CA2310269A1 - Immunoglobulin molecules having a synthetic variable region and modified specificity - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides modified immunoglobulin molecules, particularly antibodies, that immunospecifically bind a member of a binding pair which immunoglobulins have a variable domain containing one or more complimentary determining regions that contain the amino acid sequence of a binding site for that member of the binding pair, which site is derived from the other member of the binding pair and is not naturally found in the complementary determining region. The invention further provides for therapeutic and diagnostic use of the modified immunoglobulin.

Description

IMMUNOGLOBULIN MOLECULES HAVING A SYNTHETIC VARIABLE
REGION AND MODIFIED SPECIFICITY
('-ROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of Provisional application Serial No.
60/065,716, filed November 14, 1997, and Provisional application Serial No. 60/081,403, filed April 10, 1998, both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to modified immunoglobulin molecules, particularly antibodies, that bind one member of a binding pair and have at least one complementarity determining region (CDR) that contains the amino acid sequence of a binding site for that member of the binding pair. which binding site is derived from the other member of the binding pair. 1'he .invention also relates to methods for treating, diagnosing, or screening for diseases and disorders associated with the expression of the member of the binding pair, particularly. cancer or infectious diseases, using the modified antibodies of the invention.
The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions and diagnostic kits containing the modified antibodies of the invention.

2. ~3ACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
2.1. ANTIBOD1ES AND THE IMMUNE SYS~>~ VI
Antibodies are proteins that belong to the immuroglobulin superfamily. The immunoglobulin superfamily includes T cell receptors, B cell receptors, cell-surface adhesion molecules such as the co-receptors CD4, CDB, CD 19, and the invariant domains of ~e MHC molecules. In their soluble form, antibodies are glycoproteins produced by mature B cells which are also called plasma cells. Antibodies are secreted mto the blood and other extracellular fluids tc~ circulate throughout the body in all animals and humans in response to foreign antigens.
Antibodies have two principal functions. The first is to recognize or bind to foreign ~tigens. The second is to mobilize other elements of the immune system to destroy the foreign entity. The receptors on the surfaces of immune effector cells are designed for recognition of antigens and cell surface markers on other cells. This recognition process imparts information as to whether the markers are self or non-self, and is an important element involved in modulating the immune system response to the presence of antigens.

The portion of an antigen to which an antibody binds is called its antigenic determinant, or epitope. Some antigens are capable of eliciting an immune response, while others are recognized as self by the immune system. Antigens which can elicit an immune response are termed immunogens, and are usually macromolecules of at least 5000 Dalton molecular weight, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.
Smaller nonimmunogenic molecules, termed haptens, also are capable of stimulating an immune response when coupled to a large carrier molecule.
2.2. STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODIES
The basic complete unit of an antibody is a four-chain Y-shaped structure (Figure 1 ).
In the early 1970s, Wu and Kabat assembled the amino acid sequences of a large collection of antibodies and demonstrated that the structure of antibodies and. in fact.
all members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, consists of a constant region and four relatively conserved framework regions of semi-rigid beta-sheet, with three relatively short hypervariable sequence regions known as complementarity determining regions (CDRs) interspersed among them (Vfu and Kabat, 1970, J. Exp. Med. x(2):211-250; Wu and Kabat, 1971, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 68(7):1501-1506). This prediction was confirmed by crystallographic studies of antibody structure (Poljak et al., i 973, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
70(12):3305-3310; Diesenhofer et al., 1976, Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem (Germany, West) 357(10):435-445: Diesenhofer et al., 1976, Hoppe Seylers ZPhysiol C:hem.
(Germany, West) x(10):1421-1434).
Figure 1 represents the overall structure of an antibody molecule. Antibodies are made up of two shorter light chains linked via disulfide bonds to two longer heavy chains, which are themselves connected by disulfide bonds. As indicated in Figure 2.
both the heavy and light antibody protein chains are composed of multiple domains, each about 110 amino acid residues in length. Each light and heavy chain of an antibody has a variable region at its amino terminus (V~ and VH respectively); it is the variable region of the antibody that confers the antigen-binding specificity. A heavy chain variable domain and a light chain variable domain together form a single antigen-binding site, thus, the basic i~~oglobulin unit has two antigen-binding sites.
Diversity in the variable regions of both the light and heavy chains is restricted to the three "hypervariable" regions or CDRs. There are a total of six CDRs in each antibody.
molecule (Figure 2), each of which CDR contains from about five to about ten amino acids, or up to about 20 amino acids when the CDR is endogenously recombined, as is common in some antibody classes. The three CDRs of the variable region of each light and each heavy chain form loops which are clustered together and are connected to the four remaining parts of the variable region, called the framework regions ("FRs") which are relatively conserved among antibody molecules. Antibody diversity is generally created by changing the sequences of the CDRs.
The variable regions are distinct for each antibody, whereas the constant regions are more highly conserved. While the light chain has only one constant region domain, the heavy chain constant region is composed of multiple domains, named CHI, CH2, CH3...CHx. The constant region domains are charged with the various antibody effector functions, such as complement binding and binding to the Fc receptors expressed by lymphocyres, granulocytes, monocyte lineage cells, killer the stimulation of B
cells to undergo proliferation and cells, mast cells and other immune effector cells.
C)ther effector functions are differentiation, activation of the complement cell lysis system, opsonization, attraction of macrophages. Antibodies of different isotypes have different constant domains and therefore have different effector functions. The best studied isotypes are IgG arid IgM.
All animal species express several different classes of antibodies. Five human antibody classes (IgG, IgA; IgM, IgD and IgB), and within these classes, various subclasses, are recognized on the basis of structural differences, such as the number of immunoglobulin units in a single antibody molecule, the disulfide bridge structure of the individual units, and differences in chain length and sequence. IgG antibodies arc, thus far, the most generally u~~l of these classes~for diagnostic and therapeutic pharmaceutical uses, although antibodies .from other ;;lasses may find utility ir~ certain uses.
2.3. ANTIBODY ENGINEERING
The development of monoclonal antibody technology; first disclosed-by Kohler and Milstein ( 1975, Nature 256:495-497), has allowed the generation of unlimited quantities of antibodies of precise and reproducible specificity. The Kohler and Milstein procedure involves the fusion of spleen cells obtained from an immunized animal, with an im=portal myeloma cell line to produce hybridomas. Clones which produce an antibody having the requisite specificity are then selected from these hybridomas. The hybridomas produce monoclonal antibodies which are uniform in their properties and specificity. .
To date, identification and production of suitable antibodies useful in diagnostic and therapeutic applications has depended on chance. The generation of antibody-producing hybridomas involves immunization of a mouse with an antigen, or, alternatively, the antigen is added to spleen cell preparations in vitro. The population of spleen cells and, therefore, of

-3-potential monoclonal antibodies with a particular specificity depends upon the animal's immune reaction to the antigen.
Additional approaches to generating antibodies useful for diagnostic and therapeutic uses have been developed as an alternative to the laborious immunization procedure mentioned above. One approach entails the cloning of antibody genes into phage viruses, which will express on the virus surfaces a single variable region as described in Clackson et al.; 1991, Nature 352:624; Marks et al., 1992, J. Mol. Biol. 222:581; Zebedee et al., 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 39:3175; Gram et al., 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 89:3576.
Using phage library techniques, one can generate large libraries that express much of the i~erent genetic diversity. However, such libraries are still constrained by the antibody repertoire from which they were derived. In yet another approach, variable domain genes which are randomly mutagenized and expressed. also result in the production of large libraries as described in Pack ( 1997, High Quality Antibody Libraries, Abstracts of the Eighth International Conference of Antibody Engineering). While both approaches are successful in generating great diversity, they are generally little more successful in identifying useful antibodies when compared with traditional immunization methods because they rely on random generation of CDR sequences. Moreover, antibodies generated through immunization of mice are of limited use in human therapeutics. Since mouse monoclonal antibodies are foreign and thus immunogenic to humans, they induce a human ~timouse antibody (HAMA) response (Shawler etal., 1985, J. In:mureol.
135:1530;
Chatenaud et al., 1986, J; Immunol. 137:$30).
2.4. PHARMACEUTICALS BASED UPON MANIPULATION OF
INTERMOLECULAR INTERAC'T'IONS
The efficacy of a pharmaceutical is often derived from the.ability of the pharmaceutical to enhance, antagonize or mimic the binding of one molecule to another, for example, a ligand to its receptor, or a pathogen to a cellular receptor, thereby achieving certain physiological and pharmacological activity useful for disease prevention or amelioration. Until recently, pharmaceuticals were limited to serendipitously discovered synthetic or natural products, and were small molecule effectors that mimicked the binding of naturally occurring ligands. Even when information is available concerning the structure of ligands or their binding sites, currently available methods have not readily led to the development of effective pharmaceuticals. Methods such as the use of molecular modeling to design small molecule analogs based on crystal structure data for ligand-receptor binding Pairs, or the screening for binding to a receptor using peptide combinatorial libraries or.

-4-natural product extracts, have not proved to be reliable. Additionally, these synthetic or natural products do not always have the ability to discriminate in binding affinity and specificity for receptor subtypes, which can result in undesirable side effects due to insufficient control over the pharmacological effects.
There is a need for a method to more directly reproduce or inhibit the effects of natural interactions, and to be able to design specific pharmaceutical agents that interact with members of a particular binding pair and which more closely mimic the behavior of naturally occurring ligands.
Citation of references hereinabove shall not be construed as an admission that such references are prior art to the present invention.
3. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is based upon the observation of the present inventors that the binding site contained within one member of a binding pair for another member of the binding pair can be -transplanted into at least one CDR of an immunoglobulin molecule to confer specificity on the immunoglobulin for the second member of the binding pair.
The present invention is aimed at prow iding a method to design, immunoglobulins, particularly antibodies, with a particular specif city, which method circumvents the unpredictable immunization and scrrfning processes currently employed to isolate specific antibodies.~-In particular:~synthetic mudiiied antibodies that immunospecifically bind one member of a binding pair are engineered such that the variable region of the modified . antibody has.one .or more CDRs that contain the binding sequence for that member of the binding pair, which binding sequence is derived from the other member of the binding pair.
his method, thus, dramatically simplifies the process of identifying suitable antibodies and makes available antibodies for many antigens than are inaccessible due to immune tolerance or cryptic expression.
Accordingly, the present invention provides modified im_munoglobulin molecules, particularly antibodies, that immunospecifically bind a first member of a binding pair, which binding pair consists of the first member and a second member, which antibodies comprise a variable domain which has at least one CDR containing an amino acid sequence of the binding site for the first member of the binding pair, which binding site is derived from the second member of the binding pair. 1n a preferred aspect of the invention, the amino acid sequence of the binding site is not found naturally within the CDR.

-5-The binding pair can be any two molecules that specifically interact with each other.
In specific embodiments, the first member of the binding pair is a cancer antigen (i.e., a molecule expressed on the surface of a cancer cell), an antigen of an infectious disease agent (i.e., a molecule on the surface of an infectious disease agent) or a cellular receptor for an infectious disease agent. Such cancer antigens include human milk fat globule antigen (HMFG), an epitope of polymorphic epithelial mucin antigen (PEM), or a human colon carcinoma-associated protein antigen. Such acltigens of infectious disease agents include a Brambell receptor (FcRB), and antigens of fiSV-2, gonococcus, Treponema pallidum, Chlamydia trachomatis or human papillomavrus. In other specific embodiments, the binding pair is a receptor-ligand binding pair. for example. where the first member of the binding pair is a bradykinin receptor.
The invention further provides methods of treatment or prevention using the modified immunoglobulins of the invention. For example, modified antibodies having one or more CDRs containing the binding site for a cancer antigen or an antigen of an infectious agent or a cellular receptor for an infectious disease agent can be used in the treatment or prevention of a cancer or an infectious disease a.5soc.iated with the expression of the particular cancer antigen or antigen of the infectious disease agent or the cellular receptor for the infectious disease agent.
The invention further provides methods for screening or detection or diagnosis using ~e modified immunoglobulins of the invention. For example, modified antibodies having .. one or more CDRs containing the binding site for a cancer antigen or an antigen of an infectious disease agent can be used in the screening, detection and diagnosis o° a cancer or an infectious disease.associated. with the expression of the particular cancer antigen or antigen of the infectious disease agent.
The invention also provides therapeutic and diagnostic kits and pharmaceutical compositions containing the modified immunoglobulins of the invention.
The invention further provides methods of producing a synthetic modified immiuloglobulin of the invention.
Section 6, infra, describes the synthesis of synthetic modified antibodies in which one of the CDRs contains an amino acid sequence from bradykinin encompassing the binding sequence for the bradykinin receptor. The example demonstrates that this synthetic modified antibody immunospecifically binds the bradykinin receptor, and competes with bradykinin for binding to the bradykinin receptor. The activity of the synthetic modified antibody is antagonized by an antagonist of bradykinin activity.

-6-4. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
Figure 1. A schematic diagram showing the structure of the light and heavy chains of an immunoglobulin molecule, each chain consisting of a variable region positioned at the amino terminal region {HZN-) of the immunoglobulin and a constant region positioned at a carboxyl terminal region (-COOH) of the immunoglobulin.
Figure 2. A schematic diagram of an IgG showing the four framework regions (F'RI, FK2, FR3 and FR4) and three complementarity determining regions {CDRI, CDR2 and CDR3 j in the variable regions of the light and heavy chains (labeled as V~
and VH
respectively). The constant regio:~ domains are indicated as C~ for the light chain constant domain and CH,, CHI and CH3 for the three domains of the heavy chain constant region.
Fab indicates the portion of the antibody fragment which includes the variable region domains of both light and heavy chains and the C. and CH, domains. Fc indicates the corustant region fragment containing the CHI and CH3 domains.
Figures 3A-C. (A). The structure of the expressiol: vector pMRR010.1, which c~n~ains a human kappa light chain constant region sequence. (B). The structure of the expression vector pGammal that contains a sequence encoding a human IgGI
constant region (CHI, CHZ, CH3) heat' chain and hinge region sequences. (C) The structure of the expression vector pNEPuDGV which contains a sequence encoding the kappa constant ~0..domain of the light chain and the constant domain. and hinge region of the heavy chain. E or .. . .: ~ai!.three vectors see Bebbington et al., I9yl, 'l<terho~s in Enz3:rraalngy 2_:136-145.
figures 4A-H. The~amino acid and nucleotide sequences for the heavy and light . .....chain variable domains..that have a CDR containirg.bradykinin sequences and corresponding heavy and light chain variable doma.m consensus sequences of the synthetic antilx~dies. .All of these sequences also contain a leader sequence. (A) The amino acid sequence and corresponding nucleotide sequence for the consensus light chairs variable region C'.~~nVLI.
{B) The; amino acid and corresponding nucleotide sequence for the light chain variable -~wregion ~BKCDR1~ in which CDR1 contains a bradykinin sequence. (C.) 'fhe amino acid and cctmsponding nucleotide sequences for the light chain variable region BKCDR2 in which CDR2 contains a bradykinin sequence. (D) The amino acid and coaesponding nucleotide sequences for the light chain variable region BKCDR3 in which CDR3 contains a bradykinin sequence. (E) The amino acid and corresponding nucleotide sequences for the consensus heavy chain variable region ConVH 1. (F) The amino acid and corresponding nucleotide sequences for the heavy chain variable region BKCDR4 in which CDR4 contains a bradykinin sequence. (G) The amino acid and corresponding nucleotide sequences of the heavy chain variable region BKCDRS in which the CDRS contains a bradykinin sequence.
(H) The amino acid and corresponding nucleotide sequence of the heavy chain variable region BKCDR6 in which CDR6 contains a bradykinin sequence.
Figure 5. A schematic diagram of the general steps that were followed for assembly of an engineered gene encoding the synthetic modified antibody containing A
sequence of bradykinin. The oligonucleotides used to assemble the gene are indicated as "oligol" to "oligo 10".
Figures 6A and B. (A) Nucleotide sequences of the oligonucleotides used to assemble the consensus light chain (ConVhl j, and the bradykinin containing light chain variable regions, by the scheme indicated in Figure 5. (B) Nucleotide sequences of the oiigonucleotides used to assemble the consensus heavy chain variable region (ConVHI; and the bradykinin .containing heavy chain variable regions. as indicated in F
figure 5.
Figures 7A-C. (A) Stimulation of PGE, synthesis by bradykinin in SV-T2 cells as indicated in ng/well of PGE2 for each treatment. In the legend below the figure a "-"
indicates that cells were incubated in the absence of the factor while "+"
indicates that the cells were incubated in the presence of the factor, i.s., either 1 cM
bcadykinin (upper row) or i nM HOE 140, a bradykinin antagonist (lower row). (B) Stimulation of PGEZ
synthesis by certain synthetic modified antibodies having CDRs containing bradykinir_ sequences is depicted as pg/well PGE2, as a function of the dilution of the synthetic antibody BKCDR3 (lines with .solid squares), BKCDR4 (lines with solid triangles), and RK(.'.DRS (lines with ~: ~ solid diamonds), the consensus heavy chain variable regio:~ (line with solid circles) and media alone (line with open circles). (C) The bar graph depicts PGE~
stimulation (in PGE, in pg/well j in SV-T2 cells.incubated in the presence or abs~we of bradykinin (indicated as "+" or "-", respectively, in legend below graph) anriwith an antibody .having the BKCDR3.
BKCDR4, or BKCDRS variable domain or an araibody having the heavy chain consensus variable domain (ConVH), as indicated above the b~ of the graph.
5. DETAII:ED~DESCRIPTION OF Tl~lE INVENTI
The present invention is directed to modified immunoglobulin molecules, 30. p~icularly antibodies that immunospecifically bind (e.g., as determined by any method known in the art for determining the binding specificity of an antibody for its antigen, for example, as described in section 5.7, infra, and which immunospecific binding excludes non-specific binding, but not necessarily the cross-reactivity often observed with naturally occurring antibodies) a first member of a binding pair and have at least one complementarily determining region {CDR) that contains an amino acid sequence from the second member of _g_ the binding pair, which amino acid sequence is a binding sequence for the first member of the binding pair. The binding pair can be any two molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, or lipids, that interact with each other, although preferably the binding partner from which the binding site is derived is a protein molecule. In preferred embodiments, the antibody contains a binding sequence for a cancer antigen (i.e., a molecule on the surface of a cancer or tumor cell), an infectious disease antigen, (i.e., a molecule on the surface of an infectious disease agent), a cellular receptor for a pathogen, or a receptor or ligand (preferably, a receptor or ligand of a receptor-ligand binding pair in which the ligand binds to the receptor and thereby elicits a physioiugical response).
The present invention~also providesfor:methods of treatment using the modified immunoglobulins of the invention, for example, Gut wot by way of limitation, a modified antibody having at least one CDR containing a-binding sequence for a particular cancer antigen or antigen of an infectious disease agent cr a cellul;~r receptor for an infectious disease agent can be used to treat or present a cancer or an infectious disease characterized by the presence of that particular antigen by binding of the infectious disease agent to the particular receptor.
The present invention also provides for methods of diagnosis and screening using the modified immunoglabulins of the inventicrn, fo~~ example;. hut not by way of limitation, a modified antibody having at least one CDR vontaining a binding sequence for a particular o~cer antigen or antigen of an infectious di: ease agent ;;an be used to detect a cancer or.
. : ir~fect:ous disease characterized bythat parii,ular:intigc.n or ry binding of the infectious disease agent to the particular receptor.
For clarity of disclosure. and not by way of limitat;on. the detailed description of the invention is divided into the subsections :a~~hic?: Follow.
5.1. MODIFIED IMMC1NOGLi7~$lll:f~ M~ _L_ECiJLES
'hhe invention provides for modif ed immur~oglobulin moleculrs, particularly wantibodies, that immunospecitically bind fe.~., s~s deterrtiined by any method known in the art for determining the binding specificity..~f ~.n antibody for its antigen, for example, as described in section 5.7; infra) to a first .member of a binding pair where at least one of the CDRs of the antibody contains a binding site for t~'~e first member of the binding pair, which binding site is derived from an amino acid sequence of the othei member of the binding pair.
1n a prefen:ed aspect of the invention, the amino acid sequence of the binding site is not found naturally within the CDR.

