CA1312682C - Frame synchronization in a network of time multiplexed optical space switches - Google Patents
Frame synchronization in a network of time multiplexed optical space switchesInfo
- Publication number
- CA1312682C CA1312682C CA000612857A CA612857A CA1312682C CA 1312682 C CA1312682 C CA 1312682C CA 000612857 A CA000612857 A CA 000612857A CA 612857 A CA612857 A CA 612857A CA 1312682 C CA1312682 C CA 1312682C
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- Prior art keywords
- optical
- slave
- optical switch
- switch
- remote
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
- H04Q11/0001—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems using optical switching
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J3/00—Time-division multiplex systems
- H04J3/02—Details
- H04J3/06—Synchronising arrangements
- H04J3/0635—Clock or time synchronisation in a network
- H04J3/0682—Clock or time synchronisation in a network by delay compensation, e.g. by compensation of propagation delay or variations thereof, by ranging
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J3/00—Time-division multiplex systems
- H04J3/02—Details
- H04J3/06—Synchronising arrangements
- H04J3/0635—Clock or time synchronisation in a network
- H04J3/0638—Clock or time synchronisation among nodes; Internode synchronisation
- H04J3/0652—Synchronisation among time division multiple access [TDMA] nodes, e.g. time triggered protocol [TTP]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L7/00—Arrangements for synchronising receiver with transmitter
- H04L7/0008—Synchronisation information channels, e.g. clock distribution lines
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Optical Communication System (AREA)
- Use Of Switch Circuits For Exchanges And Methods Of Control Of Multiplex Exchanges (AREA)
- Time-Division Multiplex Systems (AREA)
- Synchronisation In Digital Transmission Systems (AREA)
Abstract
FRAME SYNCHRONIZATION IN A NETWORK
OF TIME MULTIPLEXED OPTICAL SPACE SWITCHES
Abstract In an optical switching network, a master optical space switch is interconnected with remote slave equipments for switching block-multiplexed messages among the remote equipments. The master optical space switch responds to a frequency reference clock and steps through a sequence of states, or configurations, for establishing various routes among the remote equipments for appropriately routing the messages to correct destinations. The frequency reference clock also is distributed to the remote equipments. During one of the states per frame, each remote slave equipment transmits a distinct signature signal. All of the slave equipments are connected through the master optical space switch to return to themselves their own signals transmitted during that time slot. Each remote slave equipment compares the returned signal with the originally transmitted signature signal to determine how much the round trip delay has varied from a nominal value. Phase of a local control clock signal in the slave equipment is adjusted to counteract the variation of the round trip delay. Thus the operation of the slave equipment is adjusted into synchronization with the master optical space switch so that messages transmitted from the slave equipment arrive at the master optical space switch at the appropriate time with respect to the periodic reconfiguration of the master optical space switch.
OF TIME MULTIPLEXED OPTICAL SPACE SWITCHES
Abstract In an optical switching network, a master optical space switch is interconnected with remote slave equipments for switching block-multiplexed messages among the remote equipments. The master optical space switch responds to a frequency reference clock and steps through a sequence of states, or configurations, for establishing various routes among the remote equipments for appropriately routing the messages to correct destinations. The frequency reference clock also is distributed to the remote equipments. During one of the states per frame, each remote slave equipment transmits a distinct signature signal. All of the slave equipments are connected through the master optical space switch to return to themselves their own signals transmitted during that time slot. Each remote slave equipment compares the returned signal with the originally transmitted signature signal to determine how much the round trip delay has varied from a nominal value. Phase of a local control clock signal in the slave equipment is adjusted to counteract the variation of the round trip delay. Thus the operation of the slave equipment is adjusted into synchronization with the master optical space switch so that messages transmitted from the slave equipment arrive at the master optical space switch at the appropriate time with respect to the periodic reconfiguration of the master optical space switch.
Description
~2~2 FRAME SYNC~IRO~I~ATlON IN ~ N~UTORl~
OF 'rIME MULTIPL~XED OPTICAL SPA(~E ~WITCH~S
This invention relates to a network of time mult;plexed optical spaee s-vitches and more partieularly to synchronizing frames of data in such a 5 network.
Background OI the Invention Optical transmission systems are increasingly used in telecommunieation networks. They provide a relatively low eost, wideband transmission medium which supports many communication patlls over eaeh 10 optieal fiber. Voiee, data and video signals are transmitted through the fibers as optieal digital signals to minimize noise and distortion over long distanees.
Beeause of the inereased use of lightwave technology in transmission systems, there is interest also in using optical technology in 15 switching systems for intereonnecting a network of optical transmission systems. One advantage in using optical switching is the potential for eliminating the electrical-to-optieal and optieal-to-eleetrieal eonversions whieh are now required between the optical transmission systems and the existing electrical switching systems.
Frequency and frame synchronization are very important factors in an optical switching network. Very high bit rate bit streams from a variety of transmission systems must be coordinated for eoineidental switehing through the optieal switehes. Eaeh sequential stream of information bits is grouped into a framed format. Within eaeh frame, the 25 bits are grouped aeeording to-their destina-tion. Sueh groups of bits are ealled data segments. Following eaeh data segment is a gap referred to as a guard band, or switeh reeonfiguration time. The purpose of the guard band is to provide time for reeonfiguring the switeh while allowing for time misalignment ot frames arriving from cli-fferent transmission system inputs 30 to the switeh. This type of multiplexing is known as bloek multiplexing.
~ Iaving grouped the infor-mation bits within eaeh frame into data segments aeeording to destination, it is possible to route the bits to their destination by properly eonfiguring elosed erosspoints in the optical switeh during the guard bands. Switch reconfiguration must occur while the guard :~3~26~
bands concur for all data streams arriving at the optical switch. C)therwise the switch reconfiguration occurs while one or more data segments are arriving at the switch and some data will be lost.
~n optical switch may be of a variety of types; however, an 5 optical space s~,vitch, based on titanium-diffused lithium niobate (Ti: Li Nb O3) directional couplers, is a reasonable option for early opt;cal switching systems. The directional couplers can be arranged iIl a crossbar format. In non-blocking optical switches, the state of each directional coupler is subjeet to ehange periodically several times per frame of information. The 10 states of the direetional eouplers are ehanged so that every input ean be eonneeted to every output at least onee during every frame.
There are problems assoeiated with the design of a synehronization arrangement for an optieal switeh. First of all it is essen-tialthat the frames of data arriving at every optical switeh are all synehronized 15 with each other and with the switch itself. They must be synchronized in both frequency and in phase. ~ny synchronization arrangement can use no more than a reasonable amount of equipment at a reasonable cost.
Seeondly it is important to design the synehronization arrangement for minimal operating eost. Beeause there are guard bands between the data 20 segments in the signal stream, there is a potential for inefficient operationsince operating efficiency is defined as the quantity frame duration time less total overhead time in one frame divided by total frame duration time.
Typieal designs for optieal switehing networks cover large geographie areas and inelude optieal transmission systems that are several 25 hundred to several thousand miles long. The intereonneeting eables which inelude the optieal transmission media are subjected to wide differenees of environmental eonditions and temperatures. As a result, the total duration of guard bands per frame tends to be very long in relation to the length of the frames. Sinee effieieney of operating the network is determined by 30 dividing the quantity frame duration time less the total duration of the guard bands and other overhead time per frame by the frame duration time, long guard bancls tend to make the network ineffieient and relatively more expensive to operate. Sueh ineffieieney presents a problem for designers of optieal switehing networks.
13:~2~
~ummary o l~ the Inven tion This problem and others are solved by an optical switching network including a master optical switch that is interconnected with remote slave equipments ïor switching block-multiplexed messages among 5 the remote equipments. The master optical swi-tch responds to a frequency reference clock and steps periodically through a sequence of states for establishing various routes, i.e., the switch connections are reconfigured periodically for establishing different connections between its inputs and outputs, among the remote equipments for appropriately routing the 10 messages to correct destinations. The frequency reference clock is distributed from a common source to the master optical switch and to the remote slave equipments. During one of sueh states per frame, eaeh remote slave equipment transmits a distinct signature signal. All of the slave equipments are connected through the master optical switch to return to 15 themselves their own signals transmitted during that -time slo-t. Each remote slave equipment compares the returned signal with the originally transmitted signature signal to determine how mueh round trip delay has varied from a nominal value and then adjusts the phase of a control clock signal to counteract the variation of the delay. Thus the -time of operation 20 of the remote slave equipment is adjusted and synchronized with the master optical switch so that messages transmitted from the remote equipment arrive at the master optical switch at the eorrect time with respect to the periodic reconfigurations of the master op-tical switch. Sinee the messages from the various remote slave equipments are synchronized to arrive at the 25 master optieal at the eorreet reeonfiguration times, the recluirecl guard bands and total overhead time per frame are redueecl -to a very short time.
