CA2025388C - Colourdynamic decorative materials and method of obtaining them - Google Patents
Colourdynamic decorative materials and method of obtaining themInfo
- Publication number
- CA2025388C CA2025388C CA002025388A CA2025388A CA2025388C CA 2025388 C CA2025388 C CA 2025388C CA 002025388 A CA002025388 A CA 002025388A CA 2025388 A CA2025388 A CA 2025388A CA 2025388 C CA2025388 C CA 2025388C
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- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- dimensional elements
- elements
- dimensional
- colour
- texture
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B44—DECORATIVE ARTS
- B44C—PRODUCING DECORATIVE EFFECTS; MOSAICS; TARSIA WORK; PAPERHANGING
- B44C5/00—Processes for producing special ornamental bodies
- B44C5/04—Ornamental plaques, e.g. decorative panels, decorative veneers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B44—DECORATIVE ARTS
- B44F—SPECIAL DESIGNS OR PICTURES
- B44F1/00—Designs or pictures characterised by special or unusual light effects
- B44F1/02—Designs or pictures characterised by special or unusual light effects produced by reflected light, e.g. matt surfaces, lustrous surfaces
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B44—DECORATIVE ARTS
- B44F—SPECIAL DESIGNS OR PICTURES
- B44F1/00—Designs or pictures characterised by special or unusual light effects
- B44F1/08—Designs or pictures characterised by special or unusual light effects characterised by colour effects
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
- E04F13/00—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings
- E04F13/07—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor
- E04F13/08—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements
- E04F13/0871—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements having an ornamental or specially shaped visible surface
Abstract
A decorative material with a colourdynamic surface texture surface comprising three-dimensional elements of the texture or relief, differently oriented sections of which have different colours. The texture surface is formed by the three-dimensional elements with the total area of the surfaces of all the three-dimensional elements and the intervals between the bases of these elements to the area of the surface upon which they are arranged laying in the range from 1.2 to 24, and the ratio of the mean height of the three-dimensional elements to the mean radius of rounding of their peaks being in the range from 3 to 300, the differently oriented sections of the surface of each three-dimensional element having different colours and/or different optical properties. In this case, the similarly oriented sections of the surfaces of different three-dimensional elements have a similar colour and/or similar optical properties.
Description
~OLOURDYNAMIC DECORATIVE ~ATERIALS
AND ~THOD OF O~TAINING T~
The present invention relates to the iield of construc-tion and architecture and in particular to a decorative material with a colourdynamic ~ sur~ace and a me+~od of obtaining it.
The invention may be used in the-manufacture o~ va_ rious facing and ornamental materi.als, constructioll pro_ ducts and also of a wide variety of articlos whose ap-pearance is of particular importa.nce, .such as ~mes for lighting fixtures~ decorati~e croker~, elements of fur_niture, machines and equipment, decorative grate~ of dif-fer~nt purposes, natural ~abrics and n~.nvow~ materials and, respectively, various k~ds o~ clothes, fo~twear, le&ther haberdashery, plastic articl~
~ '~hen used in the civil engineeri~g the in~n~n a~lo~s the manufacturing o~ a wide range oi iin~ g materials and construction products with a decorativ~
.--colourdynamic surface, such as ceramic, gypsum~ glass, polymeric and othe~ facing tiles, iac~ng bricks and ceramic bloc~s, ~erroconcrete wall panels.and parti_ tio.ns, cellular a~d lattice plates ~or suspended cei_ lings,glass blocks and ornamental stain_glass panels~
polymeric and metal sheet materials, 3ynthetic ~i.l~s and tr~allpaper, etc.
The invention allows imparting the decora ~ ~:colourd~
namic properties t~ practically any construction or finis-hing material used t~day _ 2 -- 2~38~
~ he majority of finishing and decorative materials kno~n no~days are "static-colour", i.e. their face colour does not depend on the visual angle at which i~ is observed or on the angle of light incidence.
By contrast, the colourdynamic surfaces can change their colour both in narrow and wide colour ranges ~qith the change oi visual angle or angle of light incidenceO
For inst~nce, a colourdynamic tile, if viewed at di~fe_ rent angles, can successively look as red, orange, yeliow, green, blue and violet each time acquiring a bright satu-rated spectral c~lour in compliance ~ith the given posi-tion of the observer.
The present invention is based on the principles of formation o~ raster dynamic representations~ known long be~ore.
~ hese principles ~rlere formed in the raster techniaue branch ~i~hich ~i~as oriented entirely t~ the problems of creation of various types of raster representations.
The nature of thesè optical problems as vell as the necessity to obtain the representations of high quality and purity imposed rather severe requirements on the methods and procedures of their solution r1hich made the latter rather complicated, e~pensive and, consequently, not very suitable for use in a large_scale production as mentioned above ~ith reference t^ the present inven_ tion.
As a matter of fact, a problem of manufacturing a material rlith surfaces capable oi changing their colour ~2~8 at different visual angles has never been proposed and therefore not solved in the raster optics branch sin_ ce such a problem is senseless ior this branch.
It is generally agreed that a raster optical system ; is first o~ all a specially organized optical system whose elements can solve this or that optical problem o4~ating only as a combination. Therefore, iurther in the tegt the raster materials or suriaces shall be re~erred to 2S the materials which produce optical decorative effect~ due t~ the combined actio~ Or the ~aster components.
There is known a nonobloc~ sarldstone plate int~lLded for coating the floors or walls and provided wit~ a ~lat - bottom portion equally sp~ced on which ~tre the ~r~ctions changing th~ plate a~eara~ce. The system of equal~y spaced projections forms varying lustre sect~ons ~t ~hich the different refractio~ of the light beams corres~onds to the difierent inclination of the projections t~us im_ parting the dif~erent appearance to these section~
In this invention use is made o~ the plate ability to dif~erently refract and reilec~ light in diiferen~ di_ rections depending on the conditions of its incidence and create, respectively, a di~-Lerent ap~earance for an observer ~ho changes his position ln space. ~ut in the given case the plate does not chang~ its colour a-td no colourdynamic effect takes place.
There is also known a decorative material ~hose sur~ace is covered with conjugated bulgi~g elements con-sisting of bulges ~nd hollo~s a~d located along the crossing lines, the bulging elements being so shaped that each of them has at least one light reflecting facet.
The .difference in shape between the facets oi the .. adjace.nt bulging elements changes successively and in cycles alo.ng the preset line in such a manner that the play of light during relative displacement between the surface and the observer's eye travels successively along this line.
Thus, the decorative properties of such a material ar~ based on the light reflection from the diiferently .rie~ted (in-different directions) three-dimensional elements complemented by the presence of dynamic moire effects, i.e. cyclic tone_light thickenings and thin-nin~s ~ppearing on the material and moving over it as the observer moves at the expense o~ cyclic changes o~ the differences in profile between the facets of the adja-cent bulging elements.
Due to this feature the given material cannot be considered as a variable colour one in the above_men-tioned sense.
Widely Irn~wn is a method of obtaining texture surfa_ ces. The ~ethod is used ~ manufacturing the double_colour te~ture and reIief ceramic plates.
- .he method consi.sts in that after pressing the plates by means of a relie~ punch with the formation of the ~ace te~ture or relief and application o~ a pigmented hom~geneous glaze over the entire iace, a glaze of the 5 _ 2025388 colour other than that of the glaze already applied, usually much darker, is deposited by spraying cross_ ~ise from one side. In so doing thé spray cone should be directed at an acute angle to the main surface oi the plate. As a result, the coloured coat of the texture or relief elements of the plate sides oriented to the spray cone is darker than that of its opposite sides which prac_ tically were not coated with the dark glaze.
This technique allows the visual revelation emph~si_ zing oi the plate surface texture or reliei, as a matter oi fact rather insi~nificant, due to formation of ar-tificial "painted shadows". Since the geometric parame_ ters of the plate surface te~ture or relief of said plates are oriented to the solution of the decorative problem other than that of obtaining the colourdynamic effect, such an effect does not e~ist when observing the surface at the overwhelming majority of the possible angles of view.
'rhe e~planation consists in that firstly, the tex_ ture and relief of the plates are actually developed - rather insignificantly and from the majority of the real points of vision an observer can see both the dark and light sides o~ the texture elements simultaneously.
'~he degree of the te~ture development and that of the article relie~ may be characterized as a ratio of the total surface area oi the texture three_dimensional ele-ments including the surface area of the spaces between t~e bases of these elements to the main surface area _ 6 _ 202538~
upon ~hich said elements are located. This ratio may be also called a surrace te~ture factor ~hich. in case of the plates in qUestiOn varies in the range from 1.001 to 1.007.
Secondly, the te~ture elements of the plates have smooth rounded-oif peaks which do not ensure a pre~i~.e colour separation both in the crosswise spraying of the glaze and, respectively, in the visull colour perception of the surface.
Relative sharpness of the peaks of the texture ele-ments may be determined as the ratio oi the mean height of the elements to the mean rounding radius of their peaks .
~ or the majority Or the plates bein~ described, the ratio of the mean height of the texture element3 to the mean rounding radius of their peaks varies in the range from 0.5 to 0.7.
Therefore, in spite o~ the presence of some similar decorative and optical properties in the given materials and apparent similarity of t~eir productio~ process to one of the processes proposed by the present invention, these materials are not colo~rdynamic - ones in the above described sense.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of obtaining a decorative material whose te~ture and optical properties or solutio.n of the surface colour problem would produce a colour variation effect in a broad colour range when observed at different visual _ 7 2~253~
angles and under conditions of changing illumination.
The essence oi the i~vention co.nsi~sts in that in a decorative material ~ith a colourdynamic texture surface havi,ng three-dimensional elements of the te~ture or reliei whose differently orie.nted sections are of diffe_ rent colour according to the i.nvention, the te~ture sur_ face is formed by the three_dimensional elemen-ts with the ratio oi the total surface area of all the three-dimen_ sional element~ and that of the intervals between the bases of these elements to the area of the surface on hich they are located lying in the range rrom 1.2 to 24 and with the ratio of the mean height of the three-dimensional elements to the. mea~ rounding radius oi - their peaks being in the range from 3 to 300, while the - differently oriented surface sections of each three_-dimensi~nal eleme.nt have different colours and/or diffe_ rent optical properties, and, at least in a part oi three_dimensional elements the similarly oriented (in one direction~ sur~ace sections of different three_di_ mensionai elements have a similar colour and/or similar optical properties.
Preferable is a version when in all the tkree_dimen_ sional elements the similarly oriented surface sections of different three_dimensional elements have ~ similar colour and/or similar optical properties. In this case, the differently oriented surface sections oi each three_ dimensional element including the surface sectio~. bet~Yeen the adjacent three_dimensional elements. have at least three different colours and/or three di~ferent optical properties, and, when use is made of three colours of the difierently oriented surface sections of the three_di_ mensional elements, pre~erence should be given to three main colours: red, blue and one of the colours of che yello~, yellos_green and green colour group.
Advisably, in order to obtain good decorative proper_ ties, the te~ture surface is made in the ~orm of regularly arranged projections and/or hollo~s representing the three_dimensional elements whose three sides are similarly oriented in all ~he elements whereas the sides of each element are separated by ribs converging in a peak, the sharpness of the ribs and the peak being characterized by the ratio o~ the three_dimensional element height to the rounding radius of its ribs and peak lying i~ the range from 3 to 300, whereas each of the three sides has the colour and~or optical properties differing from those of the other two sides.
The texture suriace may also be made in the form of alternating three_faceted projections and hollows each facet whereof is made flat.
