CA1339121C

CA1339121C - Lubricant or lubricant concentrate

Info

Publication number: CA1339121C
Application number: CA000563729A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Erasmus Froeschmann
Original assignee: MAX GRILL GES.MBH
Current assignee: Max Grill Gesmbh
Priority date: 1987-04-10
Filing date: 1988-04-08
Publication date: 1997-07-29
Anticipated expiration: 2014-07-29
Also published as: DE3712134A1; EP0286140B1; ES2063742T3; JPH01503545A; EP0286140A1; DE3712134C2; JP3211959B2; DE3851356D1; ATE111150T1; WO1988008022A1

Abstract

Lubricant or lubricant concentrate on mineral oil and/or synthetic oil basis having improved lubricating properties, in particular improved load bearing, sliding and corrosion inhibiting properties, which contains a) one or more mineral oils and/or synthetic oils as base oil and b) at least one tetravalent to octavalent alcohol having at least one quaternary carbon atom as well as at least one ether bond in its molecule and having a density d20 of at least 0,900 and an enthalpy H of at least 350 kcal /kg, c) at least one asymmetric organometallic compound, d) at least one phosphor containing substance, e) at least one sulfur containing substance and f) further usual additives.

Description

~ ~ 13~9121 D e s e r i p t i o n The present invention refers to a novel lubricant (lubricating 5 agent) or lubricant concentrate on a mineral oil and/or synthetic oil basis having improved lubricating properties, in particular improved load bearing, sliding or gliding as well as eorrosion preventing properties.
10 During the last deeades numerous proeesses and lubricating systems have been developed in order to reduee the frietion and wear of moving maehine parts and to lower the costs for energy and replaeement parts and to extend the serviee life of 1 llh~ c:~nts and of materials. As an ideal lubricant 15 the "lifetime lubrieant" is eonsidered whieh takes Lnto aeeount the eeologieal re~uirements beeomlng more and more-restrietive .
On the way to longlife and high duty lubrieants, lubricating 20 systems and lubrieating proeesses in the first step the so-called chemieal wear lubrieation has been developed. By using it the metal-to-metal contact could be largely prevented by means of the salt formation on the surfaces of the micro-mountains of the moving parts by forming chemically 25 reactive cover coats on the surfaces Dr by lntroducing chemically reactive compounds into the base lubricants.
In this manner the sei~ing of the machine parts could be prevented. But simultaneously the wear by shearing of the salt coats between the metal parts moving against one ao another has been promoted. The serviee life of the materials therefore remained relatively short. In a further step solid lubrieants have been deyeloped which were introduced between the moving metal parts such as graphite, MoS2, TiO2, Ca3(PO4)2, teflon ete., which were introduced in the 35 form of lubricating cover coats, suspenslons, pastes or fats. In th~s way the frictionating parts were better ..

-6~ 13~9121 separated From each other and their loadability was increased.
However, the solid lubricants and base media are separa-ted from each other sooner or later un~er the influence of centripetal movements of higher circumference speeds and 5 at a higher temperature due to their different specific densities. The longlife lubrication is limited thereby.
In a further step the deposition of suitable metal cations out of rhem;~ ~1 complexes dissolved in a lubricant onto the fric~ n~ surfaces in operation has been achieved. There lO unde,r the pressure and the temperature of the frictionating parts they form eutectica together with the metal border layers, which fill up smoothingly the roughness valleys and flatten in part tribochemlcally in part microplastically the roughness peaks. The anionic part of the organometallic 15 compounas forms in situ lubricating and adhering reaction layers on the newly rebuilt eutectoid ~rictional faces.
Besldes a starting phase which is too long, a friction coefiicient and a wear which are too high, the control 20 of the reaction proceeding is a problem with these lubri-cating systems. Either material-independent eutectica and reaction layers are achieved which do no more function sufficiently as agents for removing the minute unevennesses due to the preparation of the wor~pieces in narrow fittings 25 so that at these places overload areas and resuIting later metal breaks at the sliding faces occur, or the aggressive csmponent of the organometallic compounds is strengthened and this results in the phase of chemical wear lubrication leading to too high removing rates and 30 to a too short life service.
For example, from DE-PS 941 678 lubricating oils having a content of soluble reaction products of phosphorus pentasulfide and Iiquid or solid aliphatic hydrocarbons or 35 terpene hydrocarbons are known. From DE-PS 923 984 there _7_ 133gl2 is known a lubricating oil whicl~ contains the metal con-taining alkylphenolsulfide esters in combination with zinc sulfonates. From DE-AS 1 444 892 there is known a lubricating oil which contains a salt of an aromatic zinc 6 dithiophosphate and a zinc carboxylic acid salt in the presence of water. T~hile both formerly stated products are lubricating oil detergents the latter product is said to prevent the corroslon of silver bearlng surfaces.
From DE-AS 1 296 730 there ls known a lubricating oil lO which contains a substituted succinic acld optionally together with a salt of an alkylated or esterified phosphoric acid. ThLs product is an antloxidant functioning as detergent. From DE-AS 1 271 878 there is known a combi-nation o~ di~hiopbosrhi~te and dithiophosphinate salts.
From DE-OS 15 94 555 there are known cutting oils which contain free sulfur, a dialkyldithiophosphate and a chlorinated hydrocarbon. In US-PS 3 462 367 lubricating oils containing a zinc or antimony dithiocarhamate are disclosed. From ~JS-PS 2 758 087 lubricating oils are 20 known, containing a sulfur-phosphorus-compound prepared by reacting phosphorus pentasulfide with an olefin at a higher temperature~ and zinc phthalate. However, all these known lubricating oil additives do not fulfill the today's requirements, in particular they lead to ll, avy 25 oxidic deposits in the area of the lubricating place and cause a wear which is too high.
From US-PS 2 734 865 it is known to use a lubricating oil additive which is formed of a dithiophosphate of the Al ki~l i n 30 earth metal salts in combination with a complex reaction product of phosphorus sulfides, tallow oil fatty ac~ d alcohol esters, zinc chloride and ba~ium hydroxide. The friction coefficients and wear values which can be achieved therewith are too high for today ' s requirements and 35 furtherm . e the face pressure value is too low. From ~JS-PS

