CA2012552A1 - Armour - Google Patents
ArmourInfo
- Publication number
- CA2012552A1 CA2012552A1 CA 2012552 CA2012552A CA2012552A1 CA 2012552 A1 CA2012552 A1 CA 2012552A1 CA 2012552 CA2012552 CA 2012552 CA 2012552 A CA2012552 A CA 2012552A CA 2012552 A1 CA2012552 A1 CA 2012552A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- armour
- tiles
- approximately
- thickness
- rubber
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
- B62B—HAND-PROPELLED VEHICLES, e.g. HAND CARTS OR PERAMBULATORS; SLEDGES
- B62B3/00—Hand carts having more than one axis carrying transport wheels; Steering devices therefor; Equipment therefor
- B62B3/04—Hand carts having more than one axis carrying transport wheels; Steering devices therefor; Equipment therefor involving means for grappling or securing in place objects to be carried; Loading or unloading equipment
- B62B3/06—Hand carts having more than one axis carrying transport wheels; Steering devices therefor; Equipment therefor involving means for grappling or securing in place objects to be carried; Loading or unloading equipment for simply clearing the load from the ground
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60B—VEHICLE WHEELS; CASTORS; AXLES FOR WHEELS OR CASTORS; INCREASING WHEEL ADHESION
- B60B33/00—Castors in general; Anti-clogging castors
- B60B33/04—Castors in general; Anti-clogging castors adjustable, e.g. in height; linearly shifting castors
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
- B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
- B62D51/00—Motor vehicles characterised by the driver not being seated
- B62D51/005—Vehicular characteristics of load handling vehicles, e.g. pedestrian trucks
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
- B66F—HOISTING, LIFTING, HAULING OR PUSHING, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, e.g. DEVICES WHICH APPLY A LIFTING OR PUSHING FORCE DIRECTLY TO THE SURFACE OF A LOAD
- B66F9/00—Devices for lifting or lowering bulky or heavy goods for loading or unloading purposes
- B66F9/06—Devices for lifting or lowering bulky or heavy goods for loading or unloading purposes movable, with their loads, on wheels or the like, e.g. fork-lift trucks
- B66F9/075—Constructional features or details
- B66F9/07559—Stabilizing means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
- B62B—HAND-PROPELLED VEHICLES, e.g. HAND CARTS OR PERAMBULATORS; SLEDGES
- B62B2206/00—Adjustable or convertible hand-propelled vehicles or sledges
- B62B2206/06—Adjustable or convertible hand-propelled vehicles or sledges adjustable in height
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
- B62B—HAND-PROPELLED VEHICLES, e.g. HAND CARTS OR PERAMBULATORS; SLEDGES
- B62B2301/00—Wheel arrangements; Steering; Stability; Wheel suspension
- B62B2301/20—Resilient wheel suspension using springs
Abstract
Reliable protective armour (1) against munitions of a calibre of up to approximately 150 mm and all types and sizes of fragments comprises ceramic tiles (4, 5) or high-strength metal alloys that are arranged on a tough, target background material (2) by means of a film-like, vulcanizable elastic layer (3). The ceramic tiles (4, 5) are connected to each other on all sides by a film-like, vulcanizable elastic layer (6). A similarly vulcanizable, elastic layer (8) of a similar kind covers the ceramic tiles (4, 5) on the target side.
Description
2C 1 ~552 The present invention relates to armour as described in the defining portion of Claim 1.
DE-PS 19 157 759 describes armour comprising at least two layers of material that follow each other, the hardness of which decreases from the outside to the inside, and the deformability of which increases from the outside to the inside. The outermost layer is formed of ceramic panels that are arranged so as to be adjacent to each other, and are secured to a base layer and laterally to each other by means of a vulc~nisAhle elastic material. Such an arrangement ensures that when they are struck by a pro;ectile, the ceramic panels and the layer of elastic material behave in the manner of a hydrostatic system.
Forces that act perpendicularly to the target background and transversely to this are for the most part absorbed by the internal friction of the elastic material. However, because of the fact that the gaps between the panels are relatively large, there is a disadvantage in that if a projectile impacts in the gap, the panels are pressed laterally against each other. For this reason, the projectile will penetrate the target, and will do so largely unretarded. An additional disadvantage lies in the fact that when a projectile strikes the ceramic, the ceramic structure destroyed by the projectile will be thrown--largely unretarded--in the direction opposite to that of the projectile.
With that, there i8 no greatly reduced braking effect in relation to the projectile.