The invention allows obtaining a basically new deco_ rative material possessing colourdynamic properties.
The face colour of such a material is capable of changing in the wide range depending on a visual angle at which it is looked at. For instance, a ceramic plate ca~ look red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet when observed from different visual angles. Any other set of colours or the order of their distribution may be designed.
The material actively responds by changing its co_ lour to the change oi the angle of natural or artiii-cial illumination. ~or instance, the colour of a colour-d~namic wall of a building changes constantly in the course of the day if looked at irom one visual position. It is orange-red in the morning, violet in the day time and blue_green in the evening.
Since a person inevitably sees different sections of a large architectural surface at difierent visual angles these sections on a colourdynamic surface ~ill have different colour. ~or instance, the leit part of the building may look red, the right, bottom and top parts ~ay, respectively, look blue, yello~ and violet, the colours shading imperceptibly into each other at the boundaries Or the parts.
A co~urdynamic surface reveals and emphasizes the nature of the architectural shape the way light and shadow do this. ~ cylinder becomes t'rounder", a cube "more faceted". At the same time, the similarly oriented and frequently repeated architectural elements, such as balcony planes, faces of buildings etc., begin to differ in colour, and to iorm colour lines thus considerably decreasing the feeling oi their monotony.
The reaction oi colour to the angle oi vision causes a gradual change of a colourdynamic building or interior co~plicated polychromy as the observer changes his po_ - _ 1O - 2025388 position ~hich imparts a basically new exprc3siveness to the building architecture.
~ colourdynamic suriace decorative material pro_ vides a wide variety of colour problem solutions due to its diversiiied orientation on the surface. In this case, colourdyhamic ornaments,supergraphical pictures and colour accents may be obtained.
It should be noted that the degree of presence of all the above_mentioned decorative and optical effects, i.e.
an active colour variability of the material, may be ~idely regulated by its texture parameters.
The invention ~ill no~ be described further ~ith re~erence to specific embodiments thereof, taken in con-juction uith the accompanying drawings wherein:
Figure 1 is a fragment oi a colourdynamic surface of a ~las3 decorative material according to the- inve~tion ~shown by diiferently directed hatchings are the diflerent-colour sections);
Flgure 2 is a sectional view of Figure 1 take~ on line II _ II according to the invention;
Fi~ure 3 is assembly A of Figure 2 represented on an enlarged scale;
Figure 4 is a fragment of a colourdynamic te~ture surface o~ a decorative ma~erial made in the form of ~ corrugated metal sheet;
Figure 5 is a sectional view of Figure 4 taken at YY - YY;
" ~2~8~
~ igure 6 is a fragment of a colourdynamic surface oi a decorative material made of concrete with an irre_ gular arrangement of the texture three_dimensional elements;
Figure 7 is a sectional view oi Figure 6 taken on line YII_YII;
Figure 8 is assembly B of Figure 7;
Figure 9 is a version of a colourdynamic teæture suriace with three-facted three_dimensional elements;
1o ~igure 10 is a sectional view ;of ~igure 9 taken on line X_X;
~ igure 11 is a sectional view of a version of a de_ corative material ~ith a translucent protective layer;
Figure 12 is a sectional view of a version oi a decorative material made in the form of plate;
Figure 1 illustrates a fragment of a colourdynamic surface oi a decorative glass material made in the form oi a plate. Tke colourdynamic suriace is formed by re_ gularly arranged alternating two_faceted three_dimensional elements 1 (Figs 1, 2). In the presented invention embo_ diment each three_dimensional element has t~o facets 2, 4 and 3, 5 having differen~ colour or dii.erent optical pro_ perties. For instance, the facets may have a different light re~lection factor ~r different colour, ior example, - the main spectrum colours: red, yellow, green, blue. In this case, the sections of the surface (~acets in our e~ample) of all the three_dimensional elements 1 ~ave a simila~ colour or similar optical properties, ior inst2nce, the facets 2 are coloured red, the facets 4 in all the three_dimensional elements are coloured green, the fa-cets 3 are coloured yellow and the facets 5 are coloured blue.
~ ccording to the invention, the te~ture surface formed by three_dimensional elements ~ith the ratio of the total area oi the surface of all the three_dimen-sional elements and of that of the intervals between their bases to the area of the surface they are located 1o upon bei.ng within 1.2 to 24. ~he said ratio, ~hich is the surface te~ture factor, s'nould not be less than 1.2 because the colourdynamic effect does not practically occur on the surfaces ~ith a smaller surface te~ture factor.
The texture factor upper limit is characterized in that its further increase ~oes not lead to the: increase of the colourdynamic efiect, i.e. starting from this limit the te~ture factor does not aifect the nature of the effect being obser~ed any longer.
3esides, according to the invention, the ratio of height H (~ig. 3) of the three_dimensional element 1 to rou~ding radius R of peaks 6 of the three_dimensional elements 1 lies in the range irom 3 to 300. Said ratio should not be less than 3, since i.n case o~ smaller va_ lues t'ne quality of the light separation in the perception of the surface is considerably degraded.
~he upper limit 300 is characterized in that the further decrease of the rounding radius of the peaks relative to the height of the elements, i.e. tlle further increase of the sharpness o~ these pea~s has no eifect on the colour separation quality any longer but impairs the operating characteristics of the surface creating an increased probability of chipp_ ing and brea~ing the peaks of the three_dimensional elements.
Fi~ure 4 illustrates a version of a colourdynamic-surface of a decorative material made in the ~orm of corrugated metal sheet. ~he colourdynamic surface is formed by re~ularly arranged three-dimensional elements 7 (Fig~ 4, 5) and sections 8 of the surface between the adiacent three_dimensional elements, while diiferently oriented sections 9 and 10 of the sur~ace of each three_ dimensional element including the section 8 of the surface bet~een the adjacent three_dimensional elements 7 have at least three different colours or three different opti_ cal properties, and the similarly oriented sections of the surface of the different three_dimen~ional elements including those located between the adjacent elements have a similar colour or similar optical properties.
According to the invention, the surface te~ture factor lies in the range from 1.2 to 24 and the ratlo of the three_dimensional elements height to the round_ ing radius o~ their peaks lies in the range from 3 to 300.
Figure 6 illustrates a version of embodiment of a colourdynamic suriace of a decorative material made _ 14 - 2 025 388 in the form of concrete plate. The colourdynamic sur_ face is formed by the irregularly arranged t.hree_dimen_ sional elements 11 (Flgs 6, 7). In the give.n version each three-dimensional eleme.nt 11 has three sections 12, 13, 14 (Fig~ 6, 7, 8) of the sur~ace of an irregu1ar shape ~rie.nted in different directions and differing in colour or optic&l properties, whereas the similarly oriented sections of the surface of all the three_dimen_ si~nal elements 11 have a similar colour or similar optical properties.
l~ccording to the invention, the surface te~ture fac_ tor lies in the range ~rom 1.2 to 24.
In t~is embPdiment use is made of chaotically ar-ranged three_dimensional elements 11 having irregular ~ shape, diverse height E (~ig. 8~ and the rounding radius R
of peaks 15 (~igs 6, 7, 8). ~herefore the main sharp_ ness of the elements~peaks characterized by the ratio of the mea.n height H of the three_dimensional elements 11 to the mean radiu~ R ~f rounding the pea~s 15 lies within the range from 3 to 300.
~ ig. 9 shows an embodiment of a colourdynamic sur~ace of a decorative material having the te~ture made as alternating three_faceted peaks and hollows form_ ing three_faceted three_dimensional elements 16 (Figs. 9, 10), each of the facets 17, 18, 19 made flat and differ-ing from the two other facets in colour or optical pro-perties, rlhile the facets oriented in one direction, say, facets 17 (~igs 9, 10~ of different.three_dimensional - 15 _ 2025388 elements have a similar colour or similar optical pro_ perties.
According to the invention, the facets 17, 18, 19 (~igs. 9, tO) o~ each -three_dimensional element are - separated irom one another by ribs 20 meeting in one pea1~s 21,while the sharpness of the ribs and the peak characterized by the ratio o~ the element height to the radius oi rounding o~ the ribs and peak thereof lies within the range from 3 to 300.
According to the invention, the sur~ace tegture iactor lies in the range ~rom 1.2 to 24.
~ igure 11 illustrates a version o~ a decorative ma_ terial provided with a translucent protecti~e layer 22 having a smooth outer suriace 23. The transl~cent layer 22 ~ protects the colourdynamic tex.ture surface against con-tamination.
~ igure 12 illustrates a version of a decorative ma_ terial provided ~ith a translucent protective material made in the form oi plate. There is a gap 26 provided betwee.n the layer 25 and a te~ture surface 27. Used as a protective plate in this version also may be a rigid or fle~ible film glued, fused or otherwise secured to the te~ture sur~ace.
~ hus, the colourdynamic- properties can be imparted practically to all the materials upon which a te~ture surface or reliei ~ith. the three-dimensional elements oi required geometrical parameters can be obtained, by using an appropriate technological process. In. :his case - 16 _ 2025388 the absolute dimensions of these elements may vary in different materials within a considerably wide range, from a fe~ tens of centimeters to the tenth fractions of a millimeter.
~ he colourdynamic texture surface activity, i.e., its capability to intesively change its colour even in case of the most insi~nicant changes of the angles of view, does not depend on the sizes o~ the texture of lattice three_dimensional elements. In other words, 10 with the absolute dimension~ of three_dimensional e1ements of a colourdynamie surface texture decreased 10, 100 or 1000 times retaining the geometrical similarity of the initial and decreased elements, as well as the set of the colour components and colour orientation o~ them, ~ the colour changing activity of the newly obtained fine_ textive surface rlill be identical with that of the ini_ tial coarse_texture surface.
A method of spraying the dyes or other substances at an angle to tnel main surface allows obtaining not only trJo but three and more differently coloured coatings on differently oriented sections of the three_dimensional elements. A precise selection o~ the colour spraying modes allo~s depositing at least three markedly different colours on a ~e-texture surface or lattice ~whose three_dimensional elements or cells have dimensions measuring tenth frac_ tions of a millimeter and obtaining on the differently oriented sections of each cell or three_dimensional element the colour separation of a high purity and quality.
_ 17 _ 2 025388 Considered as a particular but rather important is a c~se when ~hree pure and brigth main colours, red, yelle~! and blue (yellow-green or li~ht_green colour may be u~ed in~tead of yellow colour), are applied to ; each element of the te~ture.
If a texture surface is sufficiently fine, or in case a coarse texture is obser~ed from a distance great enough to make it impossible for the eye to distin~uish ~, "!
- individual elements of cDlour, a so called additional I0 colour mixing takes place. It resemble~ the mixing occu-ring in the perception of ~V colour representation form~d by the multitude of light points of the main cDlours allowing to obtain a complete set of tbe spectrum ~i-sible part colours at the expense of the main colours brightness combinations.
Similarly, if an observer ~iewing the colourdy-namic surface at a certain angle of view sees only red sections of the three-dimensional elements, the entire surface for him will look red, if he sees only red and yellow sections the surface will look orange, if he sees Dnly yellow sections the surface will loDk yellow, if he sees only yellow and blue sections, tbe surface will lDok green, if he sees only blue sections, the surface Wi11 1DDk blue, and, finally, blue and red colours if mi-xed will make the colourdynamic ~ surface loo~ violet in the observer's eye. It is understandable that as the obser~er mo~es and the total area of proaection of all monochromatic sections changes, the colours will be gra-~ 202538~
dually changing through a series of s~ades of each colour.In this way it is pDssiblc to obtain a ~ull set of spectrum c~lours.
