CA2107984A1 - Devices to increase pedalling efficiency - Google Patents

Abstract

This mechanism allows you to use both legs SIMULTANEOUSLY to pedal. While one foot presses down on the pedal, the thigh portion near the knee of the other leg presses UP on a well-padded piece (PMP); this PMP drives the crank (M) thanks to the rod (T) which connects them together. The PMP's are retained at the front of the frame thanks to two articulated pantographs which allow the PMP's to describe an adequate curve which means that no element is attached to the legs: the legs are removed and replaced without problems. This mechanism has the distinction of being adjustable for the position of the saddle and the size of the cyclist.

Description

2107 ~
, MECHANISMS FOR INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF P ~ DALAGE.
The present bre ~ and is the continuation of the 2 patents following: 1 ~ "Adjustable pantograph suitable for pedals double-acting ", deposit no. 2,090,342 in Canada (10 Mar ~ '93)

2) "Double-acting device for crankset, deposit no. 2 ~ 065, ~ 35 in Canada (April 10, '92); this same patent has been the subject of a priority claim ~
(Paris Convention) for a deposit PCT / CA92 / 003 ~ 0 (9/9 / '923.
In order to limit the scope of the description, the 10 basic definitions will not be used; also, we will talk about technique as little as possible to keep us inventive principles; finally we will not argue technically speaking, the mechanisms will need to be adjustable to account for size ~
15 of the cyclist, the position of the saddle, etc. In other words, we will avoid talking about all that is relatively obvious to a person normally competent in the area concerned. In addition, ALL DIGITAL EXAMPLES
DON ~ ~ MUST BE CON5TnFR ~ s AS HYPOTHESES ~
20 VERIFIERl l ~ ur ~ ut -8t only to explain the principles), Because of the imme ~ sity of the subject of this invention, it is impossible to give a general description of all this without immediately referring to the drawings; therefore, the pre-feeling of different ~ rentes figures constituting the drawings 25 will be included in the interior of the detailed description. There is UNIT DtINVENTION in the broad sense of the term in this sense that there is always talk of PEDA ~ AGE.

2107 ~ 8 ~
First, let's summarize the main points of the patent:
"Adjustable pantograph suitable for double-acting crankset cited on page 1 ~ deposit no. 2,090.3 ~ 2, Canada, March 10, t93.
Fig. 1: MAIN DRIVING PARTS, designated by PMP
5 throughout the description. These PI ~ P's are illustrated in the position they occupy on top of the cookers ses (fig. 2 ~. These PMP's are not attached to the thighs:
mechanisms (not illustrated for the moment) allow keep them in the position illustrated (fig. 2) for 10 the entire 360 degree cycle of pedaling. Each PMP is co ~ -strong for the thigh, of suitable size and shape wheat, designed to rely on a limited portion of the thigh near the knee; each PMP has an axis of rotation (oo '). Fig. 4 is the "ascending phase" of 15 pedaling cycle, in which the foot passes from point lowest (2) at the highest point (1) up by the ar-laugh. Fig. 5 is the "downward phase" of the cycle of dalage, in which the foot passes from the highest point (1 ~ at the lowest point (2) going down from the front.
Fig. 20 3 shows the left leg seen in profile; we see the thigh and hip bones. Point J is the ~ anointed central rotation, located at the intersection of the bone of the thigh and hip bone. It is evident that the court-be described in space by the axis of rotation of the PMP is 25 an arc of a circle ~ of radius R and of center J, this arc of circle key C being exactly THE MEM ~ during the bottom-up phases te AND down, no matter what kind of crankset is used.

210 ~ 84 See fig. 6. For each leg, imagine that we have a rigid rod T connected at one end to the axis of rotation tion of the pedal (between the crank and the pedal) and re-linked by the other end to the axis of rotation of the PMP
5 (between the PMP and the sliding part S). The sliding room health S slides along the curved part RG; the radius of curvature R is the same as previously d ~ finished. It is obvious tooth that when the sliding part S goes up or down along RG, the PMP goes up or down since the ~ parts lO S and PMP are linked together. Figs. 7 and ~ allow to visualize the operation. To drive the ascending phase of a given leg, just push up on the PMP with the thigh portion in con-tact with said PMP. The PMP moves upward along 15 of RG and the rod T drives up the axis of rotation pedal, which turns the pedal; this strength ADDED to the downward force already exerted by the other step on the pedal, hence the EFFECT BOUBLE.
~ e goal here is to describe a mechanism BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE
20 SEEN PANTOGRAPH ~ which will produce the same results as this just described AND which will be adjustable for the size of the cyclist, as well as for a change in height saddle. ~ n effect, the following elements may vary:
-the thigh length (the variable R ~ J: what we call 25 "thigh length" is in reality ~ the distance between the point J and the axis of rotation of the PMP, -the length of the variable leg ~ J: in reality, it is - 2107 ~ the distance between the axis of rotation of the pedal and that from P ~, -the seat height, which varies the position of point J.
These 3 elements are dependent on the cyclist himself. More, 5 there are the pendant elements of the bicycle itself:
length of crank M, shape and dimensions of the frame, ..
It is obvious that the technical design will have to take into account you of all that.
THE PANTOGRAPHER
10- ~ See fig. 9. This instrument is used to enlarge (or decrease) a figure MU times (MU is the ~ ULTIPLIER of the panto ~ ra-phe). It consists of ~ rods: (ga), (b ~ h), a and b;
a is parallel to (gta), and b is parallel ~ (b + h). The point p (e, f) is a FIXED point of rotation; by doing the 15 turn of the small square with the point p (x, y), we draw the large square (or ~ ice versa) with point P (X, Y). The 3 points p (e, f) -p (x, y) -P (X, Y) ARE ALWAYS ~ N STRAIGHT LINE: for this, it is necessary that h_ ~; we have MU ~ a) _ ~ h) (See the mathematical model).
20 See fig. 10. The pantograph has been reversed: the goal is to introduce it IN A BICYCLE "~"! This time, we enlarge a small circle of radius r and curvature c into a large circle of radius R and curvature C. It is obvious that rs ~. If we make point p (x ~, y ~ (which is 25 the center of the small circle) a FIXED ROTATION POINT (all like p (e, f ~ which is fixed), then we OBLIATE the big circle C ~ whose center is J (A, B)) to be located at a 2107 ~ 8 ~
very specific location. Now let's introduce this mechanism.
me as part of a bicycle. See fig. 11.
The pantograph is attached to the bicycle frame by 2 fixed crawling points: p (e, f) and ~ ~, y ~. The drawing 5 illustrates only that of the left leg; it is obvious tooth than the pantograph for the right leg (not illus-very) is offset by 1 ~ -0 degrees, just like the cranks.
Here, the mathematical model has been used so that that the fixed attachment points ple, f) and p (x ~, y ~ are located 10 on the frame tubes. We recognize the ti ~ e connecting the axis of rotation of the pedal to the axis of rotation of the PMP; in fig. 11, the PMP is at its most anointed low on the arc of circle C because T and M are superimposed; obviously Also, the point p (x, y) of the pantograph is also at 15 lower of the small arc c. The end of the rod (b + h) is connected to the axis of rotation of the PMP, just like the top end of the stem T. So when the foot re-ascends from the rear during the ascending phase, LA PMP
MUST COMPULSORY ~ NT follow the desired path C (from 20 radius R and center J) because the small rod r turns around the center of rotation p (x ~, y ~ which is FIXED on the central bar of the frame. The result is THE SAME
that the one illustrated in fig. 6-7- ~. Fig. 12 is a intermediate position and fig. 13 is the position 25 higher on the arc of circle C (because T and M are in line right). Then, when the foot descends by lta-during the downward phase, the PMP descends on MEI ~ trajectory in an arc of circle C, it is the PMP of - 2107 the other leg which goes up on ~ on own arc C at the same moment. THE LEGS5 ARE FREE; we can remove them and replace at will: PI ~ lP's are always where they belong-should be ~
5 The concept just described has not yet been adjusted.
ble for size ~ u cyclist (R and T) and 1 ~ position the saddle (point J). The following are conclusions taken from the mathematical model whose summary is given further (all details are in the original patent 10 no. 2,090,342 ~
-If T only varies, it does not change anything in the lon-of the small rod r and the position of the center of ro-tation p (x, y); therefore, it suffices ~ ue la ti ~ e T itself either of adjustable length.
15 ~ If R only varies, this produces a change in the length of small rod r only (position of center of rotation p (x, ~) does not vary). So it is enough that the small rod r is of adjustable length. Asset moment of the pedaling cycle, r always moves PARAL-20 LEL ~ MENT to R (R being the im ~ inary straight line connecting the point J ~ 1 t axis of rotat proportion of the multiplier M ~ 7 of the panto ~ raphe, ie ~ 7 Eg if MU-3 and R decreases by 6cm., Then the small rod r must decrease by 2 cm.
25 -A change in the position of J (A, ~) (or change in seat height only ~, with R and T which do not not change, ONLY changes center position of rotation p ~, y ~ WITHOUT CHANGING THE LONG ~ EIlR OF r.

7 2107 ~ 84 See fig. 14 J is lowered to J '; R equals R 'and T equals T'.
Then p (x, y ~ goes to p ~. This is a d ~ monstra-graphics only; we arrive at the same thing by 5 the mathematical model.
THEREFORE, our mechanism will have to include a device allowing as the displacement of the center of rotation p (x, y ~) of the small rod r ~ ARALLELE.r ~ NT at the axis of the seat tube, at case we would like to change the position of the saddle (or J).
10 The technical design has been limited to HIS MOST SIMPLE EX-PRESSURE. Emphasis was placed on ~ AJlTSTE issues-MENTS for the height of the saddle and the size of the cyclist himself. Fig. 15 illustrates our completed prototype, except that ONLY ~ T THE I ~ CANISM OF THE GAIJCHE LEG IS ILLUSTRATED, 15 so as not to load unnecessarily ~ e drawing; it is obvious that the mechanism of the right leg is identical and offset by 1 ~ 0 degrees (like the cranks). We recognize:
- the point p (e, f) which is the FIXED point of rotation before the pantograph, 20 -the point of rotation p (x, y ~ of the small rod r. Fig. 17 shows all the details, life size. An axle (which serves for both ~ ambes) p (x ~, y) is welded to a metal ring CO which can be adjusted to various heights (graduated O` to 5) on a CB tube which is welded inside the frame like the 25 shows fig. 16; the axis of the tube CB is PARAL ~ ELE to the axis of displacement of point J (oo 'and 00 ~), i.e. the tube CB is parallel to the seat tube.

~ 2107 ~ Note that the seat tube is also graduated with the same digits O ~ 5 but the scale of the graduation is MU times larger, MU being the pantograph multiplier.
the adjustment for the seat height is very simple: if 5 for example we adjust the saddle to 3, just fix the ring CO at number 3 on the tube CB; we choose the same simply figure.
The main part of this mechanism using pantogra-phe is the small rod r. What is designated by r in this 10 description is the complete assembly of FIG. ~. Any-times, from the point of view of the mathematical model, r is more exactly the distance between p (x, ~) and p (x, y ~). Fig. ~ 9 shows how to assemble the parts. The axle (tr) slides exactly inside a piece of tube (to). ~ a rod 15 tr is drilled with holes inside which are inserted "stoppers" (n / a), which allows to CONTROL THE DIS-TANCE BETWEEN POINTS p (x, y) and p (x, y), what is called r in our mathematical model. IMPORTANT NOTE:
We will explain later the reason for the presence of 20 two compression springs. But, to choose a value OF DATA, YOU MUST LEAVE THE SPRINGS AT ZERO VOLTAGE, that is, do not compress them; however, each res-spell must touch one end to the tube ~ to) and stopper (n / a) by the other end. Fig. 21 illustrates 25 how to choose the minimum value for r (11.3cm), and the fig. 22 the maximum value for r (16.3cm); the ~ i ~. 20 is a middle position. Note that in the 3 cases, the springs ARE NOT COMPRESSED.

~ - 210 We have shown that R = r.MW; in the case where MU_3, this cor-respond to:
-fig. 20: R - 13. ~ 3 = 41.4cm thigh length -fig. 21: R - 33.9cm thigh length 5 -fig. 22: R - 16.3 ~ 3 -4 ~ .9cm "" n which is more than enough margin to cover ~
variations in thigh length. Note that in general, adjustment for leg length (T) and length thigh (RJ will only be done once for a cyclist 10 of given size (unless the length of his legs is increases a few centimeters during nl ~ it ...);
therefore, in practice, it will only have to tOC to adjust ment of p ~ x, y ~ when it changes the position of the saddle, this which is easy, as explained above.
THE RES ~ ORTS
Why these springs?
THESE SPRINGS ARE AN ABSOLUTE NECESSITY.
Q ~ and a main driving part ~ PMP) CONTACT
WITH A THIGH, it stays EXACTLY in this ~ osition 20 since it is anti-slip; so, we can ask ourselves the next question: what happens if, at the required time 0 ~
the PMP COMES INTO THE THIGH, the cyclist is in-correctly seated or that the foot is too advanced on the pedal? In this case, PMP IS NOT EXACTLY A
25 THE PLACE WHERE IT SHOULD BE ON THE THIGH, which makes that the arc C which is actually described is NOT
the one we should get; if it weren't for the springs, this would impose a constraint on the pantograph, which 2107 ~ 84 could damage it. Note that in theory, the pantogra-phe is NEARLY TENSIONED if it is properly adjusted tement: indeed ~ the panto ~ raphe is only ~ a GIJIDE DIPEC-TIONAL. But in practice it is different. So the fact 5 to be poorly seated or to have your foot too far forward on the dale produces an arc of circle C DIFFERENT from that desired, which is EQUIVALENT to a variation in the length of thigh R. And what does our mathematical model say when R varies?
He says that THE LENGTH OF THE LITTLE ROD IS VARIED in the 10 MU proportion; that is to say ~ r_ '~ R ~.
: ~ qU; ~ ~
IT IS THIS VARIATION WHICH IS AE ~ BORN BY THE SPRINGS.
Fig. 23 is the same as fig. 20, i.e. a long gueur de rm ~ diane; for this value of r FIXED, we have:
~ -Fig. 24 illustrates the case where the PMP would be placed ~ read ~ r ~ s lS du ~ enou she should ~ re ~ which is equivalent to a value of R LARGER (therefore r greater). In that case, the spring is compressed by 1.25cm, which corresponds ~ ond ~ a PMP more advanced on the thigh by 3.75cm maximum, which is obviously more than enough margin to cover 20 all possible cases.
-Fig. 25 illustrates the contrary situation, that is to say that the PMP APPROACHED DIRECTIO ~ OF THE CYCLIST ~ by

3.75cm; there too, the margin is sufficient.
Either the angle of the ankle or the angle that the foot makes 25 with the leg: the cyclist CAN CONTROL this angle ~
-If ~ decreases, the PMP moves TOWARDS the cyclist and if C ~ increases, the PMP 8 'E ~ OIGNE ~ u cyclist, which is equivalent in the above cases: THEREFORE UNDERSTAND THE IMP (lR ~ ANCE OF GES
SPRINGS.
. .

