CA1326351C - Latent looped yarn, a fabric made of the same, and a method for manufacturing the latent looped yarn - Google Patents

Abstract

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE This invention relates to a high density fabric in which a mixed composite multifilament yarn consisting of synthetic multifilaments having opened loops and closed loops on a surface thereof is used at least as warp yarns of a fabric and a cover factor of said warp yarns of the fabric is more than 1100.

Description

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A LATENT LOOPED YARN. A FABRIC MADE OF THE SAME AND
A METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE LATENT LOOPED YARN
This application is a division of co-pending Canadian Application Serial No. 572,967, filed July 25, 1988.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to a looped yarn which i~
produced in such a way that a running yarn is led into an area of an eddy current of a pressurized fluid to form opened loops and closed loops on a surface of the yarn in that area. In more detail, this invention relates to a latent looped yarn and a method for manufacturing the same, in which opened loops and closed loops are previously provided on the yarn and the latent loops are revealed after the latent looped yarn is woven into a fabric, and a method for manufacturing the same.
This invention also relates to a high density fabric made of the latent looped yarn and having a spunlike touch.
2. Description of the Related Arts Various looped yarns in which many fine opened and closed loops are provided on each respective component filament of a multifilament are used, since such a looped yarn has a characteristic of giving a fabric a voluminous feeling and a certain stiffness.
But many operational problems arise when using such looped yarns in a weaving process to make a fabric; for example, the yarn is hooked at an abrasive contacting portion of a guide or tensor to create an abnormal tension on the yarn, and thereby cause yarn breakage, or the element thereof is destroyed when spun yarns are used in the same process.
There are many kinds of brown looped yarns in which a plurality of fine opened loops and closed loops are provided on each respective component filament of a multifilament, for making a spunlike fabric utilizing ~$k . .

multifilament yarns, and there have been many proposal~
for making such a yarn, since a fabric having a volumi-nous feeling and a certain stiffness can be produced by such yarns.
These kinds of yarn inherently have a signifi- -cant drawback such that, when a high tension exceeding a level of tension required is applied to the yarn, the loops are eliminated and thus the voluminou~ charac-teristic given to the yarn is lost, and finally, the characteristic disappears because the opened loops and ~losed loops thereof are formed on the surface of the yarn only by an entanglement among the component filaments.
Further, Japanese Patent Publication 61-40778 discloses a method for manufacturing a napped fabric utilizing an interlaced and mixed multifilament yarn having a two-layer configuration in which a filament yarn having a high shrinkage ratio is used as a core yarn and ultra fine fibers entangled around the core yarn are used as a sheath yarn, and a technology in which a fabric woven or knitted with the yarn receives a napping treatment.
Generally speaking, a looped yarn as mentioned ! above is used in most cases as a weft yarn when producing a spunlike fabric with the looped yarn, because of the problems mentioned above, and heretofore, there has never been a case in which such a looped yarn is used as warp yarn of a fabric.
But, if a high den~ity fabric is to be produced utilizing multifilament yarns, it i8 not sufficient to use such a looped yarn only as a weft yarn thereof, and such a looped yarn should be al80 u~ed as a warp yarn. Nevertheless, when such a looped yarn is used as warp yarn of a fabric, other drawbacks arise such that, for example, when u~ed as a warp yarn of a fabric, the warp yarn density must extremely be coarse, becau~e of the entanglement of the looped yarns with : ~ '' ' , , , ~ - ,' ~ , -. .

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_ 3 _ each other on a loom, which causes a problem of a lowered ~hedding ability during a weaving operation, as well as the operational problems described above.
To solve these problems, many attempts, such S as attenuating the denier of filaments of a sheath yarn, have been made, but these require the use of several kinds of supplemental devices for taking up the looped yarn from a yarn package.
But even when such a supplemental device is used, the warp yarn density is limited, and thus a fabric having high warp yarn density can not be obtained thereby.
On the other hand, in order to improve a yarn taking up operation from a yarn package and to improve a yarn passage ability in a weaving or knitting process or a preparing process for making a fabric arranged before or after the above weaving or knitting process, or due to the restrictions imposed because, when such a looped yarn is used as a warp yarn of a fabric, such loops must be especially eliminated or the fabric as a final product must be woven by using a yarn having a small number of loops produced in such a way that the yarns are not provided with loops at a high density and large size thereon in the first stage of the yarn production, while making a difference between the yarn length of the component filaments of the yarn extremely small, so that a fabric having a satisfactory feeling and surface touch can not be obtained.
Accordingly, at present such a looped yarn~can not be used as a warp yarn for making a fabric having a relatively high yarn density.
As is well known in this field, the number of the loops and the size thereof in a conventional looped yarn are seldom changed or are slightly increased, even if such a looped yarn is sub~ected to a hot water treatment with a subsequent free tension, and if such a looped yarn were used as a warp yarn, Lt would be .. ..

impossible to obtain a fabric having a high yarn density and good spunlike feeling.
Therefore, to make a spunlike fabric having a high yarn density, a looped yarn which can be used as a warp yarn must be realized.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A feature of one embodiment of the present invention is to overcome the technical drawbacks described above and to provide a new type of latent looped yarn which can be also used as a warp yarn of a high density fabric, and to provide a method for manufacturing the same.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention there is provided a high density fabric in which a mixed composite multifilament yarn consisting of synthetic multifilaments having opened loops and closed loops on a surface thereof is used at least as warp yarns of a fabric and a cover factor of the warp yarns of a fabric is more than 1100.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention there is provided a mixed fabric having a high density, in which mixed composite multifilament yarns consisting of at least a synthetic multifilament yarn having a shrinking function and having fine opened loops and closed loops on a surface thereof, are used as warp yarns or weft yarns and spun yarns are used as weft yarns or warp yarns, and further characterized in that a total cover factor of the warp yarns and the weft yarns thereof is from 2000 to 3500.
In accordance with a still further embodiment of the present invention there is provided a method of manufacturing a fabric having a spunlike feeling and resembling a fabric made of super high length cotton fibers, in which the fabric is woven with mixed composite , . ~ , ; 1 326351 - 4a -multifilament yarns made of synthetic multifilaments having a total denier of less than 90 d and the composite yarn consists of a filament a having a shrinkage ratio in hot water of more than 12% and a denier of a component filament thereof is more than 1.5 d and total denier thereof is less than 60 d and a filament b having a shrinkage ratio in hot water of less than 10% and a denier of a component filament thereof is less than 1.0 d and total denier thereof is less than 60 d, and the composite yarn is further characterized by having more than 300 ends/m of the loop A, more than 50 ends/m of the loop B, and less than 10 ends/m of the loop C, each of the loop A, loop B and loop C being defined hereunder, thereafter a shrinking treatment is applied to the fabric to cause a differential shrinkage between the filament a and filament b which results in projecting the opened loops and closed loops of the filament b on the surface of the fabric, wherein each of the loop A, loop B
and loop C is defined in such a manner that when each loop is measured under a condition of a yarn speed of 50 m/min and a yarn running tension of 0.1 g/d, by using a photo-electric type fluff measuring device by which the number of loops of a yarn running therethrough is counted, a loop projecting more than 0.15 mm from a yarn surface is defined as a loop A, a loop projecting more than 0.35 mm from a yarn surface is defined as a loop B and a loop projecting more than 0.6 mm from a yarn surface is defined as loop C.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fiqure 1 is a schematic view of a yarn making process of latent looped yarn;
Figure 2 is a graph indicating the results obtained in the examples l and 2 in this invention;
Figure 3 is a cross sectional view of a filament - . . .

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having a flat shape in cross section, as used in this invention;
Figure 4 shows a ~ooped yarn produced by an eddy current treatment with a compressed air, as obtained in Example 5;
Figure 5 shows a latent looped yarn of this invention obtained by stretching the looped yarn shown in Figure 4;
Figure 6 shows a bulked looped yarn obtained by heat-treating the looped yarn shown in Figure 4 with hot ! water at 98C undex shrink free conditions; and, Fi~ure 7 shows a looped yarn of this invention after developing the latent loops on the surface thereof by heat-treating the latent looped yarn shown in Figure 5 with hot water at 98C under shrink free conditions.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
To attain the above-mentioned ob~ects of this invention, the latent looped yarn according to th~s invention has a construction wherein a latent looped yarn consists of a mixed composite multifilament yarn comprising at least two synthetic multifilaments each having a different thermal shrinkage and having fine opened loops and closed loops on a surface thereof, whereby, the composite multifilament yarn has an ability such that, by receiving a thermal treatment under free tension, in a multifilament yarn having a low thermal shrinkage ratio in boiling water, the total number of the closed and opened loops and the size thereof can be increased compared with those retained in the multi-filament yarn before heat treatment.
In this invention, the closed loop i8 a loop in which the root portion i~ closed as shown by X in Figure 5, and the opened loop is a loop in which the root portion is opened, as shown by Y in Figure 5.
Further, in this invention, the looped yarn is characterized in that, in accordance with the classi-- , . ., . : . ~
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fication of ths loops as defined hereunder, the total number of the respective fine opened loops and closed loops provided on the surface of the latent looped yarn before receiving a heat treatment such as, for example, a hot water treatment under free tension, is such that the loop A, loop B and loop C has more than 300 ends/m, ! more than 50 ends/m, and less than 10 ends/m, respec-tively.
Wherein each of said loop A, loop B and loop C is defined in such a manner that, when each loop is measured under the condition of a yarn speed of 50m/min and a yarn running tension of 0.1 g/d, by using a photo-electric type fluff measuring device (for example, a fluff counter sold by TORAY Industrie~ Inc. under the name of "TORAY FRAY COUNTER" ) which counts the number of loops of a yarn running therethrough, a loop projecting more than 0.15 mm from a yarn surface is defined as a loop A, a loop projecting more than 0.35 mm from a yarn surface is defined as a loop B, and a loop pro~ecting more than 0.6 mm from a yarn surface is defined as a loop C.
Further, the latent looped yarn is characterized in that a strong loop revealing force is retained inside thereof in this condition. Note, preferably the looped yarn has a loop revealing force such that the looped yarn in which the number of loops B is increased by more than 1.5 times that of the yarn and the number of loops C i8 increased to more than 50 ends/m after the yarn is sub~ected to thermal treatment with hot water at 98C for ten minutes under a shrink free condition and then dried.
The latent looped yarn according to this invention will be now explained in more detail.
The latent looped yarn of this invention i~ a composite yarn which comprises basically a multifilament having a high shrinkage ratio and a multifilament yarn having a low shrinkage ratio, and both multifilament .

