burner 5, burner 5 being connected to the in-jector 6 and to the heat exchanger 8 by a pipeline 7.
The exhaust gases which flow out of the combustion chamber through the off-gas opening 19 are cooled as they flow around the heat exchanger 8, which is supplied with carbon dioxide, and then flow out of the furnace installation through the stack 2.
Liquid or preferably gaseous carbon dioxide which is supplied through the inlet 9 of the heat exchanger 8 is heated to 20 C to 900 C through heat exchange with the furnace off-gas flowing around the heat exchanger 8 and flows through the outlet into the injector 6 at position 13.
The gaseous oxygen, which is used as oxidizing agent at a temperature of from -to 40 C and a pressure of from 0.2 to 40 bar, is fed to the injector 6 through the inlet 11. The oxygen flowing through the injector 6 expands as it flows out of the outflow nozzle 12 of the injector, so that its flow velocity is increased to from 20 to 340 m/s, with the result that a reduced pressure is generated in the injector 6 at position 13, the sucking action of which reduced pressure sucks the carbon dioxide into the oxygen jet, with the carbon dioxide being mixed with the oxygen jet, with temperature balancing, in the pipeline 7, which is designed as a mixing section with a length x, and then the mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide flows, at a temperature of from 20 to 1600 C, through connection 14 into the burner 5, which is supplied via a further connection 15 with natural gas as gaseous fuel.
The pipelines carrying the oxygen and the carbon dioxide consist of a heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant NiCr or ODS alloy and are provided on the inner side with a thermal protection and/or on the outer side with a thermal insulation, e.g. comprising ceramic fibres.
The burner 5, which is used as a parallel-flow burner, advantageously has an inner tube and an outer tube, with natural gas used as gaseous fuel being fed to the burner mouth 16 through the fuel tube 18, which is arranged as the inner tube, and the mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide being fed to the burner mouth 16 through the outer tube, which accommodates the fuel tube 18 and is designed as an annular gap 21, producing a long, soft and visible burner flame 17 with a flame temperature of from 800-2700 C in the combustion chamber of the furnace instal-lation for heating material that is to be treated.
Partial self-carburization of the fuel takes place in the fuel tube 18 of the burner 5 through recuperative heat exchange with the mixture of oxidizing agent and carbon dioxide.
The burner design according to the invention allows the mixture of oxidizing agent and carbon dioxide to flow out of the burner mouth 16 of the burner at a velocity which is 0.3 to 4 times higher than the fuel, with the result that a total momentum flux, based on the burner power, of from 1.5 to 8 N/MW and a ratio of the momen-tum flux densities of the mixture of oxidizing agent and carbon dioxide to fuel of from 0.8 to 31 are ensured, and as a result a power density of from 0.2 to 0.5 KW/mm2 is reached at the outlet of the burner block 4.
The mixture of oxidizing agent and carbon dioxide flows out of the burner mouth 16 at a velocity of from 20 to 80 m/s.
=
The burner block 4 has a preferably cylindrical opening.
The burner is equipped with a UV light receiver 20 for flame monitoring.
Liquid or preferably gaseous carbon dioxide which is supplied through the inlet 9 of the heat exchanger 8 is heated to 20 C to 900 C through heat exchange with the furnace off-gas flowing around the heat exchanger 8 and flows through the outlet into the injector 6 at position 13.
The gaseous oxygen, which is used as oxidizing agent at a temperature of from -to 40 C and a pressure of from 0.2 to 40 bar, is fed to the injector 6 through the inlet 11. The oxygen flowing through the injector 6 expands as it flows out of the outflow nozzle 12 of the injector, so that its flow velocity is increased to from 20 to 340 m/s, with the result that a reduced pressure is generated in the injector 6 at position 13, the sucking action of which reduced pressure sucks the carbon dioxide into the oxygen jet, with the carbon dioxide being mixed with the oxygen jet, with temperature balancing, in the pipeline 7, which is designed as a mixing section with a length x, and then the mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide flows, at a temperature of from 20 to 1600 C, through connection 14 into the burner 5, which is supplied via a further connection 15 with natural gas as gaseous fuel.
The pipelines carrying the oxygen and the carbon dioxide consist of a heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant NiCr or ODS alloy and are provided on the inner side with a thermal protection and/or on the outer side with a thermal insulation, e.g. comprising ceramic fibres.
The burner 5, which is used as a parallel-flow burner, advantageously has an inner tube and an outer tube, with natural gas used as gaseous fuel being fed to the burner mouth 16 through the fuel tube 18, which is arranged as the inner tube, and the mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide being fed to the burner mouth 16 through the outer tube, which accommodates the fuel tube 18 and is designed as an annular gap 21, producing a long, soft and visible burner flame 17 with a flame temperature of from 800-2700 C in the combustion chamber of the furnace instal-lation for heating material that is to be treated.