2 734 864 lubricating oil additives are known which are formed of a dithiophosphate of the alk~l in~ earth metals in combination with a complex reaction product of phosphorus sulfides, wool fat and alcohol esters. ~he undefined 5 product contains substantial amounts of barium and zinc.
Such a lubricating oil additive is not usable in practice beeause of ~its iobearable odor which also jeopardizes the health of the operators getting in eontaet with it. From DE-PS 1 954 452 lubrieants on mineral oil and synthetie lO oil.basis are known whieh eontàin besides the mineral oil or synthetie oil as additives an ester oi an epoxidized fatty acid having 10 to 18 C-atoms and of a monovalent or multivalent alcohol, an alkyl, aralkyl or aryldithiophos-phate of zink, lead, tin, tungsten, molybdenum, niobium or 15 lanthanum, and optionally a sulfur-phosphorus-compound.
From DE-PS 2 108 780 lubrieants on the basis of a mineral oil or synthetic oil and lubricant concentrates, respectively, are known which besides a lead, tungsten, molybdenum and/or vanadium di thiophosphate esterif ied 20 with alkyl, aryl or aralkyl groups eontain in addition at least one zine dialkyldithiophosphate compound and a sulfur-phosphorus-eompound which is free of a metal. Also these latter Lubricants which have found a widespread use, do no rnore fulfill all requirements of: modern longlife 2~ and highduty lubricants. Their friction coe~fLcient ~and wear are too high, their storage restistance is insufficient, their longlife use leads to a too high reclamation quote in the lubrieant f ield.
30 The objeet of the present invention is to provide a novel lubrieant ~ lubrieating agent) or lubrieant coneentrate on a mineral oil or syntheti~ oil basis having improved lubrieating properties, in particular improved friction and wear properties and reduces sensibly the need of 35 energy and replaeement parts and meets the highest requ irement s .

' ~ 133912~

It has now been found that this obiect according to the present invention can be surprisingly reached by adding at least one tetravalent to octavalent alcohol containing in its molecule at least one quaternary carbon atom and at least 5 one ether bond and having a density d20 of at least 0,900 and an enthalpy H of at least 350 kcal/kg, at least one asymmetric organometallic compound, at least one phosphorus containing substance and at least one sulfur containing substance to a mineral oil and/or synthetic 10 oil besides the usual additives.
The sub~ect of the present invention is a novel lubricant or lubrical concentrate on mineral oil and/or synthetic oil basis which is characteri2ed in that it contains 16 a) one or more mineral oils and/or synthetic oils as base oil and b) at least one tetravalent to octavalent alcohol having at least one quaternary carbon atom as well as at least one ether bond in its molecule and having a density d20 of at least 0 r900 and an enthalpy H of at least 350 kcal/kg, c) at least one asymmetric organometallic compound, d) at least one phosphor containing substance, e) at least one sulfur containing substance and f) further usual additives.
~5 The lubricants and lubricant concentrates of the invention are superior to the known lubricants and lubricant con-centrates in particular in regard to their friction and wear properties and reduce substantially the need of energy and replacement parts. It is assumed that this is due to the fact that by thei~- use in the friction and slide areas metallic glass surfaces consisting of amorphous solidi~ied metal melts are formed which do not exhibit any metal crystal lattice structures. The glass-like smooth friction and sliding surf~ces which are - _4 133912~

believed ~ be formed by using the lubricants or lubricant concentrates of the present invention improve substantially the whole lubricating process- since ~he friction coefficient and the wear, the oxidation and the corrosLon are reduced 6 substantially . Also the so-called f itting-rust is prevented by the lubricant and lubricat concentrate of the invention.
In addition, the lubricants and lubricantconcentrates of the invention are non-polluting since they do not contain any lead, no sulfur containing whale sperm oil and almost l 0 no phosphorus . This has been shown in f ish tests and bacterial cultivation tests which have been carried out with the lubricant5and 1ubricant concentratesof tne lnVen-tion. Furthermore, it has been shown that they are degra-dable biologically in normal soil within 3 to 4 monthsto, an extent of 6 0 % .
16 Thus, they can be considered as ~LLF ~1Y non-polluting.
In particular they are suited for the use in homokinetic ~oints for vehicles, l.e. small joints subject to a high number of revolutions and a hig load, and they are more similar to the ideal lubricant "lifetime lubricant" than ~~ all other already known lubricants. Additionally, tlle polyolether compounds having quaternary carbon atoms which are used according to the present invention have a significant thermal stability and enable the utilization of high operating temperatures of up to 300~C. They offer the 25 possibility to use them as lifetime lubrication of high duty engines, turbines, roller bearings, synchronizing joints and other high duty machine elements, The e~pression~lubricant or lubricant concentrate on mineral 30 oil and/or synthetic oil basis" used in the present appli-cation is meant to comprise lubricating oils as well aslubricating fats on mineral oil and/or synthetic oil basis.
The expression "quaternary carbon atoms containing compounds"
36 used here is meant to comprise thos~ compounds w~lerein the 4 main valences of at least ~ne carbon atom per molecule are each s~bstituted by 4 carbon atoms. Examples for such compounds are monomeric, dimeric and trimeric pentaer , . ~ 1339121 thritolethers, other polyolethers, pentaerythritol ethoxyethers as well as ~elomeric acid pentaerythritolethers and the corresponding ethoxylated ethers.
6 As can J~e seen from the examples following below the lubricants und lubricant concentratesof the invention have substantially improved properties compared with the known lubricants and lubricant concentrates. The glass-like smooth friction and sliding faces~formed by the lubricant of the invention 10 save driving energy and reduce the friction coefficient per se and also by the formation of a very good adhering boundary lubricating film which enables an elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication also with a point-like load.
This result5 in a lowering of the friction temperature 15 of the lubricant and of the lubricated place, in an extension of the oxidation resistance of both and the metallic friction partnerS are less sub~ected to specif ic change-load and temperature stresses.
20 In summaryl the wear is extremely lowered by these effects and the service life of-the friction partners and of the lubricant is extended sensibly. According to the present invention these improvements are achieved within a very broad viscoslty range so that now oils having a low a5 viscosity can also be used in those fields where until now the use of oils having high or intermediate viscosity values have been consldered as beinq indispensable, for example in gears, aifferentlal gears, or gears of turbines.
In addltion the thermal stability of the lubricant and 30 lubricant concentrate of the invention allows its use in lubrlcating places subject~to high operation temperatures, such as in Diesel engines and aircraft turbines.