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t 32635 1 yarns may be arranged in a side by side configuration in which both multifilaments are arranged in parallel to ! each other along the yarn axis thereof, or may be arranged in a sheath and core configuration, in the latent looped yarn.
In the latter case, the multifilament having a high shrinkage ratio is preferably arranged in a core portion of the latent looped yarn and the multifilament having a low shrinkage ratio or normal shrinkage ratio is pref-10 erably arranged in a sheath portion thereof. .-In this invention, the latent looped yarn may be made by interlacing the multifilament yarns, with each other.
The number and size of the fine opened loops and closed loops provided on the surface of the latent looped yarn of this invention is small, and the value of a voluminosity of the yarn i8 relatively small, as shown in Figure 5.
A feature of this invention is that the number of opened loops and closed loops pro~ecting more than 0.6 mm from the surface of the looped yarn, i.e., loops C, is less than 10 ends/m, which is remarkably small and can be considered negligible.
Namely, the latent looped yarn of thi~ invention does not have an outer surface configuration of a bulky yarn in a condition ~ust after the yarn is textured as a mixed composite multifilament yarn in the eddy current zone with the pressurized air, as shown in Figure 4.
But when this latent looped yarn is treated with heat in hot water at 98C under free tension for 10 minutes, the latent looped yarn, per se, is caused to Qhrink by the shrinkage of the multifilament yarns having a high shrinkage ratio and a low shrinkage ratio, as shown in Figure 7.
As the multifilament yarn having a high shrinkage ratio and the multifilament having a low shrinkage ratio are interlaced with each other, and as already known, - . . ~ , .; ~ . :
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~ 1 326351 the shrinkage of each component filament of a multifila-ment having a low shrinkage ratio is less than that of each component filament of a multifilament yarn having a high shrinkage ratio, when such a latent looped yarn, per se, is shrunk, each component filament of the multifilament yarn having a low shrinkage ratio is protected from the surface of the yarn to form opened loops and closed loops by the shrinkage of the multifil-ament yarn having a high shrinkage ratio, which reduces the latent looped yàrn into a looped yarn having revealed loops thereon and having a voluminosity.
The looped yarn having opened loop~ and closed loops revealed by the heat treatment has a remarkably increased voluminosity in which the number of loops B
projected more than 0.35 mm from a yarn surface is increased by more than 1.5 times that of the composite yarn before heat treatment, and the number of loops C
projected more than 0.6 mm from a yarn surface i6 increased to more than 50 ends/m after the composite yarn is sub~ected to a thermal treatment with hot water at 98C for ten minutes under a shrink free condition, and dried.
As described above, the latent looped yarn of this invention has the latent opened loops and clo3ed loops therein when it is produced, and the number of loops C
pro~ected from the surface Of the yarn is extremely small.
Accordingly, the bulkiness, per se, o~f this yarn i3 very low, and the surface of the yarn is comparatively smooth; as shown in Figure 5, and therefore, the yarn running friction thereof at a device provided for this process is very small.
Especially, when this yarn is used a~ a warp yarn of a fabric, the running ability of the yarn in the head and the reed is excellent, and there is no possibility of an entanglement of the loops of ad~acent warps with each other, or an incomplete shedding at a loom.
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~ 1 326351 g Therefore, this yarn can be used as a warp of the fabric.
Further, when a dying and finishing treatment is applied to the fabric after the weaving process, a high r 5 density and high bulk fabric can be obtained by sub-~ecting the fabric to a heat treatment tutilizing dry heat, wet heat or steam heat, for example) at a high temperature in a tension free condition alone, or accompanied by a dying treatment, causing the latent opened loops and closed loops of the latent looped yarn to be revealed.
To attain another ob~ect according to this invention of manufacturing the latent looped yarn, at least two synthetic multifilaments each having a different shrinkage ratio are simultaneously fed into an eddy current zone to make the opened loops and closed loops on the surface of the yarn, and thereafter, the yarn is stretched to eliminate or refine the loops.
In the process mentioned above, a shrinkage ratio in hot water of the multifilament yarn having a high shrinkage ratio may be more than 10%, and ~he difference in the shrinkage ratio in hot water between the multi-filament yarn having a high shrinkage ratio and the multifilament yarn having a low shrinkage ratio may be more than 5%.
Further, a denier of a component filament of the multifilament yarn having a low shrinkage ratio may be 0.05 - 2.5d, preferably 0.05 - 1.3 denier, and a denier of a component filament of the multifilament yarn having a high shrinkage ratio may be 0.1 - 15 denier, preferably 0.3 - 15 denier and more preferably 1 - 15 denier.
A preferred embodiment of the process for making a latent looped yarn of this invention will be now explained with reference to Figure 1, as an example.
Figure 1 iB a schematic view of one embodiment of the process for making a latent looped yarn of this invention.

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- lo 1 32 6 3 5 1 As shown in Figure 1, a high shrinkage multifila-ment yarn 2 unwinding from a package 1 is supplied to a texturing device 4 at which an eddy current zone i8 formed by compressed air, through feed rollers 3. At the same time, a low shrinkage multifilament yarn 6 unwinding from a package 5 is fed to the same texturing device 4 through feed roller 7. These multifilaments 2 and 6 are simultaneously fed to the texturing device 4 through suitable yarn guides 8 and 9.
Note, in this process, the multifilament yarn 6 can be fed directly to the texturing device 4.
After the multifilament yarns 2 and 6 have passed through the texturing device 4, which provides an eddy current of a compresssd air, they are wound onto a package 14 as a looped yarn 10, through a first taking up roller 11, a second taking up roller 12, and a winding device 13.
During this process, the looped yarn thus produced is stretched between the taking up roller 11 and 12.
This stretching operation is used to eliminate the large opened loops and closed loops of the looped yarn, and preferably i~ controlled so that it does not affect the development of the opened loops and closed loop~ during the heat treatment. Namely, if the ~tretch is too weak the opened loops and closed loops are properly eli-minated and when the stretch is too strong, the fine opened loops and clo~ed loops of the looped yarn formed by the eddy current zone are almost completely extin-guished.
I 30 Preferably, the elimination of the loops is carried out in such a way that the fine loops cannot be seen on the surface of the yarn by the naked eye but only by utilizing a microscope or a magnifying glass.
The latent looped yarn of this invention is pref-erably produced under the following conditions.
Namely, in the process of this invention, a multi-filament yarn having a shrinkage ratio in hot water of .. ,,. , . . .......................... ~ , ~: , - ~

~ 1 326351 more than 10% and having a filament denier of 0.1 - lSd, preferably 0.3 - 15d and moxe preferably 1 - 15d is used as a high shrinkage yarn, and a multifilam2nt having a shrinkage in hot water such that the difference in the shrinkage between the multifilament yarn having a high shrinkage ratio and that of the multifilament yarn having a low shrinkage ratio is more than 5~ and having a filament denier of 0.05 - 2.5d preferably 0.05 - 1.3d, is used as a low shrinkage yarn.
These yarn~ are supplied to the texturing device 4 which provides the eddy current zone with a compressed air (in which a feed volume of the compressed air is 80 - 120 ml/min), from the respective feed rollers, at a different overfeed ratio, and after the yarn is withdrawn from the texturing device, the looped yarns, which have been interlaced and mixed treatment, are taken up by the same taking up roller.
The overfeed ratio used in this invention is based on the following e~uation, F(%) - (Vl - V2)/V2 x 100 wherein, Vl represents a surface speed of the feed roller and V2 represents a surface speed of the taking up roller.
Note, the overfeed ratio of this invention is defined only when the F valua obtained from the equation ! i9 pO8 itive(+).
In this invention, the overfeed ratio ~ of the high shrinkage multifilament yarn is 6et at around 2 - 15%
and the overfeed ratio ~ of the low shrinkage multifila-ment is set at around 5 - 30%. Further, more pref-era~ly, in this invention the yarn withdrawn from the first taking up roller is taken up by the second taking up roller under a continuous stretching condition at an underfeed ratio of 0.4 ~ - 0.8 ~ to the overfeed ratio of the high shrinkage yarn.
In this invention, a multifilament yarn having a filament denier of 0.1 - 15d is used as the high , ~ . . . .
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- 12 - ~ 1326351 shrinkage yarn of the latent looped yarn. Namely, when the filament denier is less than ld, a desired yarn shrinkage can not generally be obtained after the heat treatment, because the shrinkage of the filaments is small and shrinkage ratio of the yarn is substantially reduced but however, even when a filament having a denier thereof being less than l.Od is used, a sufficient yarn shrinkage can be obtained in the case of the content thereof being more than 40 weight % of said yarn, and when the filament denier is more than 15d, the fabric obtained has a coarse feeling and deteriorated handling because the yarn, per se, has a high hardness.
Preferably the shrinkage of the high shrinkage multifilament yarn is large, even though the use of a yarn having a large shrinkage causes another problems in that such a yarn has an inherent instability in the size thereof and a variation thereof with an elapse of time, and thus the quality of a product made of this yarn is may not be stable. Accordingly, preferably a multifila-ment yarn having a shrinkage of from 10 to 30 is used.
On the other hand, a multifilament yarn having a filament denier of 0.05 - 1.3d is preferably used as the low shrinkage multifilament yarn.
Note, a multifilament having a filament denier of less than 0.05d may be used, but when the denier become~
very small, the yarn handling will become difficult because of a development of fluffs, and when a filament denLer thereof exceeds 1.3d, it is difficult for the fine loops to be revealed and a fabric obtained from such a yarn will have a coarse handling.
Note, the shrinkage of the low shrinkage multifila-ment, is preferably as low as possible, but since special yarns generally have problems of yarn texturing ability and dying, preferably a multifilament yarn having a normal ~hrinkage (a shrinkage ratio ~S of around 7.5%) is u~ed.