Partial self-carburization of the fuel takes place in the fuel tube 18 of the burner 5 through recuperative heat exchange with the mixture of oxidizing agent and carbon dioxide.
The burner design according to the invention allows the mixture of oxidizing agent and carbon dioxide to flow out of the burner mouth 16 of the burner at a velocity which is 0.3 to 4 times higher than the fuel, with the result that a total momentum flux, based on the burner power, of from 1.5 to 8 N/MW and a ratio of the momen-tum flux densities of the mixture of oxidizing agent and carbon dioxide to fuel of from 0.8 to 31 are ensured, and as a result a power density of from 0.2 to 0.5 KW/mm2 is reached at the outlet of the burner block 4.
The mixture of oxidizing agent and carbon dioxide flows out of the burner mouth 16 at a velocity of from 20 to 80 m/s.
=
The burner block 4 has a preferably cylindrical opening.
The burner is equipped with a UV light receiver 20 for flame monitoring.
List of designations 1 Refractory lining 2 Stack (furnace off-gas) 3 Pipeline (furnace off-gas) 4 Burner block Burner 6 Injector 7 Pipeline 8 Heat exchanger 9 Inlet (8) Outlet (8) 11 hilet (6) 12 Outflow nozzle (6) 13 Position (6) 14 Connection (5) Connection (5) 16 Burner mouth 17 Burner flame 18 Fuel tube 19 Off-gas opening UV light receiver 21 Annular gap
Claims (26)
1. Process for low-NOx combustion in a combustion chamber with at least one burner (5) using fuel and an oxidizing agent, and at least one of a furnace off-gas, carbon dioxide and steam, wherein the oxidizing agent, and the at least one of the furnace off-gas, the carbon dioxide and the steam are fed to the burner (5) as a mixture which is produced by means of an injector (6), wherein the burner (5) is connected by means of a pipeline (7):
- to the injector (6) and - to a heat exchanger (8) for heating the oxidizing agent, the carbon dioxide or the steam, wherein the heat exchanger (8) is arranged in a stack (2) which discharges the furnace off-gas from the combustion chamber and whereby the injector (6) is arranged in the pipeline (7).
- to the injector (6) and - to a heat exchanger (8) for heating the oxidizing agent, the carbon dioxide or the steam, wherein the heat exchanger (8) is arranged in a stack (2) which discharges the furnace off-gas from the combustion chamber and whereby the injector (6) is arranged in the pipeline (7).
2. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the injector (6) is operated with the oxidizing agent.
3. Process according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the mixture which is fed to the burner (5) has an oxygen content of at least 5% by volume of oxygen.
4. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the mixture which is fed to the burner (5) is at a temperature of from 20°C to 1600°C.
5. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the oxidizing agent used is oxygen or an oxygen-containing medium containing at least 10% by volume of oxygen at a pressure of from 0.2 to 40 bar and a temperature of from -20 to 40°C.
6. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the combustion is carried out at a flame temperature of from 800°C to 2700°C.
7. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the burner (5) has a burner mouth (16), characterized in that the velocity at which the mixture emerges at the burner mouth (16) is between 20 and 80 m/s.
8. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the burner (5) has a burner mouth (16), and wherein:
a) the mixture flows out of the burner mouth (16) at a velocity which is 0.3 to 4 times higher than the velocity at which the fuel flows out of the burner mouth;
b) a total momentum flux, based on the burner power, of from 1.5 to 8 N/MW is established;
c) a ratio of the momentum flux densities of the mixture to fuel is from 0.8 to 31;
and d) a power density of from 0.2 to 0.5 KW/mm2 is reached at the outlet of the burner block (4).
a) the mixture flows out of the burner mouth (16) at a velocity which is 0.3 to 4 times higher than the velocity at which the fuel flows out of the burner mouth;
b) a total momentum flux, based on the burner power, of from 1.5 to 8 N/MW is established;
c) a ratio of the momentum flux densities of the mixture to fuel is from 0.8 to 31;
and d) a power density of from 0.2 to 0.5 KW/mm2 is reached at the outlet of the burner block (4).
9. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the burner (5) comprises a fuel tube (18), and partial self-carburization of the fuel takes place in the fuel tube (18) through recuperative heat exchange with the mixture.
10. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the injector (6) comprises an outflow nozzle (12), and the oxidizing agent flows out of the outflow nozzle (12) at a velocity of from 20 to 660 m/s.