Howcver, t~c sur~acc colour i9 determinad not only be th~ obser~er's po~iti~n but alsD by tbe light flux direction, since the brightne~s of tbc illuminatod calour sections may many times o~ceed that of the shadcd sections. Correspondingly, the oolours of t~e illumina-ted sections will become dominating and it is precisely I0 these sections that will determine th~ main cDlcur Of the surface e~en in the case when the total area of their projections will bo less for the obser~er than that o~
tho shaded sectional ha~ing other colours.
Colourdynamic materials may be obtained using both regular textures and lattices ~ith linear, round, square, faceted and other regularly arranged cells and elements and irregular ones, ior instance, the surfaces with a gravel or developed sand texture, the surfaces of va_ rious foam materials, such as foam concrete, foam glass, foam plastic, porolon, etC. the tegtures of many types of pile, looped and cellular cloth as well &S nonvowen synthetic materials.
Basically, there are two main methods of obtaining decorative materials with a colourdynamic surface each of whic~ . may have a series of process modifications.
~ he first method, very universal and widely used in industry, consists in t~1at the texture surface is forme~ of three_dimensional elements with the ratio of the total area oi the surface of all three_dimensional elements and of the intervals be~ween the bases oi these elements to the area o~ the surface on which the elements are located lying in the range irom 1.2 to 24 and the ratio o~ the three-dimensional elements mean height .to the mean rounding radius of their pea~s being in the ran~e from 3 to 300, whereupon different colours and/or di~ierent optical properties are imparted to the dif_ ferently oriented sections of the three_dimensional eleme.nts in such a way that similarly oriented sections of the di~ferent three_dimensional elements have a si_ milar colour and/or similar optical properties.
The second method, some~lhat less universal but also widely used i~ industry, differs from the iirst one by the fact that the three_dimensional te~ture elements are formed from the sections to ~Ihich difie_ rent colours or optical properties were preliminarily imparted, with the ratio oi the total area o~ the surface of all three_dimensional elements a.nd oi the i.ntervals 20 bet~een the bases of these elements to the area of the suriace upon which these elements are located lying in the range ~rom 1,2 to 24 and the ratio o~ the three_dimensional elements mean height to the mea.n r~unding radius of their peaks being in the range from 3 to 300 so that the similarly oriented sections soi dif~e-rent three_dimensional elements acquire a similar colour and~or similar optical properties.
'~he description of the production processes and methods of obtaining decorative materials with a colour_ dynamic surface texture should be started irom the consi_ deration of the iirst oi the two proposed methods which, in its turn, consists of two main production operations;
_ formation oi a suriace texture or relief lattice consistin~ o~ three-dimensional elements;
_ imparting different colours or di~ferent optical properties to dif~erently oriented section~ Or three_ tO dimensional elements.
To form the te~tures ha~ing necessary geome'rical parameters of three_dimensional elements on the suriace o~ a decorative material, use may be made of various production processes and techniques;
! _ pressing and stamping glass, ceramic, metal, plastic, rubber and other materials ~ith the aid of a relief punch;
_ rolling the metal, glass,polymeric, paper and other sheet and roll materials, and also some kinds of piece, (for instance, ceramic and glass~ articles;
between te~ture_forming sha~ts;
_ shaping the construction articles and facing ma_ terials in moulds having a te~ture or relief on one or several surfaces, ferroconcrete ~!/all panels and const-ruction block~, concrete, ceme~t, gypsum, ceramic and other facing tiles and articles;
_ extrusion of the material through reliei_forming _ 2I - 2025388 dies sometimes combined with rolling the material sur-faces between texture_forming shafts, as in case with facing bricks, ceramic blocks, and various polymeric ma_ terials;
_ relief_mould (metal and other) casting: the metal glass, ceram~c, polymeric and other materials, includ_ ing diecasting;
_ foaming the materials 2nd obtaining the articles .:ith a ~oam face, such as foam concrete, foam glass, foam plastic, porolon etc. In so doing, suojected to foamin~
may be not the entire m2SS oi the material but only its thin ~ace layer for instance in such a way a ferro-concrete wall panel with a foam concrete iace may be obtained;
_ introduction oi admixtures bur~ing out in the process of heat treatment into ~e main mass o~ the material or into its surrace only. In particular, hard granulated substances may be pressed into a ceramic or glass mass in the process of rolling or stamping the articles nhicll allows obtaining a texture resembling the foamed one after burning ;
_ powdering the irontal faces of materials ~vith a gra~el, glass, ceramic and other co~minuted crumb using appropriate bonding compounds;
- ~achinin~ the surfaces Or the materials ~ith the aid of various vibration appliances, milling cutters and other tools;
_ 22 - 20~5 388 _ chemical picklin~ of suriaces of materials and articles;
_ lattice constructions may be manufactured by casting, moulding, rolling and also by assembling ~rom individual plates or individual reliei elements;
_ texture of decorative cloth ~ay be obtained as a result of respective thread weavi.ng, buckling, tea/sing and using ~ther well_~novn and widely usea production processes.
~o impart different colours or di~ierent optical properties to differntly oriented sectio.ns o~ the sur-face o~ three_dimensional elements, use may be made of the following production processes:
_ Deposition of ~olo~rdy~mic dyes and other sub_ stances by spraying at an an~le to the. main surface of the material. The deposition may be per~ormed with the aid of a conveyer which moves per_Fiece articles, sheet or roll materials past stationary installed lines of spra~ing injectors. In this case, the injectors are ar-20 ranged in such a way that each line oi the inaectorsspraying a dye of one colour imparts this colour only to the texture three_dimensio.nal elements surface sec_ tions oriented in one direction, i.e., to the cone oi the given colou~ing compound. Trnen dyeing the ar~icles havin~ considerably mass and overall dimensions and also ln some other cases, use may be made of mobile spraying devices moving at a constant speed past StatiOnary in_ stalled articles. Such devices may be used, in particular, _ 23 20253~8 in decorating the surface te~ture o~ ~811 panels.
~ he said method may be considered as main one since it is most universal and ef~icient, ho~e~er, it cails for a precise selection o~ dye spraying modes for each particular te~ture and steady maintenance of these modes throu~hout the production process.
_ Deposition of dyes or other colouring stuffs ~ h the use of relief meshed templates excluding tke applicat-ion oi a dye onto the sections of the te~ture elements I0 it is not intended ~or.
~kis method does not require a precise selection of the spraying modes. A dye may be deposited both m 7nl7~1 ly and with the aid of various pulverizers but it is less efficient in comparison with the previous method and is used mostly in dyeing the regular te~ture surfaces and lattices.
_ Deposition of metal and other coatings by tr.e ~lame ol gas burners or plasma torchers performed at an an~le -to the main surlace o~ the material.
In this method, which is similar to th~ main one, the lines of sparying injectors are replaced ~ith the l7_ nes o~ burners put into the flames o~ ~hich are evaporiz-ing metals and other depositing substances.
- ~eposition o~ metal coatings by evaporation and subsequent precipitation of metals on the respective sec-tions o~ the three_dimensional elements performed in a vacuum chamber.
In this methDd an article in the vacuum chamber is positioned at an an~le to the parallel stream of precipitating particles.
- DepDsition of variDus substances includin~ metal cJatin~s on respective sections of tbree-dimensional a lements by ~alvanization.
- Formation Df coatin~s differing in cDlour by a photo-cbemical methDd on differently oriented sections of three-dimensional elements. In this method a homD-I0 gena~us pigmented photo emulsion is applied over theentire texture surface, whereupon the three-dimensional slernents sections Driented in onedirection are illuminated by a precisely directed parallel lioht flux of a certain cDlour oriented at an angle to the main surface of tbe m~terial. As a result of a successive or simultaneous ~llumination of the differently oriented sections of the three-dimensional elements by differing in colour li~ht fluxes and a subsequent photochemical treatment a colour-dynamic matarial can be obtained. ~he texture of such materials can be also obtained~ by rolling the traditional sheet and roll photo mat,erial$(coLour photo paper or ~hoto Yabric for instance) with the use of te~ture forming shafta.When obt~inin~ a ihoto fabric, use may be alsO made of its natural fabric texture.
- Formation of a colour relief raster by a poly~raphic methDd, in whicn methDd, the dyes different in colour ore printed on a roll or sheet texture matarial after -25- 2~253f8'8 its preliminary r D 11 i n~- with the use of texture forming shafts. A version of this method is represented oy the polygrapbic printing process which takes place simultaneously witb tbe texture formation o$ texture tnanks to the use of special poly~raphic texture shafts.
The production methods discus~ed above allowing imparting different colours and different optical pro-perties to the differently oriented sections of the texture three-dimensional elements are not the Dnly I0 possible ones. Apart from them, use can be made of chemical pickling processes, machining of the surface, ap-plication of dyes by means of rotating shaft-like brushes, etc. Besides,the abDve described methods may used in various combinations. For instance, a colour glaze may be deposited on the facets of â ceramic article by spraying, while tbe other facets of this article may be cozted with metal using a plasm or vacuum deposition method.
A natural colour of a material, for instance, red colour of the facing brick or light colour of a bleached fabric may be used as a component of the material colour in production of some colourdynamic materials.
The majority of the above described methods make it possible to print various pictures on the sur-face of tbe material in the process of production thrDugh use of masks and stencils closing a part of tbe article surface in case o~ aerosol, plasm, vacuum, photo-cbemic~L and other methods of application of c ol ourdynami c coatingsO
However, as was already mentioned above, the representation obtainin~ problem not only makes the colourdynamic matarials production process complicated and expensive, but also decreases considarably their combinatory potential and deprives them of a number of other advantages.
I0 In other words, the formation of raster represen-tations on colourdynamic materials pays only in those rare cases when the dimensions of represe~tations bein~
created are comparable with the dimensiDns of the na-turally percepted colourdynamic surfaces. But even tbis problem may be in the majority of cases be solved by more natural and cheaper method at the e~pense of combining the orientations of non-descriptive colour_ dynamic articLes, such as plates or pieces of a homo-geneous colourdynami c ~ material.
The second of the two proposed methods of obtaining tbe rastar decorative colourdynamic - texture surfaces consists, like tbe first method, of two main production operations:
- obtaining of tbe colour elements capable of for-min~, as a result of tbeir connection or jDining, of a raster colourdynamic surface or lattice having neces-sary geometrical p~rameters of three-dimansional elements D f the texture;
- connection and securing of the colDur elements in the process of the manufacture of a material or article.
Used as differing in colour or in Dptical prDper-ties texture forming eler~nts may be depending on the problem to be solved various parts and articles, such as small-size colour ceramic plates, preliminsrily I0 coloured metal or pDlymeric platest elements ~f a flat colour raster, (paper raster, for instance) cDlDur thread and other articles.
For ins~ance, a col~urdYnamic raster surface Df a safety panel may be obtained as a result of a mechanical or automated placing Df ceramic cDlour plates a~ainst a form provided with an appropriate relief of the lower surface. In so doing, the plates of one c~lDur are oriented in one direction. Aftar all the plates and necessary fittings are placed in the form, the Latter is filled with concrete. The article extractad from the form after aquiring the necessary strength represents-a panel faced with ceramic plates with a colourdynamic surface.
In the manufacture of muLti-purpose decorative lattices, such 3S suspended ceilin~s lattices or balcDny guards, the construction parts of the lsttices may func--~8- 2025388 tiDn as relief forming colour elements. Used as such elements can be metal strips painted in different colDurs on both sides and provided with e~ually spaced slots to receive differing in colour but otherwise identical metal plates at some angle during assembly.