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t 1 326351 Namely, the difference between the shrinkage ratio of the high shrinkage multifilament yarn and the shrinkage ratio of the low shrinkage multifilament must be at least 5%, because the development of the opened loops and closed loops of the latent looped yarn depends completely upon such a difference in the shrinkage ratios.
When making the latent looped yarn of this invention, the overfeed ratio ~ of the high shrinkage multifilament yarn is preferably 2 - 15% and the overfeed r~tio ~ of the low shrinkage multifilament is preferably 5 - 30%, and further, the difference between the overfeed ratios ~ are preferably 3 - 15%. These conditions are most suitable for forming the fine opened loops and closed loops in said the current zone with a compressed air.
The latent looped yarn obtained in this invention I is a mixed composite yarn made of synthetic multifila-ment yarns each having a different shrinkage and having fine opened 1OOPB and closed loops on the surface thereof and the number and the size thereof can be increased by a heat treatment under a free tension or ~hr~nk free condition.
Namely, the yarn of this invention must not have an outer configuration as a bulky yarn at the stage in which the yarn is textured as a mixed composite multi-filament yarn by entanglement ~ust after passing through the eddy current zone. But, as described above, when the latent looped yarn is treated by a thermal treatment with hot water at 98C for ten minutes under a shrink free condition and dried, many opened loops and closed loops are pro~ected and revealed on the surface of the yarn.
EXAMPLE
~y using the yarn manufacturing method as shown in Figure 1, a latent looped yarn was produced under the condition wherein the overfeed ratio ~ of a high .
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., shrinkage multifilament yarn and the overfeed ratio ~ of a low shrinkage multifilament were set at 9% and 15%, respectively, and a "*TASLAN" type nozzle wa~ used as a texturing device 4 with an air feed volume of 90 Nl/min, and fu~ther, the underfeed ratio between the first taking up roller and the second taking up roller was set at 5.4% (i.e., 0.6~).
The combinations of the high shrinkage multifila-ment yarn and the low shrinkage multifilament yarn used are as shown below:
Example 1 High shrinkage yarn: Polyester multifilament 50D
- 24F (having a high shrinkage ratio of ~ S
= 20%) Low shrinkage yarn: Polyester multifilament 50D
- 72F (having a normal shrinkage of ~S = 7.5%) Example 2 High shrinkage yarn: Polyester multifilamen~ 30D
- 12F (having a high shrinkage ratio of ~S
= 20%) Low shrinkage yarn: Polyester multifilament 30D
- 48F (having a normal shrinkage of ~S = 7.5%) Comparative Example High shrinkage yarn: Polyester multifilament 30D
- 12F (having a normal shrinkage of ~S = 7.5%) Low shrinkage yarn: Polyester multifilament 30D
- 48F (having a normal shrinkage of ~S = 7.5~) The yarn shrinkage of the latent loop~ed yarn thus obtained, and the characteristicc of the loops before and after the treatment are disclosed in Table 1.

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- 15 _ ~ 1 32635 1 Table 1 Exnmple 1 Exnmple 2 Comparative -Yarn shrinkage (Z~ 17.818.4 7.1 ~efore loop A 447 332 332 heat treatment loop B 125 72 68 ! loop C

After loop A 438 416 363 heat treatment loop B 390 330 115 loop C 168 88 11 Before loop A 345 340 stretching treatment loop ~ 101 g6 loop C 13 12 In Table 1, the yarn indicated as ~'before the heat treatment~ i8 the latent looped yarn of the invention, per se, and the yarn indicated as ~after the heat treatment~ i8 the looped yarn obtained from the latent looped yarn in such a way that the latent looped yarn was wound 100 times on a reel having a reel length of 1 m to make a short hank and then the shor~t hank wa~
immersed in hot water at 98C for 10 minutes under a shrink free condition, and thereaftex, dried.
Further, the yarn ~ndicated as "before the stretching treatment" is a yarn produced by winding up the latent looped yarn withdrawn from the first taking up roller, without a stretching operation.
Figure 2 is a graph indicating the results of the data shown in the Table 1.

~` 1 32635 1 The characteristics of the loops of the Examples were measured by the following method.
Namely, the yarn to be measured was passed through a photo-electric type fluff measuring device (for example, a "TORAY FRAY COUNTER") under the conditions of ! a yarn speed of 50 m/min and a yarn running tension of O.1 g/d, to count the number of loops on the yarn, and this counted number thereof was indicated as a value per meter based upon the measured data obtained in 20 seconds (n = 5).
On the other hand, for the measurement of the yarn after the treatment, the sample for measurement was produced in such a way that after the short hank was dried by air, it was mounted on a reel by hand, while ensuring that no tension was given to the yarn, and thereafter, was wound on a bobbin by slowly rotating the reel.
As apparent from Figure 2 and Table l, the number of loops C on the latent looped yarn in the Example of this invention is comparatively small, and although in the yarn before the stretching treatment, a small number of loops C can be seen, these loops C are completely eliminated to produce a condition wherein no loops exist on the yarn.
Related to the characteristics of the loops of the yarn after the treatment, the loops B and C are remarkably increased in Example l and 2I but conversely, the increment of the loops B and C in the comparative example is extremely small.
By comparing the results of Example 2 with that of the comparative Example, the number of loops B after the treatment is steeply increased by nearly 5 times that of the I number of loops B before the treatment, and the number of loops C a~ter the treatment is also steeply increased up to 88 ends/m in the former case, but in the latter case, the increment of the number of loops B after the treatment is only 1.5 times that of the number before .
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- -~ 1 32635 1 the treatment, which is deemed to be small, and the ! number of loops C after the treatment is 11 ends/m, and there is no increment thereof.
Although the variations of the characteristics of the loop both before and after the stretching treatment were also considered, there were no significant differ-ences there between, and thus only the data related to the yarn after the stretching treatment are indicated.
If the number of loops B after the treatment is not increased more than l.5 times that of the number before the treatment, and the number of loops C is not more than 50 endsJm, the thus obtained looped yarn is not preferable because of a very low bulkiness and a coarse touch feeling thereof.
It can be seen that the characteristics of the loops of the looped yarn depend upon the shrinkage ratio of the latent looped yarn and the difference between the shrinkage ratio of the high shrinkage yarn and the low shrinkage yarn. Namely, in the comparative Example, there i~ no difference in the ~hrinkage ratio of the two yarns, and accordingly, the variation of the charac-terist$cs of the loops before and after the treatment is very small, and there i8 little difference between the loop~ on the yarn formed in the eddy current zone and those on the yarn after the treatment.
In comparison, the characteristics of the loops of the yarn already treated by the heat treatment obtained in the Examples can be remarkably increased, because the shrinkage difference between the high shrinkage yarn and the low shrinkage yarn is large, and further, the high shrinkage yarn has a large shrinkage ratio, and these factors have a synergetic effect on the yarn.
Example 3 In the procesq as shown in Figure 1, a polyester multifilament yarn, 75D - 36F, having a shrinkage ratio in hot water of 15%, and consisting of 18 ends of filaments having a shrinkage ratio in hot water of 20% -~ . . : : -. . . .

. , as high shrinkage components and 18 ends of filaments having a shrinkage ratio in hot water of 8% as low shrinkage components, was used as a core yarn, and a polyester multifilament yarn, 75D - 96F, having a shrinkage ratio in hot water of 8% was used as a sheath yarn, and these yarns were supplied to texturing zone provided with a "*TASLAN" nozzle at an over~eed ratlo of the core yarn of +9~ and an overfeed ratio of the sheath yarn of +20%, and were treated by a texturizing treat-ment under a high pressure of 8.0 kg/cm2.
Subsequently, the thus treated yarn was wound up ona package, while being stretched between the first taking up roller and the second taking up roller, at an underfeed ratio of -6.5%.
The yarn characteristics thus obtained are as follows.
Shrinkage ratio of the yarn 14.2~
Number of loops at the initial stage of the texturing process LOOP A 428 ends~m LOOP B 360 ends/m LOOP C 15 ends/m Number of loops after the eliminating treat- - -ment LOOP A 317 ends/m LOOP B 78 ends/m LOOP C 3 ends/m Number of loops after the recovery treatment LOOP A 395 ends/m -LOOP B 320 ends/m LOOP C 45 ends/m The data of the number of loops after the recovery treatment is a conversion data in which the raw data thereof is modified by the shrinkage element. Also, in the data of the number of loops after the recovery treatment, the number of loops C is higher than that of the same loop measured at the initial stage of the ~Trade mark . .

