CA1280005C - Large-format ceramic tile with holding elements provided on the side facing away its visible side - Google Patents
Large-format ceramic tile with holding elements provided on the side facing away its visible sideInfo
- Publication number
- CA1280005C CA1280005C CA000515885A CA515885A CA1280005C CA 1280005 C CA1280005 C CA 1280005C CA 000515885 A CA000515885 A CA 000515885A CA 515885 A CA515885 A CA 515885A CA 1280005 C CA1280005 C CA 1280005C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- tile
- holding elements
- ceramic
- tile according
- metal material
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B11/00—Apparatus or processes for treating or working the shaped or preshaped articles
- B28B11/04—Apparatus or processes for treating or working the shaped or preshaped articles for coating or applying engobing layers
- B28B11/044—Apparatus or processes for treating or working the shaped or preshaped articles for coating or applying engobing layers with glaze or engobe or enamel or varnish
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B23/00—Arrangements specially adapted for the production of shaped articles with elements wholly or partly embedded in the moulding material; Production of reinforced objects
- B28B23/005—Arrangements specially adapted for the production of shaped articles with elements wholly or partly embedded in the moulding material; Production of reinforced objects with anchoring or fastening elements for the shaped articles
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
- E04C2/44—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the purpose
- E04C2/52—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the purpose with special adaptations for auxiliary purposes, e.g. serving for locating conduits
- E04C2/526—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the purpose with special adaptations for auxiliary purposes, e.g. serving for locating conduits with adaptations not otherwise provided for, for connecting, transport; for making impervious or hermetic, e.g. sealings
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
- E04F13/00—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings
- E04F13/07—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor
- E04F13/08—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements
- E04F13/14—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements stone or stone-like materials, e.g. ceramics concrete; of glass or with an outer layer of stone or stone-like materials or glass
- E04F13/142—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements stone or stone-like materials, e.g. ceramics concrete; of glass or with an outer layer of stone or stone-like materials or glass with an outer layer of ceramics or clays
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Finishing Walls (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Abstract
A B S T R A C T
A tile with holding elements to ensure stable attachment of the tile, regardless of how the tile must be oriented on the basis of the constructional conditions in the room; characterized in attaching the holding elements to joining points determined according to static require-ments by means of a ceramic glaze whose thermal expansion coefficient is at least approximately equal to that of the ceramic tile, and the glaze has a melting point below the quartz transition point (573°C), the fired ceramic tile provided with the corresponding fired holding elements having been once again heated to a temperature below the quartz transition point.
A tile with holding elements to ensure stable attachment of the tile, regardless of how the tile must be oriented on the basis of the constructional conditions in the room; characterized in attaching the holding elements to joining points determined according to static require-ments by means of a ceramic glaze whose thermal expansion coefficient is at least approximately equal to that of the ceramic tile, and the glaze has a melting point below the quartz transition point (573°C), the fired ceramic tile provided with the corresponding fired holding elements having been once again heated to a temperature below the quartz transition point.
Description
os A larqe-format ceramic tile with holdinq elements rovided on the side facing awav from its visible side ... . . _ _ The present invention relates to a large-format ceramic tile with holding elements provided on the ~ide facing away from its visible side.
It is known to attach holding elements to the back of ce-ramic tiles by means of organic adhesives or cement adhesives with organic binders. However, such adhesives age relatively quickly and, in particular, the state of ageing cannot be checked optically due to the holding elements being disposed on the side facin~ away from the visible ~ide.
When such tiles are used as an outer lining for facades, for example, only a format of 0.1 m2 at the most, e.g. 30 x 30 cm, is therefore allowed.
It is also part of the prior art to attach ceramic tiles for lining facades or the like at the edge with the aid of clamp-like elements overlapping the edge. The edge support allows only for relatively small formats, e.g. 60 x 60 cm, since load can only be carried off via the attachment points situated unfavorably, in terms of statics, at the edge, i.e.
there are very high tension peaks with the pointwise load re-moval occurring in the case of clamp holding.
It is possible in practice to attach such tiles strictly using mortar, but this cannot create back-aired and/or therm-ally insulated facings. Also, any damaged tiles can only bereplaced with great effort.
Thus, using the known attachment methods, no large-format 3a)~c)s tiles can be employed whose use would actually lead to a more attractive and expedient facing or lining, even if the rela-tively thin large-format ceramic tiles produced by the appli-cant are used which have