The amino acid sequence of the binding site may be identified by any method known in the art. For example, in some instances, the sequence of a member of a binding pair has already been determined to be directly involved in binding the other member of the binding pair. In this case, such a sequence can be used to construct the CDR of a synthetic antibody that specifically recognizes the other member of the binding pair. If the amino acid sequence for the binding site in the one member of the binding pair for the other member of the binding pair is not known, it can be determined by any method known in the art, for example, but not limited to, molecular modeling methods or empirical methods, e.g., by assaying portions (e.g., peptides) of the member far binding to the other member, ur by I 0 making mutations in the member and determining which mutations prevent binding.
The binding pair can be any two molecules. including proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, or lipids. that interact with each other. although preferably the binding partner from which the binding site is derived is a protein molecule. in preferred embodiments, the modified immunoglobulin contains a binding sequence for a cancer 1 ' antigen, an infectious disease antigen, a cclleIur receptor for a pathogen, or a receptor or ligand that participates in a receptor-ligand binding ,r:air.
In ~pecifc embodiments, the binding pair i:: a protein-protein interaction pair which i.s either homotypic interaction (i.e., is the interecti.~n between two of the same proteins) or a heterotypic :nteractiori (i.e., is the interaction between twee different preteins).
20 In a specific embodiment, the fiat rnembur is a meznber of a. ligarzd-receptor binding ~~ pair,~prefer hly, of a receptor-ligand bindiz:g pair :r. which the liyud binds to the receptor and thereby elicits a physiological response, suc): as intracehular signaling.
By way of .. example, an~a not by way of limitation. the liganJ or rec;,ptot can be a horn~one, autocoid, ~. gro~~~th~.fuct«r. c5rtokine or.neurc,~transmitter, cr :ec-rpu~r fer a t;ormnie~, autocoid, growth v~ ~S factor, cytokine;.or.neurotransmitter, or any receptor or ligand involved in signal transductior. (Foz reviews of signal tr2nsduction tlathways, see, e.g .
(.,ampbell, 199?. .I.
Pediat.' 131.:S42-544: Hamilton, 1997, ,. t,euluw. 8iol. 62:145-i 55: Soede-Bobok & Touw., 1997, J. ?~to?. Meci 75:470-477; tieldir., 1995, l.:'eil 8U:21:3-223;
Kishimoto et al., ' 994, Cr:i . 76:253-262; \~Iiyajima et al.., 1.992, Annu Rev. Immunol. 10:295-331; and Cantley et al., 30 1991, Cell 6_St28i-302.). ~ In specific embodzrrtents,~one member of the binding pair is ~, ligand such as, but not limited to, cholecystokinin, galanin, IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-11, a chemokine, leptin, a protease, neuropeptide Y, neurokinin-1, netzrokinin-2, neurokinin-3, bombesin, gastrin, corticotropin releasing hormone, endothelia, melatonin, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, epidermal growth factor, tumor necrosis factor, dopamine, 35 endothelia, or a receptor for any of these ligands. In other embodiments, one member of the binding pair is a receptor, such as, but not limited to, an opioid receptor, a glucose transporter, a glutamate receptor, an orphanin receptor, erythropoietin receptor, insulin receptor, tyrosine kinase (TK)-receptor, KIT stern cell factor receptor, nerve growth factor receptor, insulin-like growth factor receptor, granuiocyte-colony stimulating factor receptor, somatotropin receptor, glial-derived neurotrophic factor receptor or gp39 receptor, G-protein receptor class or 132-adrenergic receptor, or a ligand that binds any of these receptors. In another embodiment, one of the members of the binding pair is a ligand gated ion channel, Such as but not limited to a calcium channel, a so~ium channel, or a potassium channel. In certain embodiments, the invention provides T~.adified imrnunoglobulins that lQ..immunospecitically bind.a receptor and arc ru=tagonicts the ligand that binds that receptor, for example, but not by way of limitati.nn, are antagonists of endorphin.
enkephalin or nociceptin. .1n other embodiments, the im~entio:~ provides synthetic modified antibodies that immunospec:lflcally bind a receptor and are agonists of the receptor, for example, hut not by way of limitation, the endorphin, enkcphalin, or n~ciceptin receptors. In a preferred ... I S embodiment. the modified immunoglobulin. does clot bind the iibronectin receptor. In . another areferred embodiment, the binding sequence is not Arg-Gly -AsF. is not a multimer cf a binding sequence. and preferably is not a multimc;r of the se;~uence ~.rg-Gly-.4sp.
1n otl r specific embodiments, the modified imnmnoglcbulin laas a CDR that c:cniairm a hi'nding site for a transcription .factor. Irr a preferred 2aPect, ~he modified . ,' '-O..immanogli~bulin does. not bind to a specific PNE1. sequence, particular~tyioes nu!: bitad to a .
w~-~ ~ tra:lserip:ion fa:cror binding site.
. In pret~rred embodiments. tr.~ modif ad immunoglobulin nas a: :z;at one CDR
that .,~ c~~ntairts.an.a~nino. acid sequence: of a.binding sit: for..a ca.~cer.anti~en ~r :~ ticnor antigen . . (e.g., as de~cribed.in detail in srctiwn 5.3.1, iiFh-u.:~:~.rftore preierrhly Uhc anli~En is human ZS colon carcinorna-associated antigen or epithelial muc~.n antigen. ,.Iri ettter:emb~diments, at ic:ast one CDR of the modified imxnnnogtohulir: contains an atnina nci.d sequence for a .. binding site for a human milk fat glob;rle receptor. in other emho~yi:n~~ris, the rnodified r~immunoglobulin.has at least~one l'.DR~ that contains as amino acid s:qttenci of a binding site for stn antigen .~f a t-amor of the brrast,~ovary;wiems, prostate, biad3er, t-~tng, skin, pancreas, 30 colon; .gastrointestinal tract, B lymphocytes, or T lymphocytes.
In other preferred embodiments of the invention, at least one CDR of the modified antibody contains an amino acid sequence for. a binding site for an antigen of ar_ infectious disease agent (e.g., as described in.detail in section 5.3.2, infra.), or a binding site for a cellular r,°ceptor of an infectious disease agent, preferably where the binding site is~not an 35 wino acid sequence of a Plasmodium antigen, or is not the binding site Asn-Ala-Asn=Pro or Asn-Val-Asp-Pro. In additional embodiments, the modified antibody has a CDR
that contains the binding site for a bacterial or viral enzyme.
The modified immunoglobulin molecules of the inventin can be derived from any type of immunoglobulin molecule, for example. but not limited to, antibodies, T cell receptors, B cell receptors, cell-surface adhesion molecules such as the co-receptors CD4, CDB, CD19, and the invariant domains of MHC molecwles. In a preferred ernbodiment of the icivention, the modified imrizunoglobulin molecule is an antibody, which can be any class of antibody, e.~,~., an IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD or IgA, preferably, the antibody is an IgG. In addition the antibody many be of any subclass of the particular class of antibodies. In .. . 1 ~ another specific embodiment, the modified ir:lmunoglobulin molecule is a T cell receptor.
. ~ 'l he immunoglobulin which is modifiedao generate the modified immur~oglobulin can be any available immunoglobulin molecule: ::nd is preferably a monoclonal antibody or . . is a synthetic arnibody. The antibody that is modified maw be a naturally occurring or previously existing antibody or may be synthesised from known antibody consensus . 1~ ~ senuel:ces, such as the consensus sequences for the fight a.~d heavy, chain variable regions in Fi~,Lres 4A and B, or any other antibody consensus or germline (i.c., um~..cumbined genornic sequences) sequences (e.g., those antibody consensus and germline sequences described in Ie..l6at et. al., 1991, Sequences of Proteins of Irrnnunological lrterest, 5't' edition, N1H
Punlficatior. ~~'do. 91-3242, pp 2147-2172).
. . ~: 2lt . :. . ,~~; noted :~upru, Zach antibody molev;~:le.h~ six CDR
sequ~n~e;" three an the light . chaixwnd t:~ree owthe heavy chain, and five of these C:DRs are germlirAe CDF.s (i. ~., are dircctly.dcW es from the germline genomic sequenrx of the animal, witrao'my .recombmatior~) and one of the CDRs is a non-germIinc CDR (i.c., differs.in sequel:ce from the germlir..e gcnomic sequence of the anima! and ~i:,~encrat~d by~
re:.or:bination of tree ,~. aa.2~, germlir_~$equences j.x..~lVhether a CDR is a g~nnline or~nor.-germlineacquenre can be . determined by.~equencing the CDR and then comparing :hN ~edu~nc~ wills known germiine ~xyuent2s, e.~:, as listed in Kabat et al. (19~)l.. Seque:~ces of Proteins cvf hnntunological ~Interest~'~ edit'son,~i'~If~ Publication No. 91-324, gp 214'7-2172).
Significant variation ~. . from the ?mown germline sequences indicates. that the CDR is a non-germlir..e CDR.
Accordingly, in other embodiments of the invention, the CDR that contains the amino acid sequence of the binding site is a germline CDR or, alternatively, is a non-germline CDR.
The binding site can be inserted into any of thewCDRs of the antibody, and it is within the skill. in the art to insert the binding site into different CDP,s of the antibody and 35 then screen the resulting modified antibodies for=the ability to bind to the particular member of the binding pair, e.g. as discussed in Section 5.7, injr~a. Thus, one can determine which CDR optimally contains the binding site. In speci~Fc embodiments, a CDR of either the heavy or light chain variable region is modified to contain the amino acid sequence of the binding site. In another specific embodiment, the modified antibody contains a variable domain in which the first, second or third CDR of the heavy variable region or the first, . second or third CDR of the light chain variable region contains the amino acid sequence of ...;Uie binding site. In another embodiment of the in~:rntion, more than one CDR contains the ~arnino acid sequence of the binding site or more than one i:DR each contains a different -binding site for the same molecule or contains a different binding site for a different 10.~-.mol~~ule..~In:particular, embodiments, tvvo, three, four, five or six CDRs have been engineered to contain a binding site for the first mcmber:ni the binding pair.
In a preferred . embodiment,.one or~more .CDRs contain a binding site for the~.first member of.a binding pair . . and one or more other CDRs contain a binding site for.a rr:~~lecule on the. surfare,of an immune cell, such as, but not limited to, a T cell, F3 cell, N K cell, K cell, TII, cell or I' =neutrot~hil.. for example,:a modified antibody havingw oindirg site ior.a career. antigen or .an infc;ctlous disease antigen and a binding site for a mcalecule on the surface ~>f an imenune cril ,~,ai; be used to target the immune cell to a cane; r ~~eli ?gearing the cancer antigen or to the infectious disease agent.
In specific embodiments of the invention, the binding site amino acid sequence is '4.::eit.~rer.insertedintwthe.CDlt without replacing anyafthe uminc~ acid seq~r~n~r of the CDR
Y~ ir,~c-1!-c~r,-~llenratiwly; the binding site~aminoacid~sque~n~teplaccs ~eil or a portir~n of the .-.amino-acid.srquence ~of. the CDR.- In specifii; emhodiruc;nts,~.tiie binding site arninu avid .,.sequence replaces.1, ~2, 5, 8, '10,.1 S,.Qr.2U..atnina. acids of the CDR.
sequence.
:..'fir ono avid s~uence of the bindiiy ~sitc;:~r~;sc~~t in~.'tht :C:I.yH
ean.°be~.the minimal 25 .binding site necessary for the binsiing of the. mernb~r~
ot:~the.~inding~air ~(wrhich can be ;_de;ermined empirically by any method known in the artl: alrerlaatively, the binding site c;an :be greatc: :han the.minimal binding site neccssary.for ihc~ binding of the member of the . . c~!~inding paii:~Iwparticular~embodimerits;the°bindinysit~ amino acid sequence is arleast 4 .:amino acids in length, or is at Least 6, 8,.10, 15, ur 2U amine acids in length. In other 3d ~ embodiments the binding site amino acidsequence is no tnorc than ..10,' 15, 2U, or 25 amino acids in length, or is 5-10, 5-15, 5-20, 10-L 5,10-24.or 10-25 amin~.acids in length.
In addition, the total length of the CDR (i.e., the combined length of thz binding site sequence. and the rest of the CDR sequence) should be of awappmpriate number of amino acids ~to allow binding of the. antibody.to the antigen. CDRs have been observed to. have a ~5 range of numbers of amino acid residues, and the observed size ranges for the CDRs (as denoted by the abbreviations indicated in figure 2) are provided in Table 1.
Table 1 CSR Number of residues L2 . 7 ~ 9-1?.

H3 .. . 2~~25 . .(compiled~from.data in Kabat and'afu, 1971,.4nnw.NYAcad Sci.
x:382-93) ~~ .Vi~ hile.many CDR H3 regions are of 5-9 residue ir. length, certain C:DR
H3 regions have .bin observrd that are much longer.: ln.palticular, a number cfantiviral antibodies have heave. chain CDR H3 xegions of 17-24 residues in length.
Accordingly, in sp~~.cific embodiments of the invention, the CDR Containing the binding site is within the size range provided for that particular ('.DR in Table 1, i.e., if it is . the first CDR of the light.chain, L1: the CDR is 10 to 17 amino acid residues: if it is the 20. second CDR of the light chain, L', the CDR~is~ 7 amino acid residues; if it is~the third CDP:
.; .... ,~. of the light chaily.L3, 'the (:DR is 7 to .11~ amino acid residuws; if it is the first CI)R of the heavy chain; I-il; the. CDR i~.5.to 7 amino acid.residues: i!' it is the second CDR of the heavy .,~. ~..ohain, H2,.the.CUR is.9 to,l2..amino acid.residues;.and i~.it_is the third CDR of the heavy . chain,.I-I3, the CDR is 2 to 25~amino.acid residuesh3noth~r_specific.rnax~dimrnts, the C:Di~
~2$~ containing the binding site is 5-1D, 5-15, 5-20,=1.~1 ~15;~:1~1=._'G.l~:l-'~~,:or 16_.25 amino acids in . . ~ .... . . length.: In other embodiments, the CDR containing tha birdrng sitz is at least 5.. 10, 15, or . : 20 amino acids or is no more than 10, 15, 20, 25, or 3f.~ am:ino acids n length.
,. .., .:~~In~specific~embodiments the mc~difie~ immunoglobulin of the invention contains a portion of a .variable region, i. e. , ~'vhere either the heavy or the light chain .contains. less than 30. ~e:framework regions and three (:DRs, for example ~burnot limited to, where the variable region contains one or two GDRs, and preferably, the intervening framework regions.
In a specific embodiment, the modified antibody immunospecifically binds the bradykinin receptor (for example, but not limited to the modified antibody described in section 6, infra).: In particular, the embodiment provides a~modi6ed antibody in which at gyp gg/2S3~g PCTNS98/24302 least one CDR contains the amino acid sequence Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pm-Phe-Arg.
in other specific embodiments, the modified antibody immunospecifically binds the human milk fat globule antigen, and at least one of the CDRs of the modified antibody contains an amino acid sequence selected from the following: (i) Ala-Tyr-Trp-Ile-Glu; (ii) . . Glu-Ile-I,eu-Pro-Gly-Ser-Asn-Asn-Ser-Arg-Tyr-Asn-Glu-Lys-Fhe-Lys-Gly;
(iiil Ser-Glu-Asp-Ser-Ala-Val-Tyr-Tyr-Gys-Ser-Arg-Ser-Tyr-Asp-Phe-Ala-'rrp-Phe-Ala-Tyr; (iv) Lys-Ser-Ser-Gln-Ser-Ixu-Leu-1'yr-Ser-Ser-Asn-Gln-Lys-Ile-Tyr-I:eu-Ala; (v) Trp-Ala-Ser-Tllr-. , ~A;~g-G1u-Ser; and (vi) Gln-Gln-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-Tyr-Pro-Arg-Thr.
,. ;,.tw.;~n a~rnoreapecific embodiment,.the-CDRs.of the heavy chain variable region contain the amino acid sequences (i)-(iii) above, whereas the Gi3Rs of the light chainwariable region .contain the amino acid sequencxs (iv)-(vi) above.
. .. , in specific embodiments, the invention provide a. mc~ified antibody that binds . . human colon carcinoma-associated antigen and comprises' a variable region having at least one CDR containing one~of the following amino acid sequences: Thr-Ala-Lys-Ala-Se~:-cJl.l-. : ..Ser-Val-Ser-.Asn-Asp-Va.1-Ala; Ile-Tyr-Tyr-Ala-Ser-A.sn-Arg-lyr=I'hr;
Phe =Ala-(.Lln-Gln-Asp-'l~yr-Ser-Ser.-Pro-Leu-'Thr; Phe-Thr-Asn-'I~yr-.UIy~~Met-Asn; Ala-Gly-Txp-Ile-Asn-Thr-Tyr-Thr-GIy~GIu-Pro;Thr-Tyr-Ala-Asp.Asp-Phe-Lys-Gly; .~r Ala-Arg-Ala-Tyr-'Ty r-Cily- .
Lys~Tyr-Phe-Asp-Tyr.
. . ~ v After constricting antibodies containing modified GDRs, the modif ~.d ~:~tih,~.~dir. .
:~cim.l~.:furtheraltered and screened to~sele~ct awantibodyhaving higher af.~imty.Gr~E-~~_iilGlty.
.vAnt~bodies 1-.aving higher affinity or specificity for the target antigen nlay be generated and ..sele~ted.by.anv methc~l.known in the art. Far..o~cample,.but.not by. way of limitation, the .. : :nucleic acid encoding the synthetic.modifed~arrtibbdy=car..fie mutagenizr~cither.ralxdomly.
. 25 .i,e.; by chemical or site-directed triutagenesi~~ ~:.by rucking particular~muttdiem at specific .,:: positions iwthe nucleic acid encoding the sn~ified antibody, and ther.
Sc~rcxning the ,.W utibc~ie3 exposed from the mutated nucleic av;i~i molecules for binding ri:fjr:ity for the ;~~.set.an~g~ ~;~gw~-~ocomplished ~by~. testingthe expressed antibody molecules . :: individual ly or by . screening a .library wf .the mutated . sequences, e.,g: , by. phage display .. ~~ 30 ~~~~i9y.(see; a,s; U:.S..Yaterrt Nns..5,223~,409:5;403;484; and 5,571,698, all-by Ladner et al; PCTi"uhiication ~V(~ 92101049 by McCafferty .et al. or any other phage display' technique known in the art).
Accordingly, in a specific embodiment, the modified antibody has. a higher spcxill~ity or affinity for an antigen than a naturally occurring antibody that immunospecifically binds the same antigen. In another embodiment, the modified antibody exhibits a binding constant for an antigen of at least 2x 1 b' M.
The modified antibodies of the invention may also be further modified in any way know in the art for the modification of antibodies as long as the further modification does . . S not prevent or inhibit binding of the modified anfibody to the particular antigen. In particular, the modified antibodies of the invention may have one or .more amino acid -substitutions, deletions, insertions besides the insertion into or replacement of CDR
sequences with the amino acid sequence of a binding sequence. Such amino acid . substitutions, deletions or insertions can be any substitution, deletion or insertion that does ~.10..not:prevent ~or inhibit the immunospecific binding of the modified antibody to the target antigen. For example, such amino acid substitutions include substitution' of~functionally . . . equivalent amino acid residues. For example, one or more am~ro.acid .residues can be . . .. .substituted by another.amino acid of a similar polarity which acts as a functional equivalent, resulting in a silent alteration. Substitutes for an amino acid may be selected from other . 1 S members of the class to which the amino acid belongs. ~ For example, the nonpolar.
. (hydrophobic) amino acids include alan'tne, leucine, isoleucine., vulit~e, proline, phcnylalanine, tryptophan and rriathionine. The polar neutral amino acids includE glycine.
:~eerine, tlueonine, cysteiiie, tyrosine; asparagine, and gluts;nine. The positively charged . . ..(basic) amino acids include arginine, lysine and histidine. The negatively charged (acidic) ZO-. amino acids include aspartic acid and glutatnic acid.
-.<.::v.~~:,4dditionally~; one or moreamino acid residues within the seque:lc4 .:an be substitui~cl . ~. v by a nonclassicai amine acid or chemical .amino. acid analogs can be.
introduced as a ...:....substit~~tion oi,addition into_the immunoglobulin sequence. ..Non-classical amino acids ~: _. :: include but.arewot limited to the D-isomers of.thr~.~c~.omni:~n.ar~iino acids:.a-.amino isobulyric . ..25 .~id,~4-aminobutyric~acid, Abu, 2-amino butyric;:acid~.~-Abu,~.=A~xti~3minu hexanpic ., .. ; acid. Aih, ?.-amino isoblttyric acid, 3-amino propionic acid, ornithine, norleucinc, norvalii», ~' hydxoxyproline, sarcosine, citrulline; vysteic acid, t-butylglycine, t-i'~atyla=anine.
::; ;: ~rphenylgiycine;wyclohexylalanine; (3-alariine, ~tluoro=amino acids, designer amino acids su4h ..,. ...~ p_methyl amino acids,.Ca-methyl amino. acids, Na-methyl amino acids;.and amino acid .. 34 ~~ogs ~,g' . ~y~ore, ~e amino acid can be D~ (daxtmrotary.)'or. L
(levorotary j.
. . . In a particular embodiment of the invention, the modified immunoglolfulin tics been further modified to enhance its ability to elicit an anti-idiotype reaponse,.for example; as described in co-pending.United States Patent Application Serial hlo. ,_"-__, entitled "Modified Antibodies with Enhanced Ability to Elicit An Anti-Idiotype Response" by-35 g~~ filed November 13, 1998 (attorney docket no. 6750-O15), which is incorporated by WO 99/25378 PCT/US98r14302 reference herein in its entirety. Such modifications are made to reduce the conformational constraints on a variable region of the immunoglobulin, e.g., by. removing or reducing intrachain or interchain disulfide bonds. Specifically, the modified immunoglobulin is further modified such that one or more variable region cysteine residues that form disulfide bonds are replaced with an amino acid residue that does not have a stllfhydryl group.
. ...Identifying.the cysteine residues that.fomi a disulfide bond :n a variable region of a particular antibody can be accomplished by any method known in the art. For example, but not~by way o;'limitation, it.is well known in the art that the cysteine residues that form ..w intrachain disulfide bonds are highly consen~ed among antibody classes and across species.
.:1~0 :Thus,.the cysceine residues that participate in disulfide band formation can be identified by sequence comparison with other antibody.molecules iw.which it is itnuwn which residues . . form a disulfide bond (for example the consensus-sequences provided in:Figures. 4 A and E, . or thOSt.df:SCrlbed in Kabat et al, 1991; sequences of Proteins of Tmcnur~«logical Interest, 5th W;d., L'.S. Uepartmer~t of Health and Human Services, l3ethesda, Maryland).
I S :. .. ; v.:~ :.Table i provides~awlist-t~f the positions of dise~lhd, bond~formi7g cysteiw residues for a nurnber.nf antibody molecules.
Table 2 (derived from Kabat et~al, 1991, sequences of Proteins of Inunucwlogical Interest, St.h~ F:d:, w ;yl~:-.U.S._Uepartrnent of Health and Human.:Ser4ices, Bethegda; :~-i~uylandi x....:..
...I?-isulfid~ bond-forming .. ..Variable domain ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ rysteines S ecies Sib rou ~ ~ w ( ositions) 25 ~~ kappa light ~ :E '.23:88 Hucnfun kappa light I: 23,88 . : ~ Human kappa light lIl 23,88 Human kappa light I~' 23,8R

Human lambda light I ~ 23,88 . rHuinan lambda light II 23,88 ~~ 30 ~ H~ ~~a light . IIII 23,88 i~Iun~an lambda light IV 23,88 Human lambda light V 23,88 Human lambda light Vl 23,88 Mouse kappa light I 23,88 Mouse kappa light ~ II 23,88 Mouse kappa light III 23,88 35 Mouse kappa light IV 23,88 Disulfide bond-forming Variable domain cysteines Species Subgroup (positions) Mouse kappa light V 23,88 . Mouse kappa light VI 23,88 Mouse kappa light VII 23,88 .Mouse kappa light Miscellaneous 23,88 Mouse lambda light 23,88 Chimpanzee lambda light 23,88 Rat kappa light ~~ 23,88 Rat lambda light 23,88 ~bbit kappa light 23,88 Rabbit lambda light ~ z:~,88 Dog kappa.light 13;8g ' Pig kappa light ~ ~ 23 (88) Pig lambda light 23,88 C'.ruinea pig lambda light 23 ! gg) Sheep lambda light 23,88 IS Ghickcr. lambda light . 23,8g Turkey lambda light 23 (88) Rattish . 23 (88) lambda light Shark kappa light 23,88 Human heavy t 22,92 Human heavy . . , lI 22,92 Human. heavy ~ 'III L'~,92 '.Mouse ~ wheavy I .(Aj . 22,92 . Mouse heavy I (I3) i ~.92 Mouse heavy II lA) 22,92 ,Mouse heavy '.II (H) 22.92 Mouse heavy II (C) ?2,92 .