For instance, in assembly of a vertical lattice with square meshes, the vertical plates ~ay be painted red and green and the horizDntal ones, blue and yellow.
In tbis case, each mesh will be represented by four CD-I0 lours corresponding tD four sides of a square - red, yellDw, green and blue.
Naturally, tbere may be other lattices with trigonal, pentagonal, hexagDnal and other meshes including une-qually spaced Dnes. In this case, used as colour elements can be nDt only str~ight but alsD bent plates Dr in-dividual relief elements.
~ olourdyn~mic surfaces may be also obtained by corrugatin~ (crimping) or extruding the te~ture on per-piace, roll and sheet materials prDvided with a preliminarily printed colDur raster. The colour raster may be printed by traditional in particular, typDgraphical metbods and thatexture may be formed by pressing the per-piece articles with reliaf punches or by rolling tbe roll and sheet materials between texture forming shafts.
The second method of obtaining the rasuer colour-dynamic surfaces may be of a particular importance in -the production of a variety of colourdynamic fa~rics, ~nitted ~oods, carpet coatings etc., because it allows obtaining a special purity of component colours provided the manufacturinO process is automated and, respectively, achieving a bigh productivity.
In the manu~acture of colourdynamic fabrics and l~nitted goods use may be made of special veawes of colour threads allowing to obtain a texture witb respective colour orientation of the three-dimensional I0 elements. ~e~arded as such veawes may be, first of all, the veawes of various looped and meshed fabrics with a "wafer" or "honeycomb" surface texture.
After a colourdynami¢ surface is obtained, a wide variety of materials may be given a special trans-lucent protective layer.
For instance, ths face of a colourdynamic ceramic or glazed concrete plate may be given a coat of a trans-parent glaze applied in a layer 22 (Figure 11) which completely or partially conceals the texture of the plate.
In case of fine textures, the coat may be, respectively, rather thin. Similarly, the glass facing plates (Fi-gures 1, 2) ma~ have a colour texture on the inside providing simultaneously a good cohesion of the pla-tes with concrete or mortar and a smooth surface. An effect of light variation, in this case, is percepted by observing the appearance of "day light" through a trans-~o 2025388 parent glass layerO Some decrease of the light-variatiDn activity of such materjals occuring as a result of the light refraction in the translucent layer and causing a visual flattenin~ of the texture three-dimensional elements may be c~mpensated for by a res-pective decrease of an actual texture factor of the surface bein~ cDloured.
It should be also noted tbat practically no colour-dynamic activity takes place when using a thin I0 sheet protective layer 25 (Figure 12), a sheet glass, for instance, with an air gap 26 (~i~ure 12) between the translucent layer and a colour-carrying texture surface 27.
Such a layer can be obtained by fusing~glueing or other~ise securing the sheet translucent material to the texture su~face or lattice.
An embDdiment of the present invenuion is presented by a method in which a texture surface is formed at the beginning and then various substances including different colour dyes are deposited by spraying at an angle to the main surface of the material onto the differently oriented sections of the ~exture three-di-~ nsional elements. The main advantage of this method, as was already mentioned, consists in high productivity and universality which allows obtaining the-diverse colourdynamic materials with re~ular and chaotic textures.
Since the texture elements geometry is of substan-tial importance for the pr~duction and use of materials, it is expedient to give an overview of the main geometri-cal classes of tbese elements.
The simplest is a class of linear three-dimensional elements 7 (Figures 4,5), having a prismatic or an~
other extended sbape and located parallel tD each other.
In a trivial case each three-dimensional element sbould be painted in different colours on two sides.
I0 ~owever, since the decorative ~erits of this version are not high the colour variation effect is Limited by a narrow colour range consisting Df two components.
The linear textures having tbree cDmponent colours due to the introduction of the third coLour into gaps 8 (FiJuras 4,5) between three-dimensional elements 7 possess cosiderably higher decorative charactaristics.
Tbe advantage of the linear textures consists in the fact tbat in case of a vertical arrangement of ex-tended materiaLs, the latter are much less s~ject to contamination in use in comparison with all otber textures.
However, a colourdynamic effect of tbe linear texture surfaces is a one-coordinate and due to tbis, principally limited. ~his means that thc vertical component is not present in the colour expansions occuring on the arcbitectural and otber forms and aLso on tbe three-dimensiDnal forms when use is made of linear tex-tures witb verticaL elements. CorrespondingLy, the linear texture materials are limited in their combination poten-tialities since subaect to the conditio~ that the three-dimensional elements 7 (~igures 4,5) are vertical, only two positions o~ the material on the vertical surface are possible.
The second class of the three-dimensional elements includes all the diversitg of non-linear elements forming botb regular and chaotic texture surface and lattices (Figures 1, 2, 6, 7).
I0 Tbese textures allow obtaining a full-value (i.e.
two-cDordi~ te) colourdynamic effect and, respectivelg, have considerably greater combination and decorative potentialities as compared with the linear textures.
UnfDrtunately, these textures have a common fDr all colourdynamic surface9 drawback consisting in that all of them when used on vertical planos, have horizontal (Dr close to horizD~tal) sections of the three-dimen-sional elements, which readily collect dust and become dirty in a short tima.
Besides, when colouring like te~tures by spraying dyes at an angle to the main surface, as well as ~en it is required to obtain three and more compo~e~t colours, a need arises to resort to a series o~ production proces-ses since the geometrg of these textures three-dimensiDnal elements by ibself dDes not ensure a precise colour separatio~ durin~ depositio~ of dges.
-3~- 2025388 TrI~edral elements 16 (Figures 9, 10) fall into a sp~cial group of the seco~d class of non-linear three-dimensional elements which compare favourablg with all other elements by production and performancs charac-teristics. It should be noted that the preseuce of three colour components is a necessarg and sufficient quantity pro~idin6 for a fuLl-valuo two-coordinate colourdy~
namic effect and quite a wide ranGe of additional colour mixin~s up to the full set Df spectrum colDurs. ~he-I0 refor~, the textures illustrsted in Figures 9 and 10consisting of the trichedral tbree-dimensi~nal elements 16 are highly competitive with the described above textures (Figures 1, 2, 6, 7) i~ decorative and combination poten-tialit ie9 a~d compare favourably with them in thoir capability to ensure a hi6h qualit~ of colour separation during depositiDn of dyes.
~ his i9 attributable to the fact that during th-dyo depDsition on one side or facet, a facet 17 (Figure 9) for instance, of each trihedral tbree-dimensional tex-ture eleme~tsS two other facets 1~, 19 (Figure 9) ofthe element 16 are covered by the ~irst facet 17 whicb prevents the dye from 6etting onto tb0m. ~ similar 9itua-t i~n hDlds when depositin~ otber colours on tbe otber facets of the elements.
~ part from the said production advantage ensuri~g a high quality o~ the colour separatio~, the textures ba-ving the trihedral elements are considerably less subject tD co~taminatio~ in use since there exist three pDssible positiD~s of the three-dimensional eleme~ts o~ a vertical surface which ba~e ~o horizontal sections of the sur-face prone tb quick contaminatio~.
For insta~ce, if three-dimensiDnal elemeut9 1 of the texture show~ in Figures 1, 2 ha~e sections 5 incliaed at 60 to the vertical plane, the three-dimen-sional elements 16 of an identical texture so far as colourdynamic acbi~it~ is concerned, illustrated in I0 Figures 9 and 10 ha~e sections 18 and 19 inclined to the vertical pla~e at a~ angle of 30. That is, the al-most horizontal sectio~s (inclination o~ 60) are repla-ced in tbe second case with the almost ~ertical sections (inclinatiDn of 30).
To ensure a full-~alue additional mixing of compDnent colours and increase the comfort of visual perception Df tbe colourdynamiC effects observed o~ the material, it is desirable that the texture elem~nts Df its sur-face should be fine e~ough to ensure ths basic characte-ristic conditions of its perceptios.
In case of interior materials to be obser~ed fromsmaLl dista~ces, it is expedie~t to use the three-di-mensiDnal texture elements w~ose hei6ht is 10 to 12 mm and less.
x~ 2025388 All the described below production modifications of tbe m~thods of obtaini~g the raster decDrative colourdynamic texture sur~aces are industrially appli-cable, however, each modification bas its advanta6es and disadvanta6es. Ge~erally it ca~ be noted that a high prDductivity and universality are tbe main advan-tages oi the first method ~nd ~irst oi all of its mai~
aerDsDl version. Particularly a~ i~dustrial installation ior depositiDn of dyes and other substances by spraying I0 D~to the sur~ace of the articles moved by the cDn~e~er may be used in production of most diverse colour-dynamic articles and materials~ from lar~e-si2e facin~
plates and bloc~s to fabrics and wall paper subject to the condition that respective dyes are used.
~ maj~r advanta6e of the secDnd method cDnsists in a high quality o~ calour separatio~ when usi~g the scale of gradatio~ of compo~e~t cDlours. Considered as disadvanta6es of this method are its relativel~ lower productivity a~d non-versatility, since eacb ~ind of material, when using this method, calls for its indi-vidual production prDcess and, respectively, individ~ 1 fixtures, appliances and equipment.
AND ~THOD OF O~TAINING T~
The present invention relates to the iield of construc-tion and architecture and in particular to a decorative material with a colourdynamic ~ sur~ace and a me+~od of obtaining it.
The invention may be used in the-manufacture o~ va_ rious facing and ornamental materi.als, constructioll pro_ ducts and also of a wide variety of articlos whose ap-pearance is of particular importa.nce, .such as ~mes for lighting fixtures~ decorati~e croker~, elements of fur_niture, machines and equipment, decorative grate~ of dif-fer~nt purposes, natural ~abrics and n~.nvow~ materials and, respectively, various k~ds o~ clothes, fo~twear, le&ther haberdashery, plastic articl~
~ '~hen used in the civil engineeri~g the in~n~n a~lo~s the manufacturing o~ a wide range oi iin~ g materials and construction products with a decorativ~
.--colourdynamic surface, such as ceramic, gypsum~ glass, polymeric and othe~ facing tiles, iac~ng bricks and ceramic bloc~s, ~erroconcrete wall panels.and parti_ tio.ns, cellular a~d lattice plates ~or suspended cei_ lings,glass blocks and ornamental stain_glass panels~
polymeric and metal sheet materials, 3ynthetic ~i.l~s and tr~allpaper, etc.
The invention allows imparting the decora ~ ~:colourd~
namic properties t~ practically any construction or finis-hing material used t~day _ 2 -- 2~38~
~ he majority of finishing and decorative materials kno~n no~days are "static-colour", i.e. their face colour does not depend on the visual angle at which i~ is observed or on the angle of light incidence.
By contrast, the colourdynamic surfaces can change their colour both in narrow and wide colour ranges ~qith the change oi visual angle or angle of light incidenceO
For inst~nce, a colourdynamic tile, if viewed at di~fe_ rent angles, can successively look as red, orange, yeliow, green, blue and violet each time acquiring a bright satu-rated spectral c~lour in compliance ~ith the given posi-tion of the observer.
The present invention is based on the principles of formation o~ raster dynamic representations~ known long be~ore.
~ hese principles ~rlere formed in the raster techniaue branch ~i~hich ~i~as oriented entirely t~ the problems of creation of various types of raster representations.