~ ~339121 According to a preferred embodiment of the invention the lubricant or lubricant concentràte contains as com,ponent (b) a mono-, di- or tripentaerythritol the hydroxyl group(s) of which is (are) etherified or ethoxyetherified by a straight or branched alkyl, aralkyl or aryl group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably 6 to 12 carbon atoms, especially 8 to 12 carbop atoms.
According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention it contains as component (b) a mono-, di- or tetraether of pentaerythritol .
According to a Preferred embodiment of the invention the lubricant or lubricant concentrate of the invention contains additionally a component having at least one free hydroxyl group .
According to a preferred ~ ' o~; nt of the invention the lubr~cant or lubricant concentrate contains the component (b) in an amount of from 0 ,1 to 4 0 ~ by weight, preferable ao o,l to 20 ~ by weight, in particular 1 to 12 ~by weight, especially 2 to 6 9~ by weight ~ based on the weight of the mineral oil and/or synthetic oil. ~=
Accord~ng to a further preferred embodiment of the invention the lubr~cant or lubr~cant concentrate of the ~nvention contains as component (b) an ether derivative and/or an ethoxylated ether derivative of mono-, di- or tripenta-erythritol and/or a telomeric acid pentaerythritol ether or an ethoxylated derivative thereof.
The lubricant or lubricant concentrate of the invention contains as base oil preferably beet oil, natural oil and/or a synthetic oil having a viscosity in the range of from 1,0 mPa s at 20~C to 2.1o6 mPa.s at 20~C. Particularly pre-ferred is the use of a m~neral o~l having a viscosity of from 1 ,0 mPa.s at 20~C to 540 mPa.s at 50~C as natural oil and the use of an a~omat~c or al~phat~c d~carboxylic ac~d ester, in particular of a poly-ot-olefin-dicarboxylic acid ester, espec~ally -butylester, hav~ng a molecular weight in the range of from 1000 to 3000, preferably the use of . ~ 1339121 -t3-phthalic acid diis~odecylester, trimethyladipic acid didecylester and sebacic acid dioctylester, a polyisohutylene having a molecular weight of from 1000 to 100 000 and a viscosity of from 200 to 43 000 mPa.s at 100~C, of a polymethacrylatehaving a viscosity of 1000 mPa.s at 100~C, 6 of a water insoluble polyglycol having a viscosity of from 5 to 60 mPa.s at 100~C, of an isoparaffin oil and/or alkylbenzene having an inf lammation point of more than 50~C and a viscosity in the range of from 1,0 mPa.s at 20~C
to 2 000 000 mPa 8 at 20~C and of a telomeric acid ester pref~r~hl~ a neopentylglycol and/or trimethylolpropane ester of the telomeric acid.
As further additive the lubricant or lubricant concentrate of the invention preferably contains a sulfur containing substance, in particular a thiazole, at least one metal-dialkyldithiocarbamate and/or a metaldialkyldithiophosphate and/or a phosphorus containing substance, in particular an organophosphite, preferably a dialkylarylphosphite, especially didecylphenylphosphite or didodecylphenyl-ao phosphite alld/or a metaidialkyldithio hosphate.
The sulfur containing substance preferably is contained in the lubricant or lubricant concentrate of the invention in an amount of from 0,5 to 10 % hy weight, expecially 1 to 3 ti by weight, while it contains the phosphorus containing substance preferably in an amount of 0 ,1 to 10 % by weight, in particuiar in an amount of 0 ,1 to 5 % by weight, especially 0,5 to 2 % by weight.
According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention the lubricant or lubricant concentrate can contain usual antioxidants, metaldeactivatOrs, deter~ents, dispersants, antifoam agents and/or viscosity index improving agents.
The additives of the invention can be added as single compounds or in the form of a coslposi~ion as a concentrate to .

~ 13~9121 4~
the base mcdium ~base oll or base fat) in the above stated amounts.
Further features and advantages of the invention can be seen from the following description of the invention.
~e poly~alether c~ands havin~ at least one ~ ry carbon atan in the molecule and which are preferably used according to the present invention can comprise the following groups of c,ompounds:
!
a) mono-, di- and tripentaerythritol ethers and their ethoxylated ether derivatives ~he basic mono- and dipentaerythritol has the 15 following structure CH20H CH20~ CH20 2 , 2 HOH2C- C-CH -0-H C-C-CH 2OH

monopentaerythritol dipentaerythritol wherein the hy,droxyl groups are etherified in part or completely and the ether groups 25 thereof praferably contain straight or branched alkyl, aralkyl or aryl groups having 6 to 18, preferably 8 to 12 carbon atoms.
~hese compounds can be easily prepared and many represen-30 tatives of these compounds are commercially available, 35 ,~
., =

~ 1339I21 Examples for suitable pentaerythritol ethers are pentaery-thritol monohexyle~her, pentaerythritol monooctylether~
pentaerythritol monononylether, pentaerythritol monodecyl-ether, pentaerythritol monododecylether, pentaerythritol-6 monomyristylether j pentaerythritol monohexadecylether,pentaerythritol monostearylether, pentaerythritol mono-oleylether~ pentaerythritol monoisostearyl- and -isopalmitic acld ether; the corresponding dihexyl-, dioctyl-, dinonyl-, ~ didecyl-, didodecyl-, dimyristyl-, dihexadecyl-, distearyl-, 10 dioleyl-, diisostearyl- and diisopalmitic acid ether of pentaerythritol; the corresponding trihexyl-, trioctyl-, trinonyl-, tridecyl-, tridodecyl-, trimyristyl-, trihexa-decyl-, tristearyl-, trioleyl-, triisostearyl- and triiso-palmitic acid ether of pentaerythritol as well as the 16 corresponding tetrahexyl-, tetraoctyl-, tetranonyl-, tetradecyl-, tetradodecyl-, tetramyristyl-, tetrahexadexyl-, tetrastearyl-, tetraoleyl-, tetraisostearyl- and tetra-isopalmitic acid ether of pentaerythritol.
b) Pentaerythritol telomeric acid derivatives having the following skeleton:
o CH2 - o-c-T
~6 R-C-O-H2C-C-CH2-0-C-R
O ~ O
CE~20 - C- R
O

~5 .
.

13~9121 wherein T is telomer R is T or alkyl.
The telomeric acids are compounds having a relatively high molecular weight and having long-chained star-like branched structures which can be etherified ln the usual manner and the ethers thereof are valuable lubricants.
Mi~eral oils which can be used accordi~g to the invention are all usual mineral oils ranging from the isoparaffin oil having a viscosity of 1, 0 mPa . s at 2 0 ~ C over thin spindle oil having a viscosity of 12 mPa.s at 20 C to the high viscous brightstock and cylinder oil having a viscosity of 540 mPa . s at 50 C .
Many of the synthetic oils usable according to the invention are commercially available, f . i . from sP Co under the tradename r~Iyvis 10 ~ (a polyisobutylene having a viscosity of 200 mPa.s at lOO C), nHyvis 200~ (a polyisobutylene having a viscosity of 4300 mPa.s at lOO C) and "Hyvis 2000~ (a polyisobutylene having a viscosity of 43,000 mPa.s at lOO C).
Viscoplex 4-95 of Rohm Co. (a polymethacrylate) having a viscosity of 1000 mPa.s at lOO c, Ucolub N9 having a viscosity of 5,7 mPa.s at lOO C, Ucolub N36A having a viscosity of 5,7 mPa.s at lOO C; Ucolub N3ÇA having a viscosity of 18 mPa.s at lOO C, Ucolub N120A having a viscosity of 55 mPa.s at lOO C
(these all are:water insoluble polyglycols) of Union Carbide Co. as well as ~Isopar J" of Esso Co. (an isoparaffin oil) having a viscosity of 1, 0 mPa. s at 20 C.
~he phosphor .~ mt~;n;nS substances which can be used according to the invention are organophosphorus compounds of the ~ormula:
R
I