- Mouse heavy ~: II1 (A). ?2,92 Mouse 'heavy ~ ~III(~3) 22.92 Mouse heavy .,..III~(C) 22;92 Mouse heavy ~ lII (I)) 22,92 Mouse heavy V (.A) .22,92 .Mouse heavy 1,r !R) 22,92 Mouse heavy . : -.~:Iviiscellaneou~22,92 Rat heavy 22,92 Rabbit heavy ?2,92 ~ca pig heavy 22,92 fat heavy ..22 (92) Dog heavy 22,92 Pig heavy 22 (92) Mink heavy 22 (92) Sea lion heavy 22 (92) Seal heavy 22 (92) Chicken heavy 22,92 WO 99!25378 PCTNS98/24302 . Disulfide bond-forming Variable domain cysteines Species Subgroup (positions) Duck heavy 22 (92) Goose heavy 22 (92) Pigeon heavy 22 (92) Turkey heavy 22 (92) Caiman heavy 22, 92 Xenopus frog heavy 22,92 Elops heavy 22,92 C'.roldfish heavy 22,92 ~~sh heavy 22 (92) Shark ~ heavy 22,92 -.position numt~ers enclosed by ~) indicate that the protein was nca sequenced to that position, but the residue is inferr:;d by comparison to known sequences.
'S :w : r: Notably, tc~r all ot'the antibody molecules listed in"fable 2, the cysteine residues that.
form the iritrachain disulfide bonds are residues at positions 2:; and 8R of the lightwhain variable dorrtair. and residues at positions J2 and 92 of the heavy chair..
variable:domain.
The pc~sit:on n-ambers refer to the residue corresponding to that residue in the.ccnsensus .. sequences a,~ defined in Kabat. (1991, Sequences of Proteins of Immmolugi.cal Interest, 5th.
.ZO.:Ed., iJ. S.. Department.of.Health and liu~-nan Services, .Bethesda, Maryland:! or as.iradicaaccl in ;.-,the=hcavy~and light~chain~rariable region sequur~ccs~depicted in Figures 4,A and E, nesp~ctively. (as determined by a~igning.die particular antibody sequence with the.consensus :..sequetlce_:nr.the.heavy .or light chain variable region. sequence depicted itz Figures 4:4 and lr).
25 Accordixigly, in one embodiment of thG invention, the modifiedunnnunoglobulin r v ~ molecule i5 feuthPr modtf ed such that tha residues at positions 23 and~or 88 of the light :-...chain are substituted with an amino acid residue tract does not contain o sulti~ydryl group yandlor~the;.-esiduses,at.positions~22vt~dlor~:y2~are substituted with an.aminc~.acid ce'sidue trat . . .does nut contain a sulfltydryl group.
30 ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~. 'ftte amino acid residue: that substitutes for the disulfide bond .forming cyst~eine . . . residue is any amino acid residue that does not contain a sulthydryl group, v.k , alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate (or aspartic acid), glutamine, glutamate (or glutamic acid), glycine, histiduw, isoleucint, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, proline, scrine, threonine;
tryptophan; tyrosine or valine. In a prefened embo~d~ment, the cysteine residue is replaced VirO 99/25378 PCT/US98/24302 with a glycine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, asparagine, or glutamine residue, most preferably with an alanine residue.
Additionally, the disulfide bond forming cysteine residue may be replaced by a nonclassical amino acid or chemical amino acid analog, such as those listed supra, that does not contain a sulfhydryl group.
.. : .In specific embodiments, the substitution of the disulfide bond forming residue is in the heavy chain variable region or is in the light chain variable region or is in both the heavy w~~~ Chain and light chain variable regions. w In other specific embodiments, one of the residues .. ~ that forms a panic;ular disulfide bond is replaced {or deleted) or, alternatively, both residues . ::1 Q that form a particular disulfide bond may he replaced (or deleted).
In other specific embodiments, the invention provides functionally aiaive fragments of a modified immunoglobulin. Funetionaily aetive~ fragment means: that ttte fragment can ... immullospecifically bind the target antigen as determined by any method known.in the art to w ~ determine immunospecific binding {e.g. , as described in Section 5.7 ~in, fin); r or example, r'l~~such~.fragments include butane not limited to: F(ab')z fragments. which contain thz variable . ~ :.regions of both the heaiy and the light.ohains, the light constanr region and the t;.'.HI domain of the hear~~~~ cizain, which fragments can be generated by pepsin digestion of the antibody.
and the Fab fragments, generated by reducing the disulfide bonds of an F(ab')2 fragment (Figure 1; King et., 1992, Biochem. J x:317); and Fw fragments, i.e., fragments thi3t ...2.0 . contain tlw variable region dpmains of both the.heavy and light chains (~Rcichntac~ci ar~cl ,aW,inter,:.14~t8, J..~Lfol.~;Bivl.,~Q~:825"King et a1.~.199a; l3i~rchem. J.
~~:7?.3~.
. . . T he invention also,includes single chain antitx~di~s (SCA) (U.3. Patent 4,94n,778;
:: : Bird. 198E, S;.icrce x:.423-426; Hucton et al., .19813, Prc~c. Natl A~a~' .~ci. JSA x:5879-. . 5883; and Ward et al., 1989, Nature ~;544-54f):#~Si~glo.chain:~nt3bodies are. formed by w' 25 linking the heavy and light chain fragmentsof-the.Fvc:~gi~n via.an~arino.acid bridge, :resulting in a single ~cbain polypeptide... Additionally, the invention also prow%idc~s heavy v.t. xhain and light chain dimers and diabodies.
r ~:a The,invention.:further~pmvides~modified..ar~tibodi~a that are also cl:imeric or . . ~. humanized antibodies. . A chimeric antibody. is a molecule in which different portions of the ~, ~.,30 . antibody molecule are derived frorri different animal. species;
such as-thosehaving a variable region derived from a murine mAb and a constant region derived from a human immunoglobulin constant region, e.g., humanized antibodies. ~fechniques have been developed for the production of chimeric antibodies (Marrison et al., ~i9R4, Proc..Natl.
Acad Sci. $1:6851-b855; Neuberger et al., 1984, Nature ~:6(~4-6D8;''Ta'keda et al., 1985, 35 Nature X4_:452-454; International Patent Application No. PCT/GB85100392 (Neubarger et al. and Celltech Limited)) by splicing the genes from a mouse antibody molecule of appropriate antigen specificity together with genes from a human antibody molecule of appropriate biological activity can be used. In a specific embodiment, the sy nthetic modified antibody is a chimeric antibody containing the variable domain of a non-human antibody and the constant domain of a human antibody.
. .. . In a more preferred embodiment, the .modified antibody. is a humanized antibody, w particularly an antibody in which the CDRs of the antibody (except for the one or more CDR.s-containing the' binding sequence] are derived from an antibody of a non-human animal and the framework regions and constant region are from a human antibody (U.S.
;10:-,patent No.:5,225,539..by. Winter).~.Such CDR-grated antibodies have been successfully constructed against various antigens, for erhmplr::,:antibodies against IL-2 receptor as . ... described in.Queen .et al., 1989, Proc...Natl:: Acaa'. Sci US.4 8_6:10029; antibodies against cell surface.receptors-CAMPAT'H as described is Rieohntann et al.. l 988. :"Jature X32:323:
antibodies against hepatitis B iri Cti'et al., 1.991, Pros. Natl. Acad fci llfA >~:2869; as well i was against viral antigens of the respirator~msyneitial virus in Tempest et al., 1991. Bio-.Technoloy x:267.
CDR-grafted'variable region genes have b~er~ construrtcd by various rz~ethads such as site-directed mutagenesis as describua iau Jane of al.. :986, Nature ~2~:.522: ltiechmann et al.,1988. Nature X2_:323; in vitro,xssembly of erttirc CDR-gr~d ~ v ariable. regi<ms :y0 .(t?u,~n et al.;~ 1989, ~Proc:. Natl. Acad Se#. US.~ .~6:1 U()29); an~1 the use of PCIt. to synthrsix -::~:.~,~:ed~genes~(vaugherty~et~al-.19~11;..Nxr;,lri~ ~~:cids RE~c. IQ:2471 ). CDR=gra:~ed ~antihodios are generated in which~thc CDI~.~ of the .marine monoclonal antibody are grafted =ontathe..framz~ncork~regions.ofahuman antibirdy:,,Follnwir~ grafting, most antibodies -: be~fit'from additional.amino acid cha:~ge:,~ift ~hrvcrm~ew~rk:2egicn:~tomc~itarai.~ affinity, 25 ~ presttcnably. because framework residues ar~necessa~y..to maintaiir~C:Dit~ cotrformation, and . . some framework.residues.have been dcmoctstrated to be part of the antigun combining site.
- Thus. in specific.embodiments of the itivtutie:~~:. tla~. modit~c~i antibody comprises a variable - :~~ciomain ~irt ~whieh~at-least one of the framework regions hag one or more arninu a;:id residues that differ.from the residue at that position in the ndttraliy occurring &~nework region.
w . ~ ~ 30 . . ~...,~. In a preferred embodiment ofthe invention, the modifies antibody is derived from a . htm~an monoclonal. antibody. T'he creation of completely human mona.;lonal antibodies is possible through the use of transgenic mica. Transgenic mice in which the mouse immunoglobulin gene loci have been replaced with human immunoglobulin loci provide in v'rvo~ affinity-maturation machinery .for~tlte-pnxiuction ~of human immunoglobulins.

In certain embodiments, the modified immunoglobulin (or fragment thereof] is fused via a covalent bond (for example, but not by way of limitation, a peptide bond) at either the N-terminus or the C-terminus to an amino acid sequence of another protein (or portion thereof, preferably an at least 10, 20, or 50 amino acid portion thereofy that is not the modified immunoglobulin. Preferably, the modified immunoglobulin is covalently linked .- . to the other protein at the N=terminus of the constant domain of the modified immunoglobulin. In preferred embodiments, the invention provides fusion proteins in which w the modified iirununoglobulin is covalently linked to a portion of a growt't~ enhancing factor or; a portion of an immun~~stimulator,.~ factor, including interleukin-2.
interleukir~-4, ~.~: interleukin-S,. interleukin-6,.interleukin-7; interleukin-10, interleukin-12, interleukin-15, G
colony stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factar;~.po~_ in,: interferon-gamma, and NK cell .
antigen or Ml'IC derived peptide. .
The modif ed imm~.moglobulin may. he further modified, e.g, by the covalent attachment of any type of molecule, as long as such covalent attfchment does not prevent or ~ 5~-inhibit immunosgecific binding of the imznunoglobulin to its target antigen. For example.
:. but not by v~~ay of.limic,~tic~n, the modified imlnwloghihulin may be further modified, e.g., by glycosylation, acetytation, pegylation; ph~~snharylation, amidation, derivatization.by knov~m protecting.~ocking groups, proteolptic cieavage, linkage to a cellular ligand or other . protein, ere. , Any of numerous chemical modifications may be carried out by known . 20. ~o~iques,~ imiading, but.not limited to specifiv chernical cleavage, acetylation, ~~formylation;nnetabolic synthesis of tuni~,amycin: ecc.~ v~dditionally, the modified antibody =may contain one or more nori-classia~l amino acid::. e.g:, as listed above in this~Section.
.,:In.specific~embodiments oftl:e invention. the.modified immunoglobulin (or a ...fragment thereofl~is~covalently linked to a th~rapeutic~an~sle~;ul~;~or~e~uimple, to target the 25 ~~peutic molecule to a particular cell type~oraissue,:
e:g:;;a.cancer~~r~ucnor cell. The .- .Ttherapeutic inulecuJe can be anytype of therape~itic molecule known in tree ari, for examyte,. .
~. bus not limited ta, a chamotherapeutic agent. :a toxin, such as ricin, an antisense :~oligonucleotide; w radionuclide; an antibiotic; anti-viral, or anti-parasitic, etc.

~rp 99~~3~g PCT/US98/24302 5.2. METHODS OF PRODUCING THE MODIFIED IMMUNOGLOBULIN
The modified immunoglobulins of this invention can be produced by any method known in the art for the synthesis of immunoglobulins, in particular, by chemical synthesis or by recombinant expression, and is preferably produced by recombinant expression techniques.
Recombinant expression of the modified immunoglobulin of the invention, or fragment thereof, requires construction of a nucleic acid encoding the modified immunogiobulin. Such an isolated nucleic acid which contains a nucleotide sequence encoding the modified immunoglobulin can be produced using any method known in the art, for example, recombinant techniques or chemical synthesis {e.g., see Creighton, 1983, "Proteins: Structures and Molecular Principles", V~'.H. Freeman & Co., N.Y..
pp.34-49; and Sambrook et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual. Cold Springs Harbor Press, N.Y.). or using PCR on known immunoglobulin genes to engineer the nucleotide sequence encoding the CDR sequence containing the binding site.
Accordingly, the invention provides nucleic acids that contain a nucleotide sequence encoding a modified immunoglobulin of the invention, or a functionally active fragment thereof.
Preferably, a nucleic acid that encodes a modified immunoglobulin may be assembled from chemically synthesized oligonlicleoti.des (e.g., as described in Kutmeier et al., 1994, Biotechniques I7:242), which, briefly, involves the synthesis of a set of overlapping oligonucleotides containing portions of the sequence encoding the modified immunoglobulin. annealing and ligation of those oligonucleotides, and then amplification of the ligated oligonucleotides by PCR,~e.g., as exemplified in Se~tion~6, inj~a.
Accordingly, the invention provides~a method of producing a nucleicacid encoding a modified immunoglobulin, said method comprising: (a) synthesizing a set of oligonucleotides, said set comprising oligonucleotides containing a portion of the nucleotide sequence that encodes the synthetic modified immunoglobulin and oligonucleotides containing a portion of the nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the nucleotide ~quence that encodes the synthetic modified immunoglobulin, and each of said oligonucleotides having overlapping terminal sequences with another oligonucleotide of said set, except for those oligonucleotides containing the nucleotide sequences encoding the N-terminal and C-terminal portions of the synthetic modified immunoglobulin; (b) allowing the oligonucleotides to hybridize or anneal to each other; and (c) ligating the hybridized oligonucleotides, such that a nucleic acid containing the nucleotide sequence encoding the synthetic modified immunoglobulin is produced.
Alternatively, a nucleic acid containing a nucleotide sequence encoding a modified immunoglobulin can be constructed from a nucleic acid containing a nucleotide sequence encoding, e.g., an antibody molecule, or at least a variable region of an antibody molecule.
Nucleic acids containing nucleotide sequences encoding antibody molecules can be obtained either from existing clones of antibody molecules or variable domains or by isolating a nucleic acid encoding an antibody molecule or variable domain from a suitable source, preferably a cDNA library e.g., an antibody DNA library or a cDNA library prepared from cells or tissue expressing a repertoire of antibody molecules or a synthetic antibody library (see, e.g., Clackson et al., 1991, Nature 352:624; Hane et al., 1997, Proc.
Natl. Acad Sci LaSA 94:4937), for example, by hybridization using a probe specific for the particular antibody molecule or by PCR amplification using synthetic primers hybridizable to the 3' and 5' ends of the sequence.
Once a nucleic acid containing a nucleotide sequence encoding at least a variable region of an antibody molecule has been cloned, then the binding site sequence can be inserted into the nucleotide sequence coding for one or more of the CDRs. Such engineering of the particular CDR ceding sequence can be accomplished by routine recombinant DNA
techniques known in the art. For example, the nucleotide sequence encoding the CDR can 2G be replaced by a nucleotide sequence encoding the L DR containing the particular binding site sequence, for example, using PCR based meth«ds, in vitro site. directed mutagenesis, etc. If a convenient restriction enzyme site is available in the nucleotide sequence of the CDR, then the sequence can be cleaved with the restriction enzyme and a nucleic acid fragment containing the nucleotide sequence encoding~the binding site can be ligated into the restriction site. The nucleic acid fragment containing the binding site can be obtained either from a nucleic acid encoding all or a portion of the protein containing the binding site or can be generated from synthetic oligonucleotides containing the sequence encoding the binding site and its reverse complement.
The nucleic acid encoding the modified antibody optionally contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a leader sequence that directs the secretion of the synthetic modified antibody molecule.
Once a nucleic acid encoding at least the variable domain of the modified antibody is obtained, it may be introduced into a vector containing the nucleotide sequence encoding the constant region of the antibody (see, e.g., PCT Publication WO 86/05807; PCT
Publication WO 89/01036; and U.S. Patent No. 5,122,464). Vectors containing the complete light or wo ~ns3~s pcTius9sna3oz heavy chain for co-expression with the nucleic acid to allow the expression of a complete antibody molecule are also available and are known in the art, for example, pMRR010.1 and pGammal -(see also Bebbington, 1991, Methods in EnzymoloRy 2:136-145) .
The expression vector can then be transferred to a host cell by conventional techniques and the transfected cells can be cultured by conventional techniques to produce the antibody of the invention. Specifically, once a nucleic variable region of the modified antibody has been generated, the modified antibody can be expressed, for example, by the method exemplified in Section 6. (See also Bebbington, 1991, Methuds in Enrymology 2_:136-145.) For example, by transient transfection of the expression vector encoding the modified immunoglobulin into COS cells, culturing the cells for an appropriate period of time to permit immunoglobulin expression, and then taking the supernatant from the COS
cells, which supemztant contains the secreted, expressed modified immunoglobulin.
The host cells used to express the recombinant antibody of the invention may be either bacterial cells such as Escherichia coli, particularly for the expression of recombinant ~tibody fragments or, preferably, eukaryotic cells, particularly for the expression of recombinant antibody molecules. In particular, mammalian cells such as Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) or COS cells, used in conjunction with a vector in which expression of the antibody is under control of the major intermediate early gene promoter element from human cytomegalovirus is an effective expression system for immunoglobulins (Foecking et al., 1986, Gene 45:101; Cockett et al., 1990, BiolTechnology 8_:662).
A variety of hose-expression vector systems may be utilirxd to express the antibody coding sequences of the invention. Such host-expression systems represent vehicles by which the coding sequences of interest may be produced and subsequently purified, but also produce cells which may, when transformed or transfected with.the appropriate nucleotide coding sequences, exhibit the antibody product:of the invention in situ. These systems include, but are nut limited to, microorganisms such as bacteria (e.g., E.
coli, B. subtilis) transformed with recombinant bacteriophage DNA, plasmid DI~'A or cosmid DNA
expres-sion vectors containing antibody coding sequences; yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces, Pichia) transformed with recombinant yeast expression vectors containing antibody coding sequences; insect cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus) containing the antibody coding sequences; plant cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV;
tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or transformed with recombinant pla~mid expression vectors (e.g., Ti plasmid) containing antibody coding sequences; or mammalian cell systems (e.g., COS, CHO, BHK, 293, and 3T3 cells) harboring recombinant expression constructs containing promoters derived from the genome of mammalian cells (e.g., the metallothionein promoter) or from mammalian viruses (e.g., the adenovirus late promoter; the vaccinia virus 7.SK
promoter).
In bacterial systems, a number of expression vectors may be advantageously selected depending upon the use intended for the antibody being expressed. For example, when a large quantity of such a protein is to be produced, for the generation of pharmaceutical compositions of an antibody, vectors which direct the expression of high levels of fusion protein products that are readily purified may be desirable. Such vectors include, but are not limited, to the E. coli expression vector pUR278 (Ruther et al., 1983, E:1~IB0 J. 2:1791 ), in which the antibody coding sequence may be ligated individually into the vector in frame with the lac .Z coding region so that a fusion protein is produced: pIN
vectors (Inouye &
Inouye; 1985. _Nucleic Acids Res. 13:3101-3109; Van Ileeke & Schuster, 1989, J. Biol.
Chem. 264:5503-5509); and the like. pGEX vectors may also be used to express foreign polypeptides as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST). In general, such lion proteins are soluble and can easily be purified from lysed cells by adsorption and binding to a matrix glutathione-agarose beads followed by elution in the presence of free glutathione. T'he pGEX vectors are designed to include thrombin or factor Xa protease cleavage sites so that the cloned target gene product can be released from the GST moiety.
In an insect system, Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) is used as a vector to express foreign genes. The virus grows in Spodoptera frug_iperda cells.
T'he antibody coding sequence may be cloned individually into non-essential regions (for example the polyhedrin gene) of the virus and placed under control of an AcNPV
promoter (for example the polyhedrin promoter).
Ir~ mammalian host cells, a number of viral-based expression systems may be utilized. In cases where an adenovirus is used as~an expression vector; the antibody coding sequence of interest may be iigated to an adenovirus transcription/translation control complex, e.g., the late promoter and tripartite leader sequence. This chimeric gene may then be inserted in the adenovirus genome ~by in vitro or in vivo recombination.
Insertion in a non-essential region of the viral genome (e.g., region E 1 or E3) will result in a recombinant virus that is viable and capable of expressing the antibody in infected hosts (e.g., see Logan & Shenk, 1984, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 8_x:3655-3659). Specific initiation signals may also be required for efficient translation of inserted antibody coding sequences. These signals include the ATG initiation codon and adjacent sequences. Furthermore, the initiation codon must be in phase with the reading frame of the desired coding sequence to ensure translation of the entire insert. These exogenous translational control signals and initiation codons can be of a variety of origins, both natural and synthetic.
The efficiency of expression may be enhanced by the inclusion of appropriate transcription enhancer elements, transcription terminators, etc. (see Bittner et al., 1987, Methods in Enzymol.
153:516-544).
In addition, a host cell strain may be chosen which modulates the expression of the inserted sequences, or modifies and processes the gene product in the specific fashion desired. Such modifications (e.g., glycosylation) and processing (e.g., cleavage) of protein products may be important for the function of the protein. Different host cells have charac-teristic and specific mechanisms for the post-traclslational processing and modification of proteins and gene products. Appropriate cell lines or host systems can be chosen to ensure the correct modification and processing of the foreign protein expressed. To this end, eukaryotic host cells which possess the cellular machinery for proper processing of the primary transcript, glycosylation. and phosphorylation of the gene product may be used.
Such mammalian host cells include but are not limited to CHO, VERO, BHK, HeLa.
CUS, MDCK, 293, 3T3, WI38.
1 S For long-term, high-yield production of recombinant proteins, stable expression is preferred. For example, cell lines which stably express the antibody may be engineered.
Rather than using expression vectors which contain viral origins of replication, host cells can be transformed with DNA controlled by appropriate expression control elements (e.g..
promoter, enhancer, sequences, transcription terminators, polyadenylation sites, etc.). and a selectable marker. Following the introduction of the foreign DNA, engineered cells may be allowed to grow for 1-2 days in an enriched media, and then are switched to a selective media. The selectable marker in the recombinant plasmid confers resistance to the selection and allows cells to stably integrate the plasmid into their chromosomes and grow to form foci ;vhich in turn can be cloned and expanded into cell lines. .This method may advantageously be used to engineer cell lines which express the antibody. Such engineered celi lines may be particularly useful in screening and evaluation of compounds that interact directly or indirectly with the antibody.
A number of selection systems may be used; including but not limited to the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (Wigler et al., 1977, Cell 11:223), hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (Szybalska & Szybalski, 1962, Proc. Natl. Acad Sci.
USA
48:2026), and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (Lowy et al., 1980, Cell 22:817) genes can be employed in tk', hgprC or aprt- cells, respectively. Also, antimetabolite resistance can be used as the basis of selection for the following genes: dhfi, which confers resistance to methotrexate -(Wigler et al., 1980, Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77'3567; O'Hare et al., 1981, Proc.
Nat1 Acad Sci. USA 78:1527); gpt, which confers resistance to mycophenolic acid (Mulligan & Berg, 1981, Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 7$:2072); neo, which confers resistance to the aminoglycoside G-418 (Colberre-Garapin et al., 1981, J. Mol. Biol.
150:1); and hygro, which confers resistance to hygromycin (Santerre et al., 1984, Gene 30:147).
The expression levels of the synthetic modified antibody can be increased by vector S amplification (for a review, see Bebbington and Hentschel, The Use of Vectors Based on Gene Amplification for the Expression of Cloned Genes in Mammalian Cells in DNA
Cloning, Vol.3. (Academic Press, New York, 1987)). When a marker in the vector system expressing immunoglobulin is ampliftable, increase in the level of inhibitor present in culture of host cell will increase the number of copies of the marker gene.
Since the ~plified region is associated with the immunoglobulin gene, production of the immunoglobulin will also increase (Grouse et al., 1983, Mol. Cell. Biol.
3:257).
The host cell may be co-transfected with two expression vectors of the invention. the first vector encoding a heavy chain derived polypeptide and the second vector encoding a light chain derived polypeptide. The two vectors may contain identical selectable markers ~,~~h enable equal expression of heavy and light chain polypeptides.
Alternatively, a single vector may be used which encodes both heavy and light chain polypeptides. In such situations, the light chain should be placed before the heavy chain to avoid an excess of toxic free heavy chain (Proudfoot, 1986, Nature 322:562; Kohler, 1980, Proc.
lfutl. Acad Sci. LISA x:2197). The coding sequences for the heavy and light chains may comprise cDNA or genomic DNA.
The invention provides a recombinant cell that contain a vector which encodes a synthetic antibody that has a CDR that contain the amino acid sequence of an active binding site from a member of a binding pair.
5,3. TH1ERAPEUTIC USE OF SYNTHETIC MODIFIED Ai\1T~IBODIES
The invention also provides methods for treating or preventing diseases and disorders associated with the expression of a particular molecule by administration of a therapeutic of the invention (termed herein "Therapeutic"). Such Therapeutics include the modified immunoglobulins of the invention, and functionally active fragments thereof, (e.g., ~ described in Section 5.1, supra), and nucleic acids encoding the modified immunoglobulins of the invention, and functionally active fragments thereof (e.g., as described in Section 5.2, supra.).
Generally, administration of products of a species origin or species reactivity that is the same species as that of the subject is preferred. Thus, in preferred embodiments, the ~empeutic methods of the invention use a modified antibody that is derived from a human antibody; in other embodiments, the methods of the invention use a modified antibody that is derived from a chimeric or humanized antibody.
Specifically, pharmaceutical compositions containing the modified antibodies (or functionally active fragment thereof) of the invention that immunospecifically bind a particular molecule can be used in the treatment or prevention of diseases or disorders associated with the expression of the particular molecule, e.g., an antigen.
In particular, in embodiments discussed in more detail in the subsections that follow, modified antibodies that immunospecifically bind a tumor or cancer antigen or an antigen of an infectious disease agent or a cellular receptor for an infectious disease agent can be used to treat or prevent tumors, cancers or infectious diseases associated with the expression of the particular antigen. Modified immunoglobulins that immunospecificaily bind a ligand or receptor can be used to treat or prevent a disease associated with a defect in decrease in or increase the amount of the particular ligand receptor. In certain embodiments.
the modified immunoglobulins are used to treat or prevent autoimmune disease, including but not limited to rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, ulcerative colito, or psoriasis. The modified icnmunoglobulins may also be used to treat allergies.
The subjects to which the present invention is applicable may be any mammalian or vertebrate species, which include, but are not limited to, cows, horses.
sheep, pigs., fowl (e.g., chickens), goats, cats, dogs, hamsters, mice, rats, monkeys, rabbits, chimpanzees, and h~~, In a preferred embodiment, the subject is a human.
5.3.1. TREATI~iENT AND PREVENTION OF CANCERS
The invention provides methods of treating or preventing cancers characterized by the presence of a particular cancer antigens~which are a merilber ~f a binding pair. The method includes administering to a subject in need~of~such~treatment ur prevention a Therapeutic of the invention, e.g., a synthetic modified antibody (or functionally active ti~agment thereof) that immunospecifically binds to the particular cancer antigen, which antibody comprises a variable domain with a CDR containing the amino acid sequence of a binding site for the cancer antigen.
Cancers, including, but not limited ~to, neoplasms, tumors, metastases, or any disease or disorder characterized by uncontrolled cell growth, can be treated or prevented by administration of the synthetic modified antibody of the invention, which modified antibody immunospecifically binds one or more antigens associated with the cancer cells of the cancer to be treated or prevented. Whether a particular Therapeutic is effective to treat or prevent a certain type of cancer can be determined by any method known in the art, for example but not limited to, these methods described in Section 5.6, infra.
For example, but not by way of limitation, cancers and tumors associated with the following cancer and tumor antigens may be treated or prevented by administration of a synthetic antibody of the invention containing in its CDR the sequence that recognizes these cancer antigens: KS 1 /4 pan-carcinoma antigen (Perez and Walker. 1990, J.
Immunol.
142:3662-3667; Bumal, 1988, Hybridoma 7(4):407-415), ovarian carcinoma antigen (CA125) (Yu et al., 1991, Cancer Res. 51(2):468-475), prostatic acid phosphate (Tailor et al., 1990, Nucl. Acids Res. 1$(16):4928), prostate specific antigen (Henttu and Vihko, 1989, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 160(2):903-910; Israeli et al., 1993, Cancer Res.
53:227-230), melanoma-associated antigen p97 (Estin et al., 1989, J. Natl.
Cancer Instil.
81 (6):445-446), melanoma antigen gp75 (Vijayasardahl et al., 1990, J. Exp.
Med 171(4):1375-1380), high molecular weight melanoma antigen (HMW-MAA) (Natali et al., 1987, Cancer 59:55-63; Mittelman et al., 1990, J. Clin. Invest. 86:2136-2144), prostate specific membrane antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (Foon et al., 1994, Proc. Am.
Soc. Clin. Oncol. 13:294), polymorphic epithelial mucin antigen, human milk fat globule antigen, colorectal tumor-associated antigens such as: CEA, TAG-72 (Yokata et al., 1992, Cancer Res. 52:3402-3408), C017-lA (Ragnhammar et al.. 1993, Int. J. Cancer 53:751-758); GICA 19-9 (Herlyn et al., 1982, J. Clin. Immunol. x:135), CTA-1 and LEA, Burkitt's lymphoma antigen-38.13, CD19 (Ghetie et al., 1994, Blood 83:1329-1336), human B-lymphoma antigen-CD20 (Reff et al., 1994, Blood 83:435-445), CD33 (Sgouros et al., 1993, J. Nucl. Med 34:422-430), melanoma specific antigens such as ganglioside GD2 (Saleh et al., 1993, J.Immunol., 1 S 1, 3390-3398), ganglioside GD3 (Shitara et al., 1993, Cancer Immunol. Immunother X6_:373-380), ganglioside GM2 (Livingston et al., 1994, .i. Clin.
Oncol. 12:1036-1044), ganglioside GM3 (Hoon et al., 1993, Cancer Res. 53:5244-5250), tumor-specific transplantation type of cell-surface antigen (TSTA) such as virally-induced tumor antigens including T-antigen DNA tumor viruses and Envelope antigens of RNA
tumor viruses, oncofetal antigen-alpha-fetoprotein such as CEA of colon, bladder tumor oncofetal antigen (Hellstrom et al., 1985, Cancer. Res. 45:2210-2188), differentiation ~tigen such as human lung carcinoma antigen L6, L20 (Hellstrom et al., 1986, Cancer Res.
46:3917-3923), antigens of fibrosarcoma, human leukemia T cell antigen-Gp37 (Bhattacharya-Chatterjee et al., 1988, J. of Immunospecifically. 141:1398-1403), neoglycoprotein, sphingolipids, breast cancer antigen such as EGFR (Epidermal growth factor receptor), HER2 antigen (p185'~~), polymorphic epithelial mucin (PEM) (Hilkens et al., 1992, Trends in Bio. Chem. Sci. 17:359), malignant human lymphocyte antigen-APO-1 (Bernhard et al., 1989, Science 2:301-304), differentiation antigen (Feizi, 1985, Nature 314:53-57) such as I antigen found in fetal erythrocytes, primary endoderm, I
antigen found in adult erythrocytes, preimplantation embryos, I(Ma) found in gastric adenocarcinomas, M18, M39 found in breast epithelium, SSEA-1 found in myeloid cells, VEPB, VEP9, Myl, VIM-D5, D, 56-22 found in colorectal cancer, TRA-1-85 (blood group H), C 14 found in colonic adenocarcinoma, F3 found in lung adenocarcinoma, AH6 found in gastric cancer, Y
hapten, Ley found in embryonal carcinoma cells, TLS (blood group A), EGF
receptor found in A431 cells , E, series (blood group B) found in pancreatic cancer, FC10.2 found in embryonal carcinoma cells, gastric adenocarcinoma antigen, CO-S 14 (blood group Le8) found in Adenocarcinoma, NS-10 found in adenocarcinomas, CO-43 (blood group Leb), G49 found in EGF receptor of A431 cells, MH2 (blood group ALeb/Ley) found in colonic adenocarcinoma, 19.9 found in colon cancer, gastric cancer mucins, TSA, found in myeloid cells, R~4 found in melanoma, 4.2, Gp3, D1.1, OFA-1. GM2, OFA-2, Gp,, and M1:22:25:8 found in embryonal carcinoma cells, and SSEA-3 and SSEA-4 found in 4 to 8-cell stage embryos. In one embodiment, the antigen is a Tcell receptor derived peptide from a Cutaneous Tcell Lymphoma (see, Edelson, 1998, The Cancer Journal 4:62).
In other embodiments of the invention, the subject being treated with the modified antibody may, optionally, be treated with other cancer treatments such as surgery, radiation therapy or chemotherapy. In particular, the Therapeutic of the invention used to treat or prevent cancer may be administered in conjunction with one or a combination of chemotherapeutic agents including, but not limited to, methotrexate, taxol, mercaptopurine, thioguanine, hydroxyurea, cytarabine, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, nitrosoureas, cisplatin, carboplatin, mitomycin, dacarbazine, procarbizine, etoposides, campathecins, bleomycin, doxorubicin, idarubicin, daunorubicin. dactinornycin, plicamycin,.mitoxantrone, ~p~gi~e, vinblastine, vincristine, vinorelbine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, etc. In a preferred embodiment, the synthetic modified antibody is conjugated to a chemotherapeutic agent or other type of toxin, e.g., a ricin toxin, or a radionuclide, or any other agent effective to kill cancer or tumor cells or to arrest cancer cell growth. In another preferred embodiment, the modified immunoglobulin has one CDR containing a binding site for a cancer antigen and ~o~er CDR containing a binding site for molecule on the surface of an immune cell, such as but not limited to a T cell, a B cell, NK cell, K cell, TIL cell or neutrophil.
In certain embodiments of the invention where the CDR of the synthetic modified antibody includes an amino acid sequence that immunospecifically binds a human colon carcinoma-associated protein antigen, it is prefen:ed that the antibody has the following ceristics: (i) the antibody recognizes epitopes of a protein component of the antigen, but does not recognize the epitopes of the carbohydrate components) of the antigen; (ii) the antigen is not detectable on normal human tissue; and (iii) the antigen is not detectable on human carcinoma cells other than colon carcinoma cells. In other embodiments, the CDR of the synthetic modified antibody includes an amino acid sequence that immunospecifically binds an antigen which is not detectable on human carcinoma cells other than breast carcinoma cells. In yet other embodiments, the CDR of the synthetic modified antibody includes an amino acid sequence that immunospecifically binds an antigen is not detectable on human carcinoma cells other than ovarian carcinoma cells.
5.3.1.1. MALIGNANCIES
Malignancies and related disorders that can be treated or prevented by administration of a Therapeutic of the invention include but are not limited to those listed in Table 2 (for a review of such disorders, see Fishman et al., 1985, Medicine, 2d Ed., J.B.
Lippincott Co., Philadelphia):