Thus, it is the task of the present invention to propose armour with an e~h.~nce~ capability for retarding projectiles, even in the areas of the gaps between the ceramic panels.
The present invention does this by way of the distingl~iching features described in claim 1.
Advantageous developments of the present invention are set out in the subclaims.
Claim 1 describes the advantage whereby only the tiles that are struck or, in the case of a projectile striking the joints, only the tiles that are directly affected, are damaged. There is no damage to adjacent tiles. Even if a projectile impacts directly in the centre of a joint, the projectile-retarding effect will still be effective. Once the projectile has penetrated, the covering layer ensures that the entry hole is largely closed.
The material destroyed by the projectile is bundled around the projectile by the elastic covering layer, and this enh~ncefi the projectile-retarding effect.
Also of importance for the present invention is the fact that the armour according to the present invention can be pro~ce~ in a cost-effective manner by a single vulcanising process.
According to claim 2, the thickness of the covering layer is optimzed. At a great thick~c of the ceramic, the covering layer is proportionally thinner than is the case when the ceramic is thi~r.
According to claim 3, the widths of the gaps between the tiles have been optimized. The widths of the gaps are approximately proportional to the calibre of the projectile, i.e., the greater the calibre of the projectile, the greater is the width of the gap that is filled with the elastic material.
According to claim 4, the best projectile-stopping effect is achieved with ceramic.
Claim 5 proposes armour that is matched to small-calibre ammunition, such as pistol or rifle ammunition. Small-calibre ammunition includes sizes of up to approximately 15 mm. The armour has to be appropriately modified for projectiles of greater calibres. When this is done, the armour must be such that the projectile is stopped whilst still within the armour.
~, .
The vulcanizable elastic material can be proAllce~ using all commercially available elastomers, e.g., natural rubber, styrol-butadiene rubber, nitrile rubber, polychloroprene rubber, silicon rubber, ethylene propylene rubber, etc.).
The strength of the layers is so great that during tensile testing the crack appeared in the layer, but not in the edge zones. There was not separation of the layer from the body vulcanized onto it.
The protective function of the extremely light armour according to the present invention is achieved, in the first instance, by very thin elastic layers. The tiles, both together with each other and together with the target background, form a quasi-compact vibratory system [ein quasi-kompaktes, schwingfahiges System--Tr.] with interference zones that are defined by the elastic layers. The elastic layers absorb only a small part of the shock waves. The proposed connection of the individual components of the armour by elastic material prevents the separation of the tiles from the background material over a large area, which is a reason for great apprehension when other jointing procedures are used.
--/
_ 20 1 2552 .
An emhoAiment of the present invention is shown in the drawings ~ppen~e~ hereto. This single drawing shows the armour in cross-section.
Armour 1 for use against small-calibre munitions comprises a bachyLound plating 2; a base layer 3; ceramic tiles 4, 5; a film-like side layer 6; a gap 7; and a covering layer 8. All the layers 3, 6, 8 are vulcanized in one process step, under the effects of pressure and high temperatures.
The-layers, 3, 6, 7 connect the adjacent elements of the armour, ~uch as the ceramic tiles 4, 5, with the background plating 2_ tsi- i_.] or the ceramic tiles to each other.
15 The following dimensions are proposed for the individual components:
Plastic, glass-fibre reinforced 2 7.0 mm Base layer 3 0.5 mm Ceramic tiles 4, 5 8.0 mm Covering layer 8 1.0 mm When a projectile strikes the centre of a tile, a funnel-shaped hole is produced in the ceramic tile 5, as shown (Figure ). The projectile is worn away at the tip by the ceramic dust that is bundled by the covering layer 8, and broken into fragments because of friction fractures. The ceramic dust (compressed) greatly retards the projectile fragments, and these are trapped by the plastically deformable bachyLou..d material 2. Adjacent ceramic tiles 5 exhibit no cracks, and for this reason still provide effective protection.
If a projectile hits in the gap 7, the projectile-stopping effects acts in the same way. Each half of the ceramic tiles 4, 5 displays half a funnel-shaped hole. The impact cratering is somewhat deeper than is the case when a projectile strikes the centre of the ceramic tile 5.
The armour according to the present invention has a very low weight per unit area that, at a projectile-stopping effect for a projectile calibre of 7.62 mm, is below 40 kg/m2. In addition, it provides protection against fragments. This means that this armour is suitable for civilian use, by personnel and on vehicles, etc., and for military applications as well.