Efficieney of the network is thereby inereased substantially.
In a network of optieal switehes for routing bloek-multiplexecl messages, one optieal switeh is designated a mas-ter and the other optieal 30 switehes are slaves. A slave switeh ean in turn aet as a mas-ter of other lower-level slave switches, so that control of the network is exercised in a hierarehieal fashion. All of the switehes are reeonfigured periodieally for routing different inputs to outputs. The phase of the eontrol elock signal for each slave optieal switeh is adjustecd so that its transmitted data 35 messages arrive at the master optieal switeh at the eorreet times with respeet to the periodie reeonfigurations of the master optieal switeh.
~ 3 ~ C~J
Variable lurnped optical delay u nits are placed in the fibers which are used for transmitting From the master optical switch to the slave optical switches. These lumped optical delay units are controlled so that optical signal messages, transmitted from the master optical switch, arrive at each of the slave optical switches at the correct times with S respect to the periodic reconfigurations of the slave optical switches. As a result, the network of optical switches is synchronized so that the required guard bands and total overhead time per frame are reduced and efficiency increased accordingly.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention there is provided a method for synchronizing a remote slave equipment with a master photonic switch comprising the steps of: producing at the remote slave equipment a control clock signal from a frequency reference clock; repeatedly transmitting from the remote slave equipment to the master photonic switch block multiplexed messages including a signature-sequence of bits du}ing a predetermined time slot of every frame generated in response to the control clock signal;
feeding back at least a portion of the signature-sequence of bits from the master photonic switch to the remote slave equipment during the predetermined time slot of every frame;
the remote slave equipment comparing the fed back port;on of the signature-sequence of bits with the signature-sequence of bits for determining a phase difference therebetween;
and adjusting, in response to the phase difference, the phase of the control clock signal with respect to the frequency reference clock.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention there is provided an optical communication network having an optical switch controlled by a frequencyreference clock for routing block multiplexed optical signals rom plural inputs to plural outputs, an end terminal controlled by a control clock signal derived from the frequency reference clock, first and second optical fibers interconnecting the end terminal with an input and an output of the optical switch, the network comprising: means for generating a signature signal in the end terminal and transmitting the signature signal through the first optical fiber to the input of the optical switch; the optical switch configured, while the signature signal is being transmitted, for routing the signature signal from the first optical fiber and the input through a crosspoint in the optical switch to the output and the second fiber for return to the end terminal; means within the end terminal for comparing the returned signature signal with the transmitted signature signal to produce a phase difference signal; and means responsive to the phase difference signal for adjusting the phase of the control clock signal with respect to the frequency reference clock.,~
~a Brieî Description oE th~ Dra~Yin~~
The inventio!l will be better understood by reading the following detailed description with ret`erence to the drawing wherein FIG. 1 is an illustrative timing diagram oE a sequence oE bits in a Erame S Eormat including N+1 time slots per Erame;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram oE a Eour-by-four switch interconnected with four remote terminals;
FIG. 3 is a timing cliagram for switch reconfigurations oE the four-by-Eour switch oE FIG. 2;
l() FIG. 4 is a hlock diagram oE a remote slave equipment interconnected with the four-by-four switch ot FIG. 2; and FIG. 5 is a block diagram oE a network of optical switches and interconnecting optical fiber lines.
Detailed Description An optical space switch in a crossbar Eormat receives inputs of time-multiplexed photonic signals. The input photonic signals are in a block-multiplexed Eormat. In a block-multiplexecl Eormat, bits are grouped in blocks according to their destinations. The optical, or photonic, switch uses such a block-multiplexed format because the selected routes through the switch must be reconEigured for every change of 20 destination. Thus the switch is reconEigured periodically Eor rearranging the routing oE
blocks oE data arriving at the switch. Switch recon~igurations at the block rate are much less Erequent than reconfig-lrations at the bit rate and can be accomplished with present technology.
ReEerring now to FIG. 1, there is shown an example of a sequence of 25 blocks of sequential data on a time line. The blocks are arranged in a frame wherein a first block n is Eollowed by a block n + 1, and so on until a block n + N, the last block oE the Erame. Then the r~
, 2 ~ ~ C,~
design3tions o~ the blocl~s repeat in a subsequent frame, not shown.
Each block of data is included in a time slot. The time slot is long enough to include both a block of data and a guard band. The guard band is included in each time slot to compensate for any misalignment of 5 the frames of data which are transmitted from different sources. Frames of data received by ~ switch fronl different end terminals generally are not fully aligned, i.e., the first bit of data in the frame from one end terminal does not arrive at the switch at the same time as the rlrst bit of data in the frames of all other end terminals.
A frame synchronization problem is caused by those differences in the phases of signals arriving at the switch from the different sources.
These differences in phase are a result of the variations in the time of transmission of photonic signals from end terminals, the ambient changes along cable routes and the changes in transmitter laser frequencies. (~uard 15 bands in the block format must be long enough to accommodate the maximum expected phase variations from all of those factors. As previously mentioned, the instants of switch reconfigurations must occur within the guard band of every input bit stream or else data is lost. ~Ieretofore to accommodate the largest expected phase variations, the guard bands have 20 been so long that they occupy something in the order of one thousand bits per time slot. That is excessive operating overhead for any network of commercial significance. Operating such a system is just too inefficient and costly.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a block diagram of an 25 optical space switch 30, arranged in the form of a crossbar matrix switch, which is interconnected with four end terminals 32, 33, 3~L and 35.
Crosspoints in the matrix are based upon known photonic directional couplers, such as the previously mentioned titanium-diffused lithium niobate directional couplers.
During operation of the optical switch 30, control circuitry (not shown) periodically reconfigures the paths thro-ugh the swi-tch in response -to control signals with reference to a mas-ter frequency clock 31. Each time the paths through the swi-tch 30 are reconfigured, each end terminal 32, 33, 34 and 35 is connected through the switch to one of the end terminals. Thus 35 signals arriving at any one input of the switch 30 can be routed to a different output and end terminal every time the switch is reconfigured.
~ 3 ~ ~ ~3 ~
Referring IIOW to FI(~. 3, there is shown a diagram presenting variations of time slot times of arrival receivecl at the switch 30 of FI~. 2 from the end terminals 32,33,34 and 35. Each line across the diagram represents a sequence of data originating from one terminal. Four time slots 5 are shown from lert to right~ They are represented by vertical divisions, which are numbered 1 through ~ across the bottom of the figure~
Crosspoint connections, which exist during each time slot, are indicated by dots on the small matrix located direc-tly below the associated time slot.
Signals from any given end terminal are transferred through the switch 30 10 to a specific output according to the switch path configuration represented in the matrix for each time slot.
In the switch configuration of the leftmost time slot, the crosspoints are closed along the diagonal from the upper left to the lower right. At such a time, the signals, transmitted in the FI(~. 2 by the end terminal 32 through a fiber 36 to the switch 30, are routed through a closed crosspoint 3g, are carried through another fiber 39, and are fed back to the receiving port of the end terminal 32. Likewise concurrent transmissions from the end terminals 33,34 and 3S are routed respectively through closed crosspoints 'l1, ~3 and '15 and are fed back to their own receiving ports.
This just-described switch configuration generally is not used in the ordinary sequence of operations by the switch 30 because each terminal has its output fed back to its own input port. Operation in this configuration is referred to hereinafter as feedback operation. By transmitting special signature signals from each end terminal 3~,33,34, and 25 35 during such switch configuration ancl analyzing the returned signature signals within receiving circuitry in each end terminal, the round trip delay (from the end terminal through the switch 30 and back) can be determined for each end terminal. Any variation of such delay also can be determined so that compensating changes of phase can be made in local clock signals 30 used for controlling each of the end terminals.