The nature of thesè optical problems as vell as the necessity to obtain the representations of high quality and purity imposed rather severe requirements on the methods and procedures of their solution r1hich made the latter rather complicated, e~pensive and, consequently, not very suitable for use in a large_scale production as mentioned above ~ith reference t^ the present inven_ tion.
As a matter of fact, a problem of manufacturing a material rlith surfaces capable oi changing their colour ~2~8 at different visual angles has never been proposed and therefore not solved in the raster optics branch sin_ ce such a problem is senseless ior this branch.
It is generally agreed that a raster optical system ; is first o~ all a specially organized optical system whose elements can solve this or that optical problem o4~ating only as a combination. Therefore, iurther in the tegt the raster materials or suriaces shall be re~erred to 2S the materials which produce optical decorative effect~ due t~ the combined actio~ Or the ~aster components.
There is known a nonobloc~ sarldstone plate int~lLded for coating the floors or walls and provided wit~ a ~lat - bottom portion equally sp~ced on which ~tre the ~r~ctions changing th~ plate a~eara~ce. The system of equal~y spaced projections forms varying lustre sect~ons ~t ~hich the different refractio~ of the light beams corres~onds to the difierent inclination of the projections t~us im_ parting the dif~erent appearance to these section~
In this invention use is made o~ the plate ability to dif~erently refract and reilec~ light in diiferen~ di_ rections depending on the conditions of its incidence and create, respectively, a di~-Lerent ap~earance for an observer ~ho changes his position ln space. ~ut in the given case the plate does not chang~ its colour a-td no colourdynamic effect takes place.
There is also known a decorative material ~hose sur~ace is covered with conjugated bulgi~g elements con-sisting of bulges ~nd hollo~s a~d located along the crossing lines, the bulging elements being so shaped that each of them has at least one light reflecting facet.
The .difference in shape between the facets oi the .. adjace.nt bulging elements changes successively and in cycles alo.ng the preset line in such a manner that the play of light during relative displacement between the surface and the observer's eye travels successively along this line.
Thus, the decorative properties of such a material ar~ based on the light reflection from the diiferently .rie~ted (in-different directions) three-dimensional elements complemented by the presence of dynamic moire effects, i.e. cyclic tone_light thickenings and thin-nin~s ~ppearing on the material and moving over it as the observer moves at the expense o~ cyclic changes o~ the differences in profile between the facets of the adja-cent bulging elements.
Due to this feature the given material cannot be considered as a variable colour one in the above_men-tioned sense.
Widely Irn~wn is a method of obtaining texture surfa_ ces. The ~ethod is used ~ manufacturing the double_colour te~ture and reIief ceramic plates.
- .he method consi.sts in that after pressing the plates by means of a relie~ punch with the formation of the ~ace te~ture or relief and application o~ a pigmented hom~geneous glaze over the entire iace, a glaze of the 5 _ 2025388 colour other than that of the glaze already applied, usually much darker, is deposited by spraying cross_ ~ise from one side. In so doing thé spray cone should be directed at an acute angle to the main surface oi the plate. As a result, the coloured coat of the texture or relief elements of the plate sides oriented to the spray cone is darker than that of its opposite sides which prac_ tically were not coated with the dark glaze.
This technique allows the visual revelation emph~si_ zing oi the plate surface texture or reliei, as a matter oi fact rather insi~nificant, due to formation of ar-tificial "painted shadows". Since the geometric parame_ ters of the plate surface te~ture or relief of said plates are oriented to the solution of the decorative problem other than that of obtaining the colourdynamic effect, such an effect does not e~ist when observing the surface at the overwhelming majority of the possible angles of view.
'rhe e~planation consists in that firstly, the tex_ ture and relief of the plates are actually developed - rather insignificantly and from the majority of the real points of vision an observer can see both the dark and light sides o~ the texture elements simultaneously.
'~he degree of the te~ture development and that of the article relie~ may be characterized as a ratio of the total surface area oi the texture three_dimensional ele-ments including the surface area of the spaces between t~e bases of these elements to the main surface area _ 6 _ 202538~
upon ~hich said elements are located. This ratio may be also called a surrace te~ture factor ~hich. in case of the plates in qUestiOn varies in the range from 1.001 to 1.007.
Secondly, the te~ture elements of the plates have smooth rounded-oif peaks which do not ensure a pre~i~.e colour separation both in the crosswise spraying of the glaze and, respectively, in the visull colour perception of the surface.
Relative sharpness of the peaks of the texture ele-ments may be determined as the ratio oi the mean height of the elements to the mean rounding radius of their peaks .
~ or the majority Or the plates bein~ described, the ratio of the mean height of the texture element3 to the mean rounding radius of their peaks varies in the range from 0.5 to 0.7.
Therefore, in spite o~ the presence of some similar decorative and optical properties in the given materials and apparent similarity of t~eir productio~ process to one of the processes proposed by the present invention, these materials are not colo~rdynamic - ones in the above described sense.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of obtaining a decorative material whose te~ture and optical properties or solutio.n of the surface colour problem would produce a colour variation effect in a broad colour range when observed at different visual _ 7 2~253~
angles and under conditions of changing illumination.
The essence oi the i~vention co.nsi~sts in that in a decorative material ~ith a colourdynamic texture surface havi,ng three-dimensional elements of the te~ture or reliei whose differently orie.nted sections are of diffe_ rent colour according to the i.nvention, the te~ture sur_ face is formed by the three_dimensional elemen-ts with the ratio oi the total surface area of all the three-dimen_ sional element~ and that of the intervals between the bases of these elements to the area of the surface on hich they are located lying in the range rrom 1.2 to 24 and with the ratio of the mean height of the three-dimensional elements to the. mea~ rounding radius oi - their peaks being in the range from 3 to 300, while the - differently oriented surface sections of each three_-dimensi~nal eleme.nt have different colours and/or diffe_ rent optical properties, and, at least in a part oi three_dimensional elements the similarly oriented (in one direction~ sur~ace sections of different three_di_ mensionai elements have a similar colour and/or similar optical properties.
Preferable is a version when in all the tkree_dimen_ sional elements the similarly oriented surface sections of different three_dimensional elements have ~ similar colour and/or similar optical properties. In this case, the differently oriented surface sections oi each three_ dimensional element including the surface sectio~. bet~Yeen the adjacent three_dimensional elements. have at least three different colours and/or three di~ferent optical properties, and, when use is made of three colours of the difierently oriented surface sections of the three_di_ mensional elements, pre~erence should be given to three main colours: red, blue and one of the colours of che yello~, yellos_green and green colour group.
Advisably, in order to obtain good decorative proper_ ties, the te~ture surface is made in the ~orm of regularly arranged projections and/or hollo~s representing the three_dimensional elements whose three sides are similarly oriented in all ~he elements whereas the sides of each element are separated by ribs converging in a peak, the sharpness of the ribs and the peak being characterized by the ratio o~ the three_dimensional element height to the rounding radius of its ribs and peak lying i~ the range from 3 to 300, whereas each of the three sides has the colour and~or optical properties differing from those of the other two sides.
The texture suriace may also be made in the form of alternating three_faceted projections and hollows each facet whereof is made flat.
The invention allows obtaining a basically new deco_ rative material possessing colourdynamic properties.
The face colour of such a material is capable of changing in the wide range depending on a visual angle at which it is looked at. For instance, a ceramic plate ca~ look red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet when observed from different visual angles. Any other set of colours or the order of their distribution may be designed.
The material actively responds by changing its co_ lour to the change oi the angle of natural or artiii-cial illumination. ~or instance, the colour of a colour-d~namic wall of a building changes constantly in the course of the day if looked at irom one visual position. It is orange-red in the morning, violet in the day time and blue_green in the evening.
Since a person inevitably sees different sections of a large architectural surface at difierent visual angles these sections on a colourdynamic surface ~ill have different colour. ~or instance, the leit part of the building may look red, the right, bottom and top parts ~ay, respectively, look blue, yello~ and violet, the colours shading imperceptibly into each other at the boundaries Or the parts.
A co~urdynamic surface reveals and emphasizes the nature of the architectural shape the way light and shadow do this. ~ cylinder becomes t'rounder", a cube "more faceted". At the same time, the similarly oriented and frequently repeated architectural elements, such as balcony planes, faces of buildings etc., begin to differ in colour, and to iorm colour lines thus considerably decreasing the feeling oi their monotony.
The reaction oi colour to the angle oi vision causes a gradual change of a colourdynamic building or interior co~plicated polychromy as the observer changes his po_ - _ 1O - 2025388 position ~hich imparts a basically new exprc3siveness to the building architecture.
~ colourdynamic suriace decorative material pro_ vides a wide variety of colour problem solutions due to its diversiiied orientation on the surface. In this case, colourdyhamic ornaments,supergraphical pictures and colour accents may be obtained.
It should be noted that the degree of presence of all the above_mentioned decorative and optical effects, i.e.
an active colour variability of the material, may be ~idely regulated by its texture parameters.
The invention ~ill no~ be described further ~ith re~erence to specific embodiments thereof, taken in con-juction uith the accompanying drawings wherein:
Figure 1 is a fragment oi a colourdynamic surface of a ~las3 decorative material according to the- inve~tion ~shown by diiferently directed hatchings are the diflerent-colour sections);
Flgure 2 is a sectional view of Figure 1 take~ on line II _ II according to the invention;
Fi~ure 3 is assembly A of Figure 2 represented on an enlarged scale;
Figure 4 is a fragment of a colourdynamic te~ture surface o~ a decorative ma~erial made in the form of ~ corrugated metal sheet;
Figure 5 is a sectional view of Figure 4 taken at YY - YY;
" ~2~8~
~ igure 6 is a fragment of a colourdynamic surface oi a decorative material made of concrete with an irre_ gular arrangement of the texture three_dimensional elements;
Figure 7 is a sectional view oi Figure 6 taken on line YII_YII;
Figure 8 is assembly B of Figure 7;
Figure 9 is a version of a colourdynamic teæture suriace with three-facted three_dimensional elements;
1o ~igure 10 is a sectional view ;of ~igure 9 taken on line X_X;
~ igure 11 is a sectional view of a version of a de_ corative material ~ith a translucent protective layer;
Figure 12 is a sectional view of a version oi a decorative material made in the form of plate;
Figure 1 illustrates a fragment of a colourdynamic surface oi a decorative glass material made in the form oi a plate. Tke colourdynamic suriace is formed by re_ gularly arranged alternating two_faceted three_dimensional elements 1 (Figs 1, 2). In the presented invention embo_ diment each three_dimensional element has t~o facets 2, 4 and 3, 5 having differen~ colour or dii.erent optical pro_ perties. For instance, the facets may have a different light re~lection factor ~r different colour, ior example, - the main spectrum colours: red, yellow, green, blue. In this case, the sections of the surface (~acets in our e~ample) of all the three_dimensional elements 1 ~ave a simila~ colour or similar optical properties, ior inst2nce, the facets 2 are coloured red, the facets 4 in all the three_dimensional elements are coloured green, the fa-cets 3 are coloured yellow and the facets 5 are coloured blue.
~ ccording to the invention, the te~ture surface formed by three_dimensional elements ~ith the ratio of the total area oi the surface of all the three_dimen-sional elements and of that of the intervals between their bases to the area of the surface they are located 1o upon bei.ng within 1.2 to 24. ~he said ratio, ~hich is the surface te~ture factor, s'nould not be less than 1.2 because the colourdynamic effect does not practically occur on the surfaces ~ith a smaller surface te~ture factor.
The texture factor upper limit is characterized in that its further increase ~oes not lead to the: increase of the colourdynamic efiect, i.e. starting from this limit the te~ture factor does not aifect the nature of the effect being obser~ed any longer.