R-- P--R
35 wherein R each is a straight or branched or cyclic alkyl group f X

_17 1339121 having 6 ~o 12 car-bon atoms or a phenyl group substituted in ~ o- Ol p-position by a lower alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon a toms .
Preferred examples of the organophosphorus compounds having ~ the above formula are monoaecyl-diphenylphosphite, dide-cylphenylphosphite, triphenylphosphite, dioctyl-phenyl-phosphite, dihexyl-phenyl-phosphite, diisodecyl-phenyl-phosphite, diisooctyl-phenyl-phosphite, didecyl-o-m~thyl-phenylphosphite and didecyl-p-methylphenylphosphite.
!
The me~Al~iAlkyldithiocarbamates which can be used according to the invention as sulfur containing subst~noe are compounds of the formula ~S-Me ~a~lkyl ~ alkyl wherein Me is a metal selected from ~he group copper (Cu), silver (Ag~, zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), titanium (Ti), boron (B), zirconium (Zr), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), vanadium (V), tanta~.um (Ta), antimony (Sb), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (~.o), tungsten (W), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), and nickel (Ni), preferably boron (B), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co) or molybdenum (Mo) .
The metaldialkyldithiophosphates which can be used according to the invention as sulfur containing substance as well as 30 phosphorus cont~ ining substance are compounds of the formula S -Me S=P--O-alkyl ~ o-a lkyl .
~ 13~9121 wherein Me is a metal selected from the group copper (Cu), silver (Ag), zinc (Zn), cadmium ~Cd), titanium (Ti), boron (B), zirconium (Zr), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), vanadium (V), tantalum (Ta), antimony (Sb), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), 5 tungsten (W), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co~, and nickel (Ni), preferably zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W) and manganese (Mn).
The alkyl groups of the above-mentioned metaldialkyldithiocarb-10 amat:es and metaldialkyldithiophosphates each preferably contain 4 to 8 carbon atoms, so that the named metal salts 2re 8till soluble in the commercially available base oils.
Examples of the particularly advantageous alkyl groups are the n-, i- and tert-butyl group, the n- and i-amyl 15 groups, the n- and i-hexyl group, the n- and i-heptyl group and the 2-ethylhexyl group. Especially preferred are the i-butyl group, the n- and i-amyl group and the 2-ethylhexyl group.
Examples for metal dislkyl-dithiocarbamates which can sdvantageously be used according to the invention sre the following: copper- dislkyldithiocsrbamate snd copper-bis-dialkyldithiocarbsmste, silver-dialkyldithio- .
carbamate, zinc- and csdmium-bis-dialkyldithiocarbamates, boron--trisdialkyldithiocsrbsmates~ titsnium-, zirconium-, tin- and lead-tetrakisdislkyldithiocarbamates, as well as tin- and lead--bis-dislkyldithiocsrbsmates~ antimony-, vanadium-, tantalum-tris-dialky.ldithiocarbamates~ -tetrakis-, and -pentakisdialkyldithio-carbamatesJ as well ss the dislkyldithiocarbamates in which these metsls are present in mixed deyrees of oxidation; chromium--bis-, chromium~tris-, chromium--tetrakis-, Dnd chromium-hexakisdialkyl-thiocsrbamates, molybdenum-, snd tungsten--tetrskis-,-hexskis-, and -oxybis- snd -oxytetrskisdialkyldithiocarbamateS~ manganese-bis-, -tris-, -tetrakis- end -hexakisdialkyldithicarbamates; snd cobalt-snd nickel-bis- snd -trisdislkyldithiocarbamateS.
35 Among these compounds boron--trigdialkyldit~liocarbamates, nickel--trisdialkyldithiocarbamates, molybdenum- tetrakis- and molybdenum-oxytetrakisdialkyldithiocarbamatesJ manganese-, vanadium-, and tungsten--tetrakisdialkyldithiocarbamates are particularly pre-ferred .
~ ~ ~ . . .. . . _ . _ . _ _ _ _ . .. . . . .

~ 133911 21 Meta~ di&lkyldithiDphosphstes which can advantayeously be used according to the inuention are dialkyldlthiophosphates of the same metals in the same degrees of oxidation as listed above for the metal dialkyldithiocarbamates.

Particularly advantageous are zinc.-bisdialkyldithiophosphates, nickel--bis- and -trisdialkyldithiophosphates~ titanium- and vanadium--tetrakisdialkyldithiophosphates, molybdenum- and tungsten--tetrakisdialkyldithiophosphates and molybdenum- 2nd tungsten-oxy-tetr~kisdialkyldithioDhosehates.
Particulsrly preferred representatives of the metal dialkyldi-thiocarbamates used according to the invention are:
boron-trisdiisobutyldithiocarbamate, boron-trisdi-2-ethylhexyl-dithiocarbamate, nickel-trisdiisobutyldithiocarbamate, nickel-16 trisdiamyldithiocarbamate, nickel--trisdi-2-ethylhexyldithio-c2rbamate, molybdenum--tetrakisdi-2-ethylhexyldithiocarbamate, r molybdenum - oxytetrakisdi-2-ethylhexyldithiocarbsmate~ manganese-, vanadium- and tungsten--tetrakis-2-ethylhexyldithiocarbamate, as well as cobalt--bis-diisobutyldithiocarbamste.
~0 Particularly preferred representatives of the metal dialkyldi-thiophosphates used according to the invention are ~inc-bis-di-2-ethylhexyldithiophosphate, nickel-bis- and -trisdi-2-ethyl-hexyldithiophosphate, manganese-, titanium- and vanadium-tetra-kisdi-2-ethylhexyldithiophosphate, as well as molybdenum-and tungsten_tetrakis- and molybdenum and tunosten--oxytetrakisdi-2-ethylhexyldithiophosphate .
The invention will be explainëd in more detail using the following examples, however it is not restricted thereto.
In the following examples commercially available lubricating oils and lubricating fats, respectively, were used having the following composition and they were compared in regard to their lubricating propertie~ which on the one hand contained the lubricant concentrate of the invention and on the other hand without containing it.