MALIGNANCIES AND RELATED DISORDERS
Leukemia acute leukemia acute lymphocytic leukemia acute myelocytic leukemia myeloblastic promyelocytic myelomonocytic monocytic erythroleukemia chronic leukemia chronic myelocytic (granulocytic) leukemia chronic lymphocytic leukemia Polycythemia vera Lymphoma Hodgkin's disease non-Hodgkin's disease Multiple myeloma Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia Heavy chain disease Solid tumors sarcomas and carcinomas fibrosarcoma myxosarcoma liposarcoma chondrosarcoma osteogenic sarcoma chordoma angiosarcoma endotheliosarcoma lymphangiosarcoma lymphangioendotheliosarcoma synovioma mesothelioma Ewing's tumor Ieiomyosarcoma rhabdomyosarcoma colon carcinoma pancreatic cancer breast cancer ovarian cancer prostate cancer squamous cell carcinoma basal cell carcinoma adenocarcinoma sweat gland carcinoma sebaceous gland carcinoma papillary carcinoma papillary adenocarcinomas cystadenocarcinoma medullary carcinoma bronchogenic carcinoma renal cell carcinoma hepatoma bile duct carcinoma choriocarcinoma seminoma embryonal carcinoma Wilms' tumor cervical cancer uterine cancer testicular tumor lung carcinoma small cell lung carcinoma bladder carcinoma epithelial carcinoma glioma astrocytoma medulloblastoma craniopharyngioma ependymoma pinealoma hemangioblastoma acoustic neuroma oligodendroglioma meningioma melanoma neuroblastoma retinoblastoma In specific embodiments, malignancy or dysproliferative changes (such as metaplasias and dysplasias), or hyperproliferative disorders, are treated or prevented in the ovary, bladder, breast, colon, lung, skin, pancreas, prostate, uterus, gastrointestinal tract, B
lymphocytes or T lymphocytes. In other specific embodiments. sarcoma.
melanoma, or leukemia is treated or prevented.
5.3.1.2. PREMALIGNANT CONDITIONS
The Therapeutics of the invention can also be administered to treat premalignant conditions and to prevent progression to a neoplastic or malignant state, including, but not limited to. those disorders listed in Table 3. Such prophylactic or therapeutic use is indicated in conditions known or suspected of preceding progression to neoplasia or cancer, in particular, where non-neopiastic cell growth consisting of hyperplasia.
metaplasia, or most particularly, dysplasia has occurred (for review of such abnormal growth conditions, see Robbins and Angell, 1976, Basic Pathology, 2d Ed., W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, pp. 68-79.) Hyperplasia is a form of controlled cell proliferation involving an increase in cell number in a tissue or organ, without significant alteration in structure or function. As but one example, endometrial hyperplasia often precedes endometrial cancer.
Metapiasia is a form of controlled cell growth in which one type of adult or fully differentiated cell substitutes for another type of adult cell. Metaplasia can occur in epithelial or connective tissue cells. Atypical metaplasia involves a somewhat disorderly metaplastic epithelium.
Dysplasia .is frequently a forerunner of cancer, and is found mainly in the epithelia; it is the most disorderly form of non-neoplastic cell growth, involving a loss in individual cell uniformity and in the architectural orientation of cells. Dysplastic cells often have abnormally large, deeply stained nuclei, and exhibit pleomorphism. Dysplasia characteristically occurs where there exists chronic irritation or inflammation, and is often found in the cervix, respiratory passages, oral cavity, and gall bladder.
Alternatively or in addition to the presence of abnormal cell growth characterized as hyperplasia, metaplasia, or dysplasia, the presence of one or more characteristics of a transformed phenotype, or of a malignant phenotype, displayed in vivo or displayed in vitro by a cell sample from a patient, can indicate the desirability of prophylactic/therapeutic administration of a Therapeutic. As mentioned supra, such characteristics of a transformed phenotype include morphology changes, looser substratum attachment, loss of contact inhibition, loss of anchorage dependence, protease release, increased sugar transport, decreased serum requirement, expression of fetal antigens; disappearance of the 250,000 dalton cell surface protein, etc. (see also id., at pp. 84-90 for characteristics associated with a S transformed or malignant phenotype).
In a specific embodiment, leukoplakia, a benign-appearing hyperplastic or dysplastic lesion of the epithelium, or Bowen's disease, a carcinoma in situ, are pre-neoplastic lesions indicative of the desirability of prophylactic intervention.
In another embodiment, fibrocystic disease (cystic hyperplasia, mammary dysplasia, p~icularly adenosis (benign epithelial hyperplasia)) is indicative of the desirability of prophylactic intervention.
In other embodiments, a patient which exhibits one or more of the following predisposing factors for malignancy is treated by administration of an effective amount of the Therapeutic of the invention: a chromosomal translocation associated with a malignancy I 5 (e,g. ~ ~e Philadelphia chromosome for chronic myelogenous leukemia. t( 14;18) for follicular lymphoma, etc.), familial polyposis or Gardner's syndrome (possible forerunners of colon cancer), benign monoclonal gammopathy (a possible forerunner of multiple myeloma), and a first degree kinship with persons having a cancer or precancerous disease showing a Mendelian (genetic) inheritance pattern (e.g., familial polyposis of the colon, Gardner's syndrome, hereditary exostosis, polyendocrine adenomatosis, medullary thyroid carcinoma with amyloid production and pheochromocytoma, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, neurofibromatosis of Von Recklinghausen, retinoblastoma, carotid body tumor, cutaneous melanocarcinoma, intraocular melanocarcinoma, xeroderma pigmertosum, ataxia telangiectasia, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, albinism, Fanconi's aplastic anemia, and Bloom's syndrome; see Robbins and Angell, 1976, Basic Pathology, 2d Ed., Vi'.B.
Sounders Co., Philadelphia, pp. I 12-113) etc.) In another specific embodiment, Therapeutics of the invention. is administered to a human patient to prevent progression to ovary, breast, colon, lung, pancreatic. bladder, skin, prostate, colon, gastrointestinal, B lymphocyte, T lymphocyte or uterine cancer, or 3U melanoma or sarcoma.
5.3.2. TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE
The invention also provides methods of treating or preventing an infectious disease by administration of a Therapeutic of the invention, in particular, a synthetic modified i~~oglobulin (or the functionally active fragment thereof] that immunospecifically binds an antigen of the agent causing the infectious disease or a cellular receptor for the infectious disease agent, or an enzyme expressed by the infectious diseases agent. As discussed in detail below, the infectious agents include, but are not limited to, viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and parasites.
In specific embodiments, infectious diseases are treated or prevented by administration of a modified antibody of the immunoglobin (or functionally active fragment thereof) that immunospecifically recognizes one of the following antigens of an infectious disease agent: influenza virus hemagglutinin {Genbank accession no. J02132;
Air, 1981, Prvc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 78:7639-7643; Newton et al., 1983, V irology 128:495-501 ), human respiratory syncytial virus G glycoprotein (Genbank accession no.
233429; Garcia et al., 1994, J. Virol. ; Collins et al., 1984, Proc. Natl. Acad. S'ci. L:SA
81:7683 j, core protein, matrix protein or other protein of Dengue virus (Genbank accession no. M
19197; Hahn et al., 1988, Virology 162:167-180), measles virus hemagglutinin (Genbank accession no.
M81899; Rota et al., 1992, Virology 188:135-142), herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoprotein I S gB (Genbank accession no. M14923; Bzik et al., 1986, Virology 1 5,5_:322-333), poliovirus I
VP1 ,(Emini et al., 1983, Nature X04:699), envelope glycoproteins of HIV ( {Putney et al., 1986, Science 234:1392-1395), hepatitis B surface antigen (Itoh et al., 1986, Nature 308:19;
Neurath et al., 1986, Vaccine 4:34), diptheria toxin (Audibert et al., 1981, Nature 289:543), streptococcus 24M epitope (Beachey, 1985, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 185:193), gonococcal pilin (Rotht~ard and Schoolnik, 1985, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1:247), pseudorabies virus g50 (gpD), pseudorabies virus II (gpB), pseadorabies virus gIII (,gpC), p:~eudorabies virus glycoprotein H, pseudorabies virus glycoprotein E, transmissible gastroenteritis glycoprotein . 195, transmissible gastroenteritis matrix protein, swine rotavirus glycopro:ein 38, swine parvovirus capsid protein, Serpulina hydodysenteriae:~rotectiveiantigen, bo~~ine viral diarrhea glycoprotein 55, Newcastle disease virus~hemagglutinii~-neuraminiJase, swine flu hemagglutinin, swine flu neuraminidase, foot and mouth disease virus, hog colera virus, swine influenza virus, African swine fever virus, Mycoplasnla hyopneumoniae, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (e.g., infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus glycopro~.ein E or glycoprotein G), or infectious laryngotracheitis virus (e.g., infectious laryngotracheitis virus glycoprotein G or glycoprotein I), a glycoprotein of La Crosse virus (Gonzales-Scarano et al., 1982, Virology 120:42), neonatal calf diarrhea virus (Matsuno and Inouye, 1983, Injection and Immunity X9:155), Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus (Mathews and Roehrig, 1982, J. Immunol. x:2763), punts toro virus (Dalrymple et al., 1981, in Replication of. Negative Strand Viruses, Bishop and Compans (eds.), Elsevier, NY, p. 167), mine leukemia virus (Steeves et al., 1974, J. ViroL 14:187), mouse mammary tumor virus (Massey and Schochetman, 1981, virology 115:20), hepatitis B virus core protein and/or hepatitis B virus surface antigen or a fragment or derivative thereof (see, e.g., U.K. Patent Publication No. GB 2034323A published June 4, 1980; Ganem and Varmus, 1987, Ann.
Rev. Biochem. 56:651-693; Tiollais et al., 1985, Nature 317:489-495), antigen of equine influenza virus or equine herpesvirus (e.g., equine influenza virus type A/Alaska 91 neuraminidase, equine influenza virus type A/Miami 63 neuraminidase, equine influenza virus type A/Kentucky 81 neuraminidase equine herpesvirus type 1 glycoprotein B, and equine herpesvirus type 1 glycoprotein D. antigen of bovine respiratory syncytial virus or bovine parainfluenza virus {e.g., bovine respiratory syncytial virus attachment protein (gR.SV G), bovine respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein f,BRSV F), bovine respiratory syncytial virus nucleocapsid protein (BRSV N), bovine parain:'luenza virus type 3 fusion protein, and the bovine parainfluenza virus~type 3 hemagglutinin r_euraminidase), bovine viral diarrhea virus glycoprotein 48 or glycoprotein 53.
Cellular receptors that can be targeted for treatment of an infectious disease are listed in Table 4. along with the pathogen which binds to the cellular receptor.
TABLh; 4 Pathogen Cellular Receptor B-lymphotropic papovavirusLPV receptor un B-cells ,0(LPV) _. _ _Bordatella pertussis .Adenylate cyclase Borna Disease virus (BDV)BDV surface glycogroteins _ Bovine coronavirus 1'T-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid . receptor .

Churiomeningitis virus CD4~~

.Dengue virus Highly sniphatad.typealeparin sulphate p6~

E. coli ~ .Gal alpha 1-4Ctal-containing isoreceptors Ebola CD l 6b 30Echovirus 1 Integrin VLA-2 receptor Echovirus-11 (EV) EV receptor Endotoxin (LPS) CD 14 Enteric bacteria Glycoconjugate receptors 35Enteric Orphan virus alpha/beta T-cell receptor Pathogen Cellular Receptor Enteroviruses Decay-accelerating factor receptor Feline leukemia virus Extracellular envelope glycoprotein (Env-SU) receptor Foot and mouth disease Immunoglobulin Fc receptorPoxvirusM-T7 virus Gibbon ape leukemia virusGALV receptor (GALV) Gram-negative bacteria CD 14 receptor Heliobacter pylori Lewis(b) blood group antigen receptor hepatitis B virus (HBV) T-cell receptor Herpes Simplex Virus Heparin sulphate glycoaminoglycan receptor Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 HIV-1 ~ GC-Chemokine receptor CCRS
S

CDlla G-protein coupled receptor Htunan cytomegalovina Heparin. sulphate protecglycan Annexin 1I

CD13 (aminopeptidase N) Human coronovirus Humsn alninopeptidase N receptor 25Influenza A, B & C . Hemagglutinin receptor Legionella GR:3 receptor Protein kinase receptor Galactose -?~1-acetylgalactosamine ((ial,JGaINAc)-inhibitab'.e iectin receptor 30. Chemokine receptor Leishmania mexicana Annexin I

Listeria monocytogenes ActA protein Measles virus CD46 receptor 35Meningococcus Meningococcal virulence associated Opa receptors Pathogen Cellular Receptor Morbilliviruses CD46 receptor Mouse hepatitis virus Carcinoembryonic antigen family receptors Carcinoembryonic antigen family Bgla receptor Marine leukemia virus Envelope glycoproteins Marine gamma herpes gamma interferon receptor virus Marine retrovirus Glycoprotein gp70 Rmc-1 receptor Marine coronavirus Carcinoembryonic antigen family receptors mouse hepatitis virus Mycobacterium avium-M Human Integrin receptor alpha v beta Neisseria gonorrhoeae Heparin sulphate proteoglycan receptor t CD66 receptor lntegrin receptor Membrane cofactor protein liM2 Ceramide Newcastle disease virus Hemagglutinin-nEUraminidase protein Fusion protein Parvuvirus B 19 Erytlwocyte P antigen receptor . Plasmodium falciparum CD36 receptor ~

Glycophor in A receptor Pox Virus Interferon gamma receptor Pseudomonas KDEL receptor Rotavirus ~Mucosal homing alpha4beta7 receptor Samonella typhiurium Epidermal growth factor receptor Pathogen Cellular Receptor Shigella alpha5betal integrin protein S Streptococci Nonglycosylated J774 receptor T-helper cells type 1 Chemokine receptors including:

6.CXCR1-4

7.CCR1-5

8.CXCR3 1 ' 9.CCR5 U

I-cell Iymphotropic virusgp46 surface glycoprotein Vaccinia virus TNFRp55 receptor TNF Rp75 receptor Soluble Interleukin-1 beta receptor Viral diseases that can be treated or prevented by the methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to, those caused by hepatitis type A, hepatitis type B, hepatitis type C, influenza, varicella, adenovirus, herpes simplex type I (l ISV-I); herpes simplex type I1 (HSV-I1), rinderpest, rhinovirus, echovirus, rotavirus, respiratory syncytial '~~ vi:us, papilloma virus, papova virus, cytomegalovirus, echinouirus, arbovirus, hantavirus, coxsachie vints. mumps virus, measles virus, rubella virus, polio virus, human immunodeficicncy virus type 1 (HIV-I), and human immunodeficiency virus type II (HIV-. -1I),~ any. picornaviridae, enteroviruses, caliciviridae, any of the Norwalk group ~f vintses, tcgaviruses, such as Dengue vinis,.alphaviruses; flaviviruses, coronaviruses,~rabies virus, 15 Marburg viruses, ebola viruses, paraintluenza virus, orthomyxoiiinWes:
bunYaviruses.
arenaviruses, reovirises, rotaviruses, orbiviruses, human T cell leukemia virus ty tie I, human T cell leukemia virus type II, .simian immunodeficiency virus, lertiviruses.
pohomaviruses, w parvoviruses, Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus-6, cercopithecine herpes virus 1 (~~
virus), poxviruses, and encephalitis.
30 Bacterial diseases that can be treated or prevented by the methods of the present invention are caused by bacteria including, but not limited to, gram negative and gram positive bacteria, mycobacteria rickettsia, mycoplasma, Shigella spp., Neisseria spp. (e.g., Neisseria mennigitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae), legionella, Vibrio cholerae, Streptococci, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, corynebacteria diphtheriae, clostridium tetani, bordetella pertussis, Haemophilus spp. (e.g., influenzae), Chlamydia spp., Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, etc. and bacterial diseases Syphillis.
Lyme's desease, ete.
Protozoal diseases that can be treated or prevented by the methods of the present invention are caused by protozoa including, but not limited to, plasmodia, eimeria, leishmania, kokzidioa, and trypanosoma, fungi, such as Candida, etc.
In specific embodiments of the invention, the Therapeutic is administered in conjunction with an appropriate antibiotic, antifilngal, anti-viral or any other drug useful in treating or preventing the infectious disease. In a preferred embodiment, the synthetic modified antibody is conjugated to a compound effective against the infectious disease agent lO :to which the synthetic modified antibody is directed. for example, an antibiotic, antifungal or anti-viral agent. In another preferred embodiment;vtl~e:riodiFed immunoglobulin has one CDR containing a binding site for an antigen of an infectious~;iisease agent and another CDIZ containing a binding site for a molecule on the surface of an immune ;,ell, such as but not limited to a T cell, a B cell, NK cell, K cell, TIL yell or neatrophii.
5.3.3. GENE THERAPY
In a specific embodiment, nucleic acids comprising a sequence: encoding a synthetic modified antibody of the invention are administers d. to treat or pre'~ent a disease or disorder asso~:iated with the expression of a molecule to which the synthetic modified antibody immunospecifically binds.
;~ ~Iwthis~embodimentof the invention;-the~therapeQti.cwucleic avid encodes a sequence tl.at produces intxaceilularly l without. a leader sequenc,: j or interce:lulariy ( with a leader .
sequence! a modified immunoglobulin of the invention.
Any of the methods for gene therapy. avsilable~in -roe an can ~b~ used acnording to the present invention. Exemplary methods are described below.
For general reviews of the methods of gene therapy, see Uokispiel et al., l 993, t'.'linicai .Pharmucy 12:488-SOS; Wu and W~i, 191, ;Rzorhera.Fy 3_:87-9:5;
Tolstoshev, 1993, w;4nn.~iRev: Pharmacol:~Toxicol.w32:573~596;'Mulligan, 1993, .Science 260:926-932: and ~Morgan and Anderson, 1993, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 62:191-217: May, ! 993, TIBTECH
11 (5):155-215). Methods commonly known in the art of recombinant DNA
technology which can be used are described in Ausubel et al. (eds.), 1993, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, NY; Kriegler, 1990. Gene Transfer and Expression, A Laboratory Manual, Stockton Press, NY; and in Chapters 12 and 13, Dracopoli et al.
(eds), 1994, Current Protocols in Human ('genetics, John Wiley & Sons, NY.