SUMMARY OF THE MATHEMATICAL MO ~.
Volr FIG. 26 Known values:
A and B s coordinates of the intersection point of the bone of the thigh and hip bone. Note: it exlste a 5 relationship between A and B; indeed, point J (in the case of change of saddle position) moves on a straight 00 ~ parallel to the seat tube TB which falt an angle ~ compared to the hori ~ ontale. So, B_ A4tgo ~, R: distance between the polnt J and the axis of rotation ~ e PMP.
(or ass length ~ se) M. dlstance between axis of rotation of the pedal and axis of the pedal (or crank length) S. distance between the axis of rotation of the PMP and the axis pedal rotation (or Leg length) 15 e and f: coordinates with respect to P (0,0) of the point attaching the pantograph to the frame. (p (e, f)).
at. ~ and b: 3 of the 4 dimensions of the pantograph length.
Then follow the following calculation sequence:
20 ~ n = (T ~ M) ~ (A ~ B -R) EQ Rl XH- AK ~ - ~ (AK ~ - (A ~ B). ~ ~ N ~ 4.B (T ~ M) ~ EQ ~ 2 2. (A ~ B ~ o ~ ~ is given ~ by ~ Q ~ l T ~ ~) - X ~ EQ R3 where ~ X ~ is given by EQ R2 X, ~ T- M) ~ (A ~ B ~ R) EQ R4 Y, ~ .XL_ I (A. ~ _ (A ~ B). ~ K ~ -40B (T - M) ~ 1 EQ R5 25 L 2. (A ~ B ~ o ~ ~, is given by EQ
YL- ~ (T ~, EQ R6 where ~ Lest given ~ by EQ R5 X this stage, we know P ~ (~, Y) ot P ~ (~, Y ~) -Then calculate ~ r the missing dimension of the pantograph:
h_ ~ J EQ R7 g Then the pantograph multiplier:
MU = ~ ~ \ EQ RB
~ gJ
Then the value of r:
rs (R) EQ R17 ~ U
Then calculate p ~ (x, ~) and PL (X ~, Y ~):
10 ~ f EQ R9 x ~ ~ ~ e EQ R10 ~ f EQ Rll x ~ ~ l ~ e EQ R12 where ~ Y, are given by EQ R2-3-5-6 and MU by ~ QR ~
15 Then calculate C ~ and C ~
Cl- -¦x ~ -x ~ EQ R15 C ~ - ~ t X ~; (X ~ -X) ~ y ~ y _ y ~ EQ R16 in which ~, xh, ~, x are given by EQ R9-10 ~ 12 20 Finally, calculate the coordinates of the rotation of the small t ~ ge r, p (x, y ~):
x ~ _ ~ C, .C ~ V (C ~ .C ~ -x ~ - (C ~ l). (x, ~ C ~ -r) EQ R13 . (C ~
in which C ~ and ~ ~ have given by EQ R15-16 and x ~ given by EQ R12, r given by EQ R17.
Y ~ - (Xn XL ~ ~ YL ~ O ~ r given by EQ R17, x ~ by EQ R13, XL by EQ R12 and y ~ by EQ Rll.
- END OF SUMMARY

2107 ~ 84 Please refer to patent no. 2,090,342 (pantograph).
The mathematical model of this patent was designed to be used on computer. The goal here is to draw some simple conclusions of this mathematical model: this goes 5 allow the development of a graphical method for VIEW all the possibilities for a bicycles frame clette given. See fig. 41 of this patent; of this figure re, we have extracted only a few items, which constitutes fig. 9 ~ of this patent. The math model. at 10 established that the M ~ LTIPLICATOR MU of the pantograph was:
MU = ~ + a) or MU = (gt. ~ ~
Now ~ the triangle formed by the 3 points 1, ~ and 6 is iden-tick (same angles) to the triangle formed by the 3 points 1,5 and 7. The side ratios are the same, hence:
15 g _ (~ + a) or else (~ a ~ _ (m ~ n) So MU_ (m ~ n ~
m ~ m ~ ngmm It should be recalled here that what we are trying to establish is ALWAYS TRUE EVERYWHERE IN THE PEDAL CYCLE, that is, regardless of the position of the PMP on the arc of circle C, because the points p (e, f), p (* y) and P (~ ~) 20 (or points 1,4 and 5) are always in a straight line, by definition of the pantograph. As r is PARALLE ~ E to R
and r_ R as the mathematical model says, we con-_ _ let's say that the points ~ 1, 2 and 3 are in a STRAIGHT LINE and so that the triangle form25 similar to the triangle formed ~ by the points 1,3 and 5, EN
EVERY POINT OF THE PEDALING CYCLE ~ side ratios of these two triangles are the same, so:

210798 ~
m = lm ~ n \ or again: (m ~ n \ - (o ~ p o ~ o + pJ m I o As we have shown before MU = (m ~ n) we conclude that MU = (otp) The following 6 figures describe the gra ~ hique method 5 ~ tape by ~ tape and the 7i ~ me (fig. ~) The final product.
Fig. ~: ~ from point J (A, B), draw a line right intersecting the frame at point p (e, f ~ anywhere along the handlebar tube or the bottom tube; the choice 10 of the position of p (e, f) depends on many factors that we will clearly understand ~ the end of the exhibition ~.
Fig. ~: ~ starting from J (A, B), draw a straight line along hunter R (thigh); ensure that the position of the line R is located inside the semicircle C; he is 5 suggest ~ use the highest or lowest point ~ `
of this arc C: in fig. ~, the low point has been used ~.
The bottom dead center is where the crank M and the rod T are exactly superimposed and the dead center of the top where T and M are in a straight line.
20 ~ ig. ~: join by a straight line PL (~ Yl (or PMP) with the point p (e, f).
Fig. ~: at an appropriate place ~ in the triangle d ~ ter-undermined by the 3 points J (A, B), p (e, f), and PMP (or P ~ ~ YL)) draw a straight line r parallel to the li ~ ne R; the 25 ~ limit of this line r are p ~ x ~, y ~) and p (x, y).
Fig. ~: join P ~ (X, ~ and p (e, f) by two straight lines forming a triangle; the lowest corner of the triangle ~ 5 may fall outside the frame; however, one should try to keep it in the frame to protect the ele-pantograph elements (for example so that the front wheel don't hit him when you turn). A line is called 5 ~ ~ ~ and the other line ~ b ~ h. ~
Fig. ~ from p (x, y), draw 2 straight lines, one parallel to the line (a ~ g) and ending on the line ~ b ~ ~, the other parallel ~ the line (b ~ Lh) and terminate undermining on the line ~ a ~ ~. In this internship, we trained 10 a PANTOGRAPHER whose dimensions are a, b, g, h.
The combined procedure of Figs. ~ and ~ can give a infinity of possible pantographs; however, they have all IE SAME MULTIPLIER MU_ 1 ~ h _1 ~ a Fig. ~: add the element CB (and CO) of fig. 19 of 15 patent 2,090,342. ~~ 'axis of CB is parallel to the direction of displacement of the point ~ (A, B).
Fig. ~: we take the elements of fig ~ by REMOVING
the imaginary lines that were used for the construction gériq w ~ and adding T and M ~ here superimposed on 20 bottom dead center ~. We get the m ~ canism itself.
We will give some examples of what this method of graphic construction allows creation.
3 ~ ~ 5 Fig. ~ 0 is the same as fig. ~ except that the panto-graph is directed upwards; he has the ~ me multiplica-25 tor MU than that of fig. ~
~ '~ some Fig. ~: unlike fig. ~, the line joining J (A, B) to p (e, f) pass BELOW line R; pan-- ~ 107 ~ 8 ~
~ 8 the tograph is directed upwards. Fig. ~ 2 take them back elements of fig. ~, but by removing the imagi-who have served the geometric construction. All-days according to i ~ a ~: same graphic method, fig. ~ repr ~ -5 feels a borderline case: in this case, the line ~ m ~ linear joi-winning point J (A, B) at point p (e, f) merge with the seat tube, and the point p ~ (x, y ~) has been chosen arbi -crossing at the intersection of the seat tube and the tube ~ 39horizontal. Fig. ~ is fig. ~ without the 10 th ~ n ~ reS ~ obviously, we assume that point J (A, B) is kills in the axis of the seat tube.
See figs. 18 and 41 of b ~ e ~ and no. 2,090,342. It is clear that the adjustment for the seat height is done by a displacement of the point p ~ y ~ in the same direction as the 15 displacement of point J (A, B) and in the protection of the multi-MU of the pantograph. In fig. ~, the point p (x, y ~ J IS FT ~ F .: it is the point p (e, fl which moves according to an axis parallel to the axis of d ~ placement of point J (A, B), the said displacement being carried out IN SEN5 CONTRARY of the place ~
20 ment of J (A, B) and in the proportion MU (multiplier of the pantograph), Lines J (A, B) (or of the saddle); dotted lines: after moving cement (before: J (A ~ B) and p (e ~ f) ~ apras: J '(A', B '~ p' (~ f, f '~.
Obviously, the crank M does not move, T ~ plar ~ e in T ' 25 and R moves to R '. Here, p (e, f) moves along the front tube (which is parallel to the seat tube), but we could locate this point elsewhere.

4 ~
Fig. ~ is an example where ~ es 3 points J (A, B), p (x ~ y ~) and p (e, f) are all located on the axis of the seat tube.
All examples of mechanisms using a pantograph explained so far are THE SPECIAL CASE of a

5 SITU ~ TION GENERAL ~ which will be the subject of the claim no. ~). Indeed, these mechanisms are the special case where the end of the pantograph rod h is attached to the axis of rotation of the PMP by E ~ TREMITE ~ U ~ A ~ U ~) of the rod T, that is to say ~ the special case where V: ~ 8i V-~
10 aIors-la ~ inl ~ -t rod t ~ a miai ~ crank ~ ia ~ are more necessary (we keep only r); all this becomes will be clearer at the end of the presentation. Let's learn by expli-4 ~
quer the OE OEAL SITUATION. See fig. ~. Imagine 2 sets of 3 rods; the first is T, M, R and the 2nd 15 together is t, m, r; we have ~ constant; we are going see that this constant is equal to MU (multi ~ licateur) pantograph; also, R and r, M and m, and T and t are PARRAL ~ L ~ S between them at all points of the pedaling cycle.
We see that all the ends of the rods join together.
20 all generate at a single point which is the point p (e, f), which is the fixed point d we draw a line (- - - fig. ~) Starting from p (e, f) and intersecting t at point pt and T at ppint PT at res-pectives of v and V from the bottom end of T and t.
25 Obviously ~). Just draw a panto-~ raphe suitable for ~ ec the 3 points pt, PT and p (e, f) (fig.
Fig. ~ 0: complete mechanism without imaginary lines.

21 ~ 7 ~ 84 LR mechanism of fig. ~ is the same kind as that of 4 ~
fig. ~ Q, except that we have arranged for the 3 points p (e, f ~ -p¦ * y) -and the center of rotation of the mini-crank m are all located on the axis of the seat tube; here, 5 ~ ~ v ~ _l and MU-2. Obviously r and R are parall ~ les, similarly that t and T as well as m and M and they remain parallel in-be them during the whole pedaling cycle. Fig. ~ is ~ '1 fig. ~ q without the geometrical construction lines.
So when M does a full turn, m does the same and the 10 PMP d ~ writes the arc-of-circle d ~ siré, in both directions. The l ~ q ~
fig. ~ describes the same kind of mechanism, but placed at the front of the frame; here () ~ 2 and MU ~ 2; the pantograph has been headed up but we might as well direct it down. It is obvious that such mechanisms 15 nisms can be fitted on all actuated machines by a pedal board such as pedalos (on the water), exercisers ~ ~ q ~ stationary, etc. Fig. 2 ~ is geometric construction lines; a CB tube was ~
added: the point Pr x, y ~ is fixed to a sliding guide 20 C0 which can be placed in the right position A ~ po ~ r take into account-te a chan ~ ement in the poi ~ t position J (A, B); the axis of CB is parallel to the axis of displacement of point J (A, B).
Now it's easy to understand what we were saying beginning: the mechanisms up to ~ fig ~ are the CAS PARTl ---, q 25 CULIER where V: T (and v ~ t) of the mechanisms of fig. ~ ~ t ~
which illustrate the GENERAL CASE; 8i V ~ T (~ -t ~, then t and m are no longer necessary: only r remains. Le8 fig. ~ Q, and ~ 6 are examples of claim no.