. ~ 1339121 The results obtained in each example are depicted graphi-cally in the diagrams.
For~ 'che carrying-out of the tests a circular plate of 5 refined steel with a diameter of 23 mm and a thickness of 10 mm was used, onto the surface of which a drop of each lubrlcant or lubricant concentrate to be tested was applied. Onto the area where the drop of the lubricant or lubricant concentrate was located a ball made of the IO same refined steel with a diameter of 10 mm was applied, which on account of its load exerted a pressure onto the surface of the metal plate. The metal bali was moved to and fro on the surface of the metal plate with a frequency of 50 ~Iz over an amplitude of 1 mm for 60 to 180 minutes under 15 pressure, whereby during the test the load within the range was varied from 50 to 300 N and the temperature was varied from 50 to 1 50~C (S~V (swing-friction-wear) apparatus which is sold world-wide by the f lrm Optimol GmbH~.
The wear-profile produced on account of the friction between the loaded ball and the suriace of the metal plate within the testing period diagonal to the oscillation direction of the ball was recorded by means of a suitable recording apparatus, whereby the below given diagrams were obtained, in which on the ordinate, the height of wear is plotted as difference b tween the highest and iowest point of the sur~ace profile of the metal plate, against the scanning span of the surf ace of the metal plate on the abscissa .
In the below diagrams a depth of profile on the ordinate 30 of 1 cm corresponds to a real depth of profile on the surface of the metal plate of 1 llm, whereas in the diagram B' of example 2 the scanner was so damped tha~ a depth of prof ile of 7 cm on the diagram corresponds to a real depth of profile on the surface of the plate of 2,5 llm.
The diagrams were recorded un~er identical conditions (load of the ball 50 to 300 N, friction frequency 50 Hz, temperature 50 to 150~C, friction amplitude 1 mm, testing time 1 to 3 hours).

~ ~ -21- 1339121 The frictlon coefficients indicated below the diagrams (Rkmax=
maximum friction coefficient; Rkd = average friction coeffi-cient over 98 % of the friction coefficient curve) were also determined by using the above described SRV apparatus. In all tests where not stated otherwise as lubricant concentrate of the invention a product having the following composition was used~

50 % C1 O-C1 8-pentaerythritolether having a c[uaternary carbon at~m 20 96 copolymer of ~-olefin esters 9 ,5 % trimethyladipic acid didecylester 15 2 ,5 % dialkylarylphosphite 9 % metaldialkyldithiophosphate/metAlll;Alkyldithiocarbamate 7 % thiazole derivative 2 % sterically hindered phenol as oxidation inhibitor 2 0 Exa le mp A high viscous lubricating oil having a viscosity of 2200 mPa.s at 50~C and having the following composition was prepared and tested:

trimethyladipic acid didecylester ~ ~ = 34 ~
polyisobutylene (43000 mPa.s/100~C) 32 %
lubricant-entraining substance 6 %
lubricant concentrate of the invention 28 %

In the comparative product the lubricant concentrate of the invention was omitted.
Both products were tested for 1 h at a temperature of 1 50~C
35 and a Ioad~ o-f~~O~~N-~unaer-identical con-Fltions. The obtained results are graphically depicted in the following diagrams A
(according to the invention) and A' (according to the state of art ) .

13~912~
.
Dia~rram A Diaar~m Al R};max = 0,126 RKmax = 0,145 R~d = 0,049 RKd = 0,088 The addition o~ the lubricant concentrate of the invention led to a depth of profile of 1,13 ,um ~average of two ~l~tl~rrn;n~tions). Without the ~ ;t~ of the lubricant concentrate of the invention a depth of profile of 1, 68 llm 20 (average of two ~t~or7nin~tions) was obtained.
r 1~ Z
An int~ 1;i~te viscous lubricating oil having a viscosity of 25 190 to 200 mPa.s at 50 C and having the following composition was prepared and tested:
polymeric a-olefin esters 12%
trimethyladipic acid didecylester 3 6%
polyisobutylene (43 000 mPa s/lOO C) 18%

3 0 lubricant-entraining substance 6%
lubricant concentrate of the invention 28%
In the comparative product the lubricant concentrate of the invention was omitted.

Both products ~ere tested for 1 h at a temperature of 150'C and a load of 200 N under identical conditions. The obtained results are graphically depicted in the following diagrams B
X

~ 13~9121 (according to the invention) and sl . (according to the state of the art ) .
Dia5~rAm ~ DiaqrAm gl f - -1 .. I _ ;, , ~.
RKmax = 0,137 RKmax = 0,128 R~d = O, 053 R~d = O, 098 The addition of the lubricant concentrate of the invention led 20 to a depth of profile of Q,90 llm (average of two determ'nations). Without the addition of the lubricant concentrate of the invention a depth of prof ile of 13, 98 ,ltm (average of two ~l~t~r~nin~tions) was obtained.
25 ~:
An ;ntPrm~ te viscous lubricating oil having a viscosity of 120 to I5Q mPa.s at 50 C and having the following composition was prepared and tested:
high viscous a-ole~in ester copolymer 4%
int ~1;Atq viscous a-olefin ester polymer 12%
trimethyladipic acid didecylester 34%
polyisobutylene (200 mPa.s/lOO'C) 12%
351 llhr; ~~nt-f~ntr;~ i n; n~ substance 6%
lubricant concentrate of the invention 32%

- 24 - 13~gl21 .
n the comparative product the lubricant concentrate of the invention was omitted.
~oth products were tested for 1 h at a temperature of 150-C and 5 a load of 200 N under identical conditions. The obtained results are graphically depicted in the following diagrams C
(accordi~g to the invention) and Cl ~according to the state of the art ) .
D~ aaram C Diaaram Cl ax = 0 ,117 R~max = O ,148 R~d = 0,048 Rl~d = 0,135 The addition of the lubricant concertrate of the invention led 25 to a depth of profile of 1, 03 llm (average of two determinations). Without the additio~ of the lubricant concentrate o~ the invention a depth of profile of 3, 48 llm (average of two determination~) was obtained.

1ZYA m rl 1 e 4 A high viscous adhering and high temperature lubricating oil having a viscosity of 15 000 m~a.s at 50 C and having the following compositiOn was prepared and tested:
trimethyladipic acid didecylester 29%
polyisobutylene (43 000 mPa. s/lOO C) 52%
lubricant .~,.n--Prtr~te of the ir~vention 19%
X

In the comparative product the lubricant concentrate of the invention was omitted.
5 Both products were tested for 1 h at a temperature of 150'C and a load of 200 N under identical conditions. The obtained results are graphically depicted in the following diagrams D
(according to the invention) and D~ (according to the state of the art) .