WO 99/Z53?8 PCTNS98/24302 In one aspect, the therapeutic nucleic acid comprises an expression vector that expresses the modified immunoglobulin (or fragment thereof) in a suitable host. In particular, such a nucleic acid has a promoter operably linked to the coding sequence for the modified synthetic antibody, said promoter being inducible or constituitive, and, optionally, tissue-specific. In another embodiment, a nucleic acid molecule is used in which the antibody coding sequences and any other desired sequences are flanked by regions that promote homologous recombination at a desired site in the genome, thus providing for intrachromosomal expression of the modified antibody (holler and Smithies, 1989, Proc.
Nat'!. Acad. Sc~i. USA 86:8932-8935; Zijlstra et al., 1989, .~Vuture 342:435-438).
~ - w Delivery of the nucleic acid intc a patient may be either direct, in which case the patient is directly exposed to the nucleic acid yr nucleic acid-carrying vector or a delivery complex, or indirect, in which case,.cells are firs transformed with the nucleic acid in vitro.
then transplanted into the.patient. These two approaches are known, respectively, a$ ir_ vivo or ex vivo gene therapy.
~ In a specific embodiment, the nucleic acid is directly admrnistered in vivo, where it is expressed to produce the antibodies. This can be accomplished by any of numerous methods known in the art, e.~ , by constructing it as part of an appropriate nucleic acid expression vector and administering ~t so that it becomes intracellular, e.g., by infection using a defective or attenuated retroviral or other viral vector (see U.S.
Patent No.
~~. 4,980,286), or by direct injection o:~naked DI''A., or by use of rnicropartic;le bombardment . .(Q.g.,~a gene gun; Biolistic,wDupont;; or coating with lipids or cell-sarface receptors or transfecting agents, encapsulation in biopolymers (e.g.. poly-13-1->4-N-acetylglucosamine . polysaccharide: see U.S..Patent No. S,ti35,493>, encapsulatio:~ in iiposomes, rricroparticles, or microcapsules, or by administering it in linkage~ta a prptid~° which is kao~vrr ~to enter the nucleus, by administering it in linkage to a ligand awhich isvnown to enter-the nucleus, by administering it in linkage to a ligand subject t~ receptor-m~di,3ted endoc;vtosis (See e.g., Vl'u and Wu, 1987, J. Biol. Chem. 262:442,9-4432 i, ctc. In another embodiment, a nucleic acid-.. v ligand complex can be formed in which tl-~ev-ligand c;oropr~ises r:
Fusvgenic viral peptide to disrupt endosomes, allowing tt~e nucleic acid to avoid lysosomal degradation.
In yet another embodiment, the nucleic acid can be targeted in vivo for cell specific uptake and expression, by targeting a specific receptor (see, e.g., PCT Publications WO 92/06180 dated April 16, 1992 (Wu et al.); WO 92/22635 dated December 23, 1992 (Wilson et al.);

dated November 26, 1992 (Findeis et al.); W093/14188 dated July 22, 1993 (Young).
Alternatively, the nucleic acid can be introduced intracellularly and incorporated within host cell DNA for expression, by homologous recombination (Koller and Smithies, 1989, Proc.
Natl. Acad Sci. USA 86:8932-8935; Zijlstra et al., 1989, Nature 342:435-438).
Alternatively, single chain antibodies can also be administered, for example, by expressing nucleotide sequences encoding single-chain antibodies within the target cell population by utilizing, for example, techniques such as those described in Marasco et al.
(Marasco et al., 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA X0:7889-7893). Adenoviruses are other viral vectors that can be used in gene therapy. Adenoviruses are especially attractive vehicles for delivering genes to respiratory epithelia where they cause a mild disease. Other targets for adenovirus-based delivery systems are liver, the central nervous system, endothelial cells, and muscle. Adenoviruses have the advantage of being capable of infecting non-dividing cells. Kozarsky and Wilson, 1993. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 3:499-503 present a review of adenovirus-based gene therapy. Bout et al., 1994, Human Gene Therapy 5_:3-lU demo:tstrated the use of adenovirus vectors to transfer genes to the respiratory epithelia of rhesus monkeys. Other instances of the use of adenoviruses in gene therapy can be found in R.osenfeld et al., 1991, Science 252:431-434;
Rosenfeld et al., 1992, Cell 68:143-155; and Mastrangeli et al., 1993, J.
Clin. Invest. 91:225-234. Adeno-associated virus (AA'') has also been proposed far use in gene therapy (Walsh et al., 1993, Proc. .Soc..Exp. Biol. Med. 204:289-300).
The form and amount of therapeutic nucleic acid envisioned for use depends on the type of disease and the severity of the desired effect; patient state, etc., and can be determined by one skilled in the ari.
5.3.4. VACCINE, Mf MUNIZ-ATION
The modified antibody of the present.invention maybe used as a vaccine in a subject in which immunity for the binding site for the particular molecule ur antigen is desired. The vaccines and methods of the present invention may be ~~.sed either to prevent a disease or disorder, or to treat a particular disease ur disorder; where an anti-idiotype response against a . particular synthetic antibody is therapeutically or prophylactically useful.
The methods and compositions of the present invention may be used to elicit a h~oral and/or a cell-mediated response against the synthetic antibody of the vaccine in a subject. In one specific embodiment, the methods and compositions elicit a humoral response against the administered synthetic antibody in a subject. In another specific embodiment, the methods and compositions elicit a cell-mediated response against the administered synthetic antibody in a subject. In a preferred embodiment, the methods and compositions elicit both a humorai and a cell-mediated response.

5.4. PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS AND METHODS OF
ADMINISTRATION
5.4.1. FORMULATIONS AND ADMINISTRATION
Therapeutic compositions containing a modified immunoglobulin for use in accordance with the present invention can be formulated in any conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers or excipients.
Thus, the modified immunoglobulins (or functionally active fragments thereof or nucleic acids encoding the antibodies or fragments) and their physiologically acceptable salts and solvents can be formulated for administration by inhalation or insufflation (either ~.ough the mouth or the nose) or oral, buccal, parenteral or rectal administration.
For oral administration, the Therapeutics can take the form of, for example, tablets or capsules prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as binding agents (e.g., pregelatinised maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); fillers {e.g., lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium hydrogen phosph te); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc or silica);
disintegrants (e.g., potato starch or sodium starch glycolate); or wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate). The tablets can be coated by methods well known in the art. Liquid preparations for oral administration can take the form of, for example, solutions, syrups or su.Spensions, or they can be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid preparations can be prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents (e.g., sorbitol sy:up, cellulose derivatives or hydrogenated edible fats); emulsifying agents (e.g., lecithin or acacial; non-aqueous vehicles (e.g., almond oil, oily esters, ethyl alcohol or fractionated vegetable oils);
and preservatives (e.g., methyl or propyl-p-hydroxybenzoates or sorbic acid). The preparations can also contain buffer salts, flavoring, coloring and sweetening agents as appropriate.
Preparations for oral administration can be suitably formulated to give controlled release of the active compound.
For buccal administration the Therapeutics can take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.
For administration by inhalation, the Therapeutics according to the present invention are conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or a nebulizer, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol the dosage unit can be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. Capsules and cartridges of, e.g., gelatin for use in an inhaler or insufflator can be formulated containing a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.
The Therapeutics can be formulated for parenteral administration (i.e., intravenous or intramuscular) by injection, via, for example, bolus injection or continuous infusion.
Formulations for injection can be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in mufti-dose containers, with an added preservative. The compositions can take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and can contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
Alternatively, the active ingredient can be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.
The Therapeutics can also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides.
In addition to the formulations described previously, the Therapeutics can also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations can be administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection.
Thus, for example, the compounds can be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
The modified immunoglobulins of the invention may be administered as separate compositions or as a single composition with more than one antibodies linked by conventional chemical or by molecular biological methods. Additionally, the diagnostic and therapeutic value of the antibodies of the invention may be augmented by their use in combination with radionuclides or with toxins such as ricin oe with chemotherapeutic agents such as methotrexate.
The composition, if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents. The composition can be a liquid solution, suspension, emulsion, tablet, pill, capsule, sustained release formulation, or powder. Oral formulation can include standard carriers such as pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, h~ magnesium stearate, sodilun saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, etc.
Generally, the ingredients are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent. Where the composition is administered by injection, an ampoule of sterile diluent can be provided so that the ingredients may be mixed prior to administration.

The invention also provides a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with one or more of the ingredients off' the vaccine formulations of the invention. Associated with such containers) can be a notice in the form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals or biological products, which notice reflects approval by the agency of manufacture, use or sale for human administration.
The compositions may, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredient.
The pack may for example comprise metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack. The pack or dispenser device may be accompanied by instructions for administration. Composition comprising a compound of the invention formulated in a compatible pharmaceutical carrier may also be prepared, placed in an appropriate container, and labelled for treatment of an indicated condition.
Many methods may be used to introduce the vaccine formulations of the invention;
1 S these include but are not limited to oral, intracerebrai, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal routes, and via scarification (scratching through the top layers of skin, e.g., using a bifurcated needle) or any other standard routes of immunization.
The precise dose of the modified irnmunoglobulin molecule to be employed in the formulation will also depend on the route of administration, and the nature of the patient, and should be decided according to the judgment of the practitioner and each patient's circumstances according to standard clinical techniques. An effective immunizing amount is that amount sufficient to produce an immune response to the synthetic antibody in the host to which the vaccine preparation is administered. : ~t~ective doses may also be extrapolated .
from dose-response curves derived from animal model test systems.
5.4.2. EFFECTIVE DOSE
The compounds and nucleic acid sequences described herein can be administered to a patient at therapeutically effective doses to treat pertain diseases or disorders such as cancers or infectious diseases. A therapeutically effective dose refers to that amount of a compound sufficient to result in a healthful benefit in the treated subject.
Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of compounds can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LDso (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the EDso (the dose therapeutically e~~tive in 50% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio LDso/EDso.
Compounds which exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred. While compounds that exhibit toxic side effects can be used, care should be taken to design a delivery system that targets such compounds to the site of affected tissue in order to minimize potential damage to uninfected cells and, thereby, reduce side effects.
The data obtained from the cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in humans. The dosage of such compounds lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the EDso with little or no toxicity. The dosage can vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed ~d the route of administration utilized. For any compound used in the method of the invention, the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays. A dose can be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range that includes the ICso (i.e., the concentration of the test compound which achieves a half maximal inhibition of symptoms) as determined in cell culture.
Such i~ormation can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans.
Levels in plasma can be measwed, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography.
5.4.3. ~A~'CINE FORMULATIONS AND ADMINISTRATION
The invention also provides vaccine formulations containing Therapeutics of the invention, which vaccine formulations are suitable for administration to elicit a protective immune (humoral and/or cell mediated) response against certain antigens , e.g., for the treatment and prevention of diseases.
Suitable preparations of such vaccines include injectables, either as liquid solutions or suspensions; solid forms suitable for solution in, suspension in. liquid prior to injection, may also be prepared. The preparation may also be emulsified, or the polypeptides encapsulated in liposomes. The active immunogenic ingredients are often mixed with excipients which are pharmaceutically acceptable and compatible with the active ingredient.
Suitable excipients are, for example, water, saline, buttered saline.
dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, sterile isotonic aqueous buffer or the like and combinations thereof.
In addition, if desired, the vaccine preparation may also include minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, and/or adjuvants which enhance the effectiveness of the vaccine.
Examples of adjuvants which may be effective, include, but are not limited to:
aluminim hydroxide, N-acetyl-muramyl-L-threonyl-D-isoglutamine (thr-MDP), N-acetyl-nor-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-L-alanine-2-( 1'-2'-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-hydroxyphosphoryloxy)-ethylamine.
The effectiveness of an adjuvant may be determined by measuring the induction of anti-idiotype antibodies directed against the injected immunoglobulin formulated with the particular adjuvant.
The composition can be a liquid solution, suspension, emulsion, tablet, pill, capsule, sustained release formulation, or powder. Oral formulation can include standard carriers such as pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, etc.
Generally, the ingredients are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent. Where the composition is administered by injection, an ampoule of sterile diluent can be provided so that the ingredients may be mixed prior to administration.
I S In a specific embodiment, the lyophilized modified immunoglobulin of the invention is provided in a first container; a second container comprises diluent consisting of an aqueous solution of 50% glycerin, 0.25% phenol, and an antiseptic (e.g., 0.005% brilliant green).
The invention also provides a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers tilled with one cr more of the ingredients of the vaccine formulations of the invention. Associated with such containers) can be a notice in the form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals or biological products, which notice reflects approval by the agency of manufacture, use or sale for human administration.
The compositions may, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredient.
'the pack may for example comprise metal or plastic fail, such as a blister pack. The pack or dispenser device may be accompanied by instructions for administration. (:omposition comprising a compound of the invention. formulated in a compatible pharmaceutical carrier may also be prepped, placed in an appropriate container, and labeled for treatment of an indicated condition.
The subject to which the vaccine is administered is preferably a mammal, most preferably a human, but can also be a non-human animal including but not limited to cows, horses, sheep, pigs, fowl (e.g., chickens), goats, cats, dogs, hamsters, mice and rats.

Many methods may be used to introduce the vaccine formulations of the invention;
these include but are not limited to oral, intracerebral, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal routes, and via scarification (scratching through the top layers of skin, e.g., using a bifurcated needle) or any other standard routes of immunization. In a specific embodiment, scarification is employed.
The precise dose of the modified immunoglobulin molecule to be employed in the formulation will also depend on the route of administration, and the nature of the patient, and should be decided according to the judgment of the practitioner and each patient's circumstances according to standard clinical techniques. An effective immunizing amount is that amount sufficient to produce an immune response to the modified immunoglobulin molecule in the host (i.e., an anti-idiotype reaction) to which the vaccine preparation is administered. Effective doses may also be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from animal model test systems.
5.5. DIAGNOST1C METHODS
Modified immunoglobulins, particularly antibodies, (and functionally active fragments thereof) that bind a specific molecule that is a member of a binding pair may be used as diagnostics and prognostics, as described herein. In various embodiments, the present invention provides the measurement of a member of the binding pair, and the uses of . such measurements in clinical applications. The modified immunoglobulins in the present invention may be used, for example, in the detection of an antigen in a biological sample whereby patients may be tested for aberrant levels of the molecule to which the modified immunoglobulin binds, and/or for the presence of abnormal forms of such molecules. By "aberrant levels" is meant increased or decreased relative to that present, or a standard level representing that present; in an analogous sample from a portion of the body or from a subject not having the disorder. The modified antibodies of this invention may also be included as a reagent in a kit for use in a diagnostic or prognostic technique.
In the specific embodiments of the invention, a modified antibody of the invention that immunospecifically binds to a cancer or tumor antigen or an antigen of an infectious disease agent may be used to diagnose, prognose or screen for a cancer or tumor or an infectious disease associated with the expression of the cancer or tumor antigen or the antigen of the infectious disease agent. In a preferred aspect, the invention provides a method of diagnosing or screening for the presence of or a predisposition for developing a c~cer characterized by the increased presence of a cancer antigen, which is a first member of a binding pair consisting of said first member and a second member. said method comprising measuring in a subject the level of immunospecific binding of a modified antibody to a sample derived from the subject, in which said modified antibody immunospecifically binds said cancer antigen and in which said modified antibody comprises a variable domain having at least one CDR containing portion of said second member, said portion containing a binding site for said cancer antigen and not being found naturally within said CDR, in which an increase in the level of said immunospecific binding, relative to the level of said immunospecif~c binding in an analogous sample from a subject not having the cancer or a predisposition for developing the cancer, indicates tl-.e presence of the cancer or a predisposition for developing the cancer.
In another preferred aspect, the invention provides a method of diagnosing or screening for the presence of an infectious disease agent. characterized by the presence of an antigen of said infectious disease agent, which antigen is a first member of a binding pair consisting of said first member and a second member, said method comprising measuring in a subject the level of immunospecific binding of a modified antibody to a sample derived from the subject, in which said modified antibody immunospecifically binds said antigen and in which said modified antibody comprises a variable domain having at least one CDR
containing an at least four amino acid portion of said second member, said portion containing a binding site for said antigen and not being found naturally within said CDR, in v,~oh an increase in the level of said immunospeci6.c binding, relative to the level of'said ~.im~ospecific binding in an analogous sample-from a subject not having th~.;
infectious disease agent. indicates the presence of said infectious disease agent.
In another preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method for detecting abnormal levels of a particular ligand er receptor in a sample derived from a subject by comparing the immunospecific binding of a modified antibodythat binds .the particular ligand or receptor to the sample with the immunospecific binding of the modified antibody to a sample having normal levels of the ligand or receptur.
'The measurement of a molecule that is bound by a modified antibody can be valuable in detecting and/or staging diseases related to the molecule in a subject, in screening of such diseases in a population, in differential diagnosis of the physiological condition of a subject, and in monitoring the effect of a therapeutic treatment on a subject.
The following assays are designed to detect molecules to which the modified antibodies immunospecifically bind.

WO 99/25378 PCTlUS98/24302 In specific embodiments, these diagnostic methods may be used to detect abnormalities in the level of gene expression, or abnormalities in the structure and/or temporal, tissue, cellular, or subcellular location of the particular molecule to be assayed.
The tissue or cell type to be analyzed will generally include those which are known, or suspected, to express the particular molecule. The protein isolation methods employed herein may, for example, be such as those described in Harlow and Lane (Harlow, E. and Lane, D., 1988, "Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual", Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York). The isolated cells can be derived from cell culture or from a patient. The modified antibodies (or func:ionally active fragments thereof]
useful in the present invention may, additionally, be employed histologically, as in immunofluorescence or immunoelectron microscopy, for in situ detection of the molecule. In situ detection may be accomplished by removing a histological specimen from a patient, such as paraffin embedded sections of affected tissues and applying thereto a labeled modified antibody of the present invention. The modified antibody (or functionally active fragment thereof) is preferably applied by overlaying the labeled modified antibody onto a biological sample. If the molecule to which the antibody binds is present in the cytoplasm, it may be desirable to introduce the modified antibody inside the cell, .for example. by making the cell membrane permeable. Through the use of such a procedure, it is possible to determine not only the presence of the particular molecule. but also its distribution in the examined tissue. Using '0 the present invention, those of ordinary .skill will readily perceive that any of a wide variety of histological methods (such as staining procedures) can be modified in order to achieve such in situ detection.
Immunoassays for the particular molecule will typically comprise incubating a sample, such as a biological fluid, a tissuevxtract;~~ieshly harvested cells.
or lysates of cultured cells, in the presence of a detectably labeled modified antibody~and detecting the bound antibody by any of a number of techniques well-known in the art.
The biological sample may be brought in contact with and in~,cnobiliz~ed unto a solid phase support or carrier such as nitrocellulose, or ether solid support which is capable of immobilizing cells, cell particles or soluble proteins. The support may then be washed with suitable buffers followed by treatment with the detestably labeled modified antibody. The solid phase support may then be washed with the buffer a second time to remove unbound antibody. The amount of bound label on solid support may then be de:ected by conventional means.
By "solid phase support or carrier" is intended any support capable of binding an ~flgen or an antibody. Well-known supports or carriers include glass, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, dextran, nylon, amylases, natural and modified celluloses, polyacrylamides, gabbros, and magnetite. The nature of the carrier can be either soluble to some extent or insoluble for the purposes of the present invention. The support material may have virtually any possible structural configuration so long as the coupled molecule is capable of binding to an antigen or antibody. Thus, the support configuration may be spherical, as in a bead, or cylindrical, as in the inside surface of a test tube, or the external surface of a rod. Alternatively, the surface may be flat such as a sheet, test strip, etc.
Preferred supports include polystyrene beads. Those skilled in the art will know many other suitable can-iers for binding antibody or antigen, or will be able to ascertain the same by use of routine experimentation.
The binding activity of a given modified antibody may be determined according to well known methods. Those skilled in the art will he able to determine operative and optimal assay conditions for each determination by employing routine experimentation.
One of the ways in which a modified antibody can be detectably labeled is by linking the same to an enzyme and use in an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (Voller, A., "The Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)", 1978, Diagnostic Horizons 2_:1-7, Microbiological Associates Quarterly Publication, Walkersville. hiDl; Voller et al., 1978, J.
Clin. Path~l.
X1_:507-520; Butler, 1981, Meth. Lnzymol. 73:482-523; Maggio, E. (ed.), 1980, Enzyme Immunoassay, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL,; Ishikawa et al., (eds.), 1981, Enzyme Immunoassay, Kgaku Shoin, Tokyo)). The enzyme which is bound to the modified antibody: will .react with an appropriate substrate, preferably a chromogenic substrate, in such a manner as to produce a chemical moiety which can be detected, for example, by .spectrophotometric, fluorimetric or by visual means. Fnzymrs which can be used to detectably label the modified antibody include, but are nit limited to; malate dehydrogcnase, staphylococcal nuclease, delta-5-steroid isomerase. y east alcohol dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerophosphate, dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase, horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, asparaginase, glucose oxida~;, beta-galactosidase, ribonuclease, urease;rcatalase;.glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase; gluc;oamylase znd acetylcholinesterase. The detection can be accomplished by colorimetric methods which employ a chromogenic substrate for the enzyme. Detection may also be accomplished by visual comparison of the extent of enzymatic reaction of a substrate in comparison with similarly prepared standards.
Detection may also be accomplished using any of a variety of other immunoassays.
For example, by radioactively labeling the synthetic antibodies or fragments, it is possible to detect the protein that the antibody was designed for through the use of a radioimmunoassay (RIA) (see, for example, Weintraub, 1986, Principles of Radioimmunoassays, Seventh Training Course on Radioligand Assay Techniques, The Endocrine Society). The radioactive isotope can be detected by such means as the use of a gamma counter or a scintillation counter or by autoradiography.
It is also possible to label the modified antibody with a fluorescent compound.
When the fluorescently labeled antibody is exposed to light of the proper wave length, its presence can then be detected due to fluorescence. Among the most commonly used fluorescent labeling compounds are fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, o_-phthaldehyde and fluorescamine.
The modified antibody can also be delectably labeled using fluorescence emitting metals such as ~5-'Eu, or others of the lanthanide series. These metals can be attached to the antibody using such metal chelating groups as diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (DTPA) or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA?.
The modified antibody also can be delectably labeled by coupling it to a chemiluminescent compound. 'the presence of the chemilumineseent-tagged antibody us then determined by detecting the presence of luminescence that arises during the course of a chemical reaction. Examples of particularly useful chemiluminescent labeling compounds are luminol, isoluminol, theromaiic acridinium ester, imidawle, acridinium salt and oxalate ester.
2U Likewise, a.bioluminescent compound may be used to label the synthetic modified antibody of the present invention. Bioluminescence is a type of chemiluminescence found in biological sy stems, in which a catalytic protein increases the et~iciency of the chemiiuminescent reaction. The presence of a bioluminescent protein is determined by detecting the presence of luminescence. Important tiioluminescant~;,ompaunds for purposes Z5 of labeling are luciferin, luciferase and aequorin.
5.6. DEMONSTRATION OF THERAPEiITIC UT~ITY
The Therapeutics of the invention are preferably tested in vary, and then in vivo, for the desired therapeutic or prophylactic activity, prior to use in humans. For example, in 30 vitro assays that can be used to determine whether administration of a specific Therapeutic is indicated include in vitro cell culture assays in which appropriate cells from a cell line or cells cultured from a patient having a particular disease or disorder are exposed to or otherwise administered a Therapeutic, and the effect of the Therapeutic on the cells is observed.