3esides, according to the invention, the ratio of height H (~ig. 3) of the three_dimensional element 1 to rou~ding radius R of peaks 6 of the three_dimensional elements 1 lies in the range irom 3 to 300. Said ratio should not be less than 3, since i.n case o~ smaller va_ lues t'ne quality of the light separation in the perception of the surface is considerably degraded.
~he upper limit 300 is characterized in that the further decrease of the rounding radius of the peaks relative to the height of the elements, i.e. tlle further increase of the sharpness o~ these pea~s has no eifect on the colour separation quality any longer but impairs the operating characteristics of the surface creating an increased probability of chipp_ ing and brea~ing the peaks of the three_dimensional elements.
Fi~ure 4 illustrates a version of a colourdynamic-surface of a decorative material made in the ~orm of corrugated metal sheet. ~he colourdynamic surface is formed by re~ularly arranged three-dimensional elements 7 (Fig~ 4, 5) and sections 8 of the surface between the adiacent three_dimensional elements, while diiferently oriented sections 9 and 10 of the sur~ace of each three_ dimensional element including the section 8 of the surface bet~een the adjacent three_dimensional elements 7 have at least three different colours or three different opti_ cal properties, and the similarly oriented sections of the surface of the different three_dimen~ional elements including those located between the adjacent elements have a similar colour or similar optical properties.
According to the invention, the surface te~ture factor lies in the range from 1.2 to 24 and the ratlo of the three_dimensional elements height to the round_ ing radius o~ their peaks lies in the range from 3 to 300.
Figure 6 illustrates a version of embodiment of a colourdynamic suriace of a decorative material made _ 14 - 2 025 388 in the form of concrete plate. The colourdynamic sur_ face is formed by the irregularly arranged t.hree_dimen_ sional elements 11 (Flgs 6, 7). In the give.n version each three-dimensional eleme.nt 11 has three sections 12, 13, 14 (Fig~ 6, 7, 8) of the sur~ace of an irregu1ar shape ~rie.nted in different directions and differing in colour or optic&l properties, whereas the similarly oriented sections of the surface of all the three_dimen_ si~nal elements 11 have a similar colour or similar optical properties.
l~ccording to the invention, the surface te~ture fac_ tor lies in the range ~rom 1.2 to 24.
In t~is embPdiment use is made of chaotically ar-ranged three_dimensional elements 11 having irregular ~ shape, diverse height E (~ig. 8~ and the rounding radius R
of peaks 15 (~igs 6, 7, 8). ~herefore the main sharp_ ness of the elements~peaks characterized by the ratio of the mea.n height H of the three_dimensional elements 11 to the mean radiu~ R ~f rounding the pea~s 15 lies within the range from 3 to 300.
~ ig. 9 shows an embodiment of a colourdynamic sur~ace of a decorative material having the te~ture made as alternating three_faceted peaks and hollows form_ ing three_faceted three_dimensional elements 16 (Figs. 9, 10), each of the facets 17, 18, 19 made flat and differ-ing from the two other facets in colour or optical pro-perties, rlhile the facets oriented in one direction, say, facets 17 (~igs 9, 10~ of different.three_dimensional - 15 _ 2025388 elements have a similar colour or similar optical pro_ perties.
According to the invention, the facets 17, 18, 19 (~igs. 9, tO) o~ each -three_dimensional element are - separated irom one another by ribs 20 meeting in one pea1~s 21,while the sharpness of the ribs and the peak characterized by the ratio o~ the element height to the radius oi rounding o~ the ribs and peak thereof lies within the range from 3 to 300.
According to the invention, the sur~ace tegture iactor lies in the range ~rom 1.2 to 24.
~ igure 11 illustrates a version o~ a decorative ma_ terial provided with a translucent protecti~e layer 22 having a smooth outer suriace 23. The transl~cent layer 22 ~ protects the colourdynamic tex.ture surface against con-tamination.
~ igure 12 illustrates a version of a decorative ma_ terial provided ~ith a translucent protective material made in the form oi plate. There is a gap 26 provided betwee.n the layer 25 and a te~ture surface 27. Used as a protective plate in this version also may be a rigid or fle~ible film glued, fused or otherwise secured to the te~ture sur~ace.
~ hus, the colourdynamic- properties can be imparted practically to all the materials upon which a te~ture surface or reliei ~ith. the three-dimensional elements oi required geometrical parameters can be obtained, by using an appropriate technological process. In. :his case - 16 _ 2025388 the absolute dimensions of these elements may vary in different materials within a considerably wide range, from a fe~ tens of centimeters to the tenth fractions of a millimeter.
~ he colourdynamic texture surface activity, i.e., its capability to intesively change its colour even in case of the most insi~nicant changes of the angles of view, does not depend on the sizes o~ the texture of lattice three_dimensional elements. In other words, 10 with the absolute dimension~ of three_dimensional e1ements of a colourdynamie surface texture decreased 10, 100 or 1000 times retaining the geometrical similarity of the initial and decreased elements, as well as the set of the colour components and colour orientation o~ them, ~ the colour changing activity of the newly obtained fine_ textive surface rlill be identical with that of the ini_ tial coarse_texture surface.
A method of spraying the dyes or other substances at an angle to tnel main surface allows obtaining not only trJo but three and more differently coloured coatings on differently oriented sections of the three_dimensional elements. A precise selection o~ the colour spraying modes allo~s depositing at least three markedly different colours on a ~e-texture surface or lattice ~whose three_dimensional elements or cells have dimensions measuring tenth frac_ tions of a millimeter and obtaining on the differently oriented sections of each cell or three_dimensional element the colour separation of a high purity and quality.
_ 17 _ 2 025388 Considered as a particular but rather important is a c~se when ~hree pure and brigth main colours, red, yelle~! and blue (yellow-green or li~ht_green colour may be u~ed in~tead of yellow colour), are applied to ; each element of the te~ture.
If a texture surface is sufficiently fine, or in case a coarse texture is obser~ed from a distance great enough to make it impossible for the eye to distin~uish ~, "!
- individual elements of cDlour, a so called additional I0 colour mixing takes place. It resemble~ the mixing occu-ring in the perception of ~V colour representation form~d by the multitude of light points of the main cDlours allowing to obtain a complete set of tbe spectrum ~i-sible part colours at the expense of the main colours brightness combinations.
Similarly, if an observer ~iewing the colourdy-namic surface at a certain angle of view sees only red sections of the three-dimensional elements, the entire surface for him will look red, if he sees only red and yellow sections the surface will look orange, if he sees Dnly yellow sections the surface will loDk yellow, if he sees only yellow and blue sections, tbe surface will lDok green, if he sees only blue sections, the surface Wi11 1DDk blue, and, finally, blue and red colours if mi-xed will make the colourdynamic ~ surface loo~ violet in the observer's eye. It is understandable that as the obser~er mo~es and the total area of proaection of all monochromatic sections changes, the colours will be gra-~ 202538~
dually changing through a series of s~ades of each colour.In this way it is pDssiblc to obtain a ~ull set of spectrum c~lours.
Howcver, t~c sur~acc colour i9 determinad not only be th~ obser~er's po~iti~n but alsD by tbe light flux direction, since the brightne~s of tbc illuminatod calour sections may many times o~ceed that of the shadcd sections. Correspondingly, the oolours of t~e illumina-ted sections will become dominating and it is precisely I0 these sections that will determine th~ main cDlcur Of the surface e~en in the case when the total area of their projections will bo less for the obser~er than that o~
tho shaded sectional ha~ing other colours.
Colourdynamic materials may be obtained using both regular textures and lattices ~ith linear, round, square, faceted and other regularly arranged cells and elements and irregular ones, ior instance, the surfaces with a gravel or developed sand texture, the surfaces of va_ rious foam materials, such as foam concrete, foam glass, foam plastic, porolon, etC. the tegtures of many types of pile, looped and cellular cloth as well &S nonvowen synthetic materials.
Basically, there are two main methods of obtaining decorative materials with a colourdynamic surface each of whic~ . may have a series of process modifications.
~ he first method, very universal and widely used in industry, consists in t~1at the texture surface is forme~ of three_dimensional elements with the ratio of the total area oi the surface of all three_dimensional elements and of the intervals be~ween the bases oi these elements to the area o~ the surface on which the elements are located lying in the range irom 1.2 to 24 and the ratio o~ the three-dimensional elements mean height .to the mean rounding radius of their pea~s being in the ran~e from 3 to 300, whereupon different colours and/or di~ierent optical properties are imparted to the dif_ ferently oriented sections of the three_dimensional eleme.nts in such a way that similarly oriented sections of the di~ferent three_dimensional elements have a si_ milar colour and/or similar optical properties.
The second method, some~lhat less universal but also widely used i~ industry, differs from the iirst one by the fact that the three_dimensional te~ture elements are formed from the sections to ~Ihich difie_ rent colours or optical properties were preliminarily imparted, with the ratio oi the total area o~ the surface of all three_dimensional elements a.nd oi the i.ntervals 20 bet~een the bases of these elements to the area of the suriace upon which these elements are located lying in the range ~rom 1,2 to 24 and the ratio o~ the three_dimensional elements mean height to the mea.n r~unding radius of their peaks being in the range from 3 to 300 so that the similarly oriented sections soi dif~e-rent three_dimensional elements acquire a similar colour and~or similar optical properties.
'~he description of the production processes and methods of obtaining decorative materials with a colour_ dynamic surface texture should be started irom the consi_ deration of the iirst oi the two proposed methods which, in its turn, consists of two main production operations;
_ formation oi a suriace texture or relief lattice consistin~ o~ three-dimensional elements;
_ imparting different colours or di~ferent optical properties to dif~erently oriented section~ Or three_ tO dimensional elements.
To form the te~tures ha~ing necessary geome'rical parameters of three_dimensional elements on the suriace o~ a decorative material, use may be made of various production processes and techniques;
! _ pressing and stamping glass, ceramic, metal, plastic, rubber and other materials ~ith the aid of a relief punch;
_ rolling the metal, glass,polymeric, paper and other sheet and roll materials, and also some kinds of piece, (for instance, ceramic and glass~ articles;
between te~ture_forming sha~ts;
_ shaping the construction articles and facing ma_ terials in moulds having a te~ture or relief on one or several surfaces, ferroconcrete ~!/all panels and const-ruction block~, concrete, ceme~t, gypsum, ceramic and other facing tiles and articles;
_ extrusion of the material through reliei_forming _ 2I - 2025388 dies sometimes combined with rolling the material sur-faces between texture_forming shafts, as in case with facing bricks, ceramic blocks, and various polymeric ma_ terials;
_ relief_mould (metal and other) casting: the metal glass, ceram~c, polymeric and other materials, includ_ ing diecasting;
_ foaming the materials 2nd obtaining the articles .:ith a ~oam face, such as foam concrete, foam glass, foam plastic, porolon etc. In so doing, suojected to foamin~
may be not the entire m2SS oi the material but only its thin ~ace layer for instance in such a way a ferro-concrete wall panel with a foam concrete iace may be obtained;
_ introduction oi admixtures bur~ing out in the process of heat treatment into ~e main mass o~ the material or into its surrace only. In particular, hard granulated substances may be pressed into a ceramic or glass mass in the process of rolling or stamping the articles nhicll allows obtaining a texture resembling the foamed one after burning ;
_ powdering the irontal faces of materials ~vith a gra~el, glass, ceramic and other co~minuted crumb using appropriate bonding compounds;
- ~achinin~ the surfaces Or the materials ~ith the aid of various vibration appliances, milling cutters and other tools;
_ 22 - 20~5 388 _ chemical picklin~ of suriaces of materials and articles;
_ lattice constructions may be manufactured by casting, moulding, rolling and also by assembling ~rom individual plates or individual reliei elements;
_ texture of decorative cloth ~ay be obtained as a result of respective thread weavi.ng, buckling, tea/sing and using ~ther well_~novn and widely usea production processes.