The geometric shape of the tiles is preferably quadrilateral or hexagonal. It is not nece-c-c~ry that they be sloped. This makes production that much more cost effective.
~_, The covering layer 8 is advantageous for use of the armour 1 in aggressive media and for camouflaging the equipment in or on which the armour is used.
It is possible to achieve an additional effect against infrared and radar detection by using the covering layer in an appropriate com~ou..d.
The covering layer can be decontaminated very easily.
DE-PS 19 157 759 describes armour comprising at least two layers of material that follow each other, the hardness of which decreases from the outside to the inside, and the deformability of which increases from the outside to the inside. The outermost layer is formed of ceramic panels that are arranged so as to be adjacent to each other, and are secured to a base layer and laterally to each other by means of a vulc~nisAhle elastic material. Such an arrangement ensures that when they are struck by a pro;ectile, the ceramic panels and the layer of elastic material behave in the manner of a hydrostatic system.
Forces that act perpendicularly to the target background and transversely to this are for the most part absorbed by the internal friction of the elastic material. However, because of the fact that the gaps between the panels are relatively large, there is a disadvantage in that if a projectile impacts in the gap, the panels are pressed laterally against each other. For this reason, the projectile will penetrate the target, and will do so largely unretarded. An additional disadvantage lies in the fact that when a projectile strikes the ceramic, the ceramic structure destroyed by the projectile will be thrown--largely unretarded--in the direction opposite to that of the projectile.
With that, there i8 no greatly reduced braking effect in relation to the projectile.
Thus, it is the task of the present invention to propose armour with an e~h.~nce~ capability for retarding projectiles, even in the areas of the gaps between the ceramic panels.
The present invention does this by way of the distingl~iching features described in claim 1.
Advantageous developments of the present invention are set out in the subclaims.
Claim 1 describes the advantage whereby only the tiles that are struck or, in the case of a projectile striking the joints, only the tiles that are directly affected, are damaged. There is no damage to adjacent tiles. Even if a projectile impacts directly in the centre of a joint, the projectile-retarding effect will still be effective. Once the projectile has penetrated, the covering layer ensures that the entry hole is largely closed.
The material destroyed by the projectile is bundled around the projectile by the elastic covering layer, and this enh~ncefi the projectile-retarding effect.
Also of importance for the present invention is the fact that the armour according to the present invention can be pro~ce~ in a cost-effective manner by a single vulcanising process.
According to claim 2, the thickness of the covering layer is optimzed. At a great thick~c of the ceramic, the covering layer is proportionally thinner than is the case when the ceramic is thi~r.
According to claim 3, the widths of the gaps between the tiles have been optimized. The widths of the gaps are approximately proportional to the calibre of the projectile, i.e., the greater the calibre of the projectile, the greater is the width of the gap that is filled with the elastic material.
According to claim 4, the best projectile-stopping effect is achieved with ceramic.
Claim 5 proposes armour that is matched to small-calibre ammunition, such as pistol or rifle ammunition. Small-calibre ammunition includes sizes of up to approximately 15 mm. The armour has to be appropriately modified for projectiles of greater calibres. When this is done, the armour must be such that the projectile is stopped whilst still within the armour.
~, .
The vulcanizable elastic material can be proAllce~ using all commercially available elastomers, e.g., natural rubber, styrol-butadiene rubber, nitrile rubber, polychloroprene rubber, silicon rubber, ethylene propylene rubber, etc.).
The strength of the layers is so great that during tensile testing the crack appeared in the layer, but not in the edge zones. There was not separation of the layer from the body vulcanized onto it.
The protective function of the extremely light armour according to the present invention is achieved, in the first instance, by very thin elastic layers. The tiles, both together with each other and together with the target background, form a quasi-compact vibratory system [ein quasi-kompaktes, schwingfahiges System--Tr.] with interference zones that are defined by the elastic layers. The elastic layers absorb only a small part of the shock waves. The proposed connection of the individual components of the armour by elastic material prevents the separation of the tiles from the background material over a large area, which is a reason for great apprehension when other jointing procedures are used.
--/
_ 20 1 2552 .
An emhoAiment of the present invention is shown in the drawings ~ppen~e~ hereto. This single drawing shows the armour in cross-section.
Armour 1 for use against small-calibre munitions comprises a bachyLound plating 2; a base layer 3; ceramic tiles 4, 5; a film-like side layer 6; a gap 7; and a covering layer 8. All the layers 3, 6, 8 are vulcanized in one process step, under the effects of pressure and high temperatures.