- 2107 ~ 81 ~ ~ 9 5 Fig. 2 ~ r ~ take the ~ elements of fig. ~ in 3 dimensions ~ ions for the left leg only; as we can see, the technical considerations have been limited to a minimum: the goal here is to allow to visualize the main 5 ventifæ only. Fig. 2 ~ shows 5 successive positions ves of cranks (1,2,3, ~ and 5) as well as the 5 positions cor ~ espondantes of the rod T (Tl, T2, T3, ~ 4 and ~ 5); what we are interested here, these are the 5 successive positions from point PT located ~ on T at a distance Y from the axis of rotation 10 tion of the pedal. The 5 circled points give us the shape of the curve described by the point PT for a cycle ~ 3 complete pedaling. In fig. ~, we removed the lines geometric construction; we pass the Y axis through the center of rotation of the crankset and point J (A, B) (AO and 15 B = ~); the X axis is perpendicular to it. This curve has been named DUOCYCLOIDE by the inventor; she is a situation intermediate between 2 borderline cases; the 1st case is where VYT (in this case the curve ~ avoids the semicircle C ~ and the 2nd case the one where VO (in this case, the curve becomes a 20 CERCL ~ of radius M). In the case of fig. ~, V / T- 1/2. We note that the frame has been turned slightly downward so that the Y axis appears vertically. Determi-let us denote the equation of this curve. Using the theorem of PYTHAGORE, we will establish 3 starting equations.
25 Then, by eliminating the 2 parameters ~, and ~, (which are in fact the coordinates of the PMP) there will only be one only equation, that of the DUOCYCLOIDE curve.

2107 ~ 8 ~
~ o It is the equation of the coordinates of the point PT (or p (x, y)) that we want. The 3 ~ starting equations are.
(T- V) = (x ~ -x) ~ (y, -y) R = x, + (y, -J) M ~ = [Tx -Vx ~ + ETV - y3 By eliminating the parameters xl and yl, we obtain The equation of DUOCYCLOIDE:
~ _ _a ~ (x + ~ t-VJ ~ T (J- y ~ _ C, .y + C ~ T (x ~ + y) + C ~ -2.VJ
(2.RVJx) ~ J ~ _ in which C ~ _ V (J -R ~ l (T -V), ~ VT -and C ~ = (T - V ~ J (V- M ~ ~
In the particular case of the mechanism of FIG. ~ 8 (panto-15 graph), fig. ~ has been repeated with clear indication so that the point pt describes a "mini duocycloide"
and is enlarged MU times (multiplier) by the pantograph into a DUOCYCLOIDE whose equation is above. Of this way, the PMP describes the semicircle C, which was the ob-20 target to reach. In this ~ equation, by making V ~ Your obtains the equation R ~ x ~ (y -J); by doing V ~ O, we get the ~ qu ~ t ~ on of a circle of radius M, that is to say M- x + y, this last equation being in reality that of the curve d -25 written by the axis of rotation of the pedal. Obviously, it would be useless for a theoretical mathematical study: we ~ ENÉ ~ ALISE the problem.

- 2107 ~ 84 But WHY attach importance to this equation?
~ to understand, we go back to figs. 51 to 56 of patent PCT / CA92 / 003 ~ 0. Fig. ~ 9 of this patent is taken from this kind of mechanism. It can be checked 5 graphically that the mechanism of FIG. ~ reproduced ex-the DUOCYCLOIDE ~ c '~% - ~ di ~ e that the curve describes te by the point PT of the mechanism is the same curve as the curve of the point PT of the rod T (assuming that the me-canism is ABSFnt and it is replaced ~ by a ~ ige ~ _ 10 real RJ: thus, without rod r ~ it R (cooked ~ e), the PMP goes describe the desired arc C, what you want to get.
The point p (x, y ~) is the fixed point of rotation of the rod t3 (the way point p ~ x ~, y ~) is attached to the frame is not illustrated ~); the point ~ (x ~ y ~) moves along G.
15 We obtain 5 basic equations:
~ (a ~ (~) ~> ~ - (Xn X ~ (y, ~ _ y) t ~ = (x, -x ~ + ~ y ~ _y) ~ tl = (x ~ -x, J t (y ~ -y ~) 20 ~) (t, ~ t ~) _ (x ~ -xJ ~ (y ~ -y) By eliminating the 4 parameters x, y "x ~ and r ~, 11 ~ to remain a single equation that will contain the two variables x and y as well as the parameters ~ very own ~ u mechanism itself, i.e. a, b, t ~, ~ t3, x ~, e * Yv -25 We must now rewrite the equation of the duocycloide80US the general form Hxy ~ JXyk gX ~ Iy ~ ...... ~ 0 210-79 ~ 4 Each of the coefficients A, B, C, D, ... are. be equal ~ z ~ ro, either according to one or more of the following elements:
R, T, M, V, and J.
We must do the same thing with the 2nd ~ equation we 5 has just obtained; we obtain:
A '~ B'x ~ C'y ~ D'xy ~ E'x tF'y ~ G'xy ~ Htxy ~ J'xy ~ Ktx3. ~. - O;
each of the coefficients A ', B', C ', D', ... are: either equal ~
2 ~ ro, either a function of one or more of the following elements vants: cY, Qr, ~ a ~
10 ERASES THE TWO CURVES MUST MATCH, IT MUST BE
the coefficients of identical terms are the same, that is to say: A, A ', B z Bt, C = C', D = D ', etc.
This will give a new set of equations for ~ elements R, ~, M, V and J DEPENDING on the elements ~
15 close to the mechanism that interests us, that is to say ~
~ elements ~, ~, ~ 3 ~
By isolating each of the terms, we finally obtain:
o ~ as a function of R ~ T ~ M ~ e ~ J
QJ- n N ~ nnn 20 * I nnnnnn etc, (same thing for ~
It is recommended that you use a computer, of course.
The last ~ quations therefore make it possible to obtain the their numeric of each of the elements of our mechanism-25 as a function of the known values R, T, M, V and J, and thus, one can calculate any of these known factors R, T, M, V and J ~

- 2107 as the seat height (J), a variation in size cyclist (R and T), etc. and therefore, this mathematical model on a computer can help develop mechanisms adjustment of various mechanisms for seat height, 5 the size of people, etc.
Although such mathematical models are very complex in theory, they can lead to SIMPLE CONCLUSIONS
which can give SIMPLE mechanisms. Such models mathematics can also lead to the creation of new 10 calves that you would have thought impossible Otherwise, each of the designs of the 2 other patents mentioned on page 1) can `
f ~ Fe the object of a distinct mathematical model. Like him must limit the scope of this description, we 15 will mimic the description of each of the mechanisms as a minimum: we will leave people who are normally competent in the field concerned, ie that of computer design, mathematics, etc. (not necessarily cycling specialists). The inventor 20 here simply wants to open a door FOR THE FUTURE ...
Here, we will settle an important point. Some may be reluctant to use a rigid rod T of fixed length (one ~ 5 ~
times adjusted for size ~. See fig ~ Q and ~ 1. Here the legs have been sch ~ matised in po ~ nt dead from the top (fig. 3 ~) 25 and at bottom dead center (fig. 3 ~): the PMP and the pedals are illustrated, but not the tiFes T. ~ is the angle of ankleJ
c ~ that is to say, the tongue between the foot and the leg.

2107 ~ 84 IF THE ANGLEc ~ (ankle angle) REMAINS THE SAME, the distance DL is BIGGER ~ E than the distance DH because the angle ~ has increased ment ~ and, therefore, this is INCOMPATIBI ~ with the use of a FIXED LONGIJEUR rod T, said T rod connecting the axis of ro 5 tation of the PMP with the axis of rotation of the pedal. This is the argument here is WHY ~ t ~ q b is the axis of rotation of the ankle, c is that of the knee, a is the axis of rotation of the pedal, and that of the PMP.
10 The answer is that the ankle angle DECREASES
slightly when the pedal shifts from neutral from top to bottom dead center (c ~ becomes ~); the angle ~ increases in becoming ~. In other words, the points a, b, c and d form a articulated quadrilateral which changes during the cycle of p ~ -15 dalage. AND THUS, the length of T remains THE SAME. A re-important mark: the angle of ankle ~ does not decrease - ~ r ~
BECAUSE we use a PMP and a rod of lon ~ ueur fixed T;
this angle d decreases during conventional pedaling, or-dinary (without this invention) in exactly the same way.
20 Which means that if we adjust the length of T (for the size of the person) as indicated below, the P ~ DALAOE
(or the ankle angle) IS ABSO ~ U ~ NT THE SAME (with PMP) ONLY IN THE PEDA ~ CONVENTIONAL AGE ~ without PMP) in all respects of the pedaling cycle.
25 Here is how to adjust the length of the rod T for a long given leg warmer (therefore a given size of cyclist).
~;
At top dead center (fig. ~) (When T and M are in line - 2107 ~ 8 ~
right), the bottom of the foot should make an angle of about 90 degrees with the crank (about 10 degrees of the clock-zontal); ~ at this point, the PMP should touch slightly on the ex-thigh tip very close to the knee. If the adjustment 5 is done this way, PMPs are always exactly ~
the place where elees should be: there is no friction on the thigh, it's very comfortable, and you can take it off legs and replace them without looking; it was all experimentally verified with a prototype for a long time 10 hours: no problem. When stopped, cyclists have the habit of placing the soil on each side of the frame with the middle bar between both thighs. Some may object that one cannot not do it with PMP's. It’s FALSE. There too, he nty has 15 no problem: the only difference is that he can't step forward at the front of the frame (where the PMPs are), but there is enough room in the back.
Another objection: "the cyclist CANNOT get up BO ~ T IN THE C ~ TES ~ what we call the jig) "; those 20 who object is that they did NOT UNDERSTAND
the principles of this invention. Indeed, with PMP's, you can develop MORE POWER than standing up with an ordinary bicycle: WE GO UP ~ SIDE SIDE!
Note: with PMP's you can stand up standing, but you 25 cannot PEDAL upright (but it is not necessary ~ area).
A final objection that some bring: n with the PMP's, your legs are like caught in a vice, and it's 2107 ~ 84 ~, therefore dangerous. This objection does not hold. During a cy-complete pedaling key, 8i carefully observe the position of the PMP surface relative to the position from the surface of the pedal, you can see that the two 5 sides are NEVER LOOKED LIKE BETWEEN IT: this pretended "dangerous vice"DOESN'T EXIST SIMPLY PASI It is enough besides reducing a little ankle angle ~ for the thigh is more in contact with the PMP. That has been verified experimentally with a prototype: none 10 problem. Finally, some may object that it may be "achalant" to have PMP in contact with the thighs for long periods. In reality, after a few moments, we don't even think about it anymore, just like in winter we quickly forget the gloves and hat you are wearing;
15 moreover, the fact that q ~ 'a couple of forces is exerted ~
SIMULTANEOUSLY on both sides of the bottom bracket means that there is ~
practically no left and right oscillation me with an ordinary bicycle: the frame remains in a stable vertical plane which makes you quickly forget the sup -20 posed "disadvantages" of PMPIs. Hockey players trou-do they sell their "bulky" protective helmets? Besides the inventor observed an interesting fact by experiment tation. When you go down a hill at high speed with a ordinary bicycle WITHOUT P DALER, it is dangerous if the foot 25 is not attached to the pedal: in effety just paficer on a hole or a small bump so that the foot glides, this which makes you lose your balance. In the same way, it's dangerous-_ 2107 ~ 84 ~ 1reux also in the case where the foot is attached a fall for any r ~ ison, it is obvious.
With PMP's, it is MUCH MORE SAFE for 2 reasons.
sounds: firstly, the foot is NOT attached to the pedake and 5 second, the cyclist can, WITHOUT PEDALING for ~ has-center, create an ARTIFICIAL VICE that will keep the foot well in place on the pedal even if it passes over a hole or bump. HOW? 'OR' WHAT? it is enough, without pedaling, to "tighten" the calf so as to exert a good pres ~ ion on the PMP:
10 this causes the foot to be held firmly in contact with the pedal; and it is very easy to "release the vice":
just decrease the ankle angle a little. Besides, this "artificial vise" tactic can also be used sé ~ PEDALING ~ high speed on level ground; indeed, 15 in theory the calf does not have to contract when you push go up on the PMP (it is not necessary); BUT
the cyclist MAY contract the calf IF desired increase his security, as he wants. So the "tau" which was supposed to be dangerous according to your pessimist 20 has become the vice which can only be created IF the cyclis-WISH you to INCREASE your safety t ~ t THE famous argument of WEIGHT ' Some argue that the weight of bi-bicycle as much as possible; they use this argument of 25 to justify high price increases (research, use tion of expensive materials ... ~. Take 1 example of a 20 lbs bicycle with a 150 lbs cyclist, 80it a ~ a total weight of 170 lbs. After a lot of research, we do increase the weight of the bicycle from 20 to 15 lbs, decrease of 25 ~. However, the TOTAL weight goes from 170 lbs ~ 165 lbs, a decrease of 3% ONLY. If I don't 5 is wrong, it is the TOTAL WEIGHT (cyclist AND bicycle) that the cyclist must propel. In addition, physics tells us that on a horizontal plane, there is only friction to overcome, the weight does not intervene. 3% on the hill, it's negligible compared to the considerable contribution of additional energy 10 this with the use of main driving parts (PMP's).
minute your own weight by 5 lbs than paying dearly for a 5 lbs bicycle plus handles To fully understand the present invention, one must be careful not to confuse 2 concepts TOTALLY
DIFFERENT: 1) improvement of the machine PERFORMANCE, 2 ~ ADDITIONAL energy supply to the machine.
An example of the 1st concept is for example a transmission 20 continuous shifting eliminates downtime between gear changes; another example a new velle grais ~ e which reduces friction. It is obvious that the machine PERFORMANCE improvements are potential- -very limited (only a few percentage points).
The present invention relates to the 2nd concept, that is to say say the ADDITIONAL energy supply thanks to the use of ADDITIONAL muscles that were not used before, 2107 ~ 8 ~
i.e. those that are used to push on PMP's up as the pedals go up the back. Compare the possibilities of the 2nd concept with the first is like day and night, ie 150%
5 to 250% improvement versus 5% or a little more in May ~ 17m for the 1st concept. And we will not even discuss here the possibility of the present invention to also improve the yield (concept): indeed, it is possible that the friction or wear) of the crankset is reduced because it 10 there is use of 2 pairs of forces (the pushing foot down one side and the PMP which pulls up the other side ~) SIMULTAN ~ MENT on each side of the Crankset ~
which cancels the torsional effect on the crank axle that occurs on an ordinary bicycle when exercising-15 this a couple of force on one side. All this will become even clearer afterwards. Before going on to the description of the others mechanisms, it is ESSENTIAL, to fully understand the scope of this invention, to proceed to the following steps:
20 Just as there is the "universal law of gravitation" of Isaac Newton, the inventor, will declare and prove the "law Universal Pedaling ". This law may seem ~ evident WHEN CO ~ NA ~ T; but in reality it is not not obvious at all (although it is simple) if we judge $ 2 by the fact that inventions were ~ PATENTED b ~ in qurelle ~
DO NOT WORK AT ALL because they do not comply this "obvious" universal law of pedaling. We ~ lLons prove this with the following 2 PATENTED inventions:

~ 21 -JENTSGHMANN, DE, A, 3 241 142, June 1 19g3 _GEISSMANN, WO, A, ~ ~ 02 331, April 7, 19 ~
After that, we will conclude that the SECRETS principles which are the great value of this invention are among 5 3 and are BIO MECHANICAL in nature, i.e. based on I ~ P
~ MUSCLE sinks; it is the understanding of these three principles cipes COMBINED TOGETHER to judge the value of the invention. The mechanisms themselves allow to be in practice these 3 bio-mechanical principles, but the 1 ~ ~ its principles are not evident in the mechanisms themselves: we will therefore explain the 3 principles below tail: therein lies the real secret of the invention. Finally, we will describe the mechanisms themselves.
~ OI UNIVERSELL ~ PEDALING:
15 "a crankset, WHAT IS THE FA ~ ON WHICH IT IS
f TECHNICALLY DESIGNED, CANNOT CREATE ENERGY BY
HIMSELF; the energy captured by the pedal must necessarily come from the cyclist. The amount of ~ energy released ~ by the pedal to propel the machine cannot therefore BE
20 GREATER than the amount of energy from the cyclist, no matter what kind of pedals used "
In the case of the two patents cited above, the inventors thought that the ~ pedals ~ they designed could CREATE
energy by themselves' (which is nonsense).
25 We will prove the "universal law of pedaling" by using the JENTSCHMANN patent, and then moving on to GEISSMANN patent case 2107 ~ 84 3 ~
Fig. ~ This is a trididem representation ~ ional according to patent no. 2,090,342 (pantograph).
See fig. ~: this is a reproduction of FIG 2 of the patent JENTSCHMANN. This kind of mechanism lengthens the length of 5 the crank only during the active portion of the cycle pedaling (the angle ~, fig. ~), that is to say the only tion of the cycle where the couple is really effective (the ple being the multiplication of the force perpendicular to the crank by the length of the crank ~. The crank 10 begins ~ increase in length at point a, reaches its maximum length and begins to decrease to point b.
This concept is based on the "illusion" of the increase in couple; indeed, we are led to believe that, for a force data exerted perpendicular to the crank, the 15 full motor is AUG ~ NTE if the operating length is increased velle; this is ~ XACT, BUT we have "forgotten ~" a "little detail", and it’s the fact that what makes the BICYCLE go forward, it is the MOVEMENT OF THE CHAIN, that is to say the WORK
performs by force perpendicular to the crank. We 20 hear by WORK (symbol W ~ the product of a force (F) by the displacement (D) of this force, ie Wi- (FD); in the case ~ ui nou ~ interests, the WORK ~ e ~ carried out by the force F ~ perpendicular ~ the crank is equal ~ F ~
multiplied by the displacement of the axis of rotation of the 25 dale (which is actually an arc of radius M, the velle). So, we have W ~ - ~ F ~. ~ ~ ~ n ~) where M is the length of the crank. ~ u ~ ~ ~ 8. ~ ~
~, ~ this ~

2107 ~ 84 CHA is the chain. What drives the bicycle is the WORK performed by the chain (~ e symb ~ le Rc, ~ est the radius of the tooth wheel ~ e of the chain and C ~ is the arc of corresponding circle of this wheel (on the circumference) 5 when the pedal moves (angle ~ ~). The law of levers in physics tells us: (FC ~ R ~ ~ (F ~ .M); therefore FCU ~. (F ~ M ~ EQ ~
So the work done by the chain is:
(F ~ C ~ J ~ (F ~ .M, C ~) and using the equation EQ ~
As C ~ p ~ c ~ p), we obtain ~ ~ .2.1TF ~. ~ EQ3 10 EQ3 is identical to ~ Ql at the bottom of the previous page ~ ce which means that the work done by the chain (for propel the bicycle) is INDEPENDENT of the radius of the toothed wheel carrying the chain ~ ne. So going back to this which interests us, we will only consider the work 15 carried out by the axis of rotation DE LA P ~ DALE, ie W ~.
See figs. ~ and ~ æ ~ fig. ~ diagram ~ ise a place ~
down the thigh: the angle of the thigh with the imaginary line connecting point J with the axis of rota-tion of the pedal changes from ~ to ~; we will assume that the 20 thigh exerts a CONSTANT force ~ td ~ or ~ s perpendicular re to R (thigh) for the entire length of the arc ~ R corresponding to ~. So the WORK done by the thigh ~ is equal to F ~ multiplied ~ by C ~ F ~ .C ~) When R goes from / ~, to ~, the crank M goes from ~, to ~.
25 F ~ is the resulting force ~ perpendicular to the crank transmitted by the force of the thigh F ~, We will calculate the numerical value of this force further; for the 210 ~ 84 3 ~
moment we will just mention that this for-this F ~ - ~ 'is not constant because it VARIES according to the value of angles ~ l ~ etc. We will come back to it. But for have a good idea about what happens in the case of the bre-5 vet JENTSCHMANN, just look at fig. ~ 0. THE ONLY -~ 5 THING THAT HAS BEEN CHANGED (compared to fig. ~) Is the length of crank which has been AIJGMENTEE as does it mechanism of this patent ~ The angles ~ and ~ are the same and the force F ~ is the same as in FIG. ~, that is to say 10 that the work done by the thigh is the same. The lon-gueur de M has been deliberately increased disproportionately to see what's going on. R and T don't change obviously not. M is increased by ~ M. As JENTSCHMANN the says well, the TORQUE M ~ TEUR on fig. ~ IS INCREASED
15 considerably because F ~ is approximately ~ gal to F ~ but M is considerable and this is the answer to our problem, the angle ~~ _ ~
is considerably smaller than the angle ~, which causes the pedal travel to be approximately the 20 same as before the elongation of ~ anivelle, that is to say that the arc of circle CM ~ is roughly the same as that before elongation, ie C ~ ,. IN FACT, we have triple following relation: WORK of the thigh ~ WORK of the axis of rotation of the pedal before lengthening ~ WORK of the 25 p ~ dale after elongation of the mani ~ it. Mathematically:
WR ~ - W or FR.C ~ -F ~ .C ~ -F
THE MECHANISM OF JENTSCHMANN IS TOTA ~ EMENT USELESS ~

- 210 The symbol F at the bottom of the previous page takes the place of AVERAGE force exerted for the length of the circular arc done by the pedal. The force F ~ perpendicular to the mani-VARIE VARIE according to its position on the arc 5 described by the axis of rotation of the pedal. We will therefore proceed to a rigorous scientific demonstration.
But why bother with this particular patent? Not for the pleasure of demolishing it, but because by proving that this mechanism does not work, we PROVE by the ~ a 10 same as the invention proposed here WORKS; it's a little as a demonstration by the absurd ". It is also for ~ avoid other inventors wasting their time in the future, and finally, demonstrate that even reviewers may go wrong in granting patents for 15 inventions that don't work, which on rare occasions inventors who have very good ideas: THERE IS IN-, ~
PUBLIC TERET 'By proving that the JENTSCHMANN mechanism does not work, we prove that will make it possible to demonstrate that the inveopution posed here 20 is based on (not obvious) principles of bio-mechanical (that is, MUSCULAR levers) that are not involved in the mechanisms themselves but in perfect agreement with the said universal law of the pedal ~ e.
We will start by calculating the value ~ e the force 25 F ~ that the foot exerts perpendicular to the crank M
for constant force FR exerted by the thigh (perpen-especially at the thigh for the whole movement).

21 ~ 7 We will give, for more safety, 2 different demonstrations ~ -rents ~ 2 equations) for F ~; we will prove that these 2 equations tions are the same; finally we will use the simplest of the two equations to end the demonstration.
5 (Before going on to the first demonstration, a little ~ 5 ~
turn to fig. 3g and 4 ~. We could have proven the same conclusion sion at the bottom of the page ~ Q using the notion of MO-~ ANGULAR ENT, i.e. the product of a multi-torque folded by the angle of rotation, that is ~ ire:
~ ue ~ T ~ e ~ 7 Angu moment ~ aire_ (F ~ .M). (~ - ~ F (M ~ M) ~
After lengthening, the torque is much increased but ltangle (~) is much reduced, such that the product of two is constant). THE WORK DONE ~ DOES NOT CHANGE.
15th demonstration. Proof that F ~ = ~. ~ Sin Z ~ EQS
See fig. ~. _sinuv Here is how to explain the problem: n What minimum force F ~
should you exercise on the axis of rotation of the pedal, pendulum to the crank, INVERSE DIRECTION of the force 20 exerted by the leg T, CAN ~ PREVENT THE CRANKSET FROM TURNING? "
(It is obvious that F ~ (is the REACTION) is EQUAL to F ~ (which is the ACTION ~ which is the pressure ~ of the leg (or foot) perpendicular to the crank); any force has AC-TION and a REACTION: in fig. ~, ~ is the REACTION (the 25 force F ~ of EQ5 above is ~ equal but of opposite direction (it ~ 'is not illustrated)).
~ a See fig. ~ '3 ~ 2107 ~ & 4 The force F ~ of fig. ~ is the same as that of fig.41.
FT is the reaction force directed upwards IN THE DI-RECTION of T. We can say that this force F ~ has 2 components.
tes, let F ~ (perpendicular to M) and ~ in the direction 5 of M. We have: ~ cos (qo-z) sin Z; therefore, F ~ ~ F ~, sin ~ E ~ Q ~
In fig. ~, F ~ is the same force as in fig. ~ æauf ~ uelle is placed at the top of the rod T. We can say that Fr has 2 components: F ~ directed towards J in the direction of R (which has no influence on the rotation of R around 10 of item J); the other component is F ~ which must be ~ EQUAL
in intensity ~ at F ~ and op op ~ os ~ FOR ~ FISHING R FROM TOUR_ NER AROUND J. We have: F _ cos (~ sin ~ CC As by definition F ~ sF ~, we get: ~ = ~ EQ7 By replacing F ~ from EQ7 in E ~ above, we get:
15 F ~ = F ~. (Sin z); this is EQ ~ of the page ~, what was needed to show.
2nd demonstration Proof that F _rF ~ .R.sin Z
~ T.cos ~ R.cose) .sin ~
It is the same force as in EQ5.
In fig. 44 ~ M does not appear. Calculate the force IF ~
~ q 20 (it is the same as in fig. 43, except that it is placed at the bottom of T ~ which will: - prevent R from turning around point J, - prevent T from turning around the knee G, that is to say keep the TR system in STATIC BALANCE.
See fig. ~ 5. We can say that F ~ has 2 components, F ~ directed ~ e 25 towards point J and F3 perpendicular to F ~. (F3 IS NOT the force F ~ perpendicular to the crank we want to calculateJ.
IF YOU WANT THE ENTIRE TR TO NOT TURN AROUND J, AND that the ANGLE ~ remains constant (ie that T does not rotate -'3, `1 around ¢), the sum of the moments (or couples) must be with respect to point J is equal to zero. (for ~ G, there is no problem because FT is directed ~ TOWARDS G). So, (FR ~ R) _ (F3.d), hence F ~ = (~); we have F ~ _ 5inoC
5 d ~ where ~ z F ~; we get: F ~, R) sin ~ t ~ ini ~
We have = T.cos ~ + R.cos ~
So Ft ~ F ~ .R EQ9 ~ 5T.cos ~ ~ R.co ~) .sin ~
See fig. ~. We want F ~. ~
Fra 2 components, ~ directed in the direction of the crank, lO and F ~ '~ `(what we are looking for) perpendicular to the crank.
We have: ~ zsin Z, hence ~ ~), e ~ replacing FT in EQg above ~ we get:
F ~ _ F ~ .R.sinZ which is EQg of the ~ (T.cos ~ ~ R.cos ~ ~ .siny page ~ S, what to demonstrate.
15 We will now show that EQ5 and EQ ~ are ~ dental and then we will use the simplest of the 2 equations (ie EQ5) to complete our proof.
F ~ of EQ5 equal F ~ of EQ ~, do ~ c:
F ~ .1sin ~ F ~ .R.sin ~
~ sin ~ JIl.cos ~ ~ R.cos ~) .sin ~
20 By ~ eliminating F ~ .sinZ on each side, we obtain:
~ 3 R _ l. See fig. 47 (T.cosdl R.cos ~) .sin ~ sin ~
We have: ~ EQlO
o ~ ~ C ~ 0 (sum of the angles of a triangle).
~ onc, ~ O ~]. Known trigonometric identity:
25 sin (ab) ~ si ~ .cos ~ cos ~ .si ~. If a ~ l ~ O and b _ (~ + ~), we get: sin ~ J ~ sin (~ sin ~ .cosB ~ _ cos ~ .sin By replacing in EQlO above, we get ~~
'' R 1 ~ See ~ g .cos ~ tR.cos9) .sin ~ = (sin ~ .cos ~ ~ co ~, sin ~) ~ 2 R
(T ~ ~ R.DL Jh = ~ h ~ n ~ ~ -TRTTRTR
Which is reduced to:
RT _ ~ T
(m + n) .h ~ m ~ n ~ .h So both demonstrations are correct.
We will use ~ ~. [Sinn ~) to finish the proof.
In fig. ~ and ~, the force F ~ represented ~ e is the ACTION, 10 (or, if you want, the ~ r ~ sultat'lproduit on the pedal by ~) while in fig. ~ to ~, this is the REACTION, that is, the forces that should be used to prevent the crankset to turn.
As F ~ VARIED according to the value of the angle ~, we use 15 rons rather the notation F ~ (fig. ~ And ~ which are the same as fig. ~ And ~ increased to ~ DM ~: the other data are the same.
1 ~ is an infinitely small arc and ~ e ~ t an-g infinitely small which corresponds to it; the WORK done 20 killed by F ~ ~ po ~ r this infinitely small interval) is (F ~ .lC ~ l; o ~ ~ C ~ 2. ~. ~ We get (~ ~ C ~ (f ~) The equation for line 26 page ~ becomes: (~ ~ q * 4s ~ 0 ~ G ~
25 Thigh work (fig. ~ ET ~) ~ Fa.C ~ - ~ F ~. ~
Work ~ crank lengthening: F o ~
~ 3 ~ C ~!
.. ... ... . .