In FIC~. 3, the reconfiguration patterns shown during the time slots 2,3 and 'I allow for full inter-connectivity among all of the end terminals. Depending upon traffic needs, one or more of the switch configurations can be repeated during every frame of bits.
~2~C~
- ~ -Referring now to ~IG. ~1, the end term;nal 32 is shown as a more detailed block diagram interconnected by way o:f the optical fibers 36 and 39 with the optical space switch 30. In the end -terminal 32, a group of input leads ~16 apply electrieal bit streams to the inputs of a buffer and 5 multiple~cer 48. Those input electrical bit streams together with a b;t stream on lead 73 are combined into a single block multiplexed electrical bit stream on a lead 50 under timing control from signals applied from a phase shifter circuit 5~ The bit stream on the lead 50 is applied to an electrical-to-optieal converter 56 and is converted into a representative optical bit 10 stream on the optical fiber 36.
In the switch 30, the crosspoints are configured during the first time-slot so that the crosspoint 38 is closed to route the bit stream from the optical fiber 36 to the optical fiber 39 and on to the receiving port of the end terminal 32. There the optical bit stream is converted by an optical-lS to-electrical converter 6Q into an electrical bit stream on a lead 62. That electrical bit stream is applied to a demultiplexer 6'1 which splits the bit stream into blocks which are directed to appropriate destinations located along lines 66.
~ framing and control circuit 68 provides a source of timing 20 signals, derived from the received bit stream, i'or controlling the timing of the demultiplexer 6~.
~ control circuit 70 adjusts the timing of the master clock signals from the master frequency clock 31 in dependence upon the duration of round trip delay as determinecl by the process of sending the special 25 optical signature signal bit stream through the fiber 36, the switch 30 and the fiber 39 back to the terminal 32, as -the returned signature signal. ~
specific signature signal representing the end terminal 32 is generated by a generator circuit 72 and is applied by way of the leacl 73 to the input of the buffer and multiplexer a~8. The signature signal bit stream includes a prefix 30 string of "1's" followed by a distinctive bit pattern identifying the end terminal 32 and a suffix string of "1's". When that signature bit stream is fed back to the input port of the terminal 32, the electrical bit stream is carried through a lead 7~ to a logic circuit 76. In the logic circuit 76, the returned bit stream is compared with a replica of the -transmitted signature 35 signal bit stream on a lead 78 for determining how much the returned bit stream varies in phase from its appropriate timing. The logic circuit 76 ~ 3 ~
looks at a sarmple o~ the returned bit stream during the time that the signature signal bit stream is expected to return. Logic circuit 76 determines whetller or not the signature signal ior the terminal 32 is returned during the appropriate time slot. It might be shiftecl either ahead 5 of or behind the appropriate time. If the signature signal for the terminal 32 is not returned during the appropriate time slot, the phase of the local control clock produced on the lead 81 by the phase shifter circuit 54 is adjusted with respect to the master clock frequency reference from the master frequency clock 31. This process is repeated until the signature 10 signal bit stream for the terminal 32 is returned to the end terminal 32 during the appropriate time slot.
When the correct signature signal bi-t stream is received during the appropriate time slot, the logic circuit 76 looks ror all of the prefix and suffix "1" bits. If all of those bits are returned during the appropriate time 15 slot, no further adjustment is made to the phase of the local control clock produced by the phase shifter circuit 5~. The slave end terminal 32 thus is synchronized with the master optical switch 30. If less than all of the prefix bits are returned, the phase of the local control clock on the lead 81 is delayed under control of a signal on the lead 80. If less than all of the suffix20 bits are returned, the phase of the local control clock on the lead 81 is advanced by the signal on the leacl 80. In eîther case, the phase of the local control clock is adjusted to counteract the variation in delay which has occurred along the optical paths 36 and 39 and at other places between the end terminal 32 and the optical switch 30.
Logic circuit 76 produces on the lead 80 a signal representing the magnitude and the polarity oi adjustment that the phase shif-ter circuit 5 must make in the local control clock signals derived from the master frequency clock 31. The circuit 76 alternately searches for the signature signal and adjusts the phase of the local control clock signal relative to the 30 frequency reference, or master, clock 3~ as applied through the signature signal generator 72 and the lead 78. Changing the phase of the local control clock signal on the lead 81 also changes the time at which the signature signal bit stream arrives at the optical switch 30. After appropriate adjustment of the phase of the local control clock on the lead 81, the 35 signature signal arrives at the optical switch 30 in synchronism with the master frequency clock signal controlling the optical switch 30. The optical ~ 3 ~ f''~3~
switch will be recon~igured during the guarcl bancl prece~ing the designated time slot for arrival of the signature signal. All of the signature signal, including prefix and sufrlx bits, is routed to the optical fiber 39 which carries the entire signature signal back to the receiving port of the end 5 terminal 32. Since the entire signature signal is received, the frame of data transmitted from end terminal 32is locked in synchronism with the master frequency clock controlling the switch 30.
Once the end terminals are locked with the master optical switch 30, each can detect subsequent loss of one or more bits from the prefix or 10 the suffix of its signature signal and make minor adjustments to the phase of its local control clock signals for maintaining synchronization.
Adjustment of the phase can occur during every frame of data. Such constant adjustment maintains synchronization with very close tolerance.
The required guard bands therefore are shortened with respect to the 15 lengthy duration which was required heretofore. Extra time required for transmitting the signature signals once during every frame is offset by a much more substantial reduction in the guard bands of every frame. Total o~erllead therefore is recLuced substantially, and the network operates much more efficiently. Each of the end terminals 32,33,34 and 35 of FIG. 2 has 20 an exclusive signature signal bit s-tream with prefix and suffix bits. These signature signals can be distinguished from each other and from cllstomer data so that each end terminal can correctly identify its own signature signal and round trip delay. Thlls each end terminal is capable of synchronizing transmitted frames of bits with the reconfiguration times of 25 the optical switch 30. Once all of the end terminals are synchronized with the optical switch 30, all data in the network is routed and periodically rerouted through the op-tical switch 30 without losing or dropping any bits.
Referring now to FIG. 5, there is shown a network of optical, or photonic, space switches 100, 110 and 120. The switches are shown as 4xa~
matrices, as in FIG. 2. All of the optical space switches 100, 110 and 120 of FIG. 5 can be interconnected with various end terminals, in accordance with the arrangement of FIG. 2. Also the optical switches 100, 110 and 120 are reconfigured periodically (every time slot) to route incoming bit streams of data to the various outputs. The optical switches provide full connec-tivity 35 between inpu-ts and outputs during every frame of data. This network presen-ts one synchronization problem, which is solved by a process similar 2~
to the one just described with respect to FIGS. 2, 3, and ~l, and other synchronization problems that are solved by other processes.
With respect to the one similar solution, -the optical switch 100 acts as a master to both of the other optical switches 110 and 120. Master frequency clock 31 applies reference frequency clock signals to all three optical switch locations so that they operate in reference to a single reference frequency clock source. Once per frame of bits, a distinctive signature signal is generated by each of the circuits 155 and 125. Those electrical signature signals are converted -to optical signature signals by 10 electrical-to-optical converters 139 and 1~0, respectively. The optical signature signals are applied to the respective slave optical space switches 110 and 120 for routing through optical fibers 135 and 138 to the master optical space switch 100. By the configuration of the master optical switch 100, the optical signals are routed through the master optical switch and 15 back to their source locations by way of optical fibers 111 and 121. These optical signals, fed back to the circuitries 130 and 131, are converted from optical signals to electrical signals by optical-to-electrical converters 13~ and 12~1. By way of leads 125 and 127 the returned electrical signals are applied to the circuits 155 and 12S for comparison with the distinctive signature 20 signals which were sent to the master optical switch 100. ~ny phase adjustment, required as a result of the comparison, is imparted to the control clock signals on the leads 15~ and 128. These phase adjustments are made with reference to the reference frequency clock signal from the master frequency clock 31. In this operation, each of the circuitries 130 and 131 2S scans for the appropriate signature signal and adjusts the phase of its localcontrol clock signal, as required, so that all customer data, transmitted from the slave optical space switches 110 and 120, arrive at the mas-ter optical switch 100 at the appropriate time with respect to every reconfiguration of the master optical switch 100.