Diaaram D Diaslram Dl R max = 0 , 13 6 Rlcmax = 0 , 12 1 Rl~d = O, 047 R};d = O, 084 25 The addition of the lubricant concentrate of the invention led to a depth of profile of 0,87 ,um (average of three determinations). Without the addition of the lubricant concentrate of the invention a depth of profile of 1,57 llm (average of two determinations) was obtained.

~"A~ le 5 A high duty gear oil SAE 85/90 was tested with and without the additive of the invention consisting of 10% by weight of 35 monopentaerythrltol tetraester.
Both products were tested for 1 h at a temperature o~ 90 C and a load of 200 N under identical conditions. The obtained " I X

- 26 - 133g121 results are graphically depicted in the following diagrams E
(according to the invention) and E1 (according to the state of the art) .
Diaaram E Diaaram El RKmax = O ,113 R,~max = O ,112 R~,d = 0,076 R~;d = 0,085 The addition of the additive of the invention led to a depth of profile of 0,85 ym (average of two t1~t~n;ni tions) . Without the addition of the additive of the invention a depth of 20 profile of 1, 02 llm (average of two determinations) was obtained ,F!YAr~~~le 6 25 A lubricating fat for multi-purpose lllbrication for high duty gears and synchronizing joints having the following composition was prepared and tested:
mineral oil 70%
30 consistency improving agent on lithium-stearate basis ~%
lubricant concentrate of the invention 21D~i In the comparative product the lubricant concentrate of the 35 invention was replaced by 3% by weight of a molybdenum disulfide/graphite mixture.
;~X

Both products were tested for 3 h at a temperature of 50 C and a load of 3~ under identical conditions. The obtained results are graphically depicted in the following diagrams F
(according to the invention) and Fl (according to the state of 5 the art ) .
Dia~ram F Di~ram Fl R}~max = 0,176 R~max = 0,177 R~d = 0, 095 R};d = 0 ,150 20 The addition of the lubricant concentrate of the invention led to a depth of profile of 0,95 ~lm ~average of three rm;nistionS~, while the addition of the comparative additive mixture led a depth of profile of 1, 6311m (average of three determinations ) .
~ : _ ~thile the inve~tion was explained above in more detail referring to preferred specific embodimenl~s, it is however obvious that it is not restricted thereto, but that it can be altered and modif ied in many respects in a manner obvious to 30 the expert, without going beyond the scope of the present invention lx . .,

Claims

1. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate on mineral oil and/or synthetic oil basis characterized in that it contains (a) one or more base oils selected from the group of mineral oils and synthetic oils and (b) 0,1 to 40% by weight of at least one tetravalent to octavalent alcohol having at least one quaternary carbon atom as well as at least one ether bond in its molecule and having a density d20 of at least 0,900 and an enthalpy H of at least 350 kcal/kg, (c) 0,1 to 10% by weight of at least one asymmetric organometallic compound, (d) 0,1 to 5% by weight of at least one phosphor containing substance, and (e) 0,5 to 10% by weight of at least one sulfur containing substance.

2. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains as component (b) mono-, di- or tripentaerythritol the alcoholic hydroxyl group (s) of which is (are) etherified or ethoxyetherified by a straight or branched alkyl, aralkyl or aryl group having 6 to 18, preferably 6 to 12, especially 8 to 12 carbon atoms.

3. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains as component (b) a mono-, di-, tri- or tetraether of pentaerythritol.

4. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 2, characterized in that it contains as component (b) a mono-, di-, tri- or tetraether of pentaerythritol.

5. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that it contains in addition a component having at least one free hydroxyl group.

6. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that it contains the component (b) in an amount of 0,1 to 20% by weight, in particular 1 to 12% by weight, especially 2 to 6% by weight, based on the weight of the base oil.

7. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 5, characterized in that it contains the component (b) in an amount of from 0,1 to 20% by weight, in particular 1 to 12% by weight, especially 2 to 6% by weight, based on the weight of the base oil.

8. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to any one of claims 1 to 4 or 7, characterized in that it contains as component (c) at least one compound selected from the group metaldialkyldithiocarbamate and metaldialkyldithiophosphate .

9. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 5, characterized in that it contains as component (c) at least one compound selected from the group metaldialkyldithiocarbamate and metaldialkyldithiophosphate .

10. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 6, characterized in that it contains as component (c) at least one compound selected from the group metaldialkyldithiocarbamate and metaldialkyldithiophosphate .

11. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 8, characterized in that it contains as component (c) wherein the metal of the metaldialkyldithiocarbamate is selected from the group consisting of the boron, nickel, cobalt and molybdenum and the metal of the metaldialkyldithiophosphate is selected from the group consisting of zinc, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, titanium, vanadium and manganese having 4 to 8 carbon atoms in the alkyl group.

12. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 9 or 10, characterized in that it contains as component (c) wherein the metal of the metaldialkyldithiocarbamate is selected from the group consisting of boron, nickel, cobalt and molybdenum and the metal of the metaldialkyldithiophosphate is selected from the group consisting of zinc, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, titanium, vanadium and manganese having 4 to 8 carbon atoms in the alkyl group.

13. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 11, characterized in that it contains as metaldialkyldithiocarbamate at least one of borontrisdiisobutyl-dithiocarbamate or borontrisdi -2-ethylhexyldithio-carbamate in combination with at least one of nickeltrisdiisobutyl-dithiocarbamate, nickeltrisdiamyldithiocarbamate or nickeltrisdi -2-ethylhexyldithio-carbamate and as metaldialkyldithiophosphate at least one of zincbisdi -2-ethylhexyldithiophosphate, nickeltrisdi -2-ethylhexyldithiophosphate, titaniumtetrakisdi -2-ethylhexyldithiophosphate, vanadiumtetrakisdi -2-ethylhexyldithiophosphate, molybdenum-tetrakis - or molybdenumoxytetrakisdi-2-ethylhexyldithio-phosphate, tungstentetrakis- or tungstenoxytetrakisdi -2-ethylhexyldithiophosphate .

14. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 12, characterized in that it contains as metaldialkyldithiocarbamate at least one of borontrisdiisobutyl-dithiocarbamate or borontrisdi -2-ethylhexyldithio-carbamate in combination with at least one of nickeltrisdiisobutyl-dithiocarbamate, nickeltrisdiamyldithiocarbamate or nickeltrisdi -2-ethylhexyldithio-carbamate and as metaldialkyldithiophosphate at least one of zincbisdi -2-ethylhexyldithiophosphate, nickeltrisdi -2-ethylhexyldithiophosphate, titaniumtetrakisdi -2-ethylhexyldithiophosphate, vanadiumtetrakisdi -2-ethylhexyldithiophosphate, molybdenum-tetrakis- or molybdenumoxytetrakisdi-2-ethylhexyldithio-phosphate, tungstentetrakis- or tungstenoxytetrakisdi -2-ethylhexyldithiophosphate.

15. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to any one of claims 1 to 4, 7, 9 to 11, 13 or 14, characterized in that it contains the component (c) in an amount of from 0,1 to 5% by weight, especially 0,1 to 3% by weight.

16. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 5, characterized in that it contains the component (c) in an amount of from 0,1 to 5% by weight, especially 0,1 to 3% by weight.

17. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 6, characterized in that it contains the component (c) in an amount of from 0,1 to 5% by weight, especially 0,1 to 3% by weight.

18. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 8, characterized in that it contains the component (c) in an amount of from 0,1 to 5% by weight, especially 0,1 to 3% by weight.

19. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 12, characterized in that it contains the component (c) in an amount of from 0,1 to 5% by weight, especially 0,1 to 3% by weight.

20. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to any one of claims 1 to 4, 7, 9 to 11, 13, 14 or 16 to 19, characterized in that it contains as component (d) an organophosphorus compound, preferably a dialkylarylphosphite, a monoalkyldiarylphosphite, a triaryl- or trialkylphosphite wherein the alkyl group is straight, branched or cyclic and preferably contains 8 to 12 carbon atoms, and the aryl group preferably is a phenyl group substituted in o- or p-position by an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, especially didecylphenylphosphite or didodecylphenylphosphite.

21. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 5, characterized in that it contains as component (d) an organophosphorus compound, preferably a dialkylarylphosphite, a monoalkyldiarylphosphite, a triaryl- or trialkylphosphite wherein the alkyl group is straight, branched or cyclic and preferably contains 8 to 12 carbon atoms, and the aryl group preferably is a phenyl group substituted in o- or p-position by an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, especially didecylphenylphosphite or didodecylphenylphosphite.

22. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 6, characterized in that it contains as component (d) an organophosphorus compound, preferably a dialkylarylphosphite, a monoalkyldiarylphosphite, a triaryl- or trialkylphosphite wherein the alkyl group is straight, branched or cyclic and preferably contains 8 to 12 carbon atoms, and the aryl group preferably is a phenyl group substituted in o- or p-position by an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, especially didecylphenylphosphite or didodecylphenylphosphite.

23. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 8, characterized in that it contains as component (d) an organophosphorus compound, preferably a dialkylarylphosphite, a monoalkyldiarylphosphite, a triaryl- or trialkylphosphite wherein the alkyl group is straight, branched or cyclic and preferably contains 8 to 12 carbon atoms, and the aryl group preferably is a phenyl group substituted in o- or p-position by an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, especially didecylphenylphosphite or didodecylphenylphosphite.

24. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 12, characterized in that it contains as component (d) an organophosphorus compound, preferably a dialkylarylphosphite, a monoalkyldiarylphosphite, a triaryl- or trialkylphosphite wherein the alkyl group is straight, branched or cyclic and preferably contains 8 to 12 carbon atoms, and the aryl group preferably is a phenyl group substituted in o- or p-position by an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, especially didecylphenylphosphite or didodecylphenylphosphite.

25. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 15, characterized in that it contains as component (d) an organophosphorus compound, preferably a dialkylarylphosphite, a monoalkyldiarylphosphite, a triaryl- or trialkylphosphite wherein the alkyl group is straight, branched or cyclic and preferably contains 8 to 12 carbon atoms, and the aryl group preferably is a phenyl group substituted in o- or p-position by an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, especially didecylphenylphosphite or didodecylphenylphosphite.

26. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to any one of claims 1 to 4, 7, 9 to 11, 13, 14, 16 to 19 or 21 to 25, characterized in that it contains the component (d) in an amount of from 0,5 to 2% by weight.

27. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 5, characterized in that it contains the component (d) in an amount of from 0,5 to 2% by weight .

28. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 6, characterized in that it contains the component (d) in an amount of from 0,5 to 2% by weight .

29. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 8, characterized in that it contains the component (d) in an amount of from 0,5 to 2% by weight.

30. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 12, characterized in that it contains the component (d) in an amount of from 0,5 to 2% by weight.

31. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 15, characterized in that it contains the component (d) in an amount of from 0,5 to 2% by weight .

32. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 20, characterized in that it contains the component (d) in an amount of from 0,5 to 2% by weight .

33. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to any one of claims 1 to 4, 7, 9 to 11, 13, 14, 16 to 19, 21 to 25 or 27 to 32, characterized in that it contains as compound (e) a thiazole.

34. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 5, characterized in that it contains as compound (e) a thiazole.

35. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 6, characterized in that it contains as compound (e) a thiazole.

36. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 8, characterized in that it contains as compound (e) a thiazole.

37. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 12, characterized in that it contains as compound (e) a thiazole.

38. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 15, characterized in that it contains as compound (e) a thiazole.

39. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 20, characterized in that it contains as compound (e) a thiazole.

40. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 26, characterized in that it contains as compound (e) a thiazole.

41. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to any one of claims 1 to 4, 7, 9 to 11, 13, 14, 16 to 19, 21 to 25, 27 to 32 or 34 to 40, characterized in that it contains the component (e) in an amount of from 0,1 to 3%
by weight.

42. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 5, characterized in that it contains the component (e) in an amount of from 0,1 to 3% by weight.

43. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 6, characterized in that it contains the component (e) in an amount of from 0,1 to 3% by weight.

44. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 8, characterized in that it contains the component (e) in an amount of from 0,1 to 3% by weight.

45. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 12, characterized in that it contains the component (e) in an amount of from 0,1 to 3% by weight.

46. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 15, characterized in that it contains the component (e) in an amount of from 0,1 to 3% by weight.

47. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 20, characterized in that it contains the component (e) in an amount of from 0,1 to 3% by weight.

48. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 26, characterized in that it contains the component (e) in an amount of from 0,1 to 3% by weight.

49. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 33, characterized in that it contains the component (e) in an amount of from 0,1 to 3% by weight.

50. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to any one of claims 1 to 4, 7, 9 to 11, 13, 14, 16 to 19, 21 to 25, 27 to 32, 34 to 40 or 42 to 49, characterized in that it contains as component (a) a beet oil, a natural oil and/or a synthetic oil having a viscosity in the range of from 1,0 mPa.s at 20°C to 2.106 mPa.s at 20°.

51. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 5, characterized in that it contains as component (a) at least one base oil selected from a beet oil, a natural oil and a synthetic oil having a viscosity in the range of from 1,0 mPa.s at 20°C to 2.106 mPa.s at 20°.

52. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 6, characterized in that it contains as component (a) at least one base oil selected from a beet oil, a natural oil and a synthetic oil having a viscosity in the range of from 1,0 mPa.s at 20°C to 2.106 mPa.s at 20°.

53. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 8, characterized in that it contains as component (a) at least one base oil selected from a beet oil, a natural oil and a synthetic oil having a viscosity in the range of from 1,0 mPa.s at 20°C to 2.106 mPa.s at 20°.

54. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 12, characterized in that it contains as component (a) at least one base oil selected from a beet oil, a natural oil and a synthetic oil having a viscosity in the range of from 1,0 mPa.s at 20°C to 2.106 mPa.s at 20°.

55. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 15, characterized in that it contains as component (a) at least one base oil selected from a beet oil, a natural oil and a synthetic oil having a viscosity in the range of from 1,0 mPa.s at 20°C to 2.106 mPa.s at 20°.

56. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 20, characterized in that it contains as component (a) at least one base oil selected from a beet oil, a natural oil and a synthetic oil having a viscosity in the range of from 1,0 mPa.s at 20°C to 2.106 mPa.s at 20°.

57. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 26, characterized in that it contains as component (a) at least one base oil selected from a beet oil, a natural oil and a synthetic oil having a viscosity in the range of from 1,0 mPa.s at 20°C to 2.10 6 mPa.s at 20°.

58. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 41, characterized in that it contains as component (a) at least one base oil selected from a beet oil, a natural oil and a synthetic oil having a viscosity in the range of from 1,0 mPa.s at 20°C to 2.10 6 mPa.s at 20°.

59. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 38, characterized in that it contains as component (a) at least one base oil selected from a beet oil, a natural oil and a synthetic oil having a viscosity in the range of from 1,0 mPa.s at 20°C to 2.10 6 mPa.s at 20°.

60. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 50, characterized in that it contains as the base oil at least one oil selected from a mineral oil having a viscosity of from 1,0 mPa.s at 20°C to 540 mPa.s at 50°C;
an aromatic or aliphatic dicarboxylic acid ester, in particular a poly-.alpha.-olefin-dicarboxylic acid ester, especially -butylester, having a molecular weight in the range of from 1000 to 3000, preferably phthalic acid diisodecylester, trimethyladipic acid didecylester and sebacic acid diotyl-ester; a polyisobutylene having a molecular weight of from 1000 to 100 000 and a viscosity of from 200 to 43 000 mPa.s at 100°C; a polymethacrylate having a viscosity of 1000 mPa.s at 100°C; a water insoluble polyglycol having a viscosity of from 5 to 60 mPa.s at 100°C; an isoparaffine oil; an alkyl benzene having a inflammation point of higher than 50°C and a viscosity in the range of from 1,0 mPa.s at 20°C to 2 000 000 mPa.s at 20°C; and a telomeric acid ester, preferably a neopentylglycolester or trimethylolpropaneester of the telomeric acid.

61. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to any one of claims 51 to 59, characterized in that it contains as the base oil at least one oil selected from a mineral oil having a viscosity of from 1,0 mPa.s at 20°C to 540 mPa.s at 50°C; an aromatic or aliphatic dicarboxylic acid ester, in particular a poly-.alpha.-olefin-dicarboxylic acid ester, especially -butylester, having a molecular weight in the range of from 1000 to 3000, preferably phthalic acid diisodecylester, trimethyladipic acid didecylester and sebacic acid diotyl-ester; a polyisobutylene having a molecular weight of from 1000 to 100 000 and a viscosity of from 200 to 43 000 mPa.s at 100°C; a polymethacrylate having a viscosity of 1000 mPa.s at 100°C; a water insoluble polyglycol having a viscosity of from 5 to 60 mPa.s at 100°C, an isoparaffine oil; an alkyl benzene having a inflammation point of higher than 50°C and a viscosity in the range of from 1,0 mPa.s at 20°C to 2 000 000 mPa.s at 20°C; and a telomeric acid ester, preferably a neopentylglycolester or trimethylolpropaneester of the telomeric acid.

62. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to any one of clalms 1 to 4, 7, 9 to 11, 13, 14, 16 to 19, 21 to 25, 27 to 32, 34 to 40, 42 to 49, or 51 to 60, characterized in that it further contains component (f) one or more other additives selected from the group consisting of antioxidants, metaldeactivators, detergents, dispersants, antifoam agents and viscosity index improving agents .

63. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 5, characterized in that it furhter contains component (f) one or more other additives selected from the group consisting of antioxidants, metaldeactivators, detergents, dispersants, antifoam agents and viscosity index improving agents.

64. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 6, characterized in that it further contains component (f) one or more other additives selected from the group consisting of antioxidants, metaldeactivators, detergents, dispersants, antifoam agents and viscosity index improving agents.

65. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 8, characterized in that it further contains component (f) one or more other additives selected from the group consisting of antioxidants, metaldeactivators, detergents, dispersants, antifoam agents and viscosity index improving agents.

66. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 12, characterized in that it further contains component (f) one or more other additives selected from the group consisting of antioxidants, metaldeactivators, detergents, dispersants, antifoam agents and viscosity index improving agents.

67. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 15, characterized in that it further contains component (f) one or more other additives selected from the group consisting of antioxidants, metaldeactivators, detergents, dispersants, antifoam agents and viscosity index improving agents.

68. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 20, characterized in that it further contains component (f) one or more other additives selected from the group consisting of antioxidants, metaldeactivators, detergents, dispersants, antifoam agents and viscosity index improving agents.

69. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 26, characterized in that it further contains component (f) one or more other additives selected from the group consisting of antioxidants, metaldeactivators, detergents, dispersants, antifoam agents and viscosity index improving agents.

70. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 33, characterized in that it further contains component (f) one or more other additives selected from the group consisting of antioxidants, metaldeactivators, detergents, dispersants, antifoam agents and viscosity index improving agents.

71. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 41, characterized in that it further contains component (f) one or more other additives selected from the group consisting of antioxidants, metaldeactivators, detergents, dispersants, antifoam agents and viscosity index improving agents.

72. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 50, characterized in that it further contains component (f) one or more other additives selected from the group consisting of antioxidants, metaldeactivators, detergents, dispersants, antifoam agents and viscosity index improving agents.

73. Lubricant or lubricant concentrate according to claim 61, characterized in that it further contains component (f) one or more other additives selected from the group consisting of antioxidants, metaldeactivators, detergents, dispersants, antifoam agents and viscosity index improving agents.