2107 ~ 8g ~ q Tra ~ garlic after ~ crank lengthening ~
~ f ~, It is therefore necessary that the ~ 3 two integrals are ~ equal and equal to the work of the thigh ~
~ 5 gF ~ ~ 0 ~ = F ~
- 3 ~ to ~ 3 ~
Using ~ - F ~ z we obtain:
0 ~ U ~ Z ~ f ~ 2, ~ C ~ ph ~
~ 3 4 ~
which is reduced to ~:
~ ~
Ea ~ = A ~ Z, ("~
~ ~ 3 because ~. ~ is independent of ~, Toutefoi ~, the angles 2 and ~ are DEPENDENT on ~. See fig. ~. If ~ varies, - z and ~ also vary. See fig. ~: here is an identity ~
well known trigonometric we will use:
20 it is an arbitrary triangle and the angle R is l ~ an-gle facing the side ~ ~ oL ~ L = g, ~ Q ~ .c ~ A
See fig. ~ We get 2 ~ equations:
~ .T, ~ .co ~
~ - R'L ~ Q ~
25 By doing ~ - ~, we get -rt ~ T ~ ~ 4P ~ EQ. \ a ~

2107 ~ 84 ~ a See fig. ~ We obtain 2 equations:
Q ~ - t ~ ~ ~ ~ Q
By doing Q ~, we get:
~ 5 ~ t ~ - ~ ~ 5L ~ n ~ L ~ ~ n ~ -P ~ ~ E ~ l 3 We also have ~ t- Z ~ Ç ~ ~ = 360 ~ ~ C ~
The 3 ~ equations EQ12, EQ13 and EQl ~ contain the 4 variables ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~. By eliminating the unknowns Z ~ w there will only remain an equation with ~ and ~ as in-the ~ known. THE START DATA are p, and ~, i.e.
displacement of the thigh; we can thus find ~ \ and with this remaining equation, which allows us to solve the left integral of EQll, which gives the job before crank lengthening.
15 Then just repeat the same process with EQ 12 e ~ EQ 13 by replacing M with ~ M ~ PM), which let us know the limits of the right integral, that is to say ~ and ~, which gives the work after the lengthening of the crank. WE CAN SO PRO ~ VER THAT
20 EQ 11 is verified and thus, the mechanism of JENTSCHMANN
is useless. However, solving these integrals takes a long time and complex; we will not do it here to limit the description tion. (this demonstration is available on request).
- The n universal law of pedaling "is thus proven.
25 At this point, however, we can ask ourselves a question3 indeed, the mechanism that we used for our demons-tration (JENTSCHMANNJ lengthens the crank ONLY

~ 1 during the active portion of the downward phase of the cycle pedaling ~ fig. ~). What happens to our universal law-the pedaling if the crank is longer during the complete pedaling cycle, i.e. the crank 5 is simply longer? Compare fig. ~ 4 and on fig. ~, only ~ a crank is longer;
the other data (R, T etc.) remain the same.
Each of the figures shows the top dead center (T and M
in a straight line ~ and bottom dead center (T and M superpo-10 s). In this case, the PEDALIER imposes a constraint on our cyclist, that is ~ cyclist to have a greater thigh displacement (The arch circle goes from C to ~ C ~), but IT DOES NOT OBLIGATE it, cyclist to think more energy. Indeed, the cyclist 15 can DI ~ INUCE the force exerted by the thigh to compensate serve for increasing the length of the arch; he can also keep the same force as before ~ that exerted by the thigh ~ the crank is extended, and he thinks so more energy, BUT the pedal gets more energy 20 gie that before the increase in the crank. So THE P-DA ~ IER DOES NOT CREATE ENERGY: all the energy captured by the pedal comes from the cyclist himself; the "universal law-the pedaling’s therefore respected, We will now analyze the case of the GEISSMANN patent 25 cited on page ~ and prove that this mechanism NE F ~ N ~ TIONNE
NOT because it contradicts the n universal law of the dalagett - 2107 ~ 84 ~ g3 ~
Figs. 7 ~ Q and ~ are taken from the Geismann patent.
Fig. ~ is a side view of FIG. ~
J is the center of rotation of the rigid curved rod carrying both the PO pulley; PX is the attachment point of the rope 5c7CD which wraps around the PO pulley, the other end of the said cord attaching to the axis of rotation of the dale; PMP here designates the portion of the curved head which touch ~ thigh. In the case of the mechanism of fig. 61, point J is at the intersection of the thigh bone 10 and hip bone, and PX is on the tube of the saddle: we will only demonstrate for the mechanism of ~ g.
fig. ~ Because, for that of fig. ~, the conclusions are the same: THEY DO NOT WORK, because they contradict feels the "universal law of pedaling".
1 ~ R ~ is the ra ~ on of rotation of the pulley (around J), ~ R is the radius of rotation (around J) of a point fixed located on the PMP.
~ g3 See fig. ~ 6 and ~: the intention ~ identity of the inventor is to increase the torque on the crank. Indeed, it There are 2 ways to increase the torque on the crank:
-increase the ~ CRUCHER of the crank (we have proven that it does not work with the JENTSCHMANN patent) g ~ g ~
- increase the angle ~ as much as possible (fig. ~ and ~) by pulling as much as possible from the rear on the crank.
25 See fig. ~. ~ is the highest point of the arc C
(T and M in a straight line) and L the lowest point on C (T and M superimposed ~ s); in this particular case, the pedal 2107 ~ 84 ~ 3 rises from the back by 60 degrees: we notice that the PMP
climbs D ~ 5 DEGREES ONLY around J. The circular arc (~ C ~ described by the pedal is ~ O ~ ~ and the arc described by the PMP ~ ~ C ~) estQC ~ ~ .R
5 So, ~ C ~ C ~ p, c ~ i.e. 1 ~ d ~ place-ment of the PMP is 4 TIMES smaller than the displacement of the pedal ~ from bottom dead center. WHY? We have PROVEN (see bottom of page ~ and page ~ `at complete, and figs. ~ a ~) that the distance between the axis 10 rotation of the PMP and the axis of rotation of the pedal MUST BE FIXED throughout the pedaling cycle, and the correct ankle angle "must be maintained.
GEISSMANN case, there is no rigid rod T of length determined, but a rope that pulls from behind: THIS IS
15 CHANOE NOTHING; indeed, the foot must ALWAYS be in con-tact with the pedal and thigh in contact with the PMP in any point in the pedaling cycle ~ EXACTLY AS IF THERE IS
HAD A RIGID T ROD OF FIXED LENGTH. This is the condition ESSENTIAL operation of any useful system 0 sant a PMP to pull up with the end of the lag ~ thigh. Fig. ~ a sch ~ matises the mechanism of fig. ~ 6;
therefore, in fig. ~ the symbol T means A DISTANCE
FIX ~ and not a rigid rod T.
See fig. ~: if the PMP rises by 5 degrees on arc C, 25 the axis of rotation of the pulley moves aus ~ i by 5 degrees, however, the arc described by the pulley IS P ~ US COIJRT:
~ c = (Sa ~ ~ n ~ d ~ C ~ (\

2I 07 ~ 8 4 ~
As R ~ O is greater ~ small than R ~ C ~ O is smaller than ~ C ~ p.
See fig. ~: the pedal goes up from the back ~ 60 degrees, the PMP moves ~ C ~ or ~ times m ~ ins that the peda-the (~ ~ ~) and the pulley a little less than the PMP (PC ~ oplus 5 than DC ~ Q ~. Under these conditions, as soon as the pedal starts to go up from the most ~ s ~ T and M superimposed point), THE TENSION IN THE ROPE FALLS AT ZEROI The P ~ pulley d ~ place at P'O ~; the symbol ~) indicates the news position of the cord ~ C'Dl: IF WE WOULD LIKE TO KEEP THE
10 TENSION in the rope, this should be considerable-PLUS COURTEI (the 2 deployed strings are to the right of the drawing ~ It is GEOMETRICALLY IMPOSSIBLE that such a mechanic nism works ~ NO MATTER WHERE ~ ' position of the rope attachment point PX, or the posi-15 PO pulley attachment on the curved rod both the PMP. THERE IS ONLY ONE POSSIBLE SOLUTION-USE A RIGID T OF LONGI ~ UR FIXED (or its equi-are worth, that is to say ~ a mechanism which maintains a dis-ta ~ ce FIXE - en ~ t ~ PMP and pedal ~ like for example 20 that of FIG. IID ~.
CONCLUSION: the GEISS ~ ANN mechanism does NOT WORK IPAS.
In summary, here is why: see fig. ~
The energy C ~ -PTEE BY the pedals during the portion of 60 , ~, MUST BE EQUAL to energy ~ URNIA BY PMP (thigh) 25 when it rises by 5 on arc C. ~ ouloir increase the torque by increasing the angle ~ (fig. ~ and ~ equivalent , ~
ask the crankset TO CREATE ENERGY BY HIMSELF ~

"2107g84 which contradicts the "universal pedaling law"t; and the , ~
MECHANISM HIMSELF proves that it is ~ mpossible: the rope becomes hanging, too long (ZERO voltage) ' We will now take it one step further and 5 fit to introduce the concept of POWER.
~ 8 See fig. ~
1 is bottom dead center and 5 is top dead center.
We have divided the ascending phase into ~ equal portions (4 times the angleq); the 5 positions of ~ da ~ e ~~ are 10 designated by the numbers 1,2,3,4 and 5 and the resulting positions of the EVIDE ~ ENT PMP (this is ESSENTIAL), the distance between the PMP and the pedal is FIXED and equal to T, for each of the 5 positions. The POWER is equal to WORK ~. We will time 15 assume that the force exerted by the PMP is CONSTANT
over the entire arc of circle C and perpendicular to R.
We have, for example, the POWER developed between the points 3 and 4 by the PMP ~ scab ~ ~ v ~ time the time being the one that the PMP takes to pass from the point 20 3 in point 4; power between 3 and 4 ~ 2 ~ aR
Suppose now that the crankset turns at a speed UNIFORM rotation (or angular speed) (constant).
Let t be the time it takes for the pedal to run through each of the angles ~ ~ rising phase equal to 4t in total). IT IS ~ VI-25 DENT that each of the corresponding angles of the PMP (~~) take the same As the force ~ f is constant, the power of ~ developed 210798 ~
during each of the 4 segments ~ is PROPORTION-NELLE TO THE LENGTH of each of the 4 hoop arcs described by the PMP ~ that is to say that the PMP takes THE SAME time (t) to go from point 1 to point 2 than to go from point 2 5 to point 3, from point 3 to 4, and from 4 to 5. THEREFORE, the POWERFUL-EC developed during angleff ~ is 2 times (approximately) more large than that developed during ~ l, that developed during the angle ~ 3 is about 3 times larger than that of the angle ~. In other words, although the pedal is 10 moves at a constant speed, the PMP ACCELERATES between the points 1 and 3 and DECELERE (negative acceleration) between the points 3 and 5. From this example, we realize that the really EFFICIENT tion of the ascending phase is located between points 2 and ~ D ~ P ~ DALIER (since the power 15 is sent TO THE CRANKSET) and that, specifically, this tion CORRESPONDS exactly to portion 2 (fig. ~) of the descending phase (the foot pushing down) which is considered to be the most effective: the timing of THEN ~
SANCE exercised simultaneously by both legs is perfect 20 This example is a great example of how it should apply the "universal pedaling law"; indeed, we study the question from the SOURCE OF ENERGY, it is to say the displacement of the THIGH and THEN, we study the effect produced ON the pedal, the SENSOR of energy:
25 nowhere is there a question of ~ energy produced by the ~ é-dalier, since it does not produce at alll and it cannot obviously not produce one) ' Here is another example of the application of this same law.
See figs. ~ and ~ 4. Fig. ~ is a circular crankset laire and fig. ~ a V ~ RTICAL crankset (the ~ mechanism not shown); in this case, the pedal 5 moves from top to bottom and from bottom to top on a straight line;
there is no rotating crank. In both cases, the year-gle ~ (thigh strokeJ is the same, T and R (thigh and leg ~ are the same, and the force exerted by the thigh F ~
is the same. (NB In both cases, we could use 10 also a PMP and a ti ~ e T for the ascending phase, and the same conclusions would be reached). We could be ~ or-t to believe that the VERTICAL crankset (fig. ~) is PL ~ S ~
EFFICIENT than the circular crankset because it has no dead spots: indeed, you can exert a strong pressure 15 Throughout the pedal travel (going down AND
amount if using a PMP) with the vertical pedal, while with the circular crankset, the blow ~ ur 1 crank is almost zero during the angle. Such ;
reasoning is FALSE. Indeed, the universal law of 20 pedaling says that the energy captured by the two pedals IS THE SAME since the thigh (the 50URCE of energy) d ~ teach ~ ME amount of energy in both cases, PROVIDED THE SAME ~
WORK (angles ~, T, R, ~ are the same); ~ angle ~
is the full stroke of the thigh because the H and L points 25 are the top and bottom dead centers ~. How is that?
This is because the RUN (displacement) of the pedal of the pedal circular tying IS LONGER than the bottom bracket travel 2107 ~ 84 vertical, so that, even if the force on the ~ eda-the vertical pedal is BIGGER, this is compensated by a SHORT pedal stroke (the work done is the same). Those who claim that the vertical crankset 5 is superior s ~ nt victims of an ILLUSION OF OPTICS 'In effect, in reality, the top and bottom dead spots of the circular cranksets are non-existent since there is no dead spots IN THE ENERGY SO ~ CE (thigh).
IT IS IMPOSED ~ IBLE to make more effective these points 10 dead from the top and bottom that don't exist C ~ TAIN ~ S of patents have ~ t ~ filed contenders rend.re .
effective these two "dead spots": even if it was possible ble, the energy required to "activate"ce5'pointsmort5 se-would necessarily be provided at the expense of another portion 15 of the pedaling cycle: the result would be THE SAME: neither gain or loss, just like the result obtained ~ in theo-laughs ~ ie we do not take into account friction etc.) with the circular step is exactly the same as the one obtained with the vertical crankset. Why the peda-20 did circular tie take precedence over others? by that it is cheaper to manufacture and that it is less dou-heavy on the knees (circular pedaling is more nature1). Again, as the universal law says-the pedaling, it doesn’t matter how technical it is-25 ment con ~ u, 1 ~ crankset cannot CREATE energy. See fig. ~: it's a obtained is strictly the same as a circular crankset ' 2107 ~ 84 ~ q The "square" wheel has teeth like a p ~ daliér circu-laire; a QuelGon ~ ue position of the ~ arr ~ is illustrated in below: it can be checked that the complete turn of the ne (the length of the chain) ~ r ~ s ~ e le ~ m ~ e after moving 5 cement, that is to say that ~ oulement is not saccade (by 61c5 ~
strokes) comm ~ a circular crankset. Weird but TRUE ~
In reality, the crankset can have any shape, square, very angular, octagonal ... ON CONDITION that it is SYMMETRIC with respect to its center of rotation ~ of the pedal 10 link him ~ ~ ~ e).
See f ~ g. ~ 6. This is a NON SYMMETRIC crankset which requires a "chain tensor" since the length chain varies according to the position of the cranks. It is also a popular type of idea for patent filings 15 AND IT DOES NOT WORK ~ ON PLUSI The reasoning is same as the one we did for the JENTSCHMANN patent, namely that an INCREASE in torque on the ch ~ e ~
is always accompanied by a DECREASE in the placement of the chain ~ (the gar ~ done by the chain remains 20 the same).
So in the huge amount of cycling patents currently in force ~ Jule ~ n ~ a small number will slow "maybe" something. WHY? Because the majority of them against DISFANT law; universal law ~ u 25 pedaling assuming that the pedals can create 1 ~ n ~ r ~ e pAr el ~ Ym ~ m ~ S. These are OPTICAL ILLUSIONS. ' RESEARCH IN THE CYCLING INDUSTRY seems follow the same FALSE PISTEI