Another synchronization problem is to assure that all customer data, sent from the master optical switch 100 to either of the slave optical space switches 110 or 120, arrive at the destination slave switch at the appropriate time for its reconfigurations. This problem is solved by adjusting delay in the paths through the fibers 111 and 121 carrying data from the master optical switch 100 to the slave optical switches 110 and 120, respectively.
.~312~3'~
Frames of optical data signals from the master optieal switch 100 are transmitted through the optical fiber 121, a variable optical delay device 122, and a fiber 123 to the slave optical space switch 120. The frames of optical data signals from the fiber 121 also are applied to an optical-to-S electrical converter unit 124. This converter unit 12~ together with asignature signal generator and clock phase control circuit 125 are similar to part of the arrangement of FIC~ . A delay adjustment circuit 126, responsive to the frames of received electrical signals by way of a lead 127, determines the starting times of the received frames of bits. The delay 10 adjustment circuit 126 compares the timing of the received frames of bits with the framing of the local control clock signals on lead 128 and produces a signal on the lead 129 to adjust the delay of the variable optical delay device 122 so that frame times of optieal signals arriving on the fiber 121, as applied through the fiber 123 to the switeh 120, are appropriate for the 15 reeonfiguration timing of the slave optieal space switch 120.
Slave optical switch 110 of FIG. 5 is synchroni~ed with the master optieal switch 100 in a manner similar to that just described with respect to the slave optical switch 120.
An additional synchroni~ation problem is to assure that data, 20 originating at either of the slave optical space switehes 110 and 120 arrives at the other slave optical switch at a time appropriate for the reconfiguration timing of the receiving slave optical switch. Frames of optical data signals from the slave optical switch 110 are transmitted through an optieal fiber 141 and are applied through a variable optical delay 25 device 1~2 and a fiber 143 to the slave optieal switeh 120. Frames of optiealdata signals from the fiber 1~1 also are applied to an optieal-to-eleetrieal eonverter unit 1~14. A delay adjustment eireuit 146, responsive to the eleetrieal data signals from the converter unit 14~, determines the starting times of frames. Frame timing is eompared with the local eontrol clock 30 signal on the lead 12~. Delay adjustment circuit 146 produces a control signal on the lead 1~1~ to adjust -the delay of the variable optical delay unit 1~2 so that the frame times of optical signals arriving on the fiber 1a~1, as applied through the fiber 143 to the switch 120, are appropriate for the reconfiguration timing of the slave optical switch 120.
L 2 ~
,A variable optical delay device 1S2 is adjusted to synchrollize optical data signals arriving at the slave optical switch 110 by way of the optical ~iber 15L so that frames of those signals are timed appropriately with the reconfiguration timing of the slave optical switch 110. This function is 5 accomplished in a manner similar to the process just described with respect to data sent from the slave optical switch 110 to the slave optical switch 120.
The foregoing describes an arrangement of an optical switching net~vork that is synchronized throughout in frequency and in phase.
10 Frequency synch~onization is accomplished by distributing the master reference frequency clock to control all nocdes in the network. Phase synchronization is accomplished in part by adjusting the phases of all local clock control signals with respect to variations in round trip delay experienced by the signature signals. Additional phase synchronization is 15 accomplished by adjusting the delay in optical paths between nodes in response to the detected difference between the frame times of received frames and the frame times of the local clock control signal.
All of such synchronization substantially recluces the variations of frame timing among the different sources of data being received at each 20 node. As a result the required duration of guard bancls also are substantially reduced to the order of tens of bits. The overhead time required for the reduced guard bands plus the additional time for transmitting the signature signal during every frame of bits is much less than the overhead time required heretofore for the guard bands. Thus the 25 total overhead time is reduced enabling the optical switch network -to operate with very high efficiencies.
The foregoing describes one or more embodiments of applicants' advantageous optical switctling network synchronization arrangement and method of operation. The embodiments and method described herein 30 together with other embodiments and methods made obvious in view thereof are considered to be within the scope of the appended claims.
OF 'rIME MULTIPL~XED OPTICAL SPA(~E ~WITCH~S
This invention relates to a network of time mult;plexed optical spaee s-vitches and more partieularly to synchronizing frames of data in such a 5 network.
Background OI the Invention Optical transmission systems are increasingly used in telecommunieation networks. They provide a relatively low eost, wideband transmission medium which supports many communication patlls over eaeh 10 optieal fiber. Voiee, data and video signals are transmitted through the fibers as optieal digital signals to minimize noise and distortion over long distanees.
Beeause of the inereased use of lightwave technology in transmission systems, there is interest also in using optical technology in 15 switching systems for intereonnecting a network of optical transmission systems. One advantage in using optical switching is the potential for eliminating the electrical-to-optieal and optieal-to-eleetrieal eonversions whieh are now required between the optical transmission systems and the existing electrical switching systems.
Frequency and frame synchronization are very important factors in an optical switching network. Very high bit rate bit streams from a variety of transmission systems must be coordinated for eoineidental switehing through the optieal switehes. Eaeh sequential stream of information bits is grouped into a framed format. Within eaeh frame, the 25 bits are grouped aeeording to-their destina-tion. Sueh groups of bits are ealled data segments. Following eaeh data segment is a gap referred to as a guard band, or switeh reeonfiguration time. The purpose of the guard band is to provide time for reeonfiguring the switeh while allowing for time misalignment ot frames arriving from cli-fferent transmission system inputs 30 to the switeh. This type of multiplexing is known as bloek multiplexing.
~ Iaving grouped the infor-mation bits within eaeh frame into data segments aeeording to destination, it is possible to route the bits to their destination by properly eonfiguring elosed erosspoints in the optical switeh during the guard bands. Switch reconfiguration must occur while the guard :~3~26~
bands concur for all data streams arriving at the optical switch. C)therwise the switch reconfiguration occurs while one or more data segments are arriving at the switch and some data will be lost.
~n optical switch may be of a variety of types; however, an 5 optical space s~,vitch, based on titanium-diffused lithium niobate (Ti: Li Nb O3) directional couplers, is a reasonable option for early opt;cal switching systems. The directional couplers can be arranged iIl a crossbar format. In non-blocking optical switches, the state of each directional coupler is subjeet to ehange periodically several times per frame of information. The 10 states of the direetional eouplers are ehanged so that every input ean be eonneeted to every output at least onee during every frame.
There are problems assoeiated with the design of a synehronization arrangement for an optieal switeh. First of all it is essen-tialthat the frames of data arriving at every optical switeh are all synehronized 15 with each other and with the switch itself. They must be synchronized in both frequency and in phase. ~ny synchronization arrangement can use no more than a reasonable amount of equipment at a reasonable cost.
Seeondly it is important to design the synehronization arrangement for minimal operating eost. Beeause there are guard bands between the data 20 segments in the signal stream, there is a potential for inefficient operationsince operating efficiency is defined as the quantity frame duration time less total overhead time in one frame divided by total frame duration time.
Typieal designs for optieal switehing networks cover large geographie areas and inelude optieal transmission systems that are several 25 hundred to several thousand miles long. The intereonneeting eables which inelude the optieal transmission media are subjected to wide differenees of environmental eonditions and temperatures. As a result, the total duration of guard bands per frame tends to be very long in relation to the length of the frames. Sinee effieieney of operating the network is determined by 30 dividing the quantity frame duration time less the total duration of the guard bands and other overhead time per frame by the frame duration time, long guard bancls tend to make the network ineffieient and relatively more expensive to operate. Sueh ineffieieney presents a problem for designers of optieal switehing networks.