~o impart different colours or di~ierent optical properties to differntly oriented sectio.ns o~ the sur-face o~ three_dimensional elements, use may be made of the following production processes:
_ Deposition of ~olo~rdy~mic dyes and other sub_ stances by spraying at an an~le to the. main surface of the material. The deposition may be per~ormed with the aid of a conveyer which moves per_Fiece articles, sheet or roll materials past stationary installed lines of spra~ing injectors. In this case, the injectors are ar-20 ranged in such a way that each line oi the inaectorsspraying a dye of one colour imparts this colour only to the texture three_dimensio.nal elements surface sec_ tions oriented in one direction, i.e., to the cone oi the given colou~ing compound. Trnen dyeing the ar~icles havin~ considerably mass and overall dimensions and also ln some other cases, use may be made of mobile spraying devices moving at a constant speed past StatiOnary in_ stalled articles. Such devices may be used, in particular, _ 23 20253~8 in decorating the surface te~ture o~ ~811 panels.
~ he said method may be considered as main one since it is most universal and ef~icient, ho~e~er, it cails for a precise selection o~ dye spraying modes for each particular te~ture and steady maintenance of these modes throu~hout the production process.
_ Deposition of dyes or other colouring stuffs ~ h the use of relief meshed templates excluding tke applicat-ion oi a dye onto the sections of the te~ture elements I0 it is not intended ~or.
~kis method does not require a precise selection of the spraying modes. A dye may be deposited both m 7nl7~1 ly and with the aid of various pulverizers but it is less efficient in comparison with the previous method and is used mostly in dyeing the regular te~ture surfaces and lattices.
_ Deposition of metal and other coatings by tr.e ~lame ol gas burners or plasma torchers performed at an an~le -to the main surlace o~ the material.
In this method, which is similar to th~ main one, the lines of sparying injectors are replaced ~ith the l7_ nes o~ burners put into the flames o~ ~hich are evaporiz-ing metals and other depositing substances.
- ~eposition o~ metal coatings by evaporation and subsequent precipitation of metals on the respective sec-tions o~ the three_dimensional elements performed in a vacuum chamber.
In this methDd an article in the vacuum chamber is positioned at an an~le to the parallel stream of precipitating particles.
- DepDsition of variDus substances includin~ metal cJatin~s on respective sections of tbree-dimensional a lements by ~alvanization.
- Formation Df coatin~s differing in cDlour by a photo-cbemical methDd on differently oriented sections of three-dimensional elements. In this method a homD-I0 gena~us pigmented photo emulsion is applied over theentire texture surface, whereupon the three-dimensional slernents sections Driented in onedirection are illuminated by a precisely directed parallel lioht flux of a certain cDlour oriented at an angle to the main surface of tbe m~terial. As a result of a successive or simultaneous ~llumination of the differently oriented sections of the three-dimensional elements by differing in colour li~ht fluxes and a subsequent photochemical treatment a colour-dynamic matarial can be obtained. ~he texture of such materials can be also obtained~ by rolling the traditional sheet and roll photo mat,erial$(coLour photo paper or ~hoto Yabric for instance) with the use of te~ture forming shafta.When obt~inin~ a ihoto fabric, use may be alsO made of its natural fabric texture.
- Formation of a colour relief raster by a poly~raphic methDd, in whicn methDd, the dyes different in colour ore printed on a roll or sheet texture matarial after -25- 2~253f8'8 its preliminary r D 11 i n~- with the use of texture forming shafts. A version of this method is represented oy the polygrapbic printing process which takes place simultaneously witb tbe texture formation o$ texture tnanks to the use of special poly~raphic texture shafts.
The production methods discus~ed above allowing imparting different colours and different optical pro-perties to the differently oriented sections of the texture three-dimensional elements are not the Dnly I0 possible ones. Apart from them, use can be made of chemical pickling processes, machining of the surface, ap-plication of dyes by means of rotating shaft-like brushes, etc. Besides,the abDve described methods may used in various combinations. For instance, a colour glaze may be deposited on the facets of â ceramic article by spraying, while tbe other facets of this article may be cozted with metal using a plasm or vacuum deposition method.
A natural colour of a material, for instance, red colour of the facing brick or light colour of a bleached fabric may be used as a component of the material colour in production of some colourdynamic materials.
The majority of the above described methods make it possible to print various pictures on the sur-face of tbe material in the process of production thrDugh use of masks and stencils closing a part of tbe article surface in case o~ aerosol, plasm, vacuum, photo-cbemic~L and other methods of application of c ol ourdynami c coatingsO
However, as was already mentioned above, the representation obtainin~ problem not only makes the colourdynamic matarials production process complicated and expensive, but also decreases considarably their combinatory potential and deprives them of a number of other advantages.
I0 In other words, the formation of raster represen-tations on colourdynamic materials pays only in those rare cases when the dimensions of represe~tations bein~
created are comparable with the dimensiDns of the na-turally percepted colourdynamic surfaces. But even tbis problem may be in the majority of cases be solved by more natural and cheaper method at the e~pense of combining the orientations of non-descriptive colour_ dynamic articLes, such as plates or pieces of a homo-geneous colourdynami c ~ material.
The second of the two proposed methods of obtaining tbe rastar decorative colourdynamic - texture surfaces consists, like tbe first method, of two main production operations:
- obtaining of tbe colour elements capable of for-min~, as a result of tbeir connection or jDining, of a raster colourdynamic surface or lattice having neces-sary geometrical p~rameters of three-dimansional elements D f the texture;
- connection and securing of the colDur elements in the process of the manufacture of a material or article.
Used as differing in colour or in Dptical prDper-ties texture forming eler~nts may be depending on the problem to be solved various parts and articles, such as small-size colour ceramic plates, preliminsrily I0 coloured metal or pDlymeric platest elements ~f a flat colour raster, (paper raster, for instance) cDlDur thread and other articles.
For ins~ance, a col~urdYnamic raster surface Df a safety panel may be obtained as a result of a mechanical or automated placing Df ceramic cDlour plates a~ainst a form provided with an appropriate relief of the lower surface. In so doing, the plates of one c~lDur are oriented in one direction. Aftar all the plates and necessary fittings are placed in the form, the Latter is filled with concrete. The article extractad from the form after aquiring the necessary strength represents-a panel faced with ceramic plates with a colourdynamic surface.
In the manufacture of muLti-purpose decorative lattices, such 3S suspended ceilin~s lattices or balcDny guards, the construction parts of the lsttices may func--~8- 2025388 tiDn as relief forming colour elements. Used as such elements can be metal strips painted in different colDurs on both sides and provided with e~ually spaced slots to receive differing in colour but otherwise identical metal plates at some angle during assembly.
For instance, in assembly of a vertical lattice with square meshes, the vertical plates ~ay be painted red and green and the horizDntal ones, blue and yellow.
In tbis case, each mesh will be represented by four CD-I0 lours corresponding tD four sides of a square - red, yellDw, green and blue.
Naturally, tbere may be other lattices with trigonal, pentagonal, hexagDnal and other meshes including une-qually spaced Dnes. In this case, used as colour elements can be nDt only str~ight but alsD bent plates Dr in-dividual relief elements.
~ olourdyn~mic surfaces may be also obtained by corrugatin~ (crimping) or extruding the te~ture on per-piace, roll and sheet materials prDvided with a preliminarily printed colDur raster. The colour raster may be printed by traditional in particular, typDgraphical metbods and thatexture may be formed by pressing the per-piece articles with reliaf punches or by rolling tbe roll and sheet materials between texture forming shafts.
The second method of obtaining the rasuer colour-dynamic surfaces may be of a particular importance in -the production of a variety of colourdynamic fa~rics, ~nitted ~oods, carpet coatings etc., because it allows obtaining a special purity of component colours provided the manufacturinO process is automated and, respectively, achieving a bigh productivity.
In the manu~acture of colourdynamic fabrics and l~nitted goods use may be made of special veawes of colour threads allowing to obtain a texture witb respective colour orientation of the three-dimensional I0 elements. ~e~arded as such veawes may be, first of all, the veawes of various looped and meshed fabrics with a "wafer" or "honeycomb" surface texture.
After a colourdynami¢ surface is obtained, a wide variety of materials may be given a special trans-lucent protective layer.
For instance, ths face of a colourdynamic ceramic or glazed concrete plate may be given a coat of a trans-parent glaze applied in a layer 22 (Figure 11) which completely or partially conceals the texture of the plate.
In case of fine textures, the coat may be, respectively, rather thin. Similarly, the glass facing plates (Fi-gures 1, 2) ma~ have a colour texture on the inside providing simultaneously a good cohesion of the pla-tes with concrete or mortar and a smooth surface. An effect of light variation, in this case, is percepted by observing the appearance of "day light" through a trans-~o 2025388 parent glass layerO Some decrease of the light-variatiDn activity of such materjals occuring as a result of the light refraction in the translucent layer and causing a visual flattenin~ of the texture three-dimensional elements may be c~mpensated for by a res-pective decrease of an actual texture factor of the surface bein~ cDloured.
It should be also noted tbat practically no colour-dynamic activity takes place when using a thin I0 sheet protective layer 25 (Figure 12), a sheet glass, for instance, with an air gap 26 (~i~ure 12) between the translucent layer and a colour-carrying texture surface 27.
Such a layer can be obtained by fusing~glueing or other~ise securing the sheet translucent material to the texture su~face or lattice.
An embDdiment of the present invenuion is presented by a method in which a texture surface is formed at the beginning and then various substances including different colour dyes are deposited by spraying at an angle to the main surface of the material onto the differently oriented sections of the ~exture three-di-~ nsional elements. The main advantage of this method, as was already mentioned, consists in high productivity and universality which allows obtaining the-diverse colourdynamic materials with re~ular and chaotic textures.
Since the texture elements geometry is of substan-tial importance for the pr~duction and use of materials, it is expedient to give an overview of the main geometri-cal classes of tbese elements.
The simplest is a class of linear three-dimensional elements 7 (Figures 4,5), having a prismatic or an~
other extended sbape and located parallel tD each other.
In a trivial case each three-dimensional element sbould be painted in different colours on two sides.
I0 ~owever, since the decorative ~erits of this version are not high the colour variation effect is Limited by a narrow colour range consisting Df two components.
The linear textures having tbree cDmponent colours due to the introduction of the third coLour into gaps 8 (FiJuras 4,5) between three-dimensional elements 7 possess cosiderably higher decorative charactaristics.
Tbe advantage of the linear textures consists in the fact tbat in case of a vertical arrangement of ex-tended materiaLs, the latter are much less s~ject to contamination in use in comparison with all otber textures.
However, a colourdynamic effect of tbe linear texture surfaces is a one-coordinate and due to tbis, principally limited. ~his means that thc vertical component is not present in the colour expansions occuring on the arcbitectural and otber forms and aLso on tbe three-dimensiDnal forms when use is made of linear tex-tures witb verticaL elements. CorrespondingLy, the linear texture materials are limited in their combination poten-tialities since subaect to the conditio~ that the three-dimensional elements 7 (~igures 4,5) are vertical, only two positions o~ the material on the vertical surface are possible.
