CA2077455A1 - Halogen exchange fluorination - Google Patents
Halogen exchange fluorinationInfo
- Publication number
- CA2077455A1 CA2077455A1 CA002077455A CA2077455A CA2077455A1 CA 2077455 A1 CA2077455 A1 CA 2077455A1 CA 002077455 A CA002077455 A CA 002077455A CA 2077455 A CA2077455 A CA 2077455A CA 2077455 A1 CA2077455 A1 CA 2077455A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- alkali metal
- fluoride
- temperature
- gaseous
- reaction
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 238000003682 fluorination reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 title description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 229910001515 alkali metal fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 150000008282 halocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000008247 solid mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 79
- LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane Chemical compound FCC(F)(F)F LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 51
- CYXIKYKBLDZZNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Chemical group FC(F)(F)CCl CYXIKYKBLDZZNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 47
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000011698 potassium fluoride Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910001514 alkali metal chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- XJHCXCQVJFPJIK-UHFFFAOYSA-M caesium fluoride Chemical group [F-].[Cs+] XJHCXCQVJFPJIK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- NROKBHXJSPEDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium fluoride Chemical group [F-].[K+] NROKBHXJSPEDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000040 hydrogen fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000003270 potassium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical class CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 8
- HTHNTJCVPNKCPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloro-1,1-difluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=CCl HTHNTJCVPNKCPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910001512 metal fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 6
- -1 i.e. Chemical compound 0.000 description 5
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 5
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Chemical group BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052794 bromium Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WXGNWUVNYMJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)F WXGNWUVNYMJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KLZUFWVZNOTSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-K Aluminum fluoride Inorganic materials F[Al](F)F KLZUFWVZNOTSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 3
- 102100033674 Centromere protein X Human genes 0.000 description 3
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical group [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 101000944476 Homo sapiens Centromere protein X Proteins 0.000 description 3
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910001618 alkaline earth metal fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 3
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001510 metal chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XPDWGBQVDMORPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluoroform Chemical compound FC(F)F XPDWGBQVDMORPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000001246 bromo group Chemical group Br* 0.000 description 2
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium difluoride Chemical class [F-].[F-].[Ca+2] WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003518 caustics Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- AHLATJUETSFVIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M rubidium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[Rb+] AHLATJUETSFVIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005201 scrubbing Methods 0.000 description 2
- PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[Na+] PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- QVLAWKAXOMEXPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane Chemical compound ClCC(Cl)(Cl)Cl QVLAWKAXOMEXPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IRPGOXJVTQTAAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanal Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C=O IRPGOXJVTQTAAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TZNJHEHAYZJBHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)CBr TZNJHEHAYZJBHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000619 316 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004604 Blowing Agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910021578 Iron(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000792 Monel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- XSTXAVWGXDQKEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trichloroethylene Chemical group ClC=C(Cl)Cl XSTXAVWGXDQKEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trioxochromium Chemical compound O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004378 air conditioning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011260 aqueous acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001634 calcium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CREMABGTGYGIQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon carbon Chemical compound C.C CREMABGTGYGIQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- NEHMKBQYUWJMIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloromethane Chemical compound ClC NEHMKBQYUWJMIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021563 chromium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000423 chromium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006704 dehydrohalogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003292 diminished effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960003750 ethyl chloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoromethane Chemical compound FC NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004508 fractional distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008246 gaseous mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000856 hastalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe](Cl)Cl RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001509 metal bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000005309 metal halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004812 organic fluorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005023 polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- VBKNTGMWIPUCRF-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium;fluoride;hydrofluoride Chemical compound F.[F-].[K+] VBKNTGMWIPUCRF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
- IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubidium atom Chemical compound [Rb] IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011775 sodium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013024 sodium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- RBWSWDPRDBEWCR-RKJRWTFHSA-N sodium;(2r)-2-[(2r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-oxo-2h-furan-2-yl]-2-hydroxyethanolate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O RBWSWDPRDBEWCR-RKJRWTFHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002195 soluble material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- UBOXGVDOUJQMTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichloroethylene Natural products ClCC(Cl)Cl UBOXGVDOUJQMTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FTBATIJJKIIOTP-UHFFFAOYSA-K trifluorochromium Chemical compound F[Cr](F)F FTBATIJJKIIOTP-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C17/00—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons
- C07C17/093—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by replacement by halogens
- C07C17/20—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by replacement by halogens of halogen atoms by other halogen atoms
- C07C17/202—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by replacement by halogens of halogen atoms by other halogen atoms two or more compounds being involved in the reaction
- C07C17/208—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by replacement by halogens of halogen atoms by other halogen atoms two or more compounds being involved in the reaction the other compound being MX
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/582—Recycling of unreacted starting or intermediate materials
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US48746690A | 1990-03-02 | 1990-03-02 | |
| US07/487,466 | 1990-03-02 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2077455A1 true CA2077455A1 (en) | 1991-09-03 |
Family
ID=23935831
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002077455A Abandoned CA2077455A1 (en) | 1990-03-02 | 1991-01-29 | Halogen exchange fluorination |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0516690A4 (cs) |
| JP (1) | JPH05504963A (cs) |
| CN (1) | CN1054582A (cs) |
| AU (1) | AU7332991A (cs) |
| BR (1) | BR9108099A (cs) |
| CA (1) | CA2077455A1 (cs) |
| CS (1) | CS53291A2 (cs) |
| WO (1) | WO1991013048A1 (cs) |
| ZA (1) | ZA911522B (cs) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6054064A (en) * | 1994-07-11 | 2000-04-25 | Solvay (Societe Anonyme) | Refrigerant of 1,1-difluoroethylene |
| GB0021618D0 (en) | 2000-09-02 | 2000-10-18 | Ici Plc | Production of hydrofluoroalkanes |
| CN103102241A (zh) * | 2012-10-29 | 2013-05-15 | 江苏卡迪诺节能保温材料有限公司 | 气液相法生产1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷的工艺 |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1914135A (en) * | 1930-07-23 | 1933-06-13 | Du Pont | Process for producing carbon halides |
| US2739989A (en) * | 1953-03-03 | 1956-03-27 | Du Pont | Process for reacting ccl4 with caf2 in a fluid bed, and the fluid bed therefor |
-
1991
- 1991-01-29 CA CA002077455A patent/CA2077455A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1991-01-29 JP JP3505541A patent/JPH05504963A/ja active Pending
- 1991-01-29 EP EP19910904787 patent/EP0516690A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1991-01-29 BR BR919108099A patent/BR9108099A/pt unknown
- 1991-01-29 WO PCT/US1991/000442 patent/WO1991013048A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1991-01-29 AU AU73329/91A patent/AU7332991A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1991-02-28 CS CS91532A patent/CS53291A2/cs unknown
- 1991-03-01 ZA ZA911522A patent/ZA911522B/xx unknown
- 1991-03-02 CN CN91101282A patent/CN1054582A/zh active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH05504963A (ja) | 1993-07-29 |
| CS53291A2 (en) | 1991-11-12 |
| CN1054582A (zh) | 1991-09-18 |
| EP0516690A4 (en) | 1993-06-16 |
| EP0516690A1 (en) | 1992-12-09 |
| AU7332991A (en) | 1991-09-18 |
| WO1991013048A1 (en) | 1991-09-05 |
| BR9108099A (pt) | 1993-02-24 |
| ZA911522B (en) | 1992-11-25 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FZDE | Dead |