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~ 1 326351 texturing process. This is because a loosened or sagged portion of the filament created ~y the yarn shrinkage is counted in addition to the recovered loops.
Example 4 In the process as shown in ~igure 1, a polyester multifilament yarn, 75D - 36F, having a shrinkage ratio in hot water of 20% was used as a core yarn and a polyester multifilament yarn, 75D - 96F, having a shrinkage ratio in hot water of 10% was used as a sheath yarn, and these yarns were supplied to texturing zone provided with a "TASLAN" nozzle at an overfeed ratio of the core yarn of +12~ and an overfeed ratio of the sheath yarn of +20%, and were treated by a texturizing treatment under a high pressure of 6.0 kg/cm2.
Subsequently, the thus treated yarn was wound up on a package while being stretched between the first taking up roller and the second taking up roller, at an under-feed ratio of -3.0%.
The yarn characteristics thus obtained are as follows.
Shrinkage ratio of the yarn 10.4~
Number of loops at the initial stage of the texturing process LOOP A 620 ends/m LOOP B 430 ends/m LOOP C 165 ends/m Number of loops after the eliminating treat-ment LOOP A 546 ends/m LOOP B 175 ends/m LOOP C 4 ends/m Number of 1OOPB after the recavery treatment LOOP A 573 ends/m I LOOP B 397 ends/m LOOP C 182 ends/m Bulkiness of the yarn tcm3/g) At the initial stage of the texturing , ~- ; , . ..
, process 17.5 Af ter the eliminating treatment 4.51 After the recovery treatment 19.49 Increment of the bulkine~s (%) 432 The measurement of the bulkines-~ was carried out by -~ using the method defined in Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) L 1059C.
The latent looped yarn obtained in this invention has a greatly improved yarn unwinding characteristic from a yarn package and has a superior yarn unwinding characteristic at a high yarn speed.
In this invention, an extremely wide range of the thermoplastic synthetic filaments can be used regardless of any restrictions on the f ilament denier or a cross sectional shape of a component yarn of the sheath yarn, f or example.
Furthermore, when the latent looped yarn of this invention is used as a warp yarn of the fabric, the running ability of the yarn in the head and the reed is excellent and there is no possibility of entanglement of the loops of ad~acent warps with each other, or an incomplete shedding at a loom.
Consequently, a fabric having a high yarn density can be produced when such a looped yarn is used as a warp yarn.
Furthermore, in this invention, a relaxed heat treatment can be applied to the fabric after the weaving process without tension and all of the latent looped yarn can p~rform the recovery motion to regain the loop 1 30 shape formed at the initial stage of the texturing process.
Therefore, a remarkable fabric having various kind~
of feeling or surface touch can be obtained depending upon the method and condition of the relaxed heat treatment.
Further, the latent looped yarn of this invention is a mixed composite multifilament yarn having opened .:

. - , . .

~ 1 32635 1 loops and closed loops pro~ected on the surface thereof, and although the number of large sized loops classified into group C is very small, it has a superior charac-teristic such that, when subjected to a heat treatment, the number of large sized loops classified as loops B
~ and C can be remarkably increased, and therefore, the weaving operation can be performed with a high effi-ciency.
Furthermore, in this invention, the fabric obtained can possess a soft handling because a fabric having a high density can be made through the shrinkage operation by the heat treatment carried out after the weaving operation, whereby a large number of the opened loops and closed loops can be revealed on the surface of the fabric.
In a conventional looped yarn, it has been necessary reveal as many as possible opened loops and closed loops on the surface thereof, to a fabric having a good feeling and handling effects after the dying and finishing treatment, but when a yarn having many opened loops and closed loops is used as a warp yarn, the weaving operation has many problems, as mentioned above.
Accordingly, in the conventional manner of using such a looped yarn as a warp yarn, the yarn density must be reduced or the number of opened loops and closed I loops must be reduced, to maintain the weaving effi-ciency at the mass production level. But thi8 reduction of the opened loops and closed loops causes degradation of the feeling or surface touch of the fabric.
According to the present invention, the weaving efficiency of the looped yarn having a minimum loop level by which a fabric having a good spunlike handling i9 obtained, is such that the loom stopping counts indicated per 24 hour~ per loom was 24.1 counts/24 hr loom, as indicated in Table 2, and this is a bad result compared with the standard level of 10 counts/24 hr loom required for mass production.

.. .
,: , :
. . . . .

-The fabric obtained in such a bad condition had no value for final products, and accordingly, these kind of the fabrics have never been sold in any market.
Contrary to this, the latent looped yarn of this invention can have a remarkable effect on the weaving ability, such as 4.3 counts/24 hr loom as shown in Table 2.
In this invention, the number of opened loops and closed loops can be ad~usted to any desired level merely by changing the difference in the shrinkage ratio of the core yarn and the sheath yarn, the shrinkage ratio of the core yarn and the overfeed ratio of both the core yarn and the sheath yarn.
Accordingly, in this invention, many superior functions and effects such a widening of the capability of designing fabrics, can be obtained.

: , - 23 _ l 32635 1 Table 2 wsrp yarn 70D - 48F 70D - 6~F
Conventlonal L~tent looped yarn looped yarn Loop loop A (ends¦m~ 460 524 ch~rac-teristic loop B ( n ) 170 126 loop C ( ~ ) 15 3 Weaving loom ~topp~ng count 24.1 4.3 ~b~lity (countl24 hr loom) Weav~ng Weaving construction Plane condi-tions Weaving density 132 x 93 (warp x weft) loom ~ revolutio~ WJL NISSAN LW-41 Type I ~umber 400 rpm Weft y~rn 70D - 60F l~tent loop yarn * Loop stopping count caused by warp yarns :`

Next, spunlike fabrics having a high yarn density produced by using the latent looped yarn of thi~ invention mainly as warp yarns are described as follows.
As described above, the method of manufacturing a fabric having a spunlike handling, util~zing a looped yarn consi~ting of multifilament yarns havlng many opened loops and closed loops on the surface thereof formed by, for example, the "TASLAN~ proce~s, i~ already known.
But ~uch a yarn can be used only as a weft yarn of he fabric, and there is a strict limitation on the use of such a yarn as warp yarns of the fabric, because of a difficult yarn handling and poor yarn passing ability in the weaving process.

.
.

In this invention, by using the latent looped yarn, all of the drawbacks mentioned above can be overcome and a high density fabric having a soft and spunlike feeling, wherein a mixed composite multifilament yarn having opened loops and closed loops is used as the warp yarns, can be obtained.
According to the invention, the spunlike fabric utilizing a latent looped yarn has a construction such that a high density fabric, in which a mixed composite multifilament yarn consisting of synthetic multifila-ments having opened loops and closed loops on a surface thereof, is used at least a~ the warp yarns of the fabric, and a cover factor of the warp yarns of the fabric is more than 1100.
In this fabric, preferably the latent looped yarn used as a warp yarn is a mixed composite multifilament yarn comprising at least two multifilaments each having a different shrinkage factor.
The fabric of this invention will be now described more detail.
By using the latent looped yarn consisting of synthetic multifilament yarns having opened loops and closed loops, a~ the warp yarns, the opened loops and closed loops exist in a mixed state on the surface of the fabric, and such loops provided on the surface of the fabric give the fabric a soft handling touch which is the same as the fluff of the spun yarn, and simulta-neously, an unevenness feeling like a fabric made of a spun yarn, because the arrangements of the multifilament yarns consisting of both the warp yarns and the weft yarns are out of order, from the visual point of view.
Note, the smaller the denier of a component fila-ment, the better the spun like feeling of the fabric.
Further, in this invention, the fabric must be reduced to a fabric having a high density, to provide a soft and spunlike feeling and handling of the fabric, by the opened loops and closed loops existing in a mixed . ' ~'.~ ' ' , :. . . .
- :