11. Apparatus for carrying out low-NOx combustion with at least one burner, which is arranged in a burner block of a furnace wall surrounding the combustion chamber and which is supplied with oxidizing agent and fuel, as defined in any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the burner (5) is connected by means of a pipeline (7):
- to a heat exchanger (8) for heating the oxidizing agent, carbon dioxide or steam and - to an injector (6) for producing a mixture of the oxidizing agent, and at least one of a furnace off-gas, the carbon dioxide and the steam, wherein the heat exchanger (8) is arranged in a stack (2) which discharges the furnace off-gases from the combustion chamber, and wherein the injector (6) is arranged in the pipeline (7).
- to a heat exchanger (8) for heating the oxidizing agent, carbon dioxide or steam and - to an injector (6) for producing a mixture of the oxidizing agent, and at least one of a furnace off-gas, the carbon dioxide and the steam, wherein the heat exchanger (8) is arranged in a stack (2) which discharges the furnace off-gases from the combustion chamber, and wherein the injector (6) is arranged in the pipeline (7).
12. Apparatus according to claim 11, characterized in that the injector (6) has an axially displaceable outflow nozzle (12).
13. Apparatus according to claim 11 or 12, characterized in that the heat exchanger (8) is a recuperator or regenerator.
14. Apparatus according to any one of claims 11 to 13, characterized in that the burner (5) has at least one connection (14) for supplying the oxidizing-agent mixture and at least one connection (15) for supplying the fuel.
15. Apparatus according to claim 14, characterized in that the fuel feed and/or oxidizing-agent mixture feed (18, 21) of the burner (5) are arranged substantially coaxially with respect to one another.
16. Apparatus according to claim 14 or 15, wherein the furnace has an off-gas opening (19), and the burner (5) is arranged opposite the off-gas opening (19).
17. Apparatus according to any one of claims 11 to 15, wherein the furnace comprises an off-gas side and the burner (5) is arranged on the off-gas side of the furnace.
18. Apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the furnace comprises an off-gas opening (19) on the off-gas side and the burner (5) is arranged in the off-gas opening (19) or in the stack (2).
19. Apparatus according to any one of claims 11 to 18, characterized in that the media-carrying lines consist of a heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant NiCr or ODS
alloy.
alloy.
20. Apparatus according to claim 15, characterized in that the media-carrying lines have a thermal insulation on the outer side and/or a thermal protection on the inner side.
21. Apparatus according to claim 20, characterized in that the thermal insulation and/or the thermal protection consist of ceramic fibres or ceramic block.
22. Apparatus according to any one of claims 11 to 20, characterized in that the burner block (4) includes the burner (5).
23. Apparatus according to claim 22, characterized in that the burner block (4) comprises a cylindrical opening.
24. Apparatus according to any one of claims 11 to 23, characterized in that the burner (5) is equipped with a UV light receiver (20) for flame monitoring.
25. Use of the apparatus according to any one of claims 11 to 24, in a melting or holding furnace, in an aluminium holding furnace or rotary drum furnace.
26. Use of the process according to any one of claims 1 to 10, in a melting or holding furnace, or glass-melting furnace.
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PCT/EP2005/011562 WO2007048428A1 (en) | 2005-10-28 | 2005-10-28 | Process and apparatus for low-nox combustion |
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US (1) | US20090120338A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1943461A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4950208B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR101215229B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101297157B (en) |
AU (1) | AU2005337795A1 (en) |
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- 2005-10-28 KR KR1020087009887A patent/KR101215229B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-10-28 BR BRPI0520661-8A patent/BRPI0520661A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-10-28 WO PCT/EP2005/011562 patent/WO2007048428A1/en active Application Filing
- 2005-10-28 CN CN2005800519629A patent/CN101297157B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-10-28 CA CA2627016A patent/CA2627016C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-10-28 AU AU2005337795A patent/AU2005337795A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-10-28 JP JP2008536935A patent/JP4950208B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-10-28 US US12/091,650 patent/US20090120338A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-10-28 EP EP05797772A patent/EP1943461A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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CN101297157B (en) | 2013-01-16 |
CN101297157A (en) | 2008-10-29 |
US20090120338A1 (en) | 2009-05-14 |
JP4950208B2 (en) | 2012-06-13 |
KR20080069970A (en) | 2008-07-29 |
CA2627016A1 (en) | 2007-05-03 |
AU2005337795A1 (en) | 2007-05-03 |
KR101215229B1 (en) | 2012-12-26 |
BRPI0520661A2 (en) | 2009-05-19 |
WO2007048428A1 (en) | 2007-05-03 |
EP1943461A1 (en) | 2008-07-16 |
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