13:~2~
~ummary o l~ the Inven tion This problem and others are solved by an optical switching network including a master optical switch that is interconnected with remote slave equipments ïor switching block-multiplexed messages among 5 the remote equipments. The master optical swi-tch responds to a frequency reference clock and steps periodically through a sequence of states for establishing various routes, i.e., the switch connections are reconfigured periodically for establishing different connections between its inputs and outputs, among the remote equipments for appropriately routing the 10 messages to correct destinations. The frequency reference clock is distributed from a common source to the master optical switch and to the remote slave equipments. During one of sueh states per frame, eaeh remote slave equipment transmits a distinct signature signal. All of the slave equipments are connected through the master optical switch to return to 15 themselves their own signals transmitted during that -time slo-t. Each remote slave equipment compares the returned signal with the originally transmitted signature signal to determine how mueh round trip delay has varied from a nominal value and then adjusts the phase of a control clock signal to counteract the variation of the delay. Thus the -time of operation 20 of the remote slave equipment is adjusted and synchronized with the master optical switch so that messages transmitted from the remote equipment arrive at the master optical switch at the eorrect time with respect to the periodic reconfigurations of the master op-tical switch. Sinee the messages from the various remote slave equipments are synchronized to arrive at the 25 master optieal at the eorreet reeonfiguration times, the recluirecl guard bands and total overhead time per frame are redueecl -to a very short time.
Efficieney of the network is thereby inereased substantially.
In a network of optieal switehes for routing bloek-multiplexecl messages, one optieal switeh is designated a mas-ter and the other optieal 30 switehes are slaves. A slave switeh ean in turn aet as a mas-ter of other lower-level slave switches, so that control of the network is exercised in a hierarehieal fashion. All of the switehes are reeonfigured periodieally for routing different inputs to outputs. The phase of the eontrol elock signal for each slave optieal switeh is adjustecd so that its transmitted data 35 messages arrive at the master optieal switeh at the eorreet times with respeet to the periodie reeonfigurations of the master optieal switeh.
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Variable lurnped optical delay u nits are placed in the fibers which are used for transmitting From the master optical switch to the slave optical switches. These lumped optical delay units are controlled so that optical signal messages, transmitted from the master optical switch, arrive at each of the slave optical switches at the correct times with S respect to the periodic reconfigurations of the slave optical switches. As a result, the network of optical switches is synchronized so that the required guard bands and total overhead time per frame are reduced and efficiency increased accordingly.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention there is provided a method for synchronizing a remote slave equipment with a master photonic switch comprising the steps of: producing at the remote slave equipment a control clock signal from a frequency reference clock; repeatedly transmitting from the remote slave equipment to the master photonic switch block multiplexed messages including a signature-sequence of bits du}ing a predetermined time slot of every frame generated in response to the control clock signal;
feeding back at least a portion of the signature-sequence of bits from the master photonic switch to the remote slave equipment during the predetermined time slot of every frame;
the remote slave equipment comparing the fed back port;on of the signature-sequence of bits with the signature-sequence of bits for determining a phase difference therebetween;
and adjusting, in response to the phase difference, the phase of the control clock signal with respect to the frequency reference clock.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention there is provided an optical communication network having an optical switch controlled by a frequencyreference clock for routing block multiplexed optical signals rom plural inputs to plural outputs, an end terminal controlled by a control clock signal derived from the frequency reference clock, first and second optical fibers interconnecting the end terminal with an input and an output of the optical switch, the network comprising: means for generating a signature signal in the end terminal and transmitting the signature signal through the first optical fiber to the input of the optical switch; the optical switch configured, while the signature signal is being transmitted, for routing the signature signal from the first optical fiber and the input through a crosspoint in the optical switch to the output and the second fiber for return to the end terminal; means within the end terminal for comparing the returned signature signal with the transmitted signature signal to produce a phase difference signal; and means responsive to the phase difference signal for adjusting the phase of the control clock signal with respect to the frequency reference clock.,~
~a Brieî Description oE th~ Dra~Yin~~
The inventio!l will be better understood by reading the following detailed description with ret`erence to the drawing wherein FIG. 1 is an illustrative timing diagram oE a sequence oE bits in a Erame S Eormat including N+1 time slots per Erame;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram oE a Eour-by-four switch interconnected with four remote terminals;
FIG. 3 is a timing cliagram for switch reconfigurations oE the four-by-Eour switch oE FIG. 2;
l() FIG. 4 is a hlock diagram oE a remote slave equipment interconnected with the four-by-four switch ot FIG. 2; and FIG. 5 is a block diagram oE a network of optical switches and interconnecting optical fiber lines.
Detailed Description An optical space switch in a crossbar Eormat receives inputs of time-multiplexed photonic signals. The input photonic signals are in a block-multiplexed Eormat. In a block-multiplexecl Eormat, bits are grouped in blocks according to their destinations. The optical, or photonic, switch uses such a block-multiplexed format because the selected routes through the switch must be reconEigured for every change of 20 destination. Thus the switch is reconEigured periodically Eor rearranging the routing oE
blocks oE data arriving at the switch. Switch recon~igurations at the block rate are much less Erequent than reconfig-lrations at the bit rate and can be accomplished with present technology.
ReEerring now to FIG. 1, there is shown an example of a sequence of 25 blocks of sequential data on a time line. The blocks are arranged in a frame wherein a first block n is Eollowed by a block n + 1, and so on until a block n + N, the last block oE the Erame. Then the r~
, 2 ~ ~ C,~
design3tions o~ the blocl~s repeat in a subsequent frame, not shown.
Each block of data is included in a time slot. The time slot is long enough to include both a block of data and a guard band. The guard band is included in each time slot to compensate for any misalignment of 5 the frames of data which are transmitted from different sources. Frames of data received by ~ switch fronl different end terminals generally are not fully aligned, i.e., the first bit of data in the frame from one end terminal does not arrive at the switch at the same time as the rlrst bit of data in the frames of all other end terminals.
A frame synchronization problem is caused by those differences in the phases of signals arriving at the switch from the different sources.
These differences in phase are a result of the variations in the time of transmission of photonic signals from end terminals, the ambient changes along cable routes and the changes in transmitter laser frequencies. (~uard 15 bands in the block format must be long enough to accommodate the maximum expected phase variations from all of those factors. As previously mentioned, the instants of switch reconfigurations must occur within the guard band of every input bit stream or else data is lost. ~Ieretofore to accommodate the largest expected phase variations, the guard bands have 20 been so long that they occupy something in the order of one thousand bits per time slot. That is excessive operating overhead for any network of commercial significance. Operating such a system is just too inefficient and costly.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a block diagram of an 25 optical space switch 30, arranged in the form of a crossbar matrix switch, which is interconnected with four end terminals 32, 33, 3~L and 35.
Crosspoints in the matrix are based upon known photonic directional couplers, such as the previously mentioned titanium-diffused lithium niobate directional couplers.
During operation of the optical switch 30, control circuitry (not shown) periodically reconfigures the paths thro-ugh the swi-tch in response -to control signals with reference to a mas-ter frequency clock 31. Each time the paths through the swi-tch 30 are reconfigured, each end terminal 32, 33, 34 and 35 is connected through the switch to one of the end terminals. Thus 35 signals arriving at any one input of the switch 30 can be routed to a different output and end terminal every time the switch is reconfigured.
~ 3 ~ ~ ~3 ~
Referring IIOW to FI(~. 3, there is shown a diagram presenting variations of time slot times of arrival receivecl at the switch 30 of FI~. 2 from the end terminals 32,33,34 and 35. Each line across the diagram represents a sequence of data originating from one terminal. Four time slots 5 are shown from lert to right~ They are represented by vertical divisions, which are numbered 1 through ~ across the bottom of the figure~
Crosspoint connections, which exist during each time slot, are indicated by dots on the small matrix located direc-tly below the associated time slot.
Signals from any given end terminal are transferred through the switch 30 10 to a specific output according to the switch path configuration represented in the matrix for each time slot.
In the switch configuration of the leftmost time slot, the crosspoints are closed along the diagonal from the upper left to the lower right. At such a time, the signals, transmitted in the FI(~. 2 by the end terminal 32 through a fiber 36 to the switch 30, are routed through a closed crosspoint 3g, are carried through another fiber 39, and are fed back to the receiving port of the end terminal 32. Likewise concurrent transmissions from the end terminals 33,34 and 3S are routed respectively through closed crosspoints 'l1, ~3 and '15 and are fed back to their own receiving ports.