state on the surface of the fabric utilizing the latent looped yarn, and for giving the fabric a suitable stiffness and avoiding the problems of a fastening effect caused by the loops or dust accumulation.
Therefore, in the fabric of this invention, the yarn density of the warp yarn must be set in such a way ~hat the cover factor of the mixed composite multifila-ment yarn having opened loops and closed loops used as warp yar.ns in the fabric already treated by a dying and finishing treatment is more than 1100, and preferably less than 1600.
Generally speaking, if the cover factor of the warp yarn is more than 1100, as mentioned above, when a weaving operation is carried out by using such a mixed composite multifilament yarn having opened loops and closed loops, such loops provided on each adjacent warp are entangled with each other by repeated mutual contact therebetween caused by the shedding operation of the loom, and thus problems such as an incomplete shedding or picking will arise, and therefore, a fabric having a good quality can not be produced at a mass production level.
In this invention, contrary to the conventional looped yarn, the latent looped yarn is used to improve the ya~n passage ability in the weaving process, and thus a fabric having a relatively high yarn density, compared with a fabric made of the conventional looped yarn, can be woven, and further, this fabric can be reduced to a fabric having a higher yarn dènsity by shrinking by a heat treatment under a shrink free condition, such as a relaxed treatment in the dyeing and finishing treatment.
Namely, in this invention, a high density fabric can be produced even when a mixed composite multifilament yarn having opened loops and closed loops thereon is used as the warp yarns.
The fabric of this invention has milder surface characteristic, compared with a fabric made of the conventional looped yarn produced by a eddy current ! treatment, because the loops which are potentialized in the yarn are revealed in the fabric by a loop developing treatment, and thu~ the number of loops revealed on the cross point of the warp and weft yarn is very small.
As already known, the feel or handling of a fabric mainly depends upon the effect of a warp yarn in a general fabric having a normal weaving construction, although when the latent looped yarn which is the same yarn as used for the warp yarn is used for the weft yarn, a high yarn density fabric utilizing the looped yarn as both the warp and weft yarns can be obtained, and the handling thereof and a spunlike and soft feeling of the surface thereof is far superior to that of a fabric made of the looped yarn produced by the eddy current treatment and used as the weft yarns.
Moreover, as the weft yarn used in this invention, the mixed composite multifilament yarn consisting of synthetic multifilament yarns comprises at least two synthetic multifilaments each having a different shrinkage ratio and having a total shrinkage ratio in hot water of more than 10%, or a yarn having a low shrinkage ratio in hot water but having a shrinkage ratio in dry heat of more than 10%, or even a mixed spun yarn compri~ing staple fibers each having a different shrinkage, can be used.
As the low shrinkage component of the mixed com-posite multifilament yarn or spun yarn, fibers or filaments having a smaller single fiber denier than that of the fiber used in the high shrinkage component are preferably used, to obtain a fabric having a soft feeling and spun like outer configuration and to prevent a fastening effect and dust accumulation.
Note, the yarn construction of the latent looped yarn explained heretofore can be applied to a fabric -having such a high yarn density.

. ~ . .. .

- 27 _ 1 326351 The most preferable yarn construction of the latent looped yarn of this invention is such that the multi-filament having a high shrinkage ratio is preferably arranged in a core portion of the latent looped yarn and the multifilament having a low shrinkage ratio or normal shrinkage ratio is preferably arranged in a sheath portion thereof, although the yarn construction of this invention is not restricted to this construction.
The manufacturing method for obtaining the latent ~
looped yarn explained above can be also applied to the method for making a fabric having a high den~ity as described above.
As described above, the latent looped yarn of this invention has latent opened loops and closed loops therein when produced and the number of loop~ C pro-jected from the surface of the yarn is extremely small.
Accordingly, the bulkness of this yarn, per se, is very low and the surface of the yarn is comparatively smooth, and therefore, the yarn running friction thereof at a device provided in this process is very small.
Especially, when this yarn is used as a warp yarn of a fabric, the running ability of the yarn in the head and the reed is excellent, and there is no possibility of an entanglement of the loops of ad~acent warps, or an incomplete shedding at a loom. Therefore, this yarn can be used as a warp of the fabric.
Further, when a dyeing and finishing treatment is applied to the fabric after the weaving process, a high density and high bulky fabric can be obtained by treating the fabric with a heat treatment (utilizing dry heat, wet heat or steam heat, for example) at a high temperature in a tension free condition alone, or accompanied by a dying treatment, causing the latent opened loops and closed loops of the latent looped yarn to be revealed.
Example 5 In the process shown in Figure 1, a bright poly-- 28 _~ 1 32 6 35 1 ester multifilament yarn, 50D - 24F, having a circular cross sectional shape and having a shrinkage ratio in hot water of 20~ was used as a component yarn, pref-erably as a core yarn, and a bright polyester multifila-ment yarn, 50D - 72F, having a circular cross sectional ~hape and having a shrinkage ratio in hot water of 7.
5% was used as a component yarn, preferably as a sheath yarn, and these yarns were supplied to a texturing zone provided with a eddy current nozzle at an overfeed ratio of the core yarn of~9% and an ovexfeed ratio of the sheath yarn of +15% and treated by a texturizing treat-ment at an air feed volume of 90 N l~min.
Subsequently, the thus treated yarn was wound up on a package while being stretched between the first taking up roller and the second taking up roller, at an under-feed ratio of -5.4%.
The yarn characteri~ticQ thu~ obtained are as follows.
Total yarn denier 106 D
Shrinkage ratio of the yarn 17.8%
Number of loops before the heat treatment LOOP A 447 ends/m LOOP B 125 ends/m LOOP C 1 endstm Number of loops after the heat treatment LOOP A 438 ends/m LOOP ~ 390 ends/m LOOP C 168 ends/m Thereafter, the thus obtained latent-looped yarn wa8 u8ed as the warp and weft yarns to make a plane fabric, utilizing a water ~et loom with a warp yarn density of 85 ends/inch (the cover factor of the warp yarn was 850) and a weft yarn density of 78 ends/inch.
I The grey fabric was then given the following 3S sequence of treatments; a relaxed treatment, an inter-mediate setting treatment, an alkali weight 1088 treat-ment ~5%), a dyeing treatment, and a finishing ' ~ :

~: . .
, . .

. . .
, : : . . :, .

~ 1 326351 treatment, and a high density fabric having a warp yarn density of 117 ends/inch (the cover factor of the warp yarn was 1170) and a weft yarn density of 100 ends/inch was obtained.
The cover factor referred to in this invention is found by the following equation.
Cover Factor = denier of the warp yarn (d) x density (ends/inch) The thus obtained fabric had opened loops and closed loops existi~g in a mixed ~tate on the surface of the fabric, and had a superior soft touch and spunlike feeling similar to a fabric made of a spun yarn, because the ~urface of the fabric of this invention was covered with fine and micronized loops, and further, the fabric of this invention had a good stiffness because of the fabric had a high yarn density.
Example 6 In the process shown in Figure 1, a bright poly-ester multifilament yarn, 30D - 12F, having a circular cross sectional shape and having a shrinkage ratio in hot water of 20% was used as a component yarn, pref-erably as a core yarn, and a bright polyester multifila-ment yarn, 30D - 48F, having a circular cross sectional æhape and having a shrinkage ratio in hot water of 7.
5% was used as a component yarn, preferably as a ~heath yarn, and these yarns were supplied to a texturing zone provided with an eddy current nozzle at an overfeed ratio of the core yarn of +9% and an overfeed ratio of the sheath yarn of +15%, and were treated by a 1 30 texturizing treatment with having an air feed volume of 90 N l/min.
Subse~uently, the thus treated yarn was wound up on a package while being stretched between the first taking up roller and the second taking up roller, at an under-feed ratio of ~5.4%.
The yarn characteristics thus obtained are asfollows.

.

~ 1 32635 1 Total yarn denier 63 D
Shrinkage ratio of the yarn 18.4%
Number of loops before the heat treatment LOOP A 33~ ends/m LOOP B 72 ends/m L~OP C 1 end/m Number of loops after the heat treatment LOOP A 416 ends/~
LOOP B 330 ends/m LOOP C 88 ends/m Thereafter, the thus obtained latent looped yarn was used as the warp and weft yarns to make a plane fabric, utilizing a water jet loom, with a warp yarn density of 142 end3/inch (the cover factor of the warp yarn was 1100) and a weft yarn density of 110 ends/inch.
The grey fabric was then treated by the following sequence of treatments; a relaxed treatment, an inter-mediate setting treatment, an alkali weight loss treatment (5%), a dyeing treatment, and a finishing treatment, and a high density fabric having a warp yarn density of 177 ends/inch (the cover factor of the warp yarn was 1370) and a weft yarn density of 135 end~/inch, wa~ obtained.
The thus obtained fabric had opened loops and I clo~ed loops existing in a mixed state on the surface of the fabric, and had a superior soft touch and spunlike feeling similar to a fabric made of the spun yarn, because the surface of the fabric of this invention was covered with fine and micronized loops, and furt~er, the fabric of this invention had a good stiffness because this fabric had a high yarn density.
The fabric of this invention has a high density, although havLng a stiffness based upon the bulkiness of the yarn, and simultaneously, has an improved water proof characteristic, and therefore, when a water repellent finish is applied to the fabric after the ^ 1 32635 1 dyeing treatment, the fabric is suitable for use in sporting products, especially ski products.
Next, when the high density fabric of this inven-tion having a spunlike feeling is further developed, another spunlike fabric having a high density, which is suitable for a coat or an outer garment for sports, which especially requires, in particular, a function such as a waterproofing or wind breaking characteristic, can be obtained.
Heretofore, as the fabrics for such a purpose, a high density fabric utilizing conjugated synthetic multifilament yarns having component filaments of which are dividable and separable, as shown in Japanese Opened Patent Publication 57-117647, and a fabric having a water proofness, moisture permeability, and water repellency, which is produced in such a way that first a high density fabric is woven utilizing a mixed multifil-ament yarn comprising a multifilament yarn as a high shrinkage component and a multifilament yarn consisting of ultra fine multifilaments as a low shrinkage com-ponent, and the water repellent treatment i~ applied to the fabric, as shown in Japanese Opened Patent Publi-cation 59-204941, 60-394385, have been proposed.
These fabrics are given a function such as water-proofness and moisture permeability by keeping the interspaces between each filament in a micron order, by arranging the filaments in such a way that the number of filaments per unit area of the high density fabric is set to the extreme upper limit thereof.
Accordingly, in the construction of said fabric, the density of the filaments is increased in the condi-tion whereby the filaments are arranged as parallel to each other as po~sible. This fabric has a greasy feeling inherent to the ultra fine synthetic filaments, and has a drawback such that this fabric does not have a good natural unevenness, compared with the fabric made of spun yarns, from the visual point of view.