5t ~ 2107 ~ 84 `But why insist so much on this" universal law pedaling? BECAUSE THE REAL 5ECR ~ T which allows ltincroyable superériorit ~ of the present invention r ~ side in bio-mechanical principles (MUSCU levers-5 LAIRES) which are not evident in the mechanisms themselves same; these BIO-MECHANICAL principles relate to the SOURCE D ~ ENERGIE (the cyclist) and are in agreement with the so-called universal pedaling law, because these main bio-mechanical pes assume that the date cannot 10 cr ~ er of energy. The mechanisms themselves allow effectively use these bio-mechanical principles. The re-The result is that, unlike the 2 patents cited ~ JENTS ~
~ ~) MANN and GEISS ~ NN), we get mechanisms that work TIONN ' 15 These bio-mechanical principles are three in number.
To fully understand the incredible potential of this in-vention, we must consider these 3 COMBINED principles ENSE ~ LE since they form a COMPLETE ~ born ~ er only one would be a mistake). We will call them 20 n THE 3 BIOMECHANICAL SECRETS SM in the sense that they are obvious only when you know them. So here they are:
-The 1st secret conneirne the muscles used ~ MAINTAIN
the ankle angle during the downward phase.
-The second secret concerns the muscles serving ~ ~ KEEP
25 year ~ the che ~ ille during the ascending phase.
-The 3rd secret concerns the muscles that PROPELL THE
~ R ~ A ~ r ~ P during the ascending AND descending phases.

In the 3 cases, it is a question of muscular IEVIERS.
~ 3 q ~
Figs. ~ and ~ illustrate what we mean by LEVIERS
muscles. In both cases, an M ~ muscle of the same strength for the 2 figures) is attached by one end Y to a 5 fixed point, and by the other end to a rigid rod t turning around the fixed point of rotation X; the other ex-end of the rigid rod t supports a weight W. If dl ~
is smaller than d ~, for a given force exerted by the MS muscle (the same force in both cases), then the 10 weight W ~ is greater than the weight Wl ~ Let MS be the form-this MS muscle contraction. t is the length of the stem, (the same in both cases). WE HAVE:
-fig ~ ~ q: MS.dl = W ~ .t oy ~ o ~ d -fig. ~: MS, d ~ W ~ .t ~ d ~
~., ELEMENTARY PHYSICS? Yes, but so elementary that it was FULLY FORGOTTEN (or almost) by inventors and the cycling industry in general It is pr ~ precisely by applying this "physi ~ ue ~ lémen-~ aa ~
20 shut up "at the SOURCE of ENER ~ IE ~ the cyclist ~ in agreement with the universal law of pedaling that we will understand the INCREDIBLE POTENTIAL of this invention, in the study bio-mechanical that follows. This study does not pretend to be a study of specialist in bio-mechanics; the goal 25 here is to express general principles, to define trends and opening up research avenues; THE EX-, NUI ~ RI ~ UES EMPLES MUST BE CO ~ SIDERES COM ~ E DES
HYPOTH ~ SES TO CHECK EXPERIMENTA ~ MENT.

210798 ~
Allo ~ s demonstrate the following: i_for an ordinary bicycle that uses only the propulsion for propulsion, 1/3 ONLY of the power-used is used for propulsion: 2/3 are 5 p ~ rdu by the calves. The current bicycle IS FROM GASPIL-ENERGY LAGE ' ii-For co ~ rr c ~ waste, we are currently trying to increase dre the effective ascending phase by attaching the foot to the pedal ~ (belts, pedals ~ triggers ~ ent, chocks ...);
10 we will demonstrate: 1) that it is IMPOSSIBLE to draw EFFI-CACEMENT with the foot from the rear, 2) and that, even if it was possible, 2l3 of the energy used ~ during the phase as-ascent would be LOST as in the 1st case (descending phase dante ~
iii-THERE IS ONLY ONE POSSIBLE SOLUTION: use a PMP
FIXED LENGTH structure between PMP and ~ edale, a ~ ec obviously a mechanism to allow ~ the PMP to describe an arc of circle C with radius R and center J. In this case, almost 100% of the energy is used (upward phase).
20 IN ADDITION, the muscles used to lift the thigh (ie up on PMP) are MUCH MORE EFFECTIVE ~ than those ser ~ ant to push down on the pedal.
THE OVERALL RESULT GIVES APPROXIMATELY THIS:
a) compared to an ordinary bicycle, this invention per-25 dishes to spend 2- ~ 3 TIMES LESS ENERGY for traveling laugh at a given distance, AND
b) do it MUCH faster, thanks to the PIJISSANCE
additional available. It means a REVOLUTION'I ' ~ 3 1st bio-mechanical SECRET
See fig. ~ leg and thigh during the ascent phase.
M2 is the muscle that serves to press the pedal (make turn the crankset ~: FM2 (fig. ~ R) is the resulting force 5 (~ is the REACTION and! Is the ACTION). The Ml muscle (this usually called calf) is used ONLY for maintain the angle J ~ e ankle C ~ at its correct value: this muscle Ml is NOT used to rotate the crankset. We let's go and call Ml the rear leg muscle "in the resales 10 dications. It is obvious that FMl (the force of contraction of the rear muscle jc ~ (avoid that the foot folds over the leg, which makes pedaling impossible) must be: FMl ~ ~ M ~) o ~
dp is the distance between the axis of rotation of the pedal and 1 ~ the axis of rotation of the dowel, and dl the distance between the axis of rotation of the ankle and the point of attachment of the tendon of the "hind leg" muscle. (It goes without saying that the muscles are sch ~ matized: the real muscles are much more complex). If for example the M2 muscle allows for ex-20 drill an FM2 force of 10 lbs. on the pedal, and dp_ 2.dlalors FMl equals 20 l fie? With an ordinary bicycle (which uses the phase down only), suppose a cyclist spends 3,000 calories to go from point A to point B; of this 25 3,000 calories, ONLY 1,000 calories are used for propulsion (i.e. 3,000 x ~ 10-lbs ~ _ 1,000 calories) ~ 10 lbs ~ 20 lbsJ
and 2,000 calories are expended PURE LOSS (i.e.
hold the ankle angle AND GROW THE MOLTETS) ' -2107 ~ 84 So the current bicycle is a WASTE of energy, not to mention the ladies who don't really like seeing big-their calves. We will further propose 2 mechanisms to "solve the problem" (only after the presentation of 5 3 secrets). One solution would be to use ONLY ~
PMP's with rigid tig ~ s T, i.e. REPLACE the pres-sion on a pedal of a given leg P ~ R the pressure of the opposite leg s ~ r the corresponding PMP (ie it does not press never on the pedals: it just pushes up 10 on PMP's); in this case the calves would not be solicit ~ s (or very little, to simply keep the foot in contact with the pedal) and almost all of the energy thought would be used FOR PROPULSION.
GONCT.US ~ the ascending phase with PMP and rigid ge T
1 ~ uses 3 TIMES LESS DIENERGT ~. that the downward phase an ordinary bicycle ~ OA ~
2nd bio-mechanical SECRET
9on an ordinary bicycle, can you use it effectively the ascending phase, for example by tying the foot with 20 a belt to be able to "pull" on the pedal ~ ~ nd foot goes up from the back? See figs. ~ and ~. RC is the strap attaching the foot to the pedal. dp is the dis-tance between the axis of rotation of the pedal and the axis of ro-ankle. d3 is the distance between the axis of 25 ankle rotation and tendon attachment point M3 "forearm" muscle which is used only to maintain the ankle angle ~. The only muscles that serve ~ ti-~ `~ 5 ~ 2107 ~ 84rer the pedal up are symbolized by M4.FM4 is the pulling force crossed by the muscle M4 ~ 1 is ACTION and ~ REACTION).
FM3 is the muscle contraction force M3 required 5 to HOLD the ankle angle. Let's take an example digital as in lenler secrett '. If for example the mus-M4 key allows to pull upwards 10 lbs on the pedal, e ~ dp = 2.d3, then FM3 equals 20 lbs.
WE HAVE THE SAME SITUATION as that of the 1st secret, 10 i.e. 2 ~ 3 of the total energy for the phase as-ashes are LOST UNNECESSARILY by the front leg muscle only to maintain the dowel angle: 1 ~ 3 only It is also used for propulsion.
h $ ~ IS THERE PIREtt ~
In the 1st "secret", the rear leg muscle (calf) Ml contracts by 201bs: this muscle is powerful enough for that.
In the second secret, the front leg muscle M3 ~ OIT is contract 20 lbs: gold, THIS MUSCLE IS NOT ENOUGH THEN ~
20 SANT for the fairel To realize this, it suffices try to lift a weight with your toes. This mus-front leg key M3 is LITTLE BIG, very weak ~
and you can easily feel pain after exertion.
If for example the maximum strength of the M3 muscle is evaluated 25 to 4 lbs., This means that the maximum that the M4 muscle can deploy (AND maintain the angle of, ankle) is 2 lbst simply because M3 is too weak M ~ cannot NOT AT ALL be used effectively ~, because of the , 210798 ~ o weakness constraint imposed by the M3 muscle.
CONCLUSION: IT IS IMPOSSIBLE to effectively use the pha-ascending by pulling on the pedal with the foot attached ~
after AND, ~ g ~ ~ ~ 3) 5 EVEN IF IT WAS POSSIBLE TO DO IT, ~ using a rod rigid T and a PMP (instead of a belt, wedges etc.) would use 3 TIMES LESS ENERGY "I since the contrac-tion of the muscle before leg M3 ~ 'A ~ ~ no longer necessary (~ our maintain ankle angle) ~
9 _ ~ *
AND IT'S NOT ALL
3rd bio-mechanical SECRET, To date, we have established:
_That only the use of PMP ~ s is effective (~ TIMES PLUS ~
15 - We have established further in the description that the distance between the axis of rotation of the PMP and the axis of pedal rotation MUST BE FIXED ~ for example by the use of a rigid rod T as we do in our mechanisms), once adjusted for the size of the cyclist.
20 Obviously, that must include a mechanism that allows the PMP to describe an arc of circle of ra ~ on R and center J.
But such a mechanism has ANOTHER AVANTAOE.
See fig ~ ~. This drawing SCHE ~ ATISE the PROPELLANT muscles the pedal: the M2 muscle that allows you to push the pedal 25 downwards, and the muscle M ~ which allows the pedal to be pulled upwards when it rises from the rear ~ in use a PMP and a rigid rod T). The actual muscles are much more complex: iei, we illustrate a PRINCIPLE.