This just-described switch configuration generally is not used in the ordinary sequence of operations by the switch 30 because each terminal has its output fed back to its own input port. Operation in this configuration is referred to hereinafter as feedback operation. By transmitting special signature signals from each end terminal 3~,33,34, and 25 35 during such switch configuration ancl analyzing the returned signature signals within receiving circuitry in each end terminal, the round trip delay (from the end terminal through the switch 30 and back) can be determined for each end terminal. Any variation of such delay also can be determined so that compensating changes of phase can be made in local clock signals 30 used for controlling each of the end terminals.
In FIC~. 3, the reconfiguration patterns shown during the time slots 2,3 and 'I allow for full inter-connectivity among all of the end terminals. Depending upon traffic needs, one or more of the switch configurations can be repeated during every frame of bits.
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- ~ -Referring now to ~IG. ~1, the end term;nal 32 is shown as a more detailed block diagram interconnected by way o:f the optical fibers 36 and 39 with the optical space switch 30. In the end -terminal 32, a group of input leads ~16 apply electrieal bit streams to the inputs of a buffer and 5 multiple~cer 48. Those input electrical bit streams together with a b;t stream on lead 73 are combined into a single block multiplexed electrical bit stream on a lead 50 under timing control from signals applied from a phase shifter circuit 5~ The bit stream on the lead 50 is applied to an electrical-to-optieal converter 56 and is converted into a representative optical bit 10 stream on the optical fiber 36.
In the switch 30, the crosspoints are configured during the first time-slot so that the crosspoint 38 is closed to route the bit stream from the optical fiber 36 to the optical fiber 39 and on to the receiving port of the end terminal 32. There the optical bit stream is converted by an optical-lS to-electrical converter 6Q into an electrical bit stream on a lead 62. That electrical bit stream is applied to a demultiplexer 6'1 which splits the bit stream into blocks which are directed to appropriate destinations located along lines 66.
~ framing and control circuit 68 provides a source of timing 20 signals, derived from the received bit stream, i'or controlling the timing of the demultiplexer 6~.
~ control circuit 70 adjusts the timing of the master clock signals from the master frequency clock 31 in dependence upon the duration of round trip delay as determinecl by the process of sending the special 25 optical signature signal bit stream through the fiber 36, the switch 30 and the fiber 39 back to the terminal 32, as -the returned signature signal. ~
specific signature signal representing the end terminal 32 is generated by a generator circuit 72 and is applied by way of the leacl 73 to the input of the buffer and multiplexer a~8. The signature signal bit stream includes a prefix 30 string of "1's" followed by a distinctive bit pattern identifying the end terminal 32 and a suffix string of "1's". When that signature bit stream is fed back to the input port of the terminal 32, the electrical bit stream is carried through a lead 7~ to a logic circuit 76. In the logic circuit 76, the returned bit stream is compared with a replica of the -transmitted signature 35 signal bit stream on a lead 78 for determining how much the returned bit stream varies in phase from its appropriate timing. The logic circuit 76 ~ 3 ~
looks at a sarmple o~ the returned bit stream during the time that the signature signal bit stream is expected to return. Logic circuit 76 determines whetller or not the signature signal ior the terminal 32 is returned during the appropriate time slot. It might be shiftecl either ahead 5 of or behind the appropriate time. If the signature signal for the terminal 32 is not returned during the appropriate time slot, the phase of the local control clock produced on the lead 81 by the phase shifter circuit 54 is adjusted with respect to the master clock frequency reference from the master frequency clock 31. This process is repeated until the signature 10 signal bit stream for the terminal 32 is returned to the end terminal 32 during the appropriate time slot.
When the correct signature signal bi-t stream is received during the appropriate time slot, the logic circuit 76 looks ror all of the prefix and suffix "1" bits. If all of those bits are returned during the appropriate time 15 slot, no further adjustment is made to the phase of the local control clock produced by the phase shifter circuit 5~. The slave end terminal 32 thus is synchronized with the master optical switch 30. If less than all of the prefix bits are returned, the phase of the local control clock on the lead 81 is delayed under control of a signal on the lead 80. If less than all of the suffix20 bits are returned, the phase of the local control clock on the lead 81 is advanced by the signal on the leacl 80. In eîther case, the phase of the local control clock is adjusted to counteract the variation in delay which has occurred along the optical paths 36 and 39 and at other places between the end terminal 32 and the optical switch 30.
Logic circuit 76 produces on the lead 80 a signal representing the magnitude and the polarity oi adjustment that the phase shif-ter circuit 5 must make in the local control clock signals derived from the master frequency clock 31. The circuit 76 alternately searches for the signature signal and adjusts the phase of the local control clock signal relative to the 30 frequency reference, or master, clock 3~ as applied through the signature signal generator 72 and the lead 78. Changing the phase of the local control clock signal on the lead 81 also changes the time at which the signature signal bit stream arrives at the optical switch 30. After appropriate adjustment of the phase of the local control clock on the lead 81, the 35 signature signal arrives at the optical switch 30 in synchronism with the master frequency clock signal controlling the optical switch 30. The optical ~ 3 ~ f''~3~
switch will be recon~igured during the guarcl bancl prece~ing the designated time slot for arrival of the signature signal. All of the signature signal, including prefix and sufrlx bits, is routed to the optical fiber 39 which carries the entire signature signal back to the receiving port of the end 5 terminal 32. Since the entire signature signal is received, the frame of data transmitted from end terminal 32is locked in synchronism with the master frequency clock controlling the switch 30.
Once the end terminals are locked with the master optical switch 30, each can detect subsequent loss of one or more bits from the prefix or 10 the suffix of its signature signal and make minor adjustments to the phase of its local control clock signals for maintaining synchronization.
Adjustment of the phase can occur during every frame of data. Such constant adjustment maintains synchronization with very close tolerance.
The required guard bands therefore are shortened with respect to the 15 lengthy duration which was required heretofore. Extra time required for transmitting the signature signals once during every frame is offset by a much more substantial reduction in the guard bands of every frame. Total o~erllead therefore is recLuced substantially, and the network operates much more efficiently. Each of the end terminals 32,33,34 and 35 of FIG. 2 has 20 an exclusive signature signal bit s-tream with prefix and suffix bits. These signature signals can be distinguished from each other and from cllstomer data so that each end terminal can correctly identify its own signature signal and round trip delay. Thlls each end terminal is capable of synchronizing transmitted frames of bits with the reconfiguration times of 25 the optical switch 30. Once all of the end terminals are synchronized with the optical switch 30, all data in the network is routed and periodically rerouted through the op-tical switch 30 without losing or dropping any bits.
Referring now to FIG. 5, there is shown a network of optical, or photonic, space switches 100, 110 and 120. The switches are shown as 4xa~
matrices, as in FIG. 2. All of the optical space switches 100, 110 and 120 of FIG. 5 can be interconnected with various end terminals, in accordance with the arrangement of FIG. 2. Also the optical switches 100, 110 and 120 are reconfigured periodically (every time slot) to route incoming bit streams of data to the various outputs. The optical switches provide full connec-tivity 35 between inpu-ts and outputs during every frame of data. This network presen-ts one synchronization problem, which is solved by a process similar 2~
to the one just described with respect to FIGS. 2, 3, and ~l, and other synchronization problems that are solved by other processes.
With respect to the one similar solution, -the optical switch 100 acts as a master to both of the other optical switches 110 and 120. Master frequency clock 31 applies reference frequency clock signals to all three optical switch locations so that they operate in reference to a single reference frequency clock source. Once per frame of bits, a distinctive signature signal is generated by each of the circuits 155 and 125. Those electrical signature signals are converted -to optical signature signals by 10 electrical-to-optical converters 139 and 1~0, respectively. The optical signature signals are applied to the respective slave optical space switches 110 and 120 for routing through optical fibers 135 and 138 to the master optical space switch 100. By the configuration of the master optical switch 100, the optical signals are routed through the master optical switch and 15 back to their source locations by way of optical fibers 111 and 121. These optical signals, fed back to the circuitries 130 and 131, are converted from optical signals to electrical signals by optical-to-electrical converters 13~ and 12~1. By way of leads 125 and 127 the returned electrical signals are applied to the circuits 155 and 12S for comparison with the distinctive signature 20 signals which were sent to the master optical switch 100. ~ny phase adjustment, required as a result of the comparison, is imparted to the control clock signals on the leads 15~ and 128. These phase adjustments are made with reference to the reference frequency clock signal from the master frequency clock 31. In this operation, each of the circuitries 130 and 131 2S scans for the appropriate signature signal and adjusts the phase of its localcontrol clock signal, as required, so that all customer data, transmitted from the slave optical space switches 110 and 120, arrive at the mas-ter optical switch 100 at the appropriate time with respect to every reconfiguration of the master optical switch 100.