, : ,: .~- . .

. ~ ~

~ 1 326351 According to the fabric of this invention as explained hereunder, the technical problems described above can be overcome and a ~punlike high dencity fabric, having not only functions such as waterproofness and moisture permeability but also a spunlike feeling and outer look, can be provided.
The fabric mentioned above has a construction such that the latent looped yarn described above is used as a warp yarn and a synthetic multifilament yarn, each component filament of which having a flat cross sectional shape, is used as a weft yarn and the total cover factor of the warp yarn and the weft yarn is from 1800 to 3500.
In this invention, as a looped yarn for the warp yarn, the latent looped yarn is used and said latent looped yarn is preferably a composite yarn having a I sheath-core type yarn configuration, wherein the synthetic multifilament yarn used as the core -~ide portion of the composite yarn has a relatively large denier of a single component filament thereof, and the synthetic multifilament yarn used as the sheath of the composite yarn has a relatively small denier of a single component filament thereof. Note, in this invention, the yarn construction is not restricted to the sheath-core type composite yarn.
Generally speaking, in a high density fabric, the stiffness thereof is high and the handling thereof is coarse because movement of the yarns relative to each other, inside the high den~ity fabric, is restricted.
Accordingly, preferably an ultra fine multifilament yarn having a denier of the component filament of 0.05 -1.3d is used as the yarn for the sheath portion of the composite yarn, and further, preferably the multifila-ment yarn having a denier of the component filament of 0.1 - l5d, is used as the yarn of the core portion thereof, and the voluminosity and resiliency can be given to the fabric.

- : -:: , ~ - ....... : , .

Both the yarn construction and the yarn making method mentioned above can be applied to the yarn construction of the latent looped yarn and the man-ufacturing method thereof in this embodiment. On the other hand, a flat ratio of the filaments having a flat ~ cross sectional shape consisting of the synthetic multifilament, used as a weft yarn in this embodiment, is preferably 2.0 - 6Ø
When the flat ratio is less than 2.0, the water-proofness or wind breakability, which is provided mainlyby the flatness of the filament, will be small, but on the other hand, when the flat ratio is more than 6.0, I the luster of the fabric will be increased and the spunlike feeling or outer configuration thereof caused by the warp yarn will be reduced. Accordingly, the preferable condition of the flat ratio is from 2.0 to 6Ø
The flat ratio of this embodiment is represented by b/a, wherein a refers to a long side width and b refers to a short side width in the cross sectional shape shown in Figure 3, respectively.
As the multifilament having a flat cross sectional shape is naturally accurately arranged in a certain direction in the fabric, the space provided between the ad~acent yarns can be reduced and made extremely narrow, enabling an increase of the waterproofness and moisture permeability of the fabric. In a fabric woven using hundred percent of multifilaments having a flat cross sectional shape, problems arise of a smooth feeling and strong luster caused by the light reflected at the surface of the fabric, although these problems can be overcome in this invention becau~e of the re~istance of saLd closed loops and opened loop on the surface of the fabric, causing a change of such a ~moothness and strong luster.
Further, when a multifilament having a flat cross sectional shape is used in a weaving process, preferably .. . . . .

, . ,: : : ,i . . ~ .

.

the filaments are not subjected to a heat treatment such as a false twisting process, and post twisting is avoided as much as possible, in order to actuate the shrinkage characteristic of the filaments.
Namely, even when such a yarn is used as a warp yarn, the post twisting number should be less than about 300 turns/m.
As the method for obtaining a high shrinkage I component multifilament yarn and a low shrinkage com-ponent multifilament yarn of the latent looped yarn, a direct spinning and drawing method, a filament mixing method in which the high shrinkage component multifila-ment yarns and the low shrinkage component multifilament yarns are respectively spun previously and then mixed, or a filament mixing method in which two high shrinkage component multifilament yarns are spun and then one of the yarns is treated with heat utilizing a hot plate to make a low shrinkage multifilament yarn which is there-after is mixed with the high shrinkage multifilament yarn not subjected to the heat treatment, can be used in this invention.
An example of the high density fabric mentioned above will be now explained.
Example 7 In the process shown Figure 1, a bright polyester multifilament yarn, 30D - 12F, having a circular cross sectional shape and having a shrinkage ratio in hot water of 20% was used as a component yarn, preferably as a core portion, and a bright polyester multifilament yarn, 30D - 48F, having a circular cross ~ectional shape and having a shrinkage ratio in hot water of 8% wa~ used as a component yarn, preferably as a sheath portion, and these yarns were supplied to a texturing zone provided with a eddy current nozzle at an over feed ratio of the core side yarn of +g% and an overfeed ratio of the sheath side yarn of ~15% and treated by a texturizing treatment having an air feed volume of 90 N l/min at a ' ' ~' ~ ' ', ' -..
. .. `
:
~.
. . .

. . ~ . .

- 35 "~ 1 32 63 5 1 feed ratio of the first to the second taking up roller of -5.4%.
The thus obtained looped yarn had a total yarn denier of 63D and shrinkage ratio in hot water of 18.4~, and the number of loops before the heat treatment was such that the loops A were 332 ends/m, the loops B were 72 ends/m, and the loops C were 1 end/m, while the number thereof after the heat treatment, i.e., a shrinkage treatment in hot water under a shrin~ free condition, was such that the loops A were 416 end~/m, the loops B were 330 ends/m, and the loops C were 88 ends/m, and these latent looped yarns were used as the warp yarns.
Further, a bright polyester multifilament, 50D
- 24F, each component filament of which had a flat cross sectional shape and a flat ratio of 4.5 and which had a total shrinkage in hot water of 15.7%, comprised a multifilament yarn, 25D - 12F, having a shrinkage ratio in hot water of 16.5~ and a multifilament yarn, 25D
- 12F, having a shrinkage ratio in hot water of 10.3%, and spun by a direct spinning and drawing method, was used as the weft yarns. Then a fabric having a warp yarn density of 114 ends/inch, and a weft yarn density of 120 ends/inch, and having a total cover factox as a sum of the cover factors of the warp and weft of 1730, was woven. The method for measuring the cover factor as described above can be also applied to this embodiment.
Thereafter, the thus obtained fabric was dyed in a conventional relaxing and dyeing process and then finished by a finishing process with a water repellent agent.
The thus treated final fabric had a warp yarn density of 156 ends/inch and a weft yarn density of 146 ends/inch, and had a total cover factor as a sum up the cover factorR of the warp and weft yarns, of 2240, and moreover, the fabric had functional features such as a waterproof pressure of 560 mm, a water repellency of 90 --.

:- -.

. : ~ , .. .

` 1 32635 1 - 36 ~

points, and a moisture permeability of 8200 g/cm2/24 Hr, ! and this was a superior fabric having a high density and spunlike feeling both in handling and external config-uration which can not be obtained in a fabric made of a textured yarn such as "TASLAN".
In the example above, the latent looped yarn of this invention is mainly used as the warp yarns, although the latent looped yarn of this invention need not be used only as the warp yarns but can be also used as both the weft yarn and the warp yarn, as well as the weft yarn.
Next, in this invention, a spunlike high density fabric having a softer feeling than that of the fabric obtained in the example above was obtained.
This fabric has the following fabric construction.
Namely, a mixed fabric having a high density, in which mixed composite multifilament yarns consisting of at least a synthetic multifilament yarn having a shrinking function and having fine opened loops and closed loops on a surface thereof, were used as warp yarns and spun yarns were used as weft yarns or warp yarns, and was further characterized in that a total cover factor of the warp yarns and the weft yarns thereof was from 2000 to 3500.
In this embodiment, a fabric having a high yarn density, which heretofore could not be produced by utilizing spun yarns, can be obtained, and further, a fabric having a good handling never seen heretofore and a spunlike external configuration caused by the fluffs of the spun yarns and the opened loops and the closed loops of the multifilaments, which are ~oined together, was obtained.
In this embodiment, the latent looped yarns may be used as a warp yarn or a weft yarn or as both.
The yarn construction and the method for producing the same, as mentioned above, can be applied to this embodiment. But, as the latent looped yarn used in thi~

'' ~ . ................ . ' ~ .