Where the Therapeutic is a modified immunoglobulin that recognizes a cancer or tumor antigen, the potential efficacy of the modified immunoglobulin may be assayed by contacting the Therapeutic to cultured cells (either from a patient or cultured cell line) and then assaying for cell survival or growth using any method known in the art, for example, cell proliferation can be assayed by measuring'H-thymidine incorporation, by direct cell count, by detecting changes in transcriptional activity of known genes such as proto-oncogens e.g., fos. myc) or cell cycle markers; cell viability can be assessed by trypan blue staining, differentiation can be assessed visually based on changes in morphology; etc.
Where the Therapeutic is a modified antibody that recognizes an antigen of an l0 i~'ectious disease agent or a cellular receptor for an infectious disease agent, the potential efficacy of the antibody may be assayed by contacting the Therapeutic to cultured cells (,either from a patient or cultured cell line) that are infected with the infectious disease agent and then assaying the cells for reduction in the infectious disease agent or for reduction in physiological indicators of infection with the infectious disease agent.
Alternatively, the . 15 Therapeutic may be assayed by contacting the Therapeutic to cells (either cultured from a patient or from a cultured cell line) that are susceptible to infection by the infectious disease agent but that are not infected with the infectious disease agent, exposing the cells to the infections disease agent, and then determining whether the infection rate of cells contacted with the 'Therapeutic was lower than the infection rate of cells not so cr~ntacted with the ~0 Therapeutic. Infection of cells.with an infectious disease agent may be assayed by any method known in the art.
Wherr the Therapeutic is a modified immunogl~bolin specific for a particular ligand or receptor, the potential efficacy of the mwdified immur~oglabulin may be tested by contacting the Therapeutic to cultured cells (eiti:er from a patient~.or culnir~d cell line) that ..
~'S express the receptor member of the binding p?.iz..and.det~rmining whether the Therapeutic prevents ligand binding to the receptor and/or receptor ~ignaiing or if the 'fher-apeutic stimulates receptor signaling. These indicators can be measured by any method known in . :. the art for measuring ligand-receptor binding and~receptor signaling-~~.g., a.S exemplified in Section 6).
30 'fhe Therapeutics may also be tested for efficacy in appropriate animal models, and in clinical trials, in humans. The efficacy of the Therapeutic may be determined by any method in the art, for example, after administration of the Therapeutic to the animal model or to the humann subject, the animal or human subject is evaluated for any indicator of the disease or disorder that the Therapeutic is intended to treat. For example, the efficacy of the 35 ~empeutic can~be assessed by measuring the level of the molecule against which the modified antibody is directed in the animal model or human subject at suitable time intervals before, during, or after therapy. Any change or absence of change in the amount of the molecule can be identified and correlated with the effect of the treatment on the subject. The level of the molecule can be determined by any method known in the art, e.g., by any of the S immunoassay methods described in Section 5.5, supra, or 5.7, infra.
In other aspects, the modified antibodies may be tested for efficacy by monitoring the subject for improvement or recovery from the particular disease or condition associated with the molecule against which the synthetic modified antibody is directed.
When the modified antibody is directed against a tumor or a cancer antigen, the progress of the 1 U particular tumor or cancer may be followed by any diagnostic or screening method known for monitoring cancer or a tumor. For example, but not by way of limitation, the process of the cancer or tumor may be monitored by assaying the levels of the particular cancer or tumor antigen (or another antigen associated with the particular cancer or tumor) either in the serum of the subject or by injecting a labeled antibody specific for the antigen.
'~ 5 Additionally, other imaging techniques, such as computer tomographic (CT) scan or sonograms, or any other imaging method, may he used to monitor the progression of the cancer or tumor. Biopsies may also be performed. Before carrying out such trials in humans, the tests for efficacy of the modified imlnunogiobulins can be performed in animal rxrodels of the particular cancer or tumor.
2U Where the Therapeutic is specific for an antigen or an infectious disuse agent or a . _ ~ : cellular receptor of an infectious disease agent, the efficacy of the modified antibody can be assayed by administering the modified antibody to a subject;eithe: a humar_ subject or an anima! model for the disease) and then monitoring either the levels of the particular infectious disease agent or symptoms of th~.~par!ical~r infection d.iseasP.
The levels of the 25 infectious disease agent max be deterrnineit by_anyxn~thi~d know~nin-the ari, for assaying the levels of an infectious disease agent, e.g., the viral titer, in the case of a vims, or bacterial levels (for example, by culturing of a sair~ple from the patient), etc. The levels of the infectious disease agentvmay:also be determined bymeasuring the levels of the antigen against which the modified immunoglobulin was directed. A decrease in the levels of the 30 infectious disease agent or an amelioration of the symptoms of the infectious disease indicates that the modified antibody is effectivE.
Where the therapeutic is administered as a vaccine, the immunopotency of a vaccine formulation containing the modified antibody of the invention can be determined by monitoring the anti-idiotypic response of test animals following immunization with the 35 vaccine. Generation of a humoral response may be taken as an indication of a generalized -SS-WO 99!25378 PCT/US98/24302 immune response, other components of which, particularly cell-mediated immunity, may be important for protection against a disease. Test animals may include mice, rabbits, chimpanzees and eventually human subjects. A vaccine made in this invention can be made to infect chimpanzees experimentally. However, since chimpanzees are a protected species, the antibody response to a vaccine of the invention can first be studied in a number of smaller, less expensive animals, with the goal of finding one or two best candidate immunoglobulin molecules or best combinations of immunoglobuiin molecules to use in chimpanzee efficacy studies.
The immune response of the test subjects can be analyzed by various approaches .such as the reactivity.of the resultant immune serurn to antibodies, as assayed by known techniques, e.g., enzyme linked immunosor~~nt assa~~ (ELISA), immunoblots, radioimmunoprecipitations, etc.; or protection from infection and/or attenuation of disease symptoms in immunized hosts.
As one example of suitable animal testing, the vaccine composition of the invention ° may-be tested in rabbits far the ability-to induce an anti-iciiotypic response to tl-~e modified immlutoglubulin molecule. For example, male specific;-pathogen-free (SPF) young adult New Zealand White rabbits may be used. The test group of rabbits each receives an effective amount of thz vaccine. A co ytr«1 group of rabbits receives an injection is i l:zM
Tris-HCl pH 9.0 of the vaccine containing a naturally occurring antibody.
Blood samples 2p may be drawn from the rabbits every one or two ~~eeks. and serum analyzed for anti-. idiorypic.antibadies to.the.modified immmoglobulm molecule and anti-amt-idiotypic antibodies specific for the antigen against whicf. the mo3ified antibody was directed using, e.g., by a radioimmunoassay (Abbott Laboratori:a). T'he presence of anti-idiotyhic antibodies may be assayed, using an ELISA.v i3EC;~use rabbits may give a variabiz res~nse due to their outbred nature. it may aiso.beuseful to test the vaccines in mice.
5.7. ASSAYS OF THE MODiFiED I~VIMUNOGLOBULINS
. After constructing an immun~globulin having one or more CDRs containing a binding site for a particular molecule. any binding assay !mown in the art can be used to ~~ss the binding between the resulting modified antibody and the particular molecule.
These assays may also be performed to select antibodies that exhibit a higher affinity or specificity for the particular antigen.
For example, but not by way of limitation, binding of the modified antibody to the particular molecule can be assayed using various immunoassays known in the art including but not limited to, competitive and non-competitive assay systems using techniques such as radioimmunoassays, ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), "sandwich"
immunoassays, immunoradiometric assays, gel diffusion precipitin reactions, immonodiffusion assays, in situ immunoassays (using colloidal gold, enzyme or radioisotope Tables, for example), western blots, precipitation reactions, agglutination assays (e.g., gel agglutination assays, hemaggiutination assays), complement fixation assays, immunofluorescence assays, protein A assays, and immunoelectrophoresis assays, etc. In one embodiment, antibody binding is detected by detecting a label on the primary antibody.
In another embodiment, the primary antibody is detected by detecting binding of a secondary antibody or reagent to the primary- antibody. In a further embodiment, the 1 fl secondary antibody is Labelled. Many means are known in the art for detecting binding in an immunoassay and are within the scope of~the present invention.
An in vitro assay system useful in:assessing the binding of the modified antibody to its target molecule is described below. Briefly, a reaction mixture of the modified antibody and the test sample is incubated under conditions and for a time sufficient to allow the two 1 ~ components to interact with, e.g., bind to each other, thus forming a complex, which can represent a transient complex, which can be remo~~ed and/or detected in the reaction mixture.
These assays can be conducted in a variety of ways. For example, one method to conduct such an assay would involve anchoring the modified antibody or the test substance onto a solid phase and detecting the antibodyimolecule complexes anchored on the solid phase at 2~' .the end of the reaction. ~In one embodiment of such a method, the modif ed antibody may be -~,iabeled, either directly c~rindirectly; and the test sample be anchored onto a solid surface. In practice, microtiter plates may conveniently be utilized as thz solid phase.
The anchored . . component may be immobilized by non-covalent or covalent attachments. Nun-covalent attachment may be accomplished by simply:coating the solid surf~cv with a solution of the 25 test sample and drying.
In order to conduct the assay, the nonimmobilized component is added to the coated surface containing the anchored component. Afl:er the reaction a cc~mplcte, uiueacted =.:°components are removed (v.g.; bywashing) under conditions such~that any complexes . formed will remain imrriobilized on the solid surface. The detection of complexes anchored 34 on ~e solid surface can be accomplished in a number of ways. Where the previcusly-~onimmobilized component is pre-labeled, the detection of label immobilized on the surface indicates that complexes were formed. Where the previously nonimmobilized component is not pre-labeled, an indirect label can be used to detect complexes anchored on the surface.
Alternatively, a reaction can be conducted in a liquid phase, the reaction products 35 separated from unreacted components, and complexes detected.

5.8. TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
The invention also provides animals that are transgenic for (i.e., contain a nucleic acid encoding) a modified immunoglobulin of the im~ention (or a functional fragment thereof). Animals of any species, including, but not limited to, mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, sheep, pigs, micro-pigs, goats, and non-human primates, e.g., baboons, monkeys, and chimpanzees, may be used to generate transgenic animals of the invention.
Accordingly, in specific embodiments, the invention provides recombinant non-human animals containing a recombinant nucleic acid that contains a nucleotide sequence encoding a modified immunoglobulin of the invention:, in particular, a recombinant nun-I(~ human animal that is transgenic for ~ nucleic acid ewoding a modified antibody that imlnunospeeifically binds a cancer or tumor antigen cr that is transgenic for a nucleic acid encoding a modified antibody that immunospecifically binds as antigen of an infectious disease agent or a cellular receptor of an infectious disease agent.
Any technique known in the art may be used :o introduce the antibody transgene into 1 ~ animals to produce the founder lines of transgenic animals. Such techniques include. but are not limited to pronuciear microinjection (Hupp~ and ~~agner, 1y89, L;.S. Pat.
No.
4,8?3,191 ): retrovirus mediated gene transfer into germ lines ( Van den Fatten et al., I 985, Froc. Natl. Acua: Sci. C'S.~ 82:6148-6152); g~n.° targeting in embryonic stem cells (?'hompson et al., 1989, Cell 56:313-321 ); electropo;ation of embryos (Lo.
1983, rdol Cell.
20 t~rvl. 6:1803-1814); and sperm-mediated gene transfer (L a~; itrano et ai., 19fc9, Cell.57:71'7-. :.123);:ete.. For a review of such Techniques; see Gc~rdoa, 1989. :
rcr~sgenic ~:nimuls, Intl.
ttev. C.ytul. I 1_5:171-229, which is incorporated ov reference lerein in its entirety.
The present invention provides for.tran.Sgenic animals that carry the nucleotide sequewe encoding the modified antibody:a.~ transgene in alf their cells, ;a ~r~ell as ar~imsl~
25 which cant' the transgene in some, but not ali:their cells, i.e., mosaic animals. The transgene may be integrated as a single transgene or in cuncatamers, e.R., head-to-head tandems or head-to-tail tandems. The transgene may also be selectively introduced into and activated in .~~ a particular cell type by follow ng, for example, the teaching of Lasko et acl. (Lasko et al., 1992, Froc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 89:6232-6236). The regulatory sequences required for 30 such a cell-type specific activation will depend upon the particular cell type of interest, and will be apparent to those of skill in the art. When it is desired that the nucleotide encoding the synthetic antibody transgene be integrated into the chromosomal site of the endogenous immunoglobulin, gene targeting is preferred. Briefly, when such a technique is to be utilized, vectors containing some nucleotide sequences homologous to the endogenous 35 i~~oglobulin are designed for the purpose of integrating, via homologous recombination with chromosomal sequences, into and disrupting the function of the nucleotide sequence of the endogenous immunoglobulin gene. The transgene may also be selectively introduced into a particular cell type, thus inactivating the endogenous immunoglobulin in only that cell type, by following, for example, the teaching of Gu et al. (Gu et al., 1994, Science 265:103-106). The regulatory sequences required for such a cell-type specific inactivation will depend upon the particular cell type of interest, and will be apparent to those of skill in the art.
Methods for the production of single-copy transgenic animals with chosen sites of integration are also well known to those of skill in the art (see, for example, Bronson et al., 1996, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (1SA 93:9067-9072).
Once transgenic animals have been generated, the expression of the recombinant antibody gene may be assayed utilizing standard techniques. Initial screening may be accomplished by Southern blot analysis or PCR techniques to analyze animal tissues to assay whether integration of the transgene has taken place. The level of mRNA
expression of the transgene in the tissues of the transgenic animals may also be assessed using techniques which include but are not limited to Northern blot analysis of tissue samples obtained from the animal, in situ hybridization analysis, and RT-PCR. Samples of gene-expressing tissue, may also be evaluated immunocytochemically using antibodies specific for the antibody transgene product.
6. EXAMPLE: BRADYKININ-CONTAINING SYNTHETIC MODIFIED
ANTIBODIES
This example describes the construction of synthetic modified antibodies that immunospecifically bind to the bradykinin receptor (BR). The bradykinin receptor binds to a ~tive ligand called bradylCinin. The BR-bradykinin interaction is one example of a binding pair that may be used in the methods of the invention. The BR-bradykinin interaction occurs when amino acids in bradykinin, known as the binding site, contact the bradykinin receptor. The synthetic modified antibodies of this example, contain amino acids derived from the bradykinin binding site. These synthetic modified antibodies, therefore, mimic the bradykinin ligand and predictably bind to the bradykinin receptor (BR). Six synthetic modified antibodies containing bradykinin sequences were constructed and demonstrated to bind BR as constructed as described below.
The strategy for producing synthetic modified antibodies containing bradykinin binding sequences is outlined as follows:

1 ) using oligonucleotides, a variable region gene was engineered to contain a CDR
with a bradykinin binding sequence;
2) the engineered variable region gene was then inserted into a mammalian expression vectors containing the appropriate constant regions;
3) a vector containing both light and heavy chains was transfected into a mammalian cell and the synthetic modified antibody was expressed; and 4) the synthetic modified antibodies were assayed for BR binding.
6.1. CONSTRUCTION OF THE VARIABLE REGION GENE CONTAINING
BRpDYKININ BINDING SITE
In order to construct the variable region gene encoding a CDR containing the binding site of bradykinin, the following strategy was performed.
First, single strand oligonucleotides were annealed to create cohesive double stranded DNA fragments (as diagramed in Figure 5, Step 1; see also, Kutemeier et al., 1994 BioTechnigues 17:242). Specifically, oligonucleotides of about 80 bases in length corresponding to the sequences of interest with 20 base overlapping regions were synthesized using automated techniques of GenoSys Biotech Inc. The specific sequences of these oligonucleotides are presented in Figures 6A and B (for construction of the light and heavy chain variable regions, respectively). Figure 6A lists the sequences of the oligonucleotides used in engineering the light chain variable region genes containing a bradykinin binding sequence. Figure 6B lists the sequences of the oligonucleotides used in engineering the heavy chain variable region genes containing a bradykinin binding sequence. The combination of oligos used to engineer the six bradykinin CDRs (BKCDR1, BKCDR2, BKCDR3, BKCDR4, BKCDRS, BKCDR6) as well as the two consensus region (ConVLI and ConVHI) are listed in Table 5.

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n U o U ~ 0~0m tg m In order to combine the oligos into the desired gene, groups of 10 or 12 oligos were used to engineer a variable region gene as described below. Each oligonucleotide was 5' phosphorylated as follows: 25 ul of each oligo was incubated for 1 hour in the presence of T4 polynucleotide kinase and 50 mM ATP at 37°C. The reactions were stopped by heating for 5 minutes at 70°C followed by ethanol precipitation. Once phosphorylated, complementary oligonucleotides (oligo 1 + oligo 10, oligo 2 + oligo 9, oligo 3 + oligo 8, oligo 4 + oligo 7, oligo 5 + oligo 6) as shown in Figure S, were then mixed in sterile microcentrifuge tubes and annealed by heating the tube in a water bath at 65 °C for 5 minutes followed by cooling at room temperature for 30 minutes. Annealing resulted in short double strand DNA fragments with cohesive ends.
Next, the cohesive double stand DNA fragments were ligated into longer strands (Figure 5. Steps 2-4), until the engineered variable region gene was assembled.
Specifically, cohesive double strand DNA fragments were ligated in the presence of T4 DNA Iigase and 10 mM ATP for 2 hours in a water bath maintained at 16°C. Annealed oligo 1/10 was mixed with annealed oligo 2/9, and annealed oligo 3/8 was mixed with annealed oligo 4/7. The resulting oligos were labeled oligo 1/10/2/9 and oIigo 3/8/4/7.
Next, oligo 3/8/4/7 was ligated to oligo 5/6. The resulting oligo 3/8/4/7/5/6 was then ligated to oligo 1/10/2/9 which resulted in a full length variable region gene.
Alternatively, when a group of 12 oligos were used, the order of addition was oligo numbers 1+12 = 1/I2, 2+11=2/11, 3+10=3!lU, 4+9---4/9, 5+8=5/8, 6+?=6/7, 1/12+2/11=1/12/2/11, 3;10+4/9=3/10/x/9, 5/8+6/7=5/8/6/7, 1//2/2/11+3/10/4/9 =
1/12/2/11/3/10/4/9, 1/12/2/11/3/10/4/9+5/8/6/7= full length variable region gene. Eight variable region genes were constructed by this method. Four genes were light chain variable region and four genes were heavy chain variable region. The engineered light chain genes included ConVLI, a consensus light chain variable region without a bradykinin sequence;
BKCDR1, a light chain variable region containing bradykinin sequence in CDRl;
BKCDR2, a light chain variable region containing bradykinin sequence in CDR2; and BKCDR3, a light chain variable region containing bradykinin sequence in CDR3. The engineered heavy can variable region genes included ConVHI, a consensus heavy chain variable region without a bradykinin sequence; BKCDR4, a heavy chain variable region containing bradykinin sequence in CDR4; BKCDRS, a heavy chain variable region containing bradykinin sequence in CDRS; and BKCDR6, a heavy chain variable region containing bradykinin sequence in CDR6. The sequences of the eight engineered variable region genes is shown in Figures 4A to 4F.

Each one of the engineered gene made by combining oligonucleotides was treated as follows:
The resulting engineered variable region gene was purified by gel electrophoresis.
To remove unligated excess of oligonucleotides and other incomplete DNA
fragments, ligated product was run on 1% low melting agarose gel at constant 110 V for 2 hours. The major band containing full length DNA product was cut out and placed in a sterile 1.S ml centrifuge tube. To release the DNA from the agarose, the gel slice was digested with f3-Agrase I at 40°C for 3 hours. The DNA was recovered by precipitation with 0.3 M NaOAc and isopropanol at -20 °C for i hour followed by centrifugation at 12,000 rpm for 1 S
minutes. The purified DNA pellet was resuspended in SO pl of TE buffer, pH
8Ø The engineered variable region gene was then amplified by PCR. Specifically, 100 ng of the engineered variable region gene was mixed with 2SmM dNTPs, 200 ng of primers and S U
of high fidelity thermostable Pfu DNA polymerase in buffer. DNA was amplified for 28 cycles. Resulting PCR product was analyzed on 1 % agarose gel.
1 S Each purified DNA corresponding to the engineered variable region genes was subsequently inserted into the pUC 19 bacterial vector. pUC 19, is a 2686 base pair, a high copy number E. coli plasmid vector containing a S4 base pair poly linker cloning site in lacZ
and an Amp selection marker. In order to prepare the vector for insertion of the engineered variable region gene, 10 pg of pUC 19 was linearized with Hinc ll (50 U) for 3 hours at 37°C resulting in a vector with blunt end sequence S' GTC. To prevent self re-ligation, linear vector DNA was dephosphorylated with 2S U of calf intestine alkaline phosphatase (CIP) for 1 hour at 37°C. In order to insert the engineered variable region gene into the pt)C19 vector. approximately O.S pg of dephosphorylated linear vector DNA was mixed with 3 ~g of phosphorylated variable region gene in the presence of T4 DNA
ligase ( 1000 2S U)~ ~d incubated at 16°C for 12 hours.
The bacterial vector containing the engineered variable region gene was then used to transforrn bacterial cells. Specifically, freshly prepared competent DHS-a cells, SO ~l. were mixed with 1 p.g of pUCl9 containing the engineered variable region gene and transferred to an electroporation cuvette (0.2 cm gap; Bio-Rad). Each cuvette was pulsed at 2.S kV/200 o~2S pF in an electroporator (Bio-Rad Gene Pulser). Immediately thereafter, 1 ml of SOC media was added to each cuvette and cells were allowed to recover for 1 hour at 37°C
in centrifuge tubes. An aliquot of cells from each transformation was removed, diluted 1:100, then 100 pl plated onto LB plates containing ampicillin (Amp 40 pg/ml).
The plates were incubated at 37°C overnight due to the presence of the Amp marker.
Only 3 S t~sformants containing pUC 19 vector grew on LB/Amp plates.

A single transformant colony was picked and grown overnight in a 3 mi LB/Amp sterile glass tube with constant shaking at 37°C. The plasmid DNA was isolated using Easy Prep columns (Pharmacia Biotech.) and suspended in 100 pl of TE buffer, pH
7.5. To confirm the presence of gene insert in pUCl9, 25 pl of plasmid DNA from each colony was digested with Hinc !I restriction endonuclease for 1 hour at 37°C, and was analyzed on a 1%
agarose gel. By this method plasmid DNA containing gene insert was resistant to enzyme cleavage due to loss of restriction site ( 5'..GTCGAC.. 3') and migrated as closed circular (CC) DNA, while those plasmids without insert were cleaved and migrated as linear (L) double strand DNA fragment on gel.
In order to confirm correct gene sequences of the engineered variable region genes and to eliminate the possibility of unwanted mutations generated during the construction procedure, DNA sequencing was performed using M 13/pLJC reverse primer (5'AACAGCTATGACCATG 3') for the clones as well as PCR gene products using 5' end base primer ( 5' GAATTCATGGCTTG GGTGTG 3') on automated ABI 377 DNA
15 Sequences. All clones were confirmed to contain correct sequences.
Six engineered variable region genes that contained bradykinin sequence were constructed by the methods of this example. Shown ir. Table 6 is the name of the synthetic modified antibody and the location corresponding bradykinin binding sequence within the variable region gene. For example, the synthetic antibody named hAbBKCDRI
contained 20 bradykinin binding sequence (BK) in the CDR1 of the variable region light chain gene (V~).
This synthetic antibody had a consensus sequence (coa) in the variable region heavy chain gene (VH).
Table 6. Bradvrkinin-containing synthetic rnudified antibodies Nine of Synthetic Modified Antibody V~ VH
lIAbBKCDR1 BKCDR1 ConVHI
hAbBKCDR2 BKCDR2 Cor_VH 1 hAbBKCDR3 BKCDR3 ConVH 1 hAbBKCDR4 ConVLI BKCDR4 hAbBKCDRS ConVLI BKCDRS
hAbBKCDR6 ConVLI BKCDR6 The amino acid sequences corresponding to variable regions of each of the six synthetic modified antibodies of this example are listed in Table 7. CDRs are shown in bold. The Bradykinin binding site amino acids are: ArgProProGlyPheSerProPheArg and are indicated in the CDRs by underlines. Table 5 also illustrates the consensus sequence of a human kappa light chain V~ subgroup I and human heavy chain VH subgroup I
gene. In cases where the consensus CDR was too short to include the complete bradykinin binding site sequence, the amino terminal residues from the bradykinin binding site were deleted since the carboxyterminal residues were known to be more important in receptor binding (Stewart and Vavrek, Chemistry of peptide B2 bradykinin antagonists, pp. 5196, Burch, R.M., editor, Bradykinin Antagonists, Basic and Clinical Research, New York:
Marcel Dekker, 1991; hereby incorporated by reference).
Table 7. Amino acid sequences of engineered variable reEion genes.
Human kappa Light Chain V~ Subgroup (Kabat et a1,1991) Amino Region Consensus BKCDR1 BKCDR2 BKCDR3 Acid 1 FR1 Asp Asp Asp Asp 2 Ile Ile Ile 153 Gln Gln Gln Gln 4 Met Met Met Met 5 Thr Thr Thr Thr 6 Gln Gln Gln Gln 7 Ser Ser Ser Ser 8 Pro Pro Pro Pro 209 Ser Ser Ser Ser 10 Ser Ser Ser Ser 11 Leu Leu Leu Leu 12 Ser Ser Ser Ser 13 Ala ~ Ala Ala Ala 14 Ser Ser Ser Ser Val Val Val Val 2516 Gly Gly Gly Gly 17 Asp Asp Asp Asp 18 Arg Arg Arg Arg 19 Val Val Val Val Thr Thr Thr Thr 21 Ile Ile Ile Ile 22 Thr Thr Thr Thr 3023 Cys Cys Cys Cys 24 CDR1 Arg A_gr Arg Arg Ala Pro Ala Ala 26 Ser Pro Ser Ser 27 {A-F) Gin fly Gln Gln 28 Ser Phe Ser Ser 29 Ile Ser Ile Ile Amino Region Consensus BKCDR1 BKCDR2 BKCDR3 Acid 30 Ser Pro ' Ser Ser 31 Asn Phe Asn Asn 32 Tyr A-gr Tyr Tyr 33 Leu Leu Leu Leu 34 Ala Ala Ala Ala 35 FR2 Trp Trp Trp Trp 36 Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr 37 Gln Gln Gln Gln 38 Gln Gln Gln Gln 39 Lys Lys Lys Lys 40 Pro Pro Pro Pro 41 Gly Gly Gly Gly 42 Lys Lys Lys Lys 43 Ala Ala Ala Ala 44 Pro Pro Pro Pro 45 Lys Lys Lys Lys 46 Leu Leu Leu Leu 47 Leu Leu Leu Leu 48 Ile Ile Iie Ile 49 Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr 50 CDRZ Ala Ala Pro Ala 51 Ala Ala Gly Ala 52 Ser Ser Phe Ser 53 Ser Ser Seer Ser 54 Leu Leu ro Leu 55 Glu Glu Phe Glu 56 Ser Ser erg Ser 57 FR3 Gly Gly Gly Gly 58 Val Val Val Val 59 Pro Pro Pro Pro 60 Ser Ser Ser Ser b 1 Arg Arg Arg Arg 62 Phe Phe Phe Phe 63 Ser Ser Ser Ser 64 Gly Gly Gly Gly 65 Ser Ser Ser Ser 66 Gly Gly Gly Gly 67 Ser Ser Ser Ser 6g Gly Gly Gly Gly 69 Thr Thr Thr Thr 70 Arg Arg Arg Arg 71 Phe Phe Phe ~ Phe 72 Thr Thr Thr Thr 73 Leu Leu Leu Leu ?4 Thr Thr Thr Thr Amino Region Consensus BKCDR1 BKCDR2 BKCDR3 Acid 75 Ile Ile - Ile Ile 76 Ser Ser Ser Ser 77 Ser Ser Ser Ser 78 Leu Leu Leu Leu 79 Gln Gln Gln Gln 80 Pro Pro Pro Pro 81 Glu Glu Glu Glu 82 Asp Asp Asp Asp 83 Phe Phe Phe Phe 84 Ala Ala Ala Ala 85 Thr Thr Thr Thr 86 Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr 87 Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr 88 Cys Cys Cys Cys 89 CDR3 Gln Gln Gln A-gr 90 Gln Gln Gln Pro 91 Tyr Tyr Tyr Pro 92 Asn Asn Asn 93 Ser Ser Ser _Phe 94 Leu Leu Leu Ser 95 {A-F) Pro Pro Pro Pro 96 Trp Trp Trp Phe 97 Thr Thr Thr ArE