The-layers, 3, 6, 7 connect the adjacent elements of the armour, ~uch as the ceramic tiles 4, 5, with the background plating 2_ tsi- i_.] or the ceramic tiles to each other.
15 The following dimensions are proposed for the individual components:
Plastic, glass-fibre reinforced 2 7.0 mm Base layer 3 0.5 mm Ceramic tiles 4, 5 8.0 mm Covering layer 8 1.0 mm When a projectile strikes the centre of a tile, a funnel-shaped hole is produced in the ceramic tile 5, as shown (Figure ). The projectile is worn away at the tip by the ceramic dust that is bundled by the covering layer 8, and broken into fragments because of friction fractures. The ceramic dust (compressed) greatly retards the projectile fragments, and these are trapped by the plastically deformable bachyLou..d material 2. Adjacent ceramic tiles 5 exhibit no cracks, and for this reason still provide effective protection.
If a projectile hits in the gap 7, the projectile-stopping effects acts in the same way. Each half of the ceramic tiles 4, 5 displays half a funnel-shaped hole. The impact cratering is somewhat deeper than is the case when a projectile strikes the centre of the ceramic tile 5.
The armour according to the present invention has a very low weight per unit area that, at a projectile-stopping effect for a projectile calibre of 7.62 mm, is below 40 kg/m2. In addition, it provides protection against fragments. This means that this armour is suitable for civilian use, by personnel and on vehicles, etc., and for military applications as well.
The geometric shape of the tiles is preferably quadrilateral or hexagonal. It is not nece-c-c~ry that they be sloped. This makes production that much more cost effective.
~_, The covering layer 8 is advantageous for use of the armour 1 in aggressive media and for camouflaging the equipment in or on which the armour is used.
It is possible to achieve an additional effect against infrared and radar detection by using the covering layer in an appropriate com~ou..d.
The covering layer can be decontaminated very easily.
Claims (7)
1. Armour (1) comprising at least two layers (2, 5) of material that are located one above the other, these being of a hardness that diminishes from the outside to the inside and of a deformability that increases from the outside to the inside, the outermost layer (5) being formed from tiles (4, 5) that are of a very hard and brittle substance and are arranged adjacent to each other and that are secured to a target background material (2) of deformable but very tough material by means of a vulcanizable base layer of elastic material, the side gaps (7) between the tiles (4, 5) being similarly filled with the elastic material, characterized in that the tiles (4, 5) are provided with a firmly cemented covering layer (8) of elastic material; and in that the side elastic layers (6) and the base layer (3) are very thin, namely in the form of a film.
2. Armour as defined in claim 1, wherein the covering layer (8) is approximately twice the thickness of the base layer (3), the thickness of the base layer amounting to some 1.0 to 10% of the thickness of the tiles (4, 5).
3. Armour as defined in claim 1, wherein the gap (7) is approximately 0.1 to 0.5 mm; in the case of munitions of up to a calibre of approximately 15 mm is approximately a maximum of 0.2 mm, and in the case of larger projectile calibres is at most approximately 1.5 mm.
4. Armour as defined in claim 1, wherein the tiles (4, 5) are of ceramic or extremely strong metallic alloys and the background plate (2) can be of the following materials:
metal plates, synthetic resins reinforced with Kevlar?, glass fibres, carbon fibres or the like; the base layer(3) and the covering layer (8) can be produced from vulcanizable elastic material based on all commercially available elastomers, for example, natural rubber, styrol-butadiene rubber, nitril rubber, polychloroprene rubber, silicon rubber, ethylene propylene rubber, etc.
metal plates, synthetic resins reinforced with Kevlar?, glass fibres, carbon fibres or the like; the base layer(3) and the covering layer (8) can be produced from vulcanizable elastic material based on all commercially available elastomers, for example, natural rubber, styrol-butadiene rubber, nitril rubber, polychloroprene rubber, silicon rubber, ethylene propylene rubber, etc.
5. Armour as defined in claim 1, wherein the thickness of the materials (4, 5) and of the target background material are approximately equal, the thickness corresponding approximately to the diameter of the projectile in the case of hard-core projectiles of a calibre of up to approximately 15 mm.
6. Armour as defined in claim 1, wherein the armour plate is effective against hard-core munitions of calibres of up to 150 mm, and against fragments of all kinds. The dimensioning of the armour plate is to be appropriate to the threat.