~: ~ : . -, - ', -embodiment, the preferred yarn construction is the same construction of the latent looped yarn used as a warp yarn explained in the previou~ embodiment.
In this embodiment, when the latent looped yarn is used as a warp yarn and the spun yarn is used as a weft yarn, a fabric having an extremely high yarn density, which can not be realized by using the conventional looped yarn, can be produced, because the latent looped yarn has a straight configuration which is not recognized as a looped yarn at a glance, and is completely different from the looped yarn obtained by a conventional eddy current treatment.
Accordingly, in this embodiment, the fabric may be woven with as high a warp yarn density as possible, and with the spun yarns as a weft yarn at a normal or higher density, and then thus woven the fabric is shrunk in the warp direction by a shrinking treatment carried out in later process, such as a dyeing process, to make the fabric into a fabric having a high weft yarn density, and simultaneously, to make a fabric having a high density and superior spun like effect both in feeling and external configuration without loosing the handling effect of the spun yarns.
The latent looped yarn may be u~ed with post twisting. On the other hand, as the spun yarn, a spun yarn made of natural fibers such as cotton, wool, linen or silk, or made of the synthetic fibers such as polyester, n~lon or acryl, or a mixed spunSyarn con-sisting of at lea6t two kind~ of fiber selected from any of those mentioned abo~e, can be used.
But, in consideration of the count number of the spun yarn, a fine yarn count sucil as more than 30S in a cotton count system is desirable, in order to obtain a thin fabric.
Also, in thi6 embodiment, preferably the spun yarn is used as a single yarn.
I

, Moreover, in the case of a high den~ity fabric in which the spun yarns are u~ed as warp yarns, by using the latent looped fabric having a shrinkage ratio in hot water of more than 10%, preferably more than 15%, and having closed and opened loops, as the weft yarns, the fabric can be woven with a comparatively coarser yarn density than the desired yarn density by calculating the increment of the density caused by the shrin~age of the weft yarn.
When the fabric is treated thereafter in the dyeing process, to bulk up the fabric, the fabric can be reduced to a fabric having a further high yarn density by attaining a bulkiness and high density thereof, and simultaneously, incrementing the picking density of the weft yarn.
Example 8 As a warp yarn, a single polyester 100~ spun yarn having cotton count of 60S is used, and as a weft yarn, a latent looped yarn made by the process described hereunder is used.
Namely, in the process as shown in Figure 1, a bright polyester multifilament yarn, 30D - 12F, having a circular cross sectional shape and having a shrinkage ratio in hot water of 20% is used as a component yarn, preferably as a core portion, and a bright polyester multifilament yarn, 30D - 48F, having a circular cross sectional shape and having a shrinkage ratio in hot water of 7.5% is used as a eomponent yarn, preferably as a sheath portion, and these yarn~ are supplied to a texturing zone provided with an eddy current nozzle at an overfeed ratio of the core side yarn of +9% and an overfeed ratio of the sheath side yarn of +15% and are treated by a texturizing treatment having an air feed I volume of 90 N l/min at a feed ratio of the first to the second taking up roller of -5.4%.
The thus obtained looped yarn has a total yarn denier of 6 3D and a shrinkage ratio in hot water of .
. , . , -18.4% and the number of loops before the heat treatment is such that the loops A are 332 ends/m, the loops B are 72 end~/m, and the loop C is 1 end/m, and the number thereof after the heat treatment, i.e., a shrinkage treatment in hot water under a shrink free condition, is such that the loops A are 416 ends/m, the loops B are 330 ends/m, and the loops C are 88 end~/m.
Then a plane fabric was woven with the warp yarn and the weft yarn mentioned above, utilizing a rapier loom, and thereafter, the gray fabric thus obtained was treated by a usual relaxing operation and dyeing opera-tion utilizing a ~et dying machine.
The fabric thu~ obtained was finished with a water repellent treatment, and a calendering treatment on the back surface of the fabric, after being treated with a setting treatment for finishing, and the thus finished final product had improved functions due to an increment of the warp yarn density and a desirable finishing e~fect having an excellent feeling and exterAal config-uration which can not be obtained by the conventionalmethod, as indicated below. Further, the weaving ability of the fabric was excellent and ~roblem-free.
In the comparative embodiment described below, the fabric was woven with 100% single cotton spun yarns having a cotton count of 80S (combed cotton yarn).

Example Comparativa ~ Example I Warp yarn density x weft yarn 114 x 110 146 x 131 denslty of the gray fabric (Cover factor) ~1920) (2257) Warp yarn density x weft yarn 152 x 120 157 x 135 density of the fabric after dyeing (Cover factor) (2350) ~23280) Water proof pressure (mm) 430 210 ~ . : .. .
:, , -.
:' _ 40 ~ 326351 Moisture perme~bllity (g/cm2l24 hr) 8450 8810 Example 9 In this Example, a plane fabric was woven utilizing the latent looped yarn used as a weft yarn in Example 8 as a warp yarn, and 100~ of single cotton spun yarns having a cotton count of 80S (combed cotton yarn) as a weft yarn, by a rapier loom.
Then the thus obtained fabric was treated by a dyeing process in which a relaxing treatment, an inter-mediate setting treatment, a dyeing and finishing treatment, a water repellent treatment, and a calendering treatment on the back side of the fabric were applied to the fabric, in this order.
- 15 The thus obtained fabric had a similar feeling and external configuration as the fabric made of 100% spun yarns, and superior functions, as described hereunder.

WArp yarn density x weft yarn 176 endslin x 95 endslin density of the gray fabric (Cover factor) (2168) Warp yarn density x weft yarn 183 endslin x 118 endslln denslty of the fabrlc after dyeing (Cover factor) (Z410) I Water proof pressure (mm) 410 Moisture permeabil~ty ~g/cm2/24 hr) 8600 The cover factor used in this embodimènt is obtained by the following equation.
Cover factor = ~warp yarn density (ends/inch) + weft yarn density (ends/inch)]
x~
wherein, D is a denier of the multifilament, and when a ~pun yarn is used, the cotton count number S is converted into denier D by the equation: 5315/cotton count number.

:' As a spun like fabric, a fabric made of a high quality cotton, especially made of a spun yarn having a cotton count number of more than 60S, the yarn of which consists of cotton fibers having a super high staple length, is required, and thus many attempts to make a fabric having a similar handling to that of a fabric utilizing synthetic fibers have been made.
The handling or feel thereof reached a high level, due to improvements in the spinning technology and the yarn texturizing technology, especially in the atten-uation of a filament denier to an ultra fine denier, or producing an alternating twisted false twisted yarn and a sheath core type false twisted composite`yarn or the like.
Nevertheless, the fluff feeling caused by cotton fibers, from the visual point of view, could not be realized in such a manner heretofore.
To attain such an ob~ect, a fabric made of a looped yarn produced by an eddy current treatment has been proposed and developed, although it is difficult for this fabric, even when having a fluff feeling of cotton ! fibers caused by the surface effect of the loops, to be given a special bulkiness cau~ed by the cotton having a super high fiber length, a smooth surface touch, and a stiffness caused by the high yarn density.
~ ut when the latent looped yarn of this invention i~ used in the fabric, then such a fabric having a special feeling of cotton having a super high fiber length, in addition to a smooth surface touch, a fluff feeling, and a stiffness caused by the high yarn density, can be obtained.
Such a fabric can be produced in the manner des-cribed hereunder.
Namely, the method of manufacturing a fabric having a spun like feeling resembling a fabric made of super high length cotton fibers, in which the fabric is woven with mixed composite multifilament yarns made of - . -, ,: .- - . : . -: .

i' 1 32635 1 synthetic multifilaments having a total denier of less than 90d, wherein the composite yarn consists of a filament A having a shrinkage ratio in hot water of more than 12~ and a denier of a component filament thereof is more than 1.5d, and a total denier thereof is less than 6Od, and a filament B having a shrinkage ratio in hot water of less than 10% and a denier of a component filament thereof is less than l.Od, and a total denier thereof is les~ than 60d, and the composite yarn is further characterized by having more than 300 ends/m of the loop A, more than 50 ends/m of the loop B, and less than 10 ends/m of the loop C, each of the loop A, loop B, and loop C being defined hereunder, and there-after a shrinking treatment is applied to the fabric to cause a differential shrinkage between the filament A
and filament B, which results in a pro~ection of the opened loops and closed loops of the filament B on the surface of the fabric, wherein each of the loop A, loop B and loop C is measured by the measuring method described heretofore.
As the mixed composite yarn used in this embodi-ment, the latent looped yarn explained heretofore can be used, and the yarn construction and the manufacturing method thereof are as the same as that described above.
The multifilament used in this embodiment may be any kind of synthetic multifilament, but is especially a polyester multifilament.
A multifilament having a high shrinka~e ratio and the multifilament having a low shrinkage ratio may be arranged in the form of a sheath core type configuration in the latent looped yarn or arranged in a side by side configuration therein.
Further, in this embodiment, the latent looped yarn can be used as the warp yarn or as both the warp and the weft yarns.
When the latent looped yarn is used only as the warp yarn, the cover factor of the warp yarn in a gray . ~ . .
. . .
.

. .

` 1 326351 fabric is preferably more than 800, more preferably, more than 1100.
When the latent looped yarn i~ used as both the warp and the weft yarns, the total cover factor as a sum 5 of the cover factors of the warp yarn and the weft yarn in the gray fabric, is 1500 - 2700, more preferably 1800 - 2500.
Desirably, the warp yarn of this embodiment is twisted more than 3QO T/m, in order to obtain a handling and the external configuration closer to the spun like feeling provided by the fibers having a super high length.
The embodiment described above will be now explained in more detail.
To develop the fluff feeling of the fibers having a super high length, the use of the latent looped yarn of this invention is suitable, and to obtain the smooth surface touch of the fibers having a super high length, it i8 effective to use a composite multifilament having a total denier of less than 90D, more preferably less than 70D, comprising the component filaments used as the sheath yarn having a denier of less than l.Od, preferably less than 0.7d, according to the present invention.
The fibers having a super high length, as used in this embodiment, are referred to a~ Egyptian cotton and the Sea I~land cotton or the like having a comparatively high fiber length, and a spun yarn made of such cotton fibers may have a cotton yarn count of more than 60S, more preferably more than 80S, and a thickness thereof of 10 ~ - 14 ~.
According to investigation by the inventor~ into a polyester compo3ite yarn having opened loops and closed loops on the surface thereof caused by the eddy current treatment, when the single filament denier is more than 10 ~, i.e., the thicknes~ thereof i8 more than ld, the yarn wa~ stiff and the effect of the fabric obtained by the yarn was not good.

. .

.
. - . . ~ ,, .. . ..
.

On the other hand, when a single filament denier is less than ld, a fabric having smooth surface touch can be obtained, and especially, when the denier thereof is less than 0.7d (less than 8.5 ~, an excellent effect can be obtained.
This is considered to be because, when using a cotton fiber, the fluff thereof are pro~ected alone from the surface of the 6pun yarn, one by one, and on the other hand, in the polyester composite yarn, the fluff consists of a loop and thus the stiffness thereof is I double that of each filament.
Next, to obtain a fabric made of a spun yarn comprising fibers having a super high lenyth, stiffness, and a high density, the fabric must be woven at least lS with a high warp yarn density, even though it is dif-ficult to so weave a fabric with a conventional com-posite looped yarn produced by a usual eddy current treatment because the loops of the warp yarns binder the shedding operation.
Therefore, in this embodiment, a proce~s is adopted whereby, during the weaving, the loops of the warp yarn are kept small, i.e., in a latent condition, and there-after, in the dyeing and finishing process after the weaving process, the yarn is shrunk to develop the loops on the surface of the fabric and, simultaneously, to reduce the fabric to one having a high density.
Next, an Example of the embodiment described above will be explained.
Example 10 In the process shown in Figure 1, a polyester multifilament yarn, 20D - 8F, having a shrinkage ratio in hot water of 20% is used as a core yarn and a polyester multifilament yarn, 20D - 48F, having a shrinkage ratio in hot water of 8% is used as a sheath yarn, and these yarns are supplied to a texturing zone provided with an eddy current nozzle at an overfeed ratio of the core yarn of +9% and an overfeed ratio of - , ,' '~ ` ~. ' , ~ 45 - i~ 1326351 the sheath yarn of ~15%, and are treated by a texturizing treatment having an air feed volume of 90 N l/min.
Subsequently, the thu~ treated yarn is wound up on a package while being stretched between the first taking up roller and the second taking up roller, at an under-feed ratio of -5.4%.
The yarn characteristics thus obtained are shown hereunder.
Total yarn denier 43 D
Shrinkage ratio of the yarn 19.2%
Number of loops before the heat treatment LOOP A 330 ends/m LOOP ~ 71 end~/m LOOP C 1 end/m Number of the loops after the heat treatment LOOP A 441 ends/m LOOP B 328 ends/m LOOP C 86 ends/m Thereafter, the thus obtained latent looped yarns were used as the warp and weft yarns to make a plane fabric with a warp yarn density of 180 ends/inch and a weft yarn density of 130 ends/inch, and then the resulting grey fabric was treated by a relaxing treat-25 ment at 98C and a dyeing treatment at 130C.
Accordingly, a high density fabric having a warp yarn density of 225 ends/inch and a weft yarn density of 156 ends/inch, and having fine loops developed on the surface thereof, and further, having a smooth surface touch and bulkiness similar to tho~e obtained by cotton fibers having a super high fiber length, and a stiffness caused by the high den~ity, was obtained.

. .. . ~ ` :
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.
: , . .

Claims

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:

1. A high density fabric in which a mixed composite multifilament yarn consisting of synthetic multifilaments having opened loops and closed loops on a surface thereof is used at least as warp yarns of a fabric and a cover factor of said warp yarns of a fabric is more than 1100.

2. A high density fabric according to claim l, wherein said mixed composite multifilament yarn consisting of synthetic multifilament yarns comprises at least two synthetic multifilaments each having a different shrinkage ratio.

3. A high density fabric according to claim 2, wherein a denier of a component filament of one of the multifilaments consisting of said mixed composite multifilament yarn is from 0.05 to 1.3 d and a denier of a component filament of another multifilament yarn consisting of said mixed composite multifilament yarn is from 0.1 to 15 d.

4. A high density fabric according to claim 3, wherein said mixed composite multifilament yarn comprises a multifilament yarn having a high shrinkage ratio and a multifilament yarn having a low shrinkage ratio and the shrinkage ratio in hot water of said multifilament yarn having a high shrinkage ratio is more than 10% and the difference in the shrinkage ratio in hot water of said multifilament yarn having a high shrinkage ratio and the multifilament yarn having a low shrinkage ratio is more than 5%, and further, a denier of a component filament of the multifilament yarn having a low shrinkage ratio is from 0.05 to 1.3 d and a denier of a component filament of the multifilament yarn having a high shrinkage ratio is from 0.1 to 15 d.

5. A high density fabric according to claim 1, wherein said mixed composite multifilament yarn has a number of loops C, measured by a method defined below, of at least 50 ends/m, wherein the number of said loops C is measured in such a way that, when each loop of a yarn is measured under the condition of a yarn speed of 50 m/min and a yarn running tension of 0.1 g/d, by using a photo-electric type fluff measuring device, by which the number of loops of a yarn running therethrough is counted, a loop projecting more than 0.6 mm from a yarn surface is defined as a loop C and said loop is counted.

6. A high density fabric having a spunlike feeling according to claim 1, wherein a synthetic multifilament yarn, each component filament of which has a flat cross sectional shape, is used as a weft yarn and a total cover factor of said warp yarns and said weft yarns is from 1800 to 3500.

7. A high density fabric having a spunlike feeling according to claim 6, wherein a shrinkage ratio in hot water of said mixed composite multifilament yarn is more than 10%.

8. A high density fabric having a spunlike feeling according to claim 6, wherein a flat ratio of each component filament having a flat cross sectional shape of said synthetic multifilament yarn is from 2.0 to 6Ø

9. A high density fabric having a spunlike feeling according to claim 6, wherein said synthetic multifilament yarn, each component filament of which has a flat cross sectional shape, has a total shrinkage ratio in hot water of from 8 to 27, and from 30 to 70 weight percent of said component filaments having a high shrinkage ratio in hot water of from 7 to 30% and from 70 to 30 weight percent of component filaments having a low shrinkage ratio in hot water of from 1 to 15%.

10. A mixed fabric having a high density, in which mixed composite multifilament yarns consisting of at least a synthetic multifilament yarn having a shrinking function and having fine opened loops and closed loops on a surface thereof, are used as warp yarns and spun yarns are used as weft yarns, and further characterized in that a total cover factor of said warp yarns and said weft yarns thereof is from 200 to 3500.

11. A mixed fabric having a high density according to claim 10, wherein said mixed composite multifilament yarn has a shrinkage ratio in hot water of more than 10%.

12. A mixed fabric having a high density according to claim 11, wherein said mixed composite multifilament yarn comprises at least two synthetic multifilament yarns, each of which have a different shrinkage ratio.

13. A mixed fabric having a high density according to claim 12, wherein said mixed composite multifilament yarn comprises a multifilament yarn having a high shrinkage ratio and a multifilament yarn having a low shrinkage ratio and the shrinkage ratio in hot water of said multifilament yarn having a high shrinkage ratio is more than 10% and the difference in the shrinkage ratio in hot water of said multifilament yarn having a high shrinkage ratio and the multifilament yarn having a low shrinkage ratio is more than 5%.

14. A mixed fabric having a high density according to claim 12, wherein said mixed composite multifilament yarn comprises at least two multifilament yarns, a denier of a component filament of one of said multifilaments being from 0.1 to 2.5 d and a denier of a component filament of another multifilament yarn being from 0.3 to 15 d.

15. A mixed fabric having a high density according to claim 10, wherein said mixed composite multifilament yarn has a number of loops C, measured by a method defined below, of at least 50 ends/m, wherein the number of said loops C is measured in such a way that when each loop of yarn is measured under a condition of a yarn speed of 50 m/min and a yarn running tension of 0.1 g/d, by using a photo-electric type fluff measuring device by which the number of loops of a yarn running therethrough is counted, a loop projecting more than 0.6 mm from a yarn surface is defined as a loop C and said loop is counted.

16. A mixed fabric having a high density according to claim 10, wherein said spun yarn has a cotton count of more than 30S.

17. A method of manufacturing a fabric having a spunlike feeling and resembling a fabric made of super high length cotton fibers, in which said fabric is woven with mixed composite multifilament yarns made of synthetic multifilaments having a total denier of less than 90 d and said composite yarn consists of a filament a having a shrinkage ratio in hot water of more than 12% and a denier of a component filament thereof is more than 1.5 d and total denier thereof is less than 60 d and a filament b having a shrinkage ratio in hot water of less than 10% and a denier of a component filament thereof is less than 1.0 d and total denier thereof is less than 60 d, and said composite yarn is further characterized by having more than 300 ends/m of the loop A, more than 50 ends/m of the loop B, and less than 10 ends/m of the loop C, each of said loop A, loop B and loop C being defined hereunder, thereafter a shrinking treatment is applied to said fabric to cause a differential shrinkage between said filament a and filament b which results in projecting said opened loops and closed loops of said filament b on the surface of said fabric, wherein each of said loop A, loop B and loop C is defined in such a manner that when each loop is measured under a condition of a yarn speed of 50 m/min and a yarn running tension of 0.1 g/d, by using a photo-electric type fluff measuring device by which the number of loops of a yarn running therethrough is counted, a loop projecting more than 0.15 mm from a yarn surface is defined as a loop A, a loop projecting more than 0.35 mm from a yarn surface is defined as a loop B and a loop projecting more than 0.6 mm from a yarn surface is defined as loop C.