~,.
Here, we must use the notion of MUSCLE LEVER which was illustrated ~ previously. See fig. ~. Muscles MA and MB have THE SAME PIJISSANCE, the same volume ml ~ scular.
As the distance DB IS GREATER THAN THE DISTANCE DA ~
5 the weight WB which can be supported is HEAVIER than the ~ oids WA. ~ x is a rotation point).
~ q By applying this general principle in fig. ~, like D is larger than d, we can conclude that: A VOLIJME
M ~ TSCULAR EQUAL, the muscles used to lift the thigh 10 ARE MORE POWERFUL than those used to press on the pedals. D is the distance from point J (intersection thigh bone and hip ltos) and point "medium" attachment of the M4 muscles along the collone;
d symbolizes ~ the same for M2. Indeed, d must be 15 relatively short because one easily feels DOUJ ~ UR
after a good effort (at the points marked X, fig. ~) to push press down on the pedals. Similarly, D must be relatively long because you don't feel such dou-their after a good effort to push up on them 20 PMP's (once these muscles "stretched", obviously ~ nt ~, AND
ESPECIALLY ONLY A CLEAR CONTRACTION OF THE ABDOMIENT MtlSCLES-NAUX which are located relatively much higher than the intersection of the thigh and hip (point J).
CONCLUSION: AT MUSCUI.AIRE VOLUME EQUAL, assuming a 25 same effort (same energy ~ ie expense ~ e) ~ the muscles used to press up on the PMP 's DEVELOP A POWER
MUCH LARGER than those used to press towards the low on the pedals. 3 ~ ~

5g IN SUMMARY:
This invention allows:
-to cover a given distance by thinking 3 times less ~
of energy than an ordinary bicycle, or b ~ n, expressed otherwise, for the same energy expenditure, cover a distance 3 TIMES greater than with a bicycle ordinary;
-because of the additional POWER available, it is possible to reach much faster speeds 10 large only with ~ no ordinary bicycle -It is possible to climb the SITTING ribs because the power-this available IS BIGGER than that which can be obtained hold while standing up to pedal (which is dangerous-red if the foot slips ~ e) 15- ~ calves are less stressed ~ s (women hate big calves) - pushing up on the PMP's does contract the abdominal muscles: this means a ~ thin waist ~ long term, less "BIG BUTTCHES". . .
THE ONLY WAY to get this result is with PMP's, a rigid structure of fixed length between the pedal and PMP, and a mechanism for PMP ~ to describe an arc of circle of radius R and center J.
25 -,, If all this does not allow a REVOLUTION in the cycling, what would it take to make one?
_ _, l_ 2107 ~ 84 Before going on to the description of ~ m ~ mechanisms which pect our famous "universal pedaling law" and which, therefore, have the "advantage" of working, we will highlight an interesting point for 5 scientists, especially bio-mechanical experts ~
In light of what we have explained (especially the 3i ~ me secret), it should be obvious that there is a OPTIMUM LENGTH for the arc of circle C (defined ~ ar the angle ~,) l AND an OPTIMUM POSITION ~ M (defined by 10 the angle ~ or ~) of this arc C ON the circumference ~ nce of radius R and center J. See fig. 101 and 102. ~ is the year gle in top dead center (T and M in a straight line) and the bottom dead center angle (T and M superimposed ~. A
once the bio mechanics have given us the value 15 of these angles which MAXIMIZE the yield of this invention tion, we can establish an EQ ~ ATION giving us the OPTIMUM seat height for a given size of cyclist te (T and R) and the structure itself (d ~ finite by M and J) carrying the crankset, to obtain these angles ~
20 See fig. 103: we will use the identity trigono-following metric: ~ L ~ Q ~ c ~
By applying it to fig. 101 and 102 respectively, we have:
Fig. 101: ~ Tt ~ J) - ~ ff Fig. 102: ~
25 By subtracting the 2 equations ~ we have:
J ~ ~ T
~ 7L ~ D / ~

2 1 0 7 ~ 8 4 Now the mechanisms themselves: the ones that go follow are THE FOLLOWING of those described in the patent "Double acting device for crankset" no. 2.06 ~, 835 in Canada (April 10, t92) or PCT / CA ~ 2 / Q03 ~ 0 (9 ~ 9 / ~ 92).
5 See page 54 to line 16 ~ of this description tion. The first mechanism is illustrated in fig. 10 ~, for the right leg only; a ring 03 is attached to the rear shoe shoe: a CD rope is attached to it ~ by a tip; the rope splits in 2 and joins 2 other years-10 loops 01 and 02 which are placed on each side of the knee and which are held in. This mechanism is that of claim 4. It is see that during the descending phase the calf does not MORE TO PROVIDE NO EFFORT to maintain the angle of che-15 city c ~: the CD cord REPLACES this "hind leg" or calf muscle. So the 2 of the back leg muscle) are PRESERVED for propulsion of the bicycle: a SIMPLE ROPE triples (300%) the energy efficiency of the "Hard to beat" bicycle Fig. 20 105 is a mechanism that produces the same result.
Only the left leg is shown. The suitable pedal tional is replaced by a PLATFORM (designated by DEI) rigid that follows the contour of the underside of the foot (fig. 106): ~
it has a protuberance at the front (BA) and ~ the rear (BB);
25 the rear protuberance BB carries a wheel WH which rolls in a groove RX made in a directional guide GD which is fixed ~ at the back of the frame. The front part of this 61 2107 ~ 84 `PLATFORM is fixed to the place where the pedal was before. Fig. 106 let's see how the foot (or wheel WH) moves during the complete cycle pedaling: this explains the shape of the RX groove. The 5 shape and dimensions of the GD (or RX) directional guide depend on where you decide to place the WH wheel compared to the DEI platform. Ce-m ~ canisme corres ~ onds to claims 5 and 6 ~ Ge mechanism relates to 1st bio-mechanical SECRET: it helps prevent m ~ s-10 back leg ~ or calf keys ~ contract unnecessarily to keep the muscles angular: ALL the energy available can be USED to POWER the bicycle, compared to 1/3 SEU-LEI ~ NT for an ordinary bicycle ~ energy efficiency 15 ticks are TRIPLE! AND THERE ARE MUCH MORE:
-These platforms REQUIRE the cyclist to have feet CORRECTLY positioned in relation to the crank and knows how important it is for the effectiveness of the pedal;
20 with ordinary pedals, most cyclists have feet misplaced.
- The ankle angle is MANDATORY correct during the whole pedaling cycle, thanks to the RX groove and the guide.
-This system is much SAFER than the pedals 25 conventional: how do you want your feet to SLIDE
with such platforms? `~ For example, what do we go down the ribs at high speed, you just have to go through a whole 2107 ~ 84 small hole or on a small bump so that the foot slides and make a serious fall (with ordinary pedals).
Note that REMOVING THE FOOT is as easy as with ordinary pedals: the foot is not attached. These platforms 5 mes would be IDEAL FOR CHILDREN, to teach them to pedal correctly-Such a platform mechanism is ideal for women-MES: it requires LESS ENERGY to cover a given distance born (3 times less than an ordinary bicycle), it is safe 10 ritaire, and EMP ~ CHEESE CALF GROWING (what fem-my hate): the latter ar ~ ument alone is enough to revalue cycling in women ~ a PE-TITE PORTION only of the current cycling crowd are women): HIT commercial in perspective ... notice to inte-15 raised ...- By pushing with the foot horizontally on the protuberance rence BA at the front of the platform, this allows to add more propulsive force at top dead center (NB this does not contradict the universal law of pedaling; indeed, 20 the CYCLIST provides the energy ~ ie ADI) ITIONAL ~ E, the mechanic doesn't create energy by itself, and a new muscle is used: the one who allows to advance the foot while keeping thigh I ~ lOBILE).
The mechanism illustrated in fig. 105 represents ONE OPTION
25 among an INFINITY of possible Mechanisms; indeed it There are all kinds of methods of connecting the WH wheel with the frame to reproduce the CURVE represented by the 63 210798 i groove RX in directional guide GD (can be used articulated rod systems, movable cams, etc.) ~
the situation is similar to fig. 47 of the PCT / CA92 / 003 ~ 0 which represents the curve itself, said curve possibly 5 be copied by other mechanisms: fig. 51, fig. 37 ...
The same is true with the continuation of the mechanisms of the present patent or the other 2 cit ~ s on page 1: all reproduced feels THE NEME CURVE, i.e. an arc of circle C of radius R
and center J. So, it should be understood that the mechanic 10 nism of fig. 105 represents ONLY THE PRINCIPLES OF THE INVENTION: a completely different story (adjustments for size, etc.) This invention can be used with PMP's for ascending phase: we would therefore have, IF ~ JLTANEMENT:
One leg that pushes down on the platform ler with a return ~ ner ~ itique 3 TIMES higher ~ WRITTEN ~
with the conventional pedal, .. and in SAME TE ~ PS
2nd 2-a leg that pushes up with a return , s ~ CRET
energetic AT LEAST equal to the leg descending (l 20 3rd 3-the leg which goes up developing a more ~ rande SECRET
power than the leg which of ~ ashes ....
and all this, by preventing the calves from growing, and by making overweight disappear by the contraction of abdominal muscles "~
WHO SAYS BETTER?
.
~, 64 2107 ~ 84 Response to possible objection. See figs. 107 and 10 ~.
Suppose the thigh allows you to push down on the DEI platform with a force of 10 lbs. (the platform form is sch ~ matized only): we can reasonably 5 assume that this force is applied "on average" to the center be from the platform. ~ a fig. 107 explains that the almost full force is applied ~ on the end of the handle calf (9.5 lbs.); the 0.5 lbs, remaining is to fight against be the friction of the wheel WH (only the friction); in 10 physical, it is said that the platform IS IN TRANSLATION by report ~ itself. Fig 10 ~ represents a situation very different: in this case, the platform would be EN RO-TATION compared to a FIX ~ X POINT located on itself (like for example 1 ~ p ~ ale of acceleration of a car):
15 in this case, the force which would be exerted ~ on the ~ end of the crank would be 5 lbs, only. D ~ NC, those who claim that the platform mechanism of fig.
105 will produce ~ 5 lbs. only on the crank ~ for a force of 10 lbs ~ exerted by the thigh) MAKE AN ERROR;
20 all ~ QYu ~ esque) is transmitted to the crank. See there for this possible objection. Voil ~ for both canisms (fig. 10 ~ and 105) cited on page 5 ~ reins 3, ~.
The mechanism which will now be described with respect to 2nd bio-mechanical SECRET.
This secret says that it is impossible to shoot effectively on the pedal (the foot attached to the pedal before; e; c a court ~
roie) ~ e the pedal remo ~ te by 1 t back, AND, even if ~

it was possible (ie assuming that the forearm muscle powerful enough to do this), only 1/3 of the energy total ascension phase would be used to pro-jogging the bicycle: 2/3 would be lost by the contraction 5 of the front leg muscle only to maintain the angle of ankle ~ Fig. 109: a ring 04 is attached to the a ~ rant of the shoe; a CD cord connects this ring to two others rings 01 and 02 located on each side of the knee (the rope splits in two), said rings being fixed to the knee lO by belts which surround it lSl, S2 and S3). This mechanism is that of claim 7. It is evident that when of the ascending phase, the muscle before the leg does not A ~ US A
PROVIDE NO ~ FFORT to maintain ankle angle C ~:
the CD cord REPLACES this front leg muscle. So 2/3 of 15 energy is saved for PROPULSION, which without the rope, would be unnecessarily lost.
The mechanisms that we will now describe allow-try to use the 3 bio-mechanical SECRETS effectively previously defined; they all respect the universal law 20 of pedaling '.
See fig. llO ~
We have mentioned and proved (See ~ Page 4 ~, page 23 to ~ ar-line drawing 21, page 24 in full and fig. 56, 57, 5 ~
and 59) that the distance between the axis of rotation of the PMP and 25 the axis of rotation of the pedal must be FI ~ E (louse ~ a tail-cyclist data) during the whole ~ QQ of pedaling.
The mechanism of fig. lO respects this condition.

- 2107 ~ 84 ~ a rigid structure ST connecting the pedal to the P ~ P is built of ONE PIECE; the center is a di-rectionnel in the shape of an egg which has a groove RX
pr ~ tiqu ~ e on the side of the guide facing the frame. Inside 5 the inside of this groove turns a wh wheel which is in FIXED position on a CB tube (which is added to the frame).
Figs. 111 to 116 show various crank positions for a complete pedaling cycle. We see that the choice of the position of the wh wheel in the frame determines the di-10 mensions and the shape of the RX curve: you have to draw this curve so that you want to obtain it. This mechanism is the claim ~.
See fig. 117.
In this mechanism, a whlest wheel placed on the CB tube to 15 a FIXED position in the frame. A straight directional guide GI has a groove inside which rolls the whl wheel; this GI guide has one end attached to the PMP and the other at the end carries a wh2 wheel which rolls inside (in the groove) of another directional guide co ~ rbé GC
20 which is fixed to the frame, ~ the front. Figs. 11 ~ ~ 123 mon-30 different crank positions ~ for a full cycle ~ let pedaling. Obviously you have to draw the shape of the directional guide GC according to the position in the dre of the wheel whl, so that the PMP describes the arc 25 of circle C desired. This mechanism is the claim 9. It is obvious that, 105 and 117, the TECHNIQUE described is rud ~ mentary: this is intentional, in order to describe the INVENTIVE PRINCIPLES.

~ _ 2107 67 See ~ fig. 12 ~.
Only the left side of the crankset is shown. A
rod connects the PMP to the directional guide a by a rolle wh turning in a groove made in guide G.
5 This guide is oriented towards point J and is fixed in front of the frame. A small rod Ca ~ connects a point of rotation ~ located on the guide to the other rod ~ b). Figs.
125 and 126 indicate the position of the DOU ~ 2 posi-different crank positions. Construction steps:
10 H and L denote the highest point on the arc C (T
and M in a straight line) and the lowest on C (T and M su-perposed). From H, make a straight line which cuts the guide G at point wh (wheel); choose the location of the point ~: d is the distance between points ~ and ~. Re ~ o ~ -15 ter this same length d on the other straight line from point H (fig. 12 ~): c to ~; draw the center line on the line ~ this gives the point ~ (fig. 129). Make the line ~ this gives the complete mechanism (fig. 130 and 127 ~. The proofs 20 geometric shapes will not be given to minimize the description. The goal and desired trajectory in an arc of a radius R and center J.
This mechanism corresponds to re ~ endiquation 10.
25 See fig. 131 A support G oriented towards point J is attached to the front of the frame; the small rod r is connected to ~ this support at the point of rotation X; the other rod

6 ~
length RZ is fixed by one end to the support at rotation point Z. The other end of this ~ two rods is connected to points Y and A ~ a third rod such as illustrated, the other end of this 3rd rod being 5 connected to the axis of rotation of the PMP. Fig. 132 is that schematic mechanism. Construction method: proofs geometry will not be given; only the me-graphic method will be, to limit the description.
Fig. 133: choose a point X on G, choose r and draw 10 ner the circle. From point H, draw a circular arc ~ e radius d (cutting the circumference of the circle at point Y. Fig. 134:
join points X and Y, Y and H and draw the sym-stick under line G. Fig. 135: choose a ~ istance x 15 (i.e. the distance ~ - ~) and transfer it from the anointed ~
and L as illustrated: we thus obtain the points ~
By the usual method, draw a circle passing through the points ~ ~ ~: the center Z is thus obtained (fig. 136).
Fig. 137: draw the line connecting points A and Z; that 20 gives our mechanism. Fig. 13 ~: 1st moving mechanism.
Here is actually the problem we solved:
-how to draw a circle of radius R ~ from two rays-ons smaller and of different length (r and RZ).
This mechanism corresponds to claim 11.
See fig. 139. A directional guide G is fixed to the frame facing up at the back; this guide ~ orte une 2107 ~ 84 groove at the back in which a wh wheel is inserted sliding in. This wheel is attached to the end of a rod t, the other end of this rod t being fixed ~ e to the rod T at a distance d from the axis of the pedal; an au-5 tre petite rod ~ connects an intermediate point ~ e ~ on the rod t to a rot point In this mechanism, the curve described by point P, ~ our a complete pedaling cycle, is illustrated in fig, 1 ~ 5;
it is the DUOCYCLOIDE described in ~ age 20. The 10 fig. 140 ~ 1 ~ 4 illustrate the position of the system for different crank positions, during the pedaling cycle lage Note that the small rod m is ALWAYS parallel ~ the crank M at all points of the pedaling cycle.
This mechanism is an example of claim 12.
See fig. 146. This concept simply consists of 3 rods (tl, t2 and t3J connected end to end, the 2 ends free mites being fixed at 2 rotation points (1 and 2) (located on UII axis parallel to the seat tube) with 20 fixing pieces (S) connecting them to the seat tube.
The peculiarity is that the central rod t2 has a point of intermediate rotation4 to which the end of ~ is fixed the rod t3, the other end of t2 being ~ ixed to ~ anointed P
of the rod T (~ a distance d from the pedal). Figs.
25,147 to -151 illustrate various crank positions.
Fig. 152 shows the curve described by point P which is the DUOCYCLOIDE as in the previous mechanism.
Fig. 146 corresponds to claim 13.