98 FR4 Phe Phe Phe Phe 99 Gly Gly Gly Gly 100 Gin Gin Gin Gin 101 Gly G1y Gly Gly 102 Thr Thr Thr Thr 103 Lys Lys Lys Lys 104 Val Val Val Val 105 Glu Glu Glu Glu 106 Ile Ile Ile Ile 107 Lys I,ys Lys Lys 108 Arg Arg Arg Arg 109 Thr Thr Thr Thr Human Heavy Chain VH Subgroup I (Kabat et a1,1991) Amino Acid RegionConsensus BKCDR4 BKCDRS BKCDR6 1 FRl Gln Gln Gln Gln 2 Val Val Val Val 3 Gln Gln Gln Gln 4 Leu Leu Leu Leu 5 Val Val Val Val Amino AcidRegion Consensus BKCDR4 BKCDRS BKCDR6 6 Gln Gln - Gln Gln 7 Ser Ser Ser Ser 8 Gly Gly Gly Gly

9 Ala Ala Ala Ala Glu Glu Glu Glu 11 Val Val Val Val 12 Lys Lys Lys Lys 13 Lys Lys Lys Lys 14 Pro Pro Pro Pro Gly Gly Gly Gly 16 Ala Ala Ala Ala 1017 Ser Ser Ser Ser 18 Val VaI Val Val 19 Lys Lys Lys Lys Val Val Val Val 21 Ser Ser Ser Ser 22 Cys Cys Cys Cys 23 Lys Lys Lys Lys 1524 Ala Ala Ala Ala Ser Ser Ser Ser 26 Gly Gly Gly Gly 27 Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr 28 Thr Thr Thr Thr 29 Phe Phe Phe Phe 2030 Thr Thr Thr Thr 31 CDR4 Ser Pro Ser Ser 32 Tyr fly Tyr Tyr 33 Ala Phe Ala Ala 34 Ile Ser Ile Ile (A-B) Ser Pro Ser Ser 35A Trp P ie Trp Trp 25 35B Asn A-gr Asn Asn 36 FR2 Trp Trp Trp Trp 37 Val Val Val Val 3 8 Arg Arg Arg Arg 39 Gln Gln Gln Gln Ala Ala Ala Ala 3041 Pro Pro Pro Pro 42 Gly Gly Gly Gly 43 Gln Gln Gln Gln 44 Gly Gly Gly Gly Leu Leu Leu Leu 46 Glu Glu Glu Glu 47 Trp Tip Trp Trp 3548 Met Met Met Met Amino AcidRegion Consensus BKCDR4 BKCDRS BKCDR6 49 Gly Gly - Gly Gly 50 CDRS Trp Trp Trp Trp 51 Ile Ile Ile Ile 52 (A-C) Asn Asn Asn Asn 53 Gly Gly Gly Gly 54 Asn Asn Asn Asn 39 Lys Lys Lys Lys 40 Pro Pro Pro Pro 41 Gly Gly Gly Gly 42 Lys Lys Lys Lys 43 Ala Ala Ala Ala 1044 Pro Pro Pro Pro 45 Lys Lys Lys Lys 46 Leu Leu Leu Leu 47 Leu Leu Leu Leu 48 Ile Ile Ile Ile 49 Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr 50 CDR2 Ala Ala Pro Ala 15S 1 Ala Ala ~ Ala 52 Ser Ser Phe Ser 53 Ser Ser Ser Ser 54 Leu Leu _Pro Leu 55 Glu Glu Phe Glu 56 Ser Ser A-"fir Ser 2057 FR3 Gly Gly Gly Gly 58 Val Val Val Val 59 Pro Pro Pro Pro 60 Ser Ser Ser Ser 61 Arg Arg Arg Arg 62 Phe Phe Phe Phe 63 Ser Ser Ser Ser 2564 Gly Gly Gly Gly 65 Ser Ser Ser Ser 66 Gly Gly Gly Gly 67 Ser Ser Ser Ser 68 Gly Gly Gly Gly 69 Thr Thr Thr Thr 70 Arg Arg Arg Arg 3071 Phe Phe Phe Phe 72 Thr Thr Thr Thr 73 Leu Leu Leu Leu 74 Thr Thr Thr Thr 75 Ile Ile Ile Ile 76 Ser Ser Ser Ser 77 Ser Ser Ser Ser Amino Region Consensus BKCDR4 BKCDRS BKCDR6 Acid 78 Leu Leu ~ Leu Leu 79 Gln Gln Gln Gln 80 Pro Pro Pro Pro 81 Glu Glu Glu Glu 82 Asp Asp Asp Asp 83 Phe Phe Phe Phe 84 Ala Ala Ala Ala 85 Thr Thr Thr Thr 86 Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr 87 Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr 88 Cys Cys Cys Cys 89 CDR3 Gln Gln Gln Arg 90 Gin Gln Gln _Pro 55 Gly Gly Pro Gly 56 Asp Asp Pro Asp 57 Thr Thr Gly Thr 58 Asn Asn Phe Asn 59 Tyr Tyr Ser Tyr 60 Ala Ala Pro Ala 61 Gln Gln Phe Gln 62 Lys Lys A_gi- Lys 63 Phe Phe Phe Phe 64 Gln Gln Gln Gln 65 Gly Gly Gly Gly 66 FR3 Arg Arg Arg Arg 67 Val Val Val Val 68 Thr Thr Thr Thr 69 Ile Ile Ile Ile 70 Thr Thr Thr Thr 71 Ala Ala Ala Ala 72 Asp Asp Asp Asp 73 Thr Thr Thr Thr 74 Ser Ser Ser Ser 75 Thr Thr Thr Thr 76 Ser Ser Ser Ser 77 Thr Thr Thr Thr 78 Ala Ala Ala Ala 79 Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr 80 Met Met Met Met 81 Glu Glu Glu Glu 82 (A-C) Leu Leu Leu Leu 82A Ser Ser Ser Ser 82B Ser Ser Ser Ser 82C Leu Leu Leu Leu Amino AcidRegion Consensus BKCDR4 BKCDRS BKCDR6 83 Arg Arg - Arg Arg 84 Ser Ser Ser Ser 85 Giu Glu Glu Glu 86 Asp Asp Asp Asp 87 Thr Thr Thr Thr 88 Ala Ala Ala Ala 89 Val Val Val Val 90 Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr 91 Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr 92 Cys Cys Cys Cys 93 Ala Ala Ala Ala 1094 Arg Arg Arg Arg 95 CDR6 AIa Ala Ala Ala 96 Pro Pro Pro Pro 97 Gly Gly Gly Gty 98 Tyr Tyr Tyr Phe 99 Gly Gly Gly Ser 100 (A-K) Ser Ser Ser Pro 15101 Asp Asp Asp Phe 102 Tyr Tyr Tyr Arg i 03 FR4 Trp Trp Trp Trp 91 Tyr Tyr Pro Pro 92 Asn Asn Asn 93 Ser Ser Ser ~,e 2094 Leu Leu Leu Ser 95 (A-F) Pro Pro Pro 96 Trp Trp Trp he 97 Thr Thr Thr Ark 98 FR4 Phe Phe Phe Phe 99 Gly Gly Gly Gly 100 Gln Gln Gln Gln 25101 Gly Gly Gly Gly 102 Thr Thr Thr Thr 103 Lys Lys Lys Lys 104 Val Val Val Val 105 Glu Glu Glu Glu 106 Ile Ile Ile Ile 107 Lys Lys Lys Lys 30108 Arg Arg Arg Arg 109 Thr Thr Thr Thr 104 Gly Gly Gly Gly 105 Gln Gln Gln Gln 106 Gly Gly Gly Gly 107 Thr Thr Thr Thr 108 Leu Leu Leu Leu Amino Acid Region Consensus BKCDR4 BKCDRS BKCDR6 109 Val Val ~ Val Val 110 Thr Thr Thr Thr 111 Val Val Val Val II2 Ser Ser Ser Ser 113 Ser Ser Ser Ser 6.2. INSERTION OF THE ENGINEERED VARIABLE REGION GENE INTO
A MAMMALIAN EXPRESSION VECTOR
A complete antibody light chain has both a variable region and a constant region. A
c°mplete antibody heavy chain contains a variable region, a constant region, and a hinge region. In order to construct complete light chains and heavy chains, the modified variable region genes engineered above were then inserted into vectors containing the appropriate constant region. Engineered variable region genes with bradykinin sequence inserted into a light chain CDR, were inserted into the pMRR010.1 vector (Figure 3A), which contains a human kappa light chain constant region. Insertion of the engineered light chain variable region into this vector gave a complete light chain sequence. Alternatively, engineered variable region genes with bradykinin sequence inserted into a heavy chain CDR, were inserted into the pGAMMAI vector (Figure 3B),which contains the human IgGI
constant region and hinge region sequences. Insertion of the engineered heavy chain variable region gene into this vector resulted in a complete heavy chain sequence.
In order to engineer a mammalian vector encoding a complete antibody, both a complete heavy chain sequence and a light chain sequence were inserted into a single mammalian expression vector (Bebbington, C.R., 1991, In METHODS: A Companion to Methods in Enzymology, vol. 2, pp. 136-145). The resulting vector encoded both a light chain and heavy chain of antibody and was named pNEPuDGV (Figure 3C).
6.3. E~SSION OF SYNTHETIC MODIFIED ANTIBODIES IN
MAMMALIAN CELLS
To examine the production of assembled antibodies the pNEPuDGV vector was ~fected into COS cells. COS cells (an African green monkey kidney cell line, CV-1, transformed with an origin-defective SV40 virus) were used for short-term transient expression of the synthetic antibodies because of their capacity to replicate circular plasmids containing an SV40 origin of replication to very high copy number. The antibody expression vector was transfected into COS7 cells (obtained from the American Type C~ture Collection) using calcium precipitation (Sullivan et al., FEBS Lett.
285:120-123, 1991 ). The transfected cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's Medium and cultured for 72 hours after which supernatants containing the bradykinin-containing antibodies were collected. Supernatants from transfected COS cells were assayed using ELISA method for assembled IgG. The ELISA method involved capture of the samples and standards onto a 96-well plate coated with an anti-human IgG Fc. Bound assembled IgG
was detected with an anti-human Kappa chain linked to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and the substrate tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). Color development was proportional to the amount of assembled antibody present in the sample.
6.4. BRADYKININ-CONTAINING SYNTHETIC MODIFIED
ANTIBODIES MIMIC BRADYKININ LIGANDS AND BIND TO
BRADYKININ RECEPTOR
The synthetic modified antibodies engineered to contain bradykinin binding sequences were predicted to mimic the bradykinin ligand and bind the bradykinin receptor (gR), In order to confirm that these synthetic modified antibodies bound BR, the synthetic antibodies were assayed in a bradykinin receptor binding assay. The assay to examine synthetic antibody binding to BR was performed in the following manner. SV-T2 cells were transformed fibroblasts that express approximately 3;000 bradykinin receptors (BR) per cell.
Stimulation of bradykinin receptors on SV-T2 cells leads to a rapid increase in PGE2 synthesis that is proportional to bradykinin binding. Therefore, PGE2 released into the medium is indicative of receptor binding.
As shown in Figure 7A, PGE2 synthesis was stimulated approximately four folds by the addition of 1 nM bradykinin (ligand). PGE2 synthesis was quantitated by ELISA. Also examined in Figure 7A was the receptor antagonist HOE-140. Addition of both ~d bradykinin or HOE-140 alone did not lead to PGE2 synthesis.
Further, as shown in Figure 7B, the expressed modified antibodies were assayed for their ability to bind and stimulate the bradykinin receptor. Medium from COS
cells transfected with an antibody expression vector pNEPuDGV 1 encoding either hABBKCDR3, hABBKCDR4, hABBKCDRS, or consensus was used to stimulate bradykinin receptors on SV-T2 cells. The synthetic antibodies having the variable chain regions BKCDR3 and BKCDRS stimulated PGE2 synthesis in a dose dependent manner. BKCDR4, ConVH
media alone, HOE-140 did not stimulate PGE2 synthesis (Figures 7B). The lack of PGE2 synthesis by cells exposed to BKCDR4 was likely attributed to the fact that the CDR4 consensus sequence was too short to accommodate the entire bradykinin binding sequence.
Table 6 shows the comparison of consensus CDR amino acid sequences and BKCDR

sequences. The synthetic modified antibodies BKCDR3 and BKCDRS were demonstrated to complete for receptor binding against the native ligand bradykinin. As shown in Figure 7C addition of bradykinin stimulated PGE2 synthesis four fold (second bar from left).
Addition of either BKCDR3 or BKCDR 5 to cells prestimulated with native bradykinin inhibited the bradykinin-stimulated PGE2 synthesis.
Table 8 Consensus CDR3: Gln Gln Tyr Asn Ser Leu Pro Trp Thr BKCDR3: Arg Pro Pro Gly Phe Ser Pro Phe Arg Consensus CDR4: Ser Tyr Ala Ile Ser Trp Asn BKCDR4: Pro Gly Phe Ser Pro Phe Arg Consensus CDRS: Trp Ile Asn Gly Asn Gly Asp Thr Asn Tyr Ala Gln Lys Phe Gln Gly BKCDRS: Trp Ile Asn Gly Arg Pro Pro Gly Phe Ser Pro Phe Arg Phe Gln Gly Taken together, these results indicate that the modified antibodies containing the bradykinin binding site were able to bind the bradykinin receptor.
The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying figures. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.
Various references are cited herein, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Claims (122)

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A modified immunoglobulin that immunospecifically binds a first member of a binding pair, which binding pair consists of said first member and a second member, said immunoglobulin comprising a variable domain having at least one CDR
containing a portion of said second member, said portion containing a binding site for said first member and not being found naturally in the CDR, said first member being a cancer antigen.

2. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 1 which is an antibody.

3. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 1 in which the first member is a tumor antigen.

4. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 3 in which said tumor antigen is polymorphic epithelial mucin antigen.

5. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 3 in which said tumor antigen is human colon carcinoma-associated protein antigen.

6. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 5, in which said portion has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of Thr-Ala-Lys-Ala-Ser-Gln-Ser-Val-Ser-Asn-Asp-Val-Ala, Ile-Tyr-Tyr-Ala-Ser-Asn-Arg-Tyr-Thr, Phe-Ala-Gln-Gln-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Ser-Pro-Leu-Thr, Phe-Thr-Asn-Tyr-Gly-Met-Asn, Ala-Gly-Trp-Ile-Asn-Thr-Tyr-Thr-Gly-Glu-Pro-Thr-Tyr-Ala-Asp-Asp-Phe-Lys-Gly, and Ala-Arg-Ala-Tyr-Tyr-Gly-Lys-Tyr-Phe-Asp-Tyr.

7. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 3 in which said tumor antigen is a human colon carcinoma-associated carbohydrate antigen.

8. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 3 in which said tumor antigen is a human milk fat globule antigen.

9. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 8, in which said portion has the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of Ala-Tyr-Trp-Ile-Glu, Glu-Ile-Leu-Pro-Gly-Ser-Asn-Asn-Ser-Arg-Tyr-Asn-Glu-Lys-Phe-Lys-Gly, Ser-Glu-Asp-Ser-Ala-Val-Tyr-Tyr-Cys-Ser-Arg-Ser-Tyr-Asp-Phe-Ala-Trp-Phe-Ala-Tyr, Lys-Ser-Ser-Gln-Ser-Leu-Leu-Tyr-Ser-Ser-Asn-Gln-Lys-Ile-Tyr-Leu-Ala, Trp-Ala-Ser-Thr-Arg-Glu-Ser, and Gln-Gln-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-Tyr-Pro-Arg-Thr.

10. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 8, which further comprises a second CDR containing a portion of the second member having the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of Ala-Tyr-Trp-Ile-Glu, Glu-Ile-Leu-Pro-Gly-Ser-Asn-Asn-Ser-Arg-Tyr-Asn-Glu-Lys-Phe-Lys-Gly, Ser-Glu-Asp-Ser-Ala-Val-Tyr-Tyr-Cys-Ser-Arg-Ser-Tyr-Asp-Phe-Ala-Trp-Phe-Ala-Tyr, Lys-Ser-Ser-Gln-Ser-Leu-Leu-Tyr-Ser-Ser-Asn-Gln-Lys-Ile-Tyr-Leu-Ala, Trp-Ala-Ser-Thr-Arg-Glu-Ser, and Gln-Gln-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-Tyr-Pro-Arg-Thr.

11. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 3 in which said tumor antigen is an antigen far a tumor of the breast, ovary, uterus, prostate, bladder, lung, skin, pancreas, colon, gastrointestinal, B lymphocyte or T lymphocyte.

12. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 1 in which said cancer antigen is selected from the group consisting of KS 1/4 pan-carcinoma antigen, ovarian carcinoma antigen, prostatic acid phosphate, prostate specific antigen, melanoma-associated antigen p97, melanoma antigen gp75, high molecular weight melanoma antigen, prostate specific membrane antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen, polymorphic epithelial mucin antigen, human milk fat globule antigen, colorectal tumor-associated antigen TAG-72, CO17-1A, GICA
19-9, CTA-1, LEA, Burkitt's lymphoma antigen-38.13, CD19, human B-lymphoma antigen-CD20, CD33, ganglioside GD2, ganglioside GD3, ganglioside GM2, ganglioside GM3, tumor-specific transplantation type of cell-surface antigen, oncofetal antigen-alpha-fetoprotein L6, human lung carcinoma antigen L20, human leukemia T cell antigen-Gp37, neoglycoprotein, sphingolipids, EGFR, HER2 antigen, polymorphic epithelial mucin, malignant human lymphocyte antigen-APO-1, I antigen M18, M39, SSEA-1, VEP8, VEP9, Myl, VIM-D5, D1 56-22, TRA-1-85, C14, F3, AH6, Y hapten, Le y, TL5, FC10.2, gastric adenocarcinoma antigen, CO-514, NS-10, CO-43, MH2, 19.9 found in colon cancer, gastric cancer mucins, T5A7, R24, 4.2, G D3, D1.1, OFA-1, G M2, OFA-2, G D2, M1:22:25:8, SSEA-3, SSEA-4, and a Tcell receptor derived peptide.

13. A modified immunoglobulin that immunospecifically binds a first member of a binding pair, which binding pair consists of said first member and a second member, said immunoglobulin comprising a variable domain having at least one CDR
containing a portion of said second member, said portion containing a binding site for said first member and not being found naturally in the CDR, said first member being an antigen of an infectious disease agent.

14. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 13 which is an antibody.

15. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 13 in which said infectious disease agent is a bacterium.

16. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 13 in which said infectious disease agent is a virus.

17. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 13 in which said infectious disease agent is a parasite.

18. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 13 in which the antigen for the infectious disease agent is selected from the group consisting of a Brambell receptor, an antigen of HSV-2, an antigen of a gonnococcus, an antigen of Treponema pallidum, an antigen of Chlamydia trachomatis, or an antigen of human papillomavirus.

19. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 13 in which the antigen for the infectious disease agent is selected from group consisting of influenza virus hemagglutinin, human respiratory syncytial virus G glycoprotein, core protein of Dengue virus, matrix protein of Dengue virus, measles virus hemagglutinin, herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoprotein gB, poliovirus I VP1, envelope glycoproteins of HIV I, hepatitis B surface antigen, diptheria toxin, streptococcus 24M epitope, gonococcal pilin, pseudorabies virus g50, pseudorabies virus glycoprotein H, pseudorabies virus glycoprotein E, transmissible gastroenteritis glycoprotein 195, transmissible gastroenteritis matrix protein, swine rotavirus glycoprotein 38, swine parvovirus capsid protein, Serpulina hydodysenteriae protective antigen, bovine viral diarrhea glycoprotein 55, Newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase, swine flu hemagglutinin, swine flu neuraminidase, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus glycoprotein E, infectious laryngotracheitis virus glycoprotein G or glycoprotein I, a glycoprotein of La Crosse virus, neonatal calf diarrhea virus, hepatitis B
virus core protein, hepatitis B virus surface antigen, equine influenza virus type A/Alaska 91 neuraminidase, equine influenza virus type A/Miami 63 neuraminidase, equine influenza virus type A/Kentucky 81 neuraminidase, equine herpesvirus type 1 glycoprotein B, equine herpesvirus type 1 glycoprotein D, bovine respiratory syncytial virus attachment protein, bovine respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein, bovine respiratory syncytial virus nucleocapsid protein, bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 fusion protein, bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 hemagglutinin neuraminidase, bovine viral diarrhea virus glycoprotein 48, and bovine diarrhea virus glycoprotein 53.

20. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 15 in which the infectious disease agent is selected from a group consisting of mycobacteria rickettsia, mycoplasma, Neisseria spp., Shigella spp. legionella, Yibrio cholerae, Streptococci, corynebacteria diphtheriae, clustridium tetani, burdetella pertussis, Haemophilus spp., Chlamydia spp., and Escherichia coli.

21. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 16 in which the infectious disease agent is selected from a group consisting of hepatitis type A, hepatitis type B, hepatitis type C, influenza, varicella. adenovirus, herpes simplex type I, herpes simplex type II, rinderpest, rhinovirus, echovirus. rotavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, papilloma virus, papova virus, cytomegalovirus, echinovirus, arbovirus, hantavirus, coxsachie virus, mumps virus, measles virus, rubella virus, polio virus, human immunodeficiency virus type I, human immunodeficiency virus type II, picornaviruses, enteroviruses, caliciviridae, Norwalk group of viruses, togaviruses, alphaviruses, flaviviruses, coronaviruses, rabies virus, Marburg viruses, ebola viruses, parainfluenza virus, orthomyxoviruses, bunyaviruses, arenaviruses, reoviruses, rotaviruses, orbiviruses, human T cell leukemia virus type I, human T cell leukemia virus type II, simian immunodeficiency virus, lentiviruses, polyomaviruses, parvoviruses, Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus-6, cercopithecine herpes virus 1, and poxviruses.

22. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 17 in which the infectious disease agent is selected from a group consisting of plasmodia, eimeria, leishmania, kokzidioa, and trypanosoma, and fungi.
_78_

23. A modified immunoglobulin that immunospecifically binds a first member of a binding pair, which binding pair consists of said first member and a second member, said immunoglobulin comprising a variable domain having at least one CDR
containing a portion of said second member, said portion containing a binding site for said first member, which binding site does not have the sequence Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro or Asn-Val-Asp-Pro and is not found naturally in the CDR, said first member being a cellular receptor for an infectious disease agent.

24. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 23 which is an antibody.

25. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 23 in which said infectious disease agent is a bacterium.

26. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 23 in which said infectious disease agent is a virus.

27. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 23 in which said infectious disease agent is a parasite.

28. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 23 in which the cellular receptor is selected from a group consisting of LPV receptor, adenylate cyclase, BDV
surface glycoproteins, N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid receptor, CD4-, highly sulphated type heparin sulphate, p65, Gal alpha 1-4-Gal-containing isoreceptors, CD16b, integrin VLA-2 receptor, EV receptor, CD14, glycoconjugate receptors, alpha/beta T-cell receptor, decay-accelerating factor receptor, extracellular envelope glycoprotein receptor, immunoglobulin Fc receptor poxvirus M-T7, GALV receptor, CD14 receptor, Lewis(b) blood group antigen receptor, T-cell receptor, heparin sulphate glycoaminoglycans receptor, fibroblast growth factor receptor, CD11a, CD2, G-protein coupled receptor, CD4, heparin sulphate proteoglycan, annexin II, CD 13 (aminopeptidase N), human aminopeptidase N
receptor, hemagglutinin receptor, CR3 receptor, protein kinase receptor, galactose N-acetylgalactosamine-inhibitable lectin receptor, chemokine receptor, annexin I, actA protein, CD46 receptor, meningococcal virulence associated opa receptors, CD46 receptor, carcinoembryonic antigen family receptors, carcinoembryonic antigen family Bg1 a receptor, gamma interferon receptor, glycoprotein gp70, rmc-1 receptor, human integrin receptor alpha v beta 3, heparin sulphate proteoglycan receptor, CD66 receptor, integrin receptor, membrane cofactor protein, CD46, GM1, GM2, GM3, CD3, ceramide, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein, erythrocyte P antigen receptor, CD36 receptor, glycophorin A
receptor, interferon gamma receptor, ICDEL receptor, mucosal homing alpha4beta7 receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor, alpha5beta1 integrin protein, non-glycosylated J774 receptor, CXCR1-4 receptor, CCR1-5 receptor, CXCR3 receptor, CCR5 receptor, gp46 surface glycoprotein, TNFR p55 receptor, TNFp75 receptor, soluble interleukin-1 beta receptor.

29. A modified immunoglobulin that immunospecifically binds a first member of a ligand-receptor binding pair, which binding pair consists of said first member and a second member, said immunoglobulin comprising a variable domain having at least one CDR
containing a portion of said second member, said portion containing a binding site for said first member and not being found naturally in the CDR.

30. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 29 which is an antibody.

31. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 29 in which said first member is a receptor.

32. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 29 in which said first member is a ligand.

33. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 29 in which said first member is a receptor agonist.

34. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 29 in which said first member is a receptor antagonist.

35. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 29 in which said first member is a bradykinin receptor.

36. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 35, wherein said portion consists of the amino acid sequence Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Phe-Arg.

37. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 31 in which said receptor is selected from a group consisting of an opioid receptor, a glucose transporter, a glutamate receptor, an orphanin receptor, erythropoietin receptor, insulin receptor, tyrosine kinase receptor, KIT
stem cell factor receptor, nerve growth factor receptor, insulin-like growth factor receptor, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor receptor, somatotropin receptor, filial-derived neurotrophic factor receptor, gp39 receptor, G-protein receptor class and .beta.2-adrenergic receptor

38. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 30 in which said ligand is selected from a group consisting of cholecystokinin, galanin. IL-1.IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-11, a chemokine, leptin, a protease, neuropeptide Y, neurokinin-1, neurokinin-2.
neurokinin-3, bombesin, gastrin, corticotropin releasing hormone, endothelin, melatonin, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, epidermal growth factor, tumor necaosis factor, dopamine, and endothelin.

39. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 2, 14, 24, or 30, in which said antibody is of a type selected from the group consisting of IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD
and IgA:

40. A fragment of the modified immunoglobulin of claim 2, 14, 24, or 30, in which said fragment can immunospecifically bind said first member.

41. The fragment of claim 40, in which said fragment is selected from the group consisting of a Fab, a (Fab')2, a heavy chain dimer, a light chain dimer, and a Fv fragment.

42. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 2, 14, 24, or 30, in which said portion is an insertion within said CDR.

43. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 2, 14, 24, or 30, in which said portion replaces one or more amino acids of the CDR.

44. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 2, 14, 24, or 30, in which said CDR
containing said portion is a germline CDR.

45. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 2, 14, 24, or 30, in which said CDR
containing said portion is a non-germline CDR.

46. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 2, 14, 24 or 30, in which said portion is at least 4 amino acids.

47. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 2, 14, 24, or 30, in which said portion is in the range of 10-20 amino acids.

48. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 2, 14. 24, or 30, in which said CDR
containing said portion contains no more than 25 amino acids.

49. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 2, 14, 24, or 30, in which said CDR
containing said portion is the first CDR of the heavy chain variable region.

50. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 2, 14. 24, or 30, in which said CDR
containing said portion is the second CDR of the heavy chain variable region.

51. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 2, 14, 24, or 30, in which said CDR
containing said portion is the third CDR of the heavy chain variable region.

52. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 2, 14, 24 or 30, in which said CDR
containing said portion is the first CDR of the light chain variable region.

53. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 2, 14, 24, or 30, in which said CDR
containing said portion is the second CDR of the light chain variable region.

54. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 2, 14, 24, or 30, in which said CDR
containing said portion is the third CDR of the light chain variable region.

55. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 2, 14, 24, or 30, in which more than one CDR contains a portion of said binding site.

56. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 2, 14, 24, or 30 in which a second CDR contains a second binding site for a molecule other than said first member.

57. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 56 in which said molecule other than said first member is a molecule on the surface of an immune cell.

58. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 57 in which said immune cell is a T
cell, B cell, NK cell, K cell, TIL cell or neutrophil.

59. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 2, 14, 24, or 30 which has a higher specificity for said first member than a naturally occurring antibody that immunospecifically binds said first member.

60. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 2, 14, 24, or 30 which has a higher affinity for said first member than a naturally occurring antibody that immunospecifically binds said first member.

61. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 2, 14, 24, or 30 which exhibits a binding constant for said first member of at least 2x 10 7M.

62. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 2, 14, 24, or 30, wherein said antibody possesses an affinity constant for said first member of at least 2x10 7M.

63. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 1, 13, 23,or 29 in which one or more cysteine residues in the variable region of said immunoglobulin that form a disulfide bond are substituted with one or more amino acid residues that do not have a sulfhydryl group.

64. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 63 in which at least one of said one or more cysteine residues is at position 23 or 88 of the light chain variable region.

65. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 63 in which at least one of said one or more cysteine residues is at position 23 or 92 of the heavy chain variable region.

66. The modified immunoglobulin of claim 63 which at least one of said amino acid residues that do not have a sulfhydryl group is an alanine.

67. A molecule comprising a variable domain that immunospecifically binds a first member of a binding pair, which binding pair consists of said first member and a second member, said variable domain having at least one CDR containing a portion of said second member, said portion containing a binding site for said first member and not being found naturally in the CDR, said first member being a cancer antigen.

68. A molecule comprising a variable domain that immunospecifically binds a first member of a binding pair, which binding pair consists of said first member and a second member, said variable domain having at least one CDR containing a portion of said second member and not being found naturally in the CDR, said portion containing a binding site for said first member, said first member being an antigen of an infectious disease agent.

69. A molecule comprising a variable domain that immunospecifically binds a first member of a binding pair. which binding pair consists of said first member and a second member, said variable domain having at least one CDR containing a portion of said second member, said portion containing a binding site for said first member which binding site does not have the sequence Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro or Asn-Val-Asp-Pro and is not found naturally in the CDR, said first member being a cellular receptor for an infectious disease agent

70. A molecule comprising a variable domain that immunospecifically binds a first member of a ligand-receptor binding pair, which binding pair consists of said first member and a second member, said variable domain having at least one CDR containing a portion of said second member, said portion containing a binding site for said first member and not being found naturally in the CDR.

71. The molecule of claim 67, 68, 69, or 70, in which said molecule is a single chain antibody.

72. The molecule of claim 67, 68, 69, or 70, which further comprises a constant domain.

73. The molecule of claim 72 in which the variable domain is from a mouse antibody, except for the CDR containing said portion, and the constant domain is from a human antibody.

?4. The molecule of claim 72 in which the variable domain has framework regions from a human antibody and CDRs from a mouse antibody, except for the CDR
containing said portion, and in which the constant domain is from a human antibody.

75. The molecule of claim 74 in which said variable domain has at least one of framework region having at least one amino acid change with respect to the naturally occurring framework region.

76. The molecule of claim 67, 68, 69, or 70, which is fused via a covalent bond to an immunostimulatory or growth enhancing factor or a functional fragment thereof.

77. The molecule of claim 76 where the immunostimulatory factor is chosen from the group consisting of interleukin-2, interleukin-4, interleukin-5, interleukin-6, interleukin-7, interleukin-10, interleukin-12, interleukin-15, G-colony stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor, porin, interferon-gamma, NK cell antigen., and a cellular endocytosis recptor.

78. An isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the modified immunoglobulin of claim 1, 13, 23, or 29.

79. An isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the molecule of claim 67, 68, 69, or 70.

80. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 78 in which said nucleic acid is a vector.

81. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 79 in which said nucleic acid is a vector.

82. A cell containing the nucleic acid of claim 78, which nucleic acid is recombinant.

83. A cell containing the nucleic acid of claim 79, which nucleic acid is recombinant.

84. A recombinant non-human animal containing the nucleic acid of claim 78.

85. A recombinant non-human animal containing the nucleic acid of claim 79.

86. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of the modified immunoglobulin of claim 1, 13, 23 or 29;
and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

87. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of the molecule of claim 67, 68, 69 or 70;
and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

88. A pharmaceutical composition comprising of a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of the nucleic acid of claim 78; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

89. A pharmaceutical composition comprising of a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of the nucleic acid of claim 79; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

90. A pharmaceutical composition comprising of a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of the recombinant cell of claim 82; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

91. A pharmaceutical composition comprising of a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of the recombinant cell of claim 83; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

92. A vaccine composition comprising an amount of the modified immunoglobulin of claim 1, 13, 23, or 29 sufficient to induce an immune response; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

93. A vaccine composition comprising an amount of the molecule of claim 67, 68, 69, or 70 sufficient to induce an immune response; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

94. A vaccine composition comprising an amount of the modified immunoglobulin of claim 63 sufficient to induce an anti-idiotype response; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

95. A method for identifying or measuring or detecting a cancer antigen in a sample to be tested, which cancer antigen is a first member of a binding pair consisting of said first member and a second member, said method comprising the steps of:
(a) contacting the sample to be tested with a modified immunoglobulin that can immunospecifically bind to said cancer antigen, said modified immunoglobulin comprising a variable domain having at least one CDR containing a portion of said second member, which portion contains a binding site for said cancer antigen and is not found naturally in the CDR, under conditions such that immunospecific binding of said modified immunoglobulin to any of said cancer antigen in the sample can occur; and (b) detecting any binding of said modified immunoglobulin to said cancer antigen that occurs;
wherein detection of binding of said modified immunoglobulin to said cancer antigen indicates the presence of said cancer antigen in said sample.

96. A method for identifying or measuring or detecting an antigen of an infectious disease agent in a sample to be tested, which antigen is a first member of a binding pair consisting of said first member and a second member, said method comprising the steps of:
(a) contacting the sample to be tested with a modified immunoglobulin that can immunospecifically bind to said antigen, said modified immunoglobulin comprising a variable domain having at least one CDR containing a portion of said second member, which portion contains a binding site for said antigen and is not found naturally in the CDR, under conditions such that immunospecific binding of said modified immunoglobulin to any of said antigen in the sample can occur;
and (b) detecting any binding of said modified immunoglobulin to said antigen that occurs;
wherein detection of binding of said modified immunoglobulin to said antigen indicates the presence of said antigen in said sample.

97. A method for identifying or measuring or detecting a ligand in a sample to be tested, which ligand is a first member of a binding pair consisting of said first member and a second member, said method comprising the steps of:
(a) contacting the sample to be tested with a modified immunoglobulin that can inmmunospecifically bind to said ligand, said modified immunoglobulin comprising a variable domain having at least one CDR containing a portion of said second member, which portion contains a binding site for said ligand and is not found naturally in the CDR, under conditions such that immunospecific binding of said modified immunoglobulin to any of said ligand in the sample can occur;
and (a) detecting any binding of said modified immunoglobulin to said ligand that occurs;
wherein detection of binding of said modified immunoglobulin to said ligand indicates the presence of said ligand in said sample.

98. A method for identifying or measuring or detecting a receptor in a sample to be tested, which receptor is a first member of a binding pair consisting of said first member and a second member, said method comprising the steps of:
(a) contacting the sample to be tested with a modified immunoglobulin that can immunospecifically bind to said receptor, said modified immunoglobulin comprising a variable domain having at least one CDR containing a portion of said second member, which portion contains a binding site for said receptor and is not found naturally in the CDR, under conditions such that immunospecific binding of said modified immunoglobulin to any of said receptor in the sample can occur;
and (a) detecting any binding of said modified immunoglobulin to said receptor that occurs;
wherein detection of binding of said modified immunoglobulin to said receptor indicates the presence of said receptor in said sample.

99. A kit for the detection of a cancer antigen, which cancer antigen is a first member of a binding pair consisting of said first member and a second member, said kit comprising in a container:
(a) a modified immunoglobulin which can immunospecifically bind said cancer antigen, said immunoglobulin comprising a variable domain having at least one CDR containing a portion of said second member, said portion containing a binding site for said cancer antigen and not being found naturally in the CDR;
and (b) a means to detect binding of said cancer antigen to said immunoglobulin.

100. A kit for the detection of an antigen of an infectious disease agent, which antigen a a first member of a binding pair consisting of said first member and a second member, said kit comprising in a container:
(a) a modified immunoglobulin which can immunospecifically bind said antigen, said immunoglobulin comprising a variable domain having at least one CDR containing a portion of said second member, said portion containing a binding site fir said antigen and not being found naturally in the CDR; and (b) a means to detect binding of said antigen to said immunoglobulin.

101. A kit for the detection of a cellular receptor for an infectious disease agent, which cellular receptor is a first member of a binding pair consisting of said first member and a second member, said kit comprising in a container:
(a) a modified immunoglobulin which can immunospecifically bind said cellular receptor, said immunoglobulin comprising a variable domain having at least one CDR containing a portion of said second member, said portion containing a binding site for said cellular receptor, which binding site does not have the sequence Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro or Asn-Val-Asp-Pro and is not found naturally in the CDR; and (b) a means to detect binding of said cellular receptor to said immunoglobulin.

102. A kit for the detection of an ligand, which is a first member of a binding pair consisting of said first member and a second member, said kit comprising in a container:
(a) a modified immunoglobulin which can immunospecifically bind said ligand, said immunoglobulin comprising a variable domain having at least one CDR
containing a portion of said second member, said portion containing a binding site for said ligand and not being found naturally in the CDR; and (b) a means to detect binding of said ligand to said immunoglobulin.

103. A kit for the detection of a receptor, which is a first member of a binding pair consisting of said first member and a second member, said kit comprising in a container:
(a) a modified immunoglobulin which can immunospecifically bind said receptor, said immunoglobulin comprising a variable domain having at least one CDR containing a portion of said second member, said portion containing a binding site for said receptor and not being found naturally in the CDR: and (b) a means to detect binding of said receptor to said immunoglobulin.

104. A method of diagnosing or screening for the presence of or a predisposition for developing a cancer characterized by the increased presence of a cancer antigen, which is a first member of a binding pair consisting of said first member and a second member. said method comprising measuring in a subject the level of immmunospecific binding of a modified immunoglobulin to a sample derived from the subject, in which said modified immunoglobulin immunospecifically binds said cancer antigen. and in which said modified immunoglobulin comprises a variable domain having at least one CDR containing a portion of said second member, said portion containing a binding site for said cancer antigen and not being found naturally in the CDR, in which an increase in the level of said immunospecific binding, relative to the level of said immunospecific binding in an analogous sample from a subject not having the cancer or a predisposition for developing the cancer, indicates the presence of the cancer or a predisposition for developing the cancer.

105. A method of diagnosing or screening for the presence of an infectious disease agent, characterized by the presence of an antigen of said infectious disease agent, which antigen is a first member of a binding pair consisting of said first member and a second member; said method comprising measuring in a subject the level of immunospecific binding of a modified immunoglobulin to a sample derived from the subject, in which said modified immunoglobulin immunospecifically binds said antigen and in which said modified immunoglobulin comprises a variable domain having at least one CDR
containing a portion of said second member, said portion containing a binding site for said antigen and not being found naturally in the CDR, in which an increase in the level of said immunospecific binding, relative to the level of said immunospecific binding in an analogous sample from a subject not having the infectious disease agent, indicates the presence of said infectious disease agent.

106. A method of treating or preventing, in a subject in need of such treatment or prevention, a cancer characterized by the presence of a cancer antigen, which cancer antigen is a first member of a binding pair consisting of said first member and a second member and which cancer antigen is immunospecifically bound by a modified immunoglobulin, said immunoglobulin comprising a variable domain having at least one CDR containing a portion of said second member, said portion containing a binding site for said cancer antigen and not being found naturally in the CDR, such method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of said modified immunoglobulin.

107. A method of treating or preventing, in a subject in need of such treatment or prevention, an infectious disease characterized by the presence of an antigen of an infectious disease agent, which antigen is a first member of a binding pair consisting of said first member and a second member and which antigen is immunospecifically bound by a modified immunoglobulin, said immunoglobulin comprising a variable domain having at least one CDR containing a portion of said second member, said portion containing a binding site for said antigen and not being found naturally in the CDR, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of said modified immunoglobulin.

108. A method of treating or preventing, in a subject in need of such treatment or prevention, a disease caused by an infectious disease agent that binds to a cellular receptor, which cellular receptor is a first member of a binding pair.consisting of said first member and a second member and which cellular receptor is immunospecifically bound by a modified immunoglobulin, said immunoglobulin comprising a variable domain having at least one CDR containing a portion of said second member, said portion containing a binding site for said cellular receptor, which binding site does not have the sequence Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro or Asn-Val-Asp-Pro and is not found naturally in the CDR, said method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of said modified immunoglobulin.

109. A method for modulating the activity of a first member of a binding pair, which binding pair consists of a first and a second member, said method comprising administering the modified immunoglobulin of claim 1, 13, 23 or 29.

110. A method of producing a modified immunoglobulin that immunospecifically binds a cancer antigen, which cancer antigen is a first member of a binding pair consisting of said first member and a second member, said modified immunoglobulin comprising a variable domain having at least one CDR containing a portion of said second member, said portion containing a binding site for said cancer antigen and not being found naturally in the CDR; said method comprising growing a recombinant cell containing a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the modified immunoglobulin such that the encoded modified immunoglobulin is expressed by the cell, and recovering the expressed modified immunoglobulin.

111. A method of producing a modified immunoglobulin that immunospecifically binds an antigen of an infectious disease agent, which antigen is a first member of a binding pair consisting of said first member and a second member, said modified immunoglobulin comprising a variable domain having at least one CDR containing a portion of said second member, said portion containing a binding site for said antigen and not being found naturally in the CDR, comprising growing a recombinant cell containing a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the modified immunoglobulin such that the encoded modified immunoglobulin is expressed by the cell and recovering the expressed modified immunoglobulin.

112. A method of producing a modified immunoglobulin that immunospecifically binds a cellular receptor for an infectious disease agent, which cellular receptor is a first member of a binding pair consisting of said first member and a second member, said modified immunoglobulin comprising a variable domain having at least one CDR
containing a portion of said second member, said portion containing a binding site for said cellular receptor, which binding site does not have the sequence Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro or Asn-Val-Asp-Pro and is not found naturally in the CDR, comprising growing a recombinant cell containing a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the modified immunoglobulin such that the encoded modified immunoglobulin is expressed by the cell, and recovering the expressed modified immunoglobulin.

113. A method of producing a modified immunoglobulin that immunospecifically binds a ligand, which ligand is a first member of a binding pair consisting of said first member and a second member, said modified immunoglobulin comprising a variable domain having at least one CDR containing a portion of said second member, said portion containing a binding site for said ligand and not being found naturally in the CDR, said method comprising growing a recombinant cell containing a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the modified immunoglobulin such that the encoded modified immunoglobulin is expressed by the cell, and recovering the expressed modified immunoglobulin.

111. A method of producing a modified immunoglobulin that immunospecifically binds a receptor, which receptor is a first member of a binding pair consisting of said first member and a second member, said modified immunoglobulin comprising a variable domain having at least one CDR containing a portion of said second member, said portion containing a binding site for said receptor and not being found naturally in the CDR, said method comprising growing a recombinant cell containing a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the modified immunoglobulin such that the encoded modified immunoglubulin is expressed by the cell, and recovering the expressed modified immunoglobulin.

115. A method of producing a nucleic acid encoding the modified immunoglobulin of claim 1, 13, 23 or 29 comprising:
(a) synthesizing a set of oligonucleotides, said set comprising oligonucleotides containing a portion of the nucleotide sequence that encodes the modified immunoglobulin and oligonucleotides containing a portion of the nucleotide acid sequence that is complementary to the nucleotide sequence that encodes the modified immunoglobulin, acid each of said oligonucleotides having overlapping terminal sequences with-another oligonucleotide of said set, except for those oligonucleotides containing the nucleotide sequences encoding the N-terminal and C-terminal portions of the modified immunoglobulin;
(b) allowing the oligonucleotides to hybridize to each other; and (c) ligating the hybridized oligonucleotides, such that a nucleic acid containing the nucleotide sequence encoding the modified immunoglobulin is produced.

116. A method of producing a modified immunoglobulin that immunospecifically binds a first member of a binding pair, which binding pair consists of said first member and a second member, said immunoglobulin comprising a variable domain having at least one CDR containing a portion of said second member, said portion containing a binding site for said first member and not being found naturally in the CDR, said first member being a cancer antigen, said method comprising:
(a) growing a recombinant cell containing a nucleic acid produced by the method of claim 115 such that the encoded modified immunoglobulin is expressed by the cell; and (b) recovering the expressed-modified immunoglobulin.

117. A method of producing a modified immunoglobulin that immunospecifically binds a first member of a binding pair, which binding pair consists of said first member and a second member, said antibody comprising a variable domain having at least one CDR
containing a portion of said second member, said portion containing a binding site for said first member and not being found naturally in the CDR, said first member being an antigen of an infectious disease agent, said method comprising:
(a) growing a recombinant cell containing a nucleic acid produced by the method of claim 115 such that the encoded modified immunoglobulin is expressed by the cell; and (b) recovering the expressed modified immunoglobulin.

118. A method of producing a modified immunoglobulin that immunospecifically binds a first member of a binding pair, which binding pair consists of said first member and a second member, said antibody comprising a variable-domain having at least one CDR
containing a portion of said second member, said portion containing a binding site for said first member, which binding site does not have the sequence Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro or Asn-Val-Asp-Pro and is not found naturally in the CDR, said first member being a cellular receptor for an infectious disease agent, said method comprising:
(a) growing a recombinant cell containing a nucleic acid produced by the method of claim 115 such that the encoded modified immunoglobulin is expressed by the cell; and (b) recovering the expressed modified immunoglobulin.

119. A method of producing a modified immunoglobulin that immunospecifically binds a first member of a binding pair, which binding pair consists of said first member and a second member, said antibody comprising a variable domain having at least one CDR
containing a portion of said second member, said portion containing a binding site for said first member and not being found naturally in the CDR, said first member being a ligand, said method comprising:
(a) growing a recombinant cell containing a nucleic acid produced by the method of claim 115 such that the encoded modified immunoglobulin is expressed by the cell: and (b) recovering the expressed modified immunoglobulin.

120. A method of producing a modified immunoglobulin that immunospecifically binds a first member of a binding pair, which binding pair consists of said first member and a second member, said antibody comprising a variable domain having at least one CUR containing a portion of said second member, said portion containing a binding site for said first member arid not being found naturally in the CDR, said first member being a receptor, said method comprising:
(a) growing a recombinant cell containing a nucleic acid produced by the method of claim 115 such that the encoded modified immunoglobulin is expressed by the cell; and (b) recovering the expressed modified immunoglobulin.

121. An isolated nucleic acid produced by the method of claim 115.

122. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 121 which is a vector.