7. Armour as defined in claim 1, wherein a covering layer of high-strength metal alloys is used in the case of projectiles that arrive at a shallow angle and in order to increase the gap between the tiles (4, 5), this covering layer being vulcanized onto the tiles (4, 5). The minimum thickness is appropriate to the threat and amounts at least to one millimeter. Weight reduction of up to 50% is possible by using perforated plate.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DEP4309561.4 | 1989-03-23 | ||
| DE19934309561 DE4309561C2 (en) | 1993-03-24 | 1993-03-24 | Pallet truck with a drive wheel and side support wheels |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2012552A1 true CA2012552A1 (en) | 1996-06-22 |
Family
ID=6483724
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2012552 Abandoned CA2012552A1 (en) | 1989-03-23 | 1990-03-20 | Armour |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2012552A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE4309561C2 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2703003B1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2276852B (en) |
Families Citing this family (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE19741742C2 (en) * | 1997-09-22 | 2000-02-17 | Jungheinrich Ag | Pallet truck with support wheel |
| DE19817562B4 (en) * | 1998-04-20 | 2008-07-24 | Still Wagner Gmbh | Order picker with landing gear |
| DE19853838A1 (en) * | 1998-11-23 | 2000-05-31 | Continental Ag | Suspension, especially for commercial vehicle such as forklift stacker, has compressible spring elements in sleeve form and incorporated in hydraulic system which allows variation and adjustment of spring constants |
| GB2428000A (en) * | 2005-05-09 | 2007-01-17 | David Oliver Batty | Adjustable castor for wheelchair |
| DE102007058694A1 (en) | 2007-12-06 | 2009-06-10 | Jungheinrich Ag | Three-wheeled vehicle, in particular industrial truck with tilt protection |
| DE102008004270A1 (en) | 2008-01-14 | 2009-07-16 | Jungheinrich Ag | Vehicle, in particular industrial truck, with mounting arrangement for an impeller |
| DE102008016493B4 (en) | 2008-03-31 | 2022-10-27 | Linde Material Handling Gmbh | industrial truck, in particular lifting truck |
| DE102011112390B4 (en) * | 2011-09-02 | 2017-01-05 | Fachhochschule Lübeck | Impeller guide and method for adjusting a wheel guide |
| US11104558B2 (en) | 2018-12-27 | 2021-08-31 | Crown Equipment Corporation | Load wheel assembly for preventing axial and rotational movement of an axle |
Family Cites Families (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1333441A (en) * | 1919-12-15 | 1920-03-09 | Ostrander Charles William | Adjustable caster |
| US1835144A (en) * | 1928-12-08 | 1931-12-08 | George A Cleaveland | Adjustable swivel caster |
| GB376976A (en) * | 1930-08-16 | 1932-07-21 | Joseph Albert Kemme | Improvements in castors |
| US2285656A (en) * | 1941-03-15 | 1942-06-09 | Bassick Co | Truck caster |
| US2700173A (en) * | 1952-08-25 | 1955-01-25 | Service Castor & Truck Corp | Cushioned caster |
| FR1112584A (en) * | 1954-10-15 | 1956-03-15 | M I C | Swivel wheel with oscillating yoke |
| US3184076A (en) * | 1963-05-23 | 1965-05-18 | Baldwin Lima Hamilton Corp | Auxiliary axle for vehicles |
| GB1212020A (en) * | 1967-08-26 | 1970-11-11 | Ronald Taylor | Improvements in or relating to chassis and wheel assemblies for jib cranes or excavators |
| US3799379A (en) * | 1973-01-26 | 1974-03-26 | T Grether | Fork lift |
| GB1558347A (en) * | 1976-02-06 | 1979-12-28 | Lansing Bagnall Ltd | Industrial trucks and suspensions for them |
| DE4209862A1 (en) * | 1992-03-26 | 1993-09-30 | Linde Ag | Pallet truck |
-
1990
- 1990-03-20 CA CA 2012552 patent/CA2012552A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
1993
- 1993-03-24 DE DE19934309561 patent/DE4309561C2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1994
- 1994-03-22 GB GB9405588A patent/GB2276852B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-03-24 FR FR9403482A patent/FR2703003B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2703003B1 (en) | 1995-12-01 |
| GB9405588D0 (en) | 1994-05-11 |
| FR2703003A1 (en) | 1994-09-30 |
| DE4309561C2 (en) | 1995-11-16 |
| GB2276852B (en) | 1996-07-03 |
| DE4309561A1 (en) | 1994-09-29 |
| GB2276852A (en) | 1994-10-12 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FZDE | Dead |