The second class of the three-dimensional elements includes all the diversitg of non-linear elements forming botb regular and chaotic texture surface and lattices (Figures 1, 2, 6, 7).
I0 Tbese textures allow obtaining a full-value (i.e.
two-cDordi~ te) colourdynamic effect and, respectivelg, have considerably greater combination and decorative potentialities as compared with the linear textures.
UnfDrtunately, these textures have a common fDr all colourdynamic surface9 drawback consisting in that all of them when used on vertical planos, have horizontal (Dr close to horizD~tal) sections of the three-dimen-sional elements, which readily collect dust and become dirty in a short tima.
Besides, when colouring like te~tures by spraying dyes at an angle to the main surface, as well as ~en it is required to obtain three and more compo~e~t colours, a need arises to resort to a series o~ production proces-ses since the geometrg of these textures three-dimensiDnal elements by ibself dDes not ensure a precise colour separatio~ durin~ depositio~ of dges.
-3~- 2025388 TrI~edral elements 16 (Figures 9, 10) fall into a sp~cial group of the seco~d class of non-linear three-dimensional elements which compare favourablg with all other elements by production and performancs charac-teristics. It should be noted that the preseuce of three colour components is a necessarg and sufficient quantity pro~idin6 for a fuLl-valuo two-coordinate colourdy~
namic effect and quite a wide ranGe of additional colour mixin~s up to the full set Df spectrum colDurs. ~he-I0 refor~, the textures illustrsted in Figures 9 and 10consisting of the trichedral tbree-dimensi~nal elements 16 are highly competitive with the described above textures (Figures 1, 2, 6, 7) i~ decorative and combination poten-tialit ie9 a~d compare favourably with them in thoir capability to ensure a hi6h qualit~ of colour separation during depositiDn of dyes.
~ his i9 attributable to the fact that during th-dyo depDsition on one side or facet, a facet 17 (Figure 9) for instance, of each trihedral tbree-dimensional tex-ture eleme~tsS two other facets 1~, 19 (Figure 9) ofthe element 16 are covered by the ~irst facet 17 whicb prevents the dye from 6etting onto tb0m. ~ similar 9itua-t i~n hDlds when depositin~ otber colours on tbe otber facets of the elements.
~ part from the said production advantage ensuri~g a high quality o~ the colour separatio~, the textures ba-ving the trihedral elements are considerably less subject tD co~taminatio~ in use since there exist three pDssible positiD~s of the three-dimensional eleme~ts o~ a vertical surface which ba~e ~o horizontal sections of the sur-face prone tb quick contaminatio~.
For insta~ce, if three-dimensiDnal elemeut9 1 of the texture show~ in Figures 1, 2 ha~e sections 5 incliaed at 60 to the vertical plane, the three-dimen-sional elements 16 of an identical texture so far as colourdynamic acbi~it~ is concerned, illustrated in I0 Figures 9 and 10 ha~e sections 18 and 19 inclined to the vertical pla~e at a~ angle of 30. That is, the al-most horizontal sectio~s (inclination o~ 60) are repla-ced in tbe second case with the almost ~ertical sections (inclinatiDn of 30).
To ensure a full-~alue additional mixing of compDnent colours and increase the comfort of visual perception Df tbe colourdynamiC effects observed o~ the material, it is desirable that the texture elem~nts Df its sur-face should be fine e~ough to ensure ths basic characte-ristic conditions of its perceptios.
In case of interior materials to be obser~ed fromsmaLl dista~ces, it is expedie~t to use the three-di-mensiDnal texture elements w~ose hei6ht is 10 to 12 mm and less.
x~ 2025388 All the described below production modifications of tbe m~thods of obtaini~g the raster decDrative colourdynamic texture sur~aces are industrially appli-cable, however, each modification bas its advanta6es and disadvanta6es. Ge~erally it ca~ be noted that a high prDductivity and universality are tbe main advan-tages oi the first method ~nd ~irst oi all of its mai~
aerDsDl version. Particularly a~ i~dustrial installation ior depositiDn of dyes and other substances by spraying I0 D~to the sur~ace of the articles moved by the cDn~e~er may be used in production of most diverse colour-dynamic articles and materials~ from lar~e-si2e facin~
plates and bloc~s to fabrics and wall paper subject to the condition that respective dyes are used.
~ maj~r advanta6e of the secDnd method cDnsists in a high quality o~ calour separatio~ when usi~g the scale of gradatio~ of compo~e~t cDlours. Considered as disadvanta6es of this method are its relativel~ lower productivity a~d non-versatility, since eacb ~ind of material, when using this method, calls for its indi-vidual production prDcess and, respectively, individ~ 1 fixtures, appliances and equipment.
Claims (12)
1. A decorative material with a colourdynamic texture surface comprising three-dimensional elements of the texture or relief, whose differently oriented sections have different colours, the improvement consisting in that the texture surface is formed of three-dimensional elements with the ratio of the total surface area of all the three-dimensional elements and the intervals between the bases of these elements to the area of the surface they are located upon lying in the range from 1.2 to 24, the ratio of mean height of the three-dimensional elements to the mean radius of rounding of their peaks being in the range from 3 to 300, the differently oriented sections of the surface of each three-dimensional element having different colours and/or different optical properties, whereas the similarly oriented (in one direction) surface sections of different three-dimensional elements have a similar colour and/or similar optical properties in at least a part of the three-dimensional elements.
2. A decorative material as claimed in Claim 1 wherein in all the three-dimensional elements, the similarly oriented sections of the surfaces of the different three-dimensional elements have a similar colour and/or similar optical properties.
3. A decorative material as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the differently oriented sections of the surface of each three-dimensional element including the section of the surface between the adjacent three-dimensional elements have at least three different colours and/or three different optical properties.
4. A decorative material as claimed in Claim 3, wherein when using the three colours of the differently oriented sections of the three-dimensional elements surface three main colours (red, blue and one of the colours of the yellow, yellow-green and green colour group) are selected.
5. A decorative material as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the texture surface is made in the form of regularly arranged projections and/or hollows manufactured as three-dimensional elements with three sides similarly oriented in all the three-dimensional elements, whereas the sides of each three-dimensional element are separated by ribs converging in a peak, and the sharpness of the ribs and peak characterized by the ratio of the element height to the radius of rounding of its ribs and peak lies in the range from 3 to 300, and each of the three sides has a different colour and/or optical properties other than those of the element two other sides.
6. A decorative material as claimed in Claim 5, wherein the texture surface is made in the form the alternating three-faceted projections and hollows each facet of which is made flat.
7. A decorative material as claimed in Claim 1, wherein it is provided with a translucent protective layer with a smooth external surface.
8. A decorative material as claimed in Claim 7, wherein a protective layer is made in the form of flat translucent plate and a gap is provided between this layer and the colourdynamic texture surface.
9. A method of obtaining a decorative material with a colourdynamic texture surface with a plurality of three-dimensional elements the differently oriented sections of whose surface have different colours and/or optical properties, the improvement consisting in that the texture surface is formed by the three-dimensional elements with the ratio of the total area of the surfaces of all the three-dimensional elements and the intervals between the bases of these elements to the area of the surface they are located upon laying in the range from 1.2 to 24 and the ratio of the three-dimensional elements mean height to the mean radius of rounding of their peaks being in the range from 3 to 300, whereas different colours and/or optical properties are imparted to the differently oriented sections of the three-dimensional elements surface in such a way that the similarly oriented sections of the surfaces of the different three-dimensional elements have a similar colour and/or similar optical properties.
10. A method as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the different colours or different optical properties are imparted to the differently oriented sections of the three-dimensional elements surfaces by deposition of various substances including dyes performed at an angle to the material surface on which the three-dimensional elements are formed.
11. A method as claimed in Claim 10, wherein different colours are obtained through the deposition of dyes by spraying and the axis of the spray cone is positioned at an angle 3 to 5° less than the tilt angle of the three-dimensional elements to the surface they are located upon.
12. A method of obtaining a decorative material with a colourdynamic texture surface provided with a multitude of the three-dimensional elements whose differently oriented sections have different colours wherein the texture three-dimensional elements are formed by the sections of the surface to which the colours or optical properties differing from each other were preliminarily imparted with the ratio of the total area of the surfaces of all the three dimensional elements and the intervals between these elements to area of the surface upon which they are located lying in the range from 1.2 to 24, and the ratio of the three-dimensional elements mean height to the mean radius of rounding of their peaks being in the range from 3 to 300 so that similarly oriented sections of the surfaces of different three-dimensional elements acquire a similar colour and/or similar optical properties.
Priority Applications (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/SU1989/000065 WO1990011197A1 (en) | 1989-03-17 | 1989-03-17 | Decorative material with colour-dynamic surface and method of obtaining it |
| EP89907371A EP0414896B1 (en) | 1989-03-17 | 1989-03-17 | Decorative material with colour-dynamic surface and method of obtaining it |
| JP1506775A JPH072440B2 (en) | 1989-03-17 | 1989-03-17 | Dynamic color decoration material and manufacturing method thereof |
| DE68919411T DE68919411T2 (en) | 1989-03-17 | 1989-03-17 | DECOMATERIAL WITH COLOR-DYNAMIC SURFACE AND METHOD FOR PRODUCTION. |
| AU62503/90A AU625647B2 (en) | 1989-03-17 | 1990-09-13 | Colourdynamic decorative materials and method of obtaining them |
| CA002025388A CA2025388C (en) | 1989-03-17 | 1990-09-14 | Colourdynamic decorative materials and method of obtaining them |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/SU1989/000065 WO1990011197A1 (en) | 1989-03-17 | 1989-03-17 | Decorative material with colour-dynamic surface and method of obtaining it |
| CA002025388A CA2025388C (en) | 1989-03-17 | 1990-09-14 | Colourdynamic decorative materials and method of obtaining them |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2025388A1 CA2025388A1 (en) | 1992-03-15 |
| CA2025388C true CA2025388C (en) | 1995-07-11 |
Family
ID=4145970
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002025388A Expired - Fee Related CA2025388C (en) | 1989-03-17 | 1990-09-14 | Colourdynamic decorative materials and method of obtaining them |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH072440B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2025388C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE68919411T2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE20313654U1 (en) | 2003-09-03 | 2003-11-13 | Dorenwendt Kerstin | Decorative surface coating |
| JP2018172897A (en) * | 2017-03-31 | 2018-11-08 | 日新製鋼株式会社 | Metal plate building material and manufacturing method thereof |
| JP2018172898A (en) * | 2017-03-31 | 2018-11-08 | 日新製鋼株式会社 | Metal plate building material and manufacturing method thereof |
| JP7153484B2 (en) * | 2018-07-02 | 2022-10-14 | 株式会社竹中工務店 | construction cladding |
| EP3849289B1 (en) * | 2018-11-06 | 2023-08-30 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Electronic device including housing having pattern formed thereon |
| KR102639402B1 (en) * | 2018-11-06 | 2024-02-23 | 삼성전자주식회사 | An electronic device comprising a patterned housing |
-
1989
- 1989-03-17 JP JP1506775A patent/JPH072440B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-03-17 DE DE68919411T patent/DE68919411T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1990
- 1990-09-14 CA CA002025388A patent/CA2025388C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE68919411T2 (en) | 1995-03-30 |
| CA2025388A1 (en) | 1992-03-15 |
| JPH03505433A (en) | 1991-11-28 |
| JPH072440B2 (en) | 1995-01-18 |
| DE68919411D1 (en) | 1994-12-22 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKLA | Lapsed |