2107 ~ 84 See fig. 153.
This mechanism includes, on each side of the pedal, a false FM crank which is located on the rotation axis of the crankset, between the crank M and the central hub;
5 fig. 155: this false crank has an integrated system with a "pin't ~ used towards the toothed axis by a spring rs; the shape of the teeth of the axis is te ~ that the axis O
is trained WITH the ~ ausse manive ~ when the latter turns in the pedaling direction, and turns EMPTY (without.
10 enter the tree 0) in the other direction. the end of FM
is connected to a directional guide CT comprising a rai-nure in which turns a wh wheel fixed to the frame by the support S. The curvature of this groove is drawn from so that the PMP describes the arc of circle C of radius R
15 and of center J. This mechanism has the following particularity:
-the false crank drives the crank axle when the pedal goes up from the back (from neutral from bottom to top dead center); during this ascending phase, M and FM are exactly superposed (they MELT) 20-when M and FM come to top dead center, M and FM
SEPARATE: M descend from the front (normal traction of the pedaleJ while FM REDESCENDS ARRIRE ~ RE (by performing the upward phase IN REVERSE DIRECTION) by turning A ~ IDE (without entrainer) around the axis O of the pedal: this. is done 25 thanks to the return spring RS that ~ on ~ oit in fig. 154;
fig. 15 ~ also indicates the locations of F and FM.
This mechanism corresponds to claim 14.
END OF DESCRIPTION

Claims (14)

71 ? - A mechanism CHARACTERIZED in that it includes, for each of the main driving parts, a) a pantograph of which 3 points of articulation have the following features:
i) one of these 3 points is a central point of rotation of the pantograph and is in a fixed position relative to the axis of rotation of the crankset, ii) another of these 3 points is connected to the axis of rotation tion of the main driving part, iii) the intermediate point between the two points that we just described is in a straight line with these last, b) a rod i) one end of which is connected to the intermediate point according to paragraph 1 a iii) ii) the other end of which is a fixed point of rotation relative to the axis of rotation of the crankset, c) and a mechanism for varying the position of the fixed point of rotation according to paragraph 1 b ii) in the special case where the point of intersection of the bone of the thigh and hip bone changes position by relative to the axis of rotation of the crankset, said mechanism allowing each of the driving parts to describe, during pedaling, a trajectory re in an arc, the center of the circle defined by said circular arc is located at the intersection of the bone of the thigh and hip bone. 2-A rod, according to paragraph 1 b), CHARACTERIZED in it a) is of adjustable length to take into account a variation of the distance between the following two points:
i) the axis of rotation of the main driving part, ii) the point of intersection of the thigh bone and hip bone, b) has a built-in spring device that allows to absorb variations in the distance defined in paragraph 2 a) that are caused by factors following:
i) one foot in incorrect position on the pedal, ii) the pedal operator is in the incorrect position in his seat, iii) the angle between the foot and the leg is incorrect. 3-A mechanism (according to claim 1) comprising, on each side of the crankset:
a) a main driving part, a) a rigid rod of fixed length T (for a size given leg) connecting the axis of rotation of the part main drive to the axis of rotation of the pedal, said mechanism being CHARACTERIZED in that c) that a fixed point chosen on the rod T at a distance V
of the axis of rotation of the pedal is connected to the end pantograph mobile, d) that the moving point in the middle of the pantograph is connected to a mini rod (of length t) at a distance v from the bottom of the latter (with the characteristic ), said mini-rod t being connected i) by one end to a mini crank m (which moves always parallel to the crank M of the crankset) ii) by the other end to a mini rod r (which moves always parallel to the imaginary line R connecting the axis of rotation of the main driving part with the point of intersection of the thigh bone and the bone of the hip) e) that all the elements making up the said mechanism are lengths such as: = MU, MU being the multi-pantograph plier ,, said mechanism allowing each of the driving parts to describe, during pedaling, a trajectory re in an arc of radius R whose center is the intersection of the thigh bone and the hip bone. 4-Mechanism CHARACTERIZED in that it includes, for each leg a) a rope dividing into 2 parts, i) the end of the bottom of the rope attached to the back re the shoe by an appropriate system (ring, for example) ii) the two ends of the top of the rope connecting each side of the knee (at the knee joint), thanks to a system of straps surrounding the knee, said mechanism allowing a considerable energy saving saddle replacing the back leg muscle (calf) for hand-hold the ankle angle while the foot pushes towards the bottom on the pedal (downward phase); indeed without this rope, the back leg muscle should contract to maintain the ankle angle. 5-On each side of the pedal, a CHARACTERIZED mechanism in what it includes a platform matching the shape of the under the foot, said platform a) with a protuberance at the front, allowing posi-correctly clamp the foot with respect to the crank, b) being connected from the front to an axis of rotation situated at the mobile end of the crank, c) being connected from the rear to a suitable mechanism which allow to guide the movement of the platform of such so that the ankle angle (angle between the foot and the leg) is maintained at the value required for pedaling effective at all points in the pedaling cycle, all allowing considerable energy savings by replacing the back leg muscle (calf) to maintain the ankle angle while the foot is pushing down on the pedal (downward phase); indeed, without this mechanic nismus, the back leg muscle should contract to maintain the ankle angle. ? -Mechanism according to claim 5, CHARACTERIZED
in that the platform has an integrated wheel which is fixed at the rear in a suitable place, said wheel moving inside a groove which is practi-all around a directional guide which is fixed at the rear of the frame; the shape and dimensions of the curve that the groove describes (therefore the wheel) depend on the place you choose to fix the wheel (compared to port to platform), the length of the crank of the crankset, the dimensions of the feet (size of the cy-clist) and the required ankle angle as well as the position of the saddle. ? -Mechanism CHARACTERIZED in that it includes, for 15 each leg, ?) a rope dividing into 2 parts, i) the bottom end of the rope connecting to the front of the shoe by an appropriate system (ring, etc.) ii) the two ends of the top of the rope connecting on each side of the knee (at the joint of the knee), thanks to a system of straps surrounding the knee, said mechanism allowing a saving of energy consi-maple by replacing the front leg muscle to maintain the ankle angle while the foot goes up by the ar-by pulling up on the pedal thanks to a goose fixing the foot to the pedal; indeed, without this cor-of, the front leg muscle should contract for hand-hold the ankle angle (assuming that this muscle is powerful enough to do so). ? -A CHARACTERIZED mechanism in that it includes, each side of the crankset:
?) a rigid structure of fixed length (for a size cyclist data) connecting the axis of rotation of the dale to the axis of rotation of the main driving part, comprising in its center a directional guide bearing an integrated groove, the shape and dimensions of the said groove being a function of the place in the context where is fixed the wheel which moves in the groove, of the size of the cyclist, the position of the saddle and the crank length;
?) a fixed structure for attaching a wheel to a determined location in the frame, said wheel is promoted in the groove of the directional guide during pedaling, said mechanism intended to allow each main driving parts to describe a trajectory in an arc, the center of which is at the intersection thigh bone and hip bone. ? -A mechanism comprising on each side of the crankset:
?) a main driving part, ?) a rigid rod of fixed length (for a size of given leg) connecting the axis of rotation of the moving part main trice to the axis of rotation of the pedal, said mechanism being CHARACTERIZED in that ?) it has a wheel fixed in a specific place fixed inside the frame, d) that it includes a straight directional guide bearing a groove in which the wheel referred to in previous paragraph (9 c), said guide being i) fixed by one end to the axis of rotation of the part main engine, ii) carrying a wheel at its other end, e) it has a curved directional guide with a radius integrated track in which the wheel in question rolls tion in paragraph 9 d ii), said guide being attached to a-front of the frame, the shape and dimensions of the groove dependent tegray:
i) where the wheel in question is fixed in paragraph 9 c, ii) the size of the cyclist, iii) the position of the saddle, iv) the length of the crank the purpose of the said mechanism being to allow each of the main driving forces to describe a trajectory in arc of a circle whose center is at the intersection of the thigh bone and the hip bone. 10-A mechanism comprising on each side of the crankset:
a) a main driving part, b) a rigid rod of fixed length (for a size of given leg) connecting the axis of rotation of the part main drive to the axis of rotation of the pedal, said mechanism being CHARACTERIZED in that ?) that it has a directional guide (attached to the front of the frame) oriented towards the intersection of the bone of thigh and hip, said guide being carrying a integrated groove at the front, ?) that a rod i) connects by one end the axis of rotation of the part main engine ii) the other end carrying a wheel which rolls in the groove referred to in paragraph c), ?) than another rod i) connects by one end a point of rotation located on the directional guide, ii) the other end being connected to a point of rotation located on the stem referred to in paragraph d), the purpose of the said mechanism being to allow each of the main driving forces to describe a trajectory in arc of a circle whose center is at the intersection of the thigh bone and the hip bone. ? -A mechanism comprising on each side of the crankset:
?) a main driving part, ?) a rigid rod of fixed length (for a size of given leg) connecting the axis of rotation of the driving part this main to the axis of rotation of the pedal, said mechanism being CHARACTERIZED in that c) it has a support fixed to the front of the frame oriented towards the intersection of the thigh bone and the hip, the said support comprising fixed points of rotation, d) that one end of two rods of different lengths are fixed to these fixed deupoints of rotation located on the guide, e) that the other end of each of these two rods are connected to the intermediate end on the other hand, the other end of this 3rd rod being connected to the axis of rotation of the main powertrain the purpose of said mechanism being to allow each of the driving parts main to describe an arc, the center of which is the intersection of the thigh bone and the hip bone. 12- A mechanism comprising on each side of the crankset:
a) a main driving part, b) a rigid rod of fixed length (for a given leg size) connecting the rotation of the main driving part to the axis of rotation of the pedal, the said c) that it comprises a directional guide inclining towards the bottom by the front of the rear part carrying a groove in which a wheel rotates fixed to the ex of a rod whose other end is fixed to the rod defined by paragraph one point chosen along it, ?) it has a mini rod always moving parallel to the crank of the crankset, this mini-rod being i) fixed by one end to a fixed point of rotation located on the directional guide, ii) fixed by the other end to a point chosen on along the rod that connects the wheel (in the groove) to the rod according to paragraph 12 b), the purpose of the said mechanism being to allow each of the main driving forces to describe a trajectory in arc of a circle whose center is at the intersection of the thigh bone and the hip bone. ? - A mechanism comprising on each side of the crankset:
?) a main driving part, ?) a rigid rod of fixed length (for a size of given leg) connecting the axis of rotation of the moving part main trice to the axis of rotation of the pedal, said mechanism being CHARACTERIZED in that t1-t2-t3 ?) it has a set of 3 rods which are connected between them as follows:
i) the rods at the ends (t1 and t3) of this assembly each have a fixed point of rotation in the frame, the two rotation points thus defined being located on an axis parallel to the seat tube, ii) the other end of the rods t1 and t3 is connected to the rod t2 (located in the middle of t1-t2-t3) so that - one end of t1 is connected to one end of t2, - one end of t3 is connected to a point of rotation located ON t2, iii) the free end of the rod t2 is connected to the rod defined by the paragraph chosen along the latter, d) that the two points of rotation defined by paragraph 13 c) i) are located on suitable supports which are fixed to the frame, the purpose of said mechanism being to allow each of the driving parts main to describe an arc, the center of which is the intersection of the thigh bone and the hip bone. 14- A mechanism CHARACTERIZED in that it comprises, on each side of the crankset:
a) a false crank located on the same axis as the crank of the crankset, located between the crank and the central hub, said false crank i) driving the rotation of the crankset axis when it turns in the direction of ii) turning idle (without driving it) on the crankset axis when it turns contrary to pedaling, iii) being exactly superimposed on the crank (the two merge) during the ascending phase, when the pedal goes from bottom dead center to top dead center both from the back, iv) descending From the rear (from top dead center towards bottom dead center) while the crank and its pedal perform the downward phase of traction (the pedal switches from top dead center to bottom bottom dead center by the front), ?) a low tension return spring connecting the false crank to the central hub, said spring being under tension at top dead center and without tension at bottom dead center, ?) a curved directional guide connecting the axis of rotation of the main driving part at the movable end of the false crank, said directional guide being provided a groove in which turns a wheel attached to the frame at a suitable place, the curvature of said groove being designed so that the main driving part describes a trajectory in an arc, the center of which is located at the intersection of the thigh bone and the bone of the hip.