Another synchronization problem is to assure that all customer data, sent from the master optical switch 100 to either of the slave optical space switches 110 or 120, arrive at the destination slave switch at the appropriate time for its reconfigurations. This problem is solved by adjusting delay in the paths through the fibers 111 and 121 carrying data from the master optical switch 100 to the slave optical switches 110 and 120, respectively.
.~312~3'~
Frames of optical data signals from the master optieal switch 100 are transmitted through the optical fiber 121, a variable optical delay device 122, and a fiber 123 to the slave optical space switch 120. The frames of optical data signals from the fiber 121 also are applied to an optical-to-S electrical converter unit 124. This converter unit 12~ together with asignature signal generator and clock phase control circuit 125 are similar to part of the arrangement of FIC~ . A delay adjustment circuit 126, responsive to the frames of received electrical signals by way of a lead 127, determines the starting times of the received frames of bits. The delay 10 adjustment circuit 126 compares the timing of the received frames of bits with the framing of the local control clock signals on lead 128 and produces a signal on the lead 129 to adjust the delay of the variable optical delay device 122 so that frame times of optieal signals arriving on the fiber 121, as applied through the fiber 123 to the switeh 120, are appropriate for the 15 reeonfiguration timing of the slave optieal space switch 120.
Slave optical switch 110 of FIG. 5 is synchroni~ed with the master optieal switch 100 in a manner similar to that just described with respect to the slave optical switch 120.
An additional synchroni~ation problem is to assure that data, 20 originating at either of the slave optical space switehes 110 and 120 arrives at the other slave optical switch at a time appropriate for the reconfiguration timing of the receiving slave optical switch. Frames of optical data signals from the slave optical switch 110 are transmitted through an optieal fiber 141 and are applied through a variable optical delay 25 device 1~2 and a fiber 143 to the slave optieal switeh 120. Frames of optiealdata signals from the fiber 1~1 also are applied to an optieal-to-eleetrieal eonverter unit 1~14. A delay adjustment eireuit 146, responsive to the eleetrieal data signals from the converter unit 14~, determines the starting times of frames. Frame timing is eompared with the local eontrol clock 30 signal on the lead 12~. Delay adjustment circuit 146 produces a control signal on the lead 1~1~ to adjust -the delay of the variable optical delay unit 1~2 so that the frame times of optical signals arriving on the fiber 1a~1, as applied through the fiber 143 to the switch 120, are appropriate for the reconfiguration timing of the slave optical switch 120.
L 2 ~
,A variable optical delay device 1S2 is adjusted to synchrollize optical data signals arriving at the slave optical switch 110 by way of the optical ~iber 15L so that frames of those signals are timed appropriately with the reconfiguration timing of the slave optical switch 110. This function is 5 accomplished in a manner similar to the process just described with respect to data sent from the slave optical switch 110 to the slave optical switch 120.
The foregoing describes an arrangement of an optical switching net~vork that is synchronized throughout in frequency and in phase.
10 Frequency synch~onization is accomplished by distributing the master reference frequency clock to control all nocdes in the network. Phase synchronization is accomplished in part by adjusting the phases of all local clock control signals with respect to variations in round trip delay experienced by the signature signals. Additional phase synchronization is 15 accomplished by adjusting the delay in optical paths between nodes in response to the detected difference between the frame times of received frames and the frame times of the local clock control signal.
All of such synchronization substantially recluces the variations of frame timing among the different sources of data being received at each 20 node. As a result the required duration of guard bancls also are substantially reduced to the order of tens of bits. The overhead time required for the reduced guard bands plus the additional time for transmitting the signature signal during every frame of bits is much less than the overhead time required heretofore for the guard bands. Thus the 25 total overhead time is reduced enabling the optical switch network -to operate with very high efficiencies.
The foregoing describes one or more embodiments of applicants' advantageous optical switctling network synchronization arrangement and method of operation. The embodiments and method described herein 30 together with other embodiments and methods made obvious in view thereof are considered to be within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (11)
1. A method for synchronizing a remote slave equipment with a master photonic switch comprising the steps of:
producing at the remote slave equipment a control clock signal from a frequency reference clock;
repeatedly transmitting from the remote slave equipment to the master photonic switch block multiplexed messages including a signature-sequence of bits during a predetermined time slot of every frame generated in response to the control clock signal;
feeding back at least a portion of the signature-sequence of bits from the master photonic switch to the remote slave equipment during the predetermined time slot of every frame;
the remote slave equipment comparing the fed back portion of the signature-sequence of bits with the signature-sequence of bits for determining a phase difference therebetween; and adjusting, in response to the phase difference, the phase of the control clock signal with respect to the frequency reference clock.
producing at the remote slave equipment a control clock signal from a frequency reference clock;
repeatedly transmitting from the remote slave equipment to the master photonic switch block multiplexed messages including a signature-sequence of bits during a predetermined time slot of every frame generated in response to the control clock signal;
feeding back at least a portion of the signature-sequence of bits from the master photonic switch to the remote slave equipment during the predetermined time slot of every frame;
the remote slave equipment comparing the fed back portion of the signature-sequence of bits with the signature-sequence of bits for determining a phase difference therebetween; and adjusting, in response to the phase difference, the phase of the control clock signal with respect to the frequency reference clock.
2. A method for synchronizing a remote slave equipment with a master photonic switch, in accordance with claim 1, wherein the signature-sequence of bits includes a predetermined number of prefix bits, a distinctive identification code for the remote slave equipment, and a predetermined number of suffix bits; and the phase difference is dependent upon feedback of the distinctive identification code and the fed back portions of the predetermined numbers of prefix and suffix bits.
3. A method for synchronizing a remote slave equipment with a master optical switch, in accordance with claim 2, wherein the remote slave equipment is a first slave optical switch; and the method comprising the further steps of:
periodically reconfiguring the first slave optical switch in response to the control clock signal;
at the first slave optical switch determining, with respect to the control clock signal, variations of timing of framing signals accompanying optical data signals transmitted from a second slave optical switch to the first slave optical switch; and adjusting delay, imparted to the optical data signals transmitted from the second slave optical switch to the first slave optical switch, in response to the variation of the timing of the accompanying framing signals so that the optical data signals arrive at the first slave optical switch at thecorrect time with respect to the periodic reconfigurations of the first slave optical switch.
periodically reconfiguring the first slave optical switch in response to the control clock signal;
at the first slave optical switch determining, with respect to the control clock signal, variations of timing of framing signals accompanying optical data signals transmitted from a second slave optical switch to the first slave optical switch; and adjusting delay, imparted to the optical data signals transmitted from the second slave optical switch to the first slave optical switch, in response to the variation of the timing of the accompanying framing signals so that the optical data signals arrive at the first slave optical switch at thecorrect time with respect to the periodic reconfigurations of the first slave optical switch.
4. A method for synchronizing a remote slave equipment with a master optical switch comprising the steps of:
in response to a frequency reference clock signal, periodically reconfiguring the master optical switch for switching received block-multiplexed signals to predetermined destinations;
at the remote slave equipment determining, with respect to the frequency reference clock signal, variations of round trip delay for optical data signals transmitted from the remote slave equipment through optical fibers and the master optical switch back to the remote slave equipment;
adjusting phase of a control clock signal for the remote slave equipment to counteract the variations of the round trip delay for the optical data signals; and controlling operation of the remote slave equipment in response to the adjusted control clock signal so that blocks of optical signals transmitted from the remote slave equipment to the master optical switch arrive at the master optical switch at the correct time with respect to the periodic reconfiguration of the master optical switch.
in response to a frequency reference clock signal, periodically reconfiguring the master optical switch for switching received block-multiplexed signals to predetermined destinations;
at the remote slave equipment determining, with respect to the frequency reference clock signal, variations of round trip delay for optical data signals transmitted from the remote slave equipment through optical fibers and the master optical switch back to the remote slave equipment;
adjusting phase of a control clock signal for the remote slave equipment to counteract the variations of the round trip delay for the optical data signals; and controlling operation of the remote slave equipment in response to the adjusted control clock signal so that blocks of optical signals transmitted from the remote slave equipment to the master optical switch arrive at the master optical switch at the correct time with respect to the periodic reconfiguration of the master optical switch.
5. A method for synchronizing a remote slave optical equipment with a master optical switch, in accordance with claim 4, wherein the remote slave optical equipment is a slave optical switch; and the method comprising the further steps of:
in response to the control clock signal, periodically reconfiguring the slave optical switch for switching block-multiplexed optical signals received from the master optical switch to predetermined destinations.
in response to the control clock signal, periodically reconfiguring the slave optical switch for switching block-multiplexed optical signals received from the master optical switch to predetermined destinations.
6. A method for synchronizing a remote slave optical equipment with a master optical switch, in accordance with claim 5, comprising the further steps of:
at the slave optical switch determining, with respect to the adjusted control clock signal, variations of timing of framing signals accompanying block-multiplexed optical signals received from the master optical switch at the slave optical switch; and adjusting delay, imparted to the block-multiplexed optical signals transmitted from the master optical switch to the slave optical switch, in response to the variation of the timing of the accompanying framing signals so that the block-multiplexed optical signals arrive at the slave optical switch at the correct time with respect to the periodic reconfiguration of the slave optical switch.
at the slave optical switch determining, with respect to the adjusted control clock signal, variations of timing of framing signals accompanying block-multiplexed optical signals received from the master optical switch at the slave optical switch; and adjusting delay, imparted to the block-multiplexed optical signals transmitted from the master optical switch to the slave optical switch, in response to the variation of the timing of the accompanying framing signals so that the block-multiplexed optical signals arrive at the slave optical switch at the correct time with respect to the periodic reconfiguration of the slave optical switch.
7. A method for synchronizing periodic reconfigurations of a slave optical switch with periodic reconfigurations of a master optical switch comprising the steps of:
at the slave optical switch determining, with respect to a control clock signal, variations of timing of framing signals accompanying blocks of optical data signals routed through the master optical switch to the slave optical switch; and adjusting delay, imparted to the blocks of optical data signals between the master optical switch and the slave optical switch, in response to the variations of the timing of the framing signals so that the blocks of optical data signals arrive at the slave optical switch at the correct time with respect to the periodic reconfigurations of the slave optical switch.
at the slave optical switch determining, with respect to a control clock signal, variations of timing of framing signals accompanying blocks of optical data signals routed through the master optical switch to the slave optical switch; and adjusting delay, imparted to the blocks of optical data signals between the master optical switch and the slave optical switch, in response to the variations of the timing of the framing signals so that the blocks of optical data signals arrive at the slave optical switch at the correct time with respect to the periodic reconfigurations of the slave optical switch.
8. An optical communication network having an optical switch controlled by a frequency reference clock for routing block multiplexed optical signals from plural inputs to plural outputs, an end terminal controlled by a control clock signal derived from the frequency reference clock, first and second optical fibers interconnecting the end terminal with an input and an output of the optical switch, the network comprising:
means for generating a signature signal in the end terminal and transmitting the signature signal through the first optical fiber to the input of the optical switch;
the optical switch configured, while the signature signal is being transmitted, for routing the signature signal from the first optical fiber and the input through a crosspoint in the optical switch to the output and the second fiber for return to the end terminal;
means within the end terminal for comparing the returned signature signal with the transmitted signature signal to produce a phase difference signal; and means responsive to the phase difference signal for adjusting the phase of the control clock signal with respect to the frequency reference clock.
means for generating a signature signal in the end terminal and transmitting the signature signal through the first optical fiber to the input of the optical switch;
the optical switch configured, while the signature signal is being transmitted, for routing the signature signal from the first optical fiber and the input through a crosspoint in the optical switch to the output and the second fiber for return to the end terminal;
means within the end terminal for comparing the returned signature signal with the transmitted signature signal to produce a phase difference signal; and means responsive to the phase difference signal for adjusting the phase of the control clock signal with respect to the frequency reference clock.
9. An optical communication network, in accordance with claim 8, wherein the signature signal is a sequence of bits in a block including a predetermined number of prefix bits, a distinctive identification code for the end terminal, and a predetermined number of suffix bits; and the characteristics of the phase difference signal are dependent upon the return of the distinctive identification code and the returned portions of the predetermined numbers of prefix and suffix bits.
10. An optical communication network having a photonic switch, a remote equipment controlled by a clock derived from a frequency reference clock;
first and second optical fibers interconnecting the remote equipment with the photonic switch, the optical fibers having a variable optical delay with a nominal value;
means for transmitting an optical signature signal in a block from the remote equipment through the first optical fiber to the photonic switch;
means, responsive to the frequency reference clock, for configuring the photonic switch to route the optical signature signal in the block from the first optical fiber through the optical switch and the second optical fiber for return to the remote equipment; and means, responsive to the result of a comparison between the transmitted optical signature signal and the returned optical signal, for changing phase of the derived clock to counteract any variation of optical delay in the first optical fiber.
first and second optical fibers interconnecting the remote equipment with the photonic switch, the optical fibers having a variable optical delay with a nominal value;
means for transmitting an optical signature signal in a block from the remote equipment through the first optical fiber to the photonic switch;
means, responsive to the frequency reference clock, for configuring the photonic switch to route the optical signature signal in the block from the first optical fiber through the optical switch and the second optical fiber for return to the remote equipment; and means, responsive to the result of a comparison between the transmitted optical signature signal and the returned optical signal, for changing phase of the derived clock to counteract any variation of optical delay in the first optical fiber.
11. An optical communication network, in accordance with claim 10, wherein the optical signature signal is a sequence of bits including a predetermined number of prefix bits, a distinctive identification code for the remote equipment, and a predetermined number of suffix bits; and the changes to the derived clock are dependent upon the return of the distinctive identification code and the returned portions of the predetermined numbers of prefix and suffix bits.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/275,802 US4912706A (en) | 1988-11-18 | 1988-11-18 | Frame synchronization in a network of time multiplexed optical space switches |
| US275,802 | 1988-11-18 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1312682C true CA1312682C (en) | 1993-01-12 |
Family
ID=23053861
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000612857A Expired - Fee Related CA1312682C (en) | 1988-11-18 | 1989-09-25 | Frame synchronization in a network of time multiplexed optical space switches |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4912706A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0369690B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH0648870B2 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU610442B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1312682C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE68920957T2 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2066862T3 (en) |
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| USRE38513E1 (en) | 1992-03-26 | 2004-05-11 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Communication system |
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| DE4329733A1 (en) * | 1993-09-03 | 1995-03-09 | Sel Alcatel Ag | Time division multiplexing |
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| FR2726726A1 (en) * | 1994-11-04 | 1996-05-10 | Guillemot Christian | SWITCH SYSTEM FOR OPTICAL PACKETS |
| KR19980701609A (en) * | 1995-01-19 | 1998-06-25 | 에버쉐드 마이클 | Optical switch and optical signal switching method |
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-
1988
- 1988-11-18 US US07/275,802 patent/US4912706A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1989
- 1989-09-25 CA CA000612857A patent/CA1312682C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-10-27 AU AU43884/89A patent/AU610442B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1989-11-10 EP EP89311644A patent/EP0369690B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-11-10 ES ES89311644T patent/ES2066862T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-11-10 DE DE68920957T patent/DE68920957T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-11-14 JP JP1294114A patent/JPH0648870B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0369690A3 (en) | 1991-06-12 |
| ES2066862T3 (en) | 1995-03-16 |
| EP0369690A2 (en) | 1990-05-23 |
| JPH0648870B2 (en) | 1994-06-22 |
| DE68920957T2 (en) | 1995-06-14 |
| JPH02186898A (en) | 1990-07-23 |
| US4912706A (en) | 1990-03-27 |
| DE68920957D1 (en) | 1995-03-16 |
| EP0369690B1 (en) | 1995-02-01 |
| AU610442B2 (en) | 1991-05-16 |
| AU4388489A (en) | 1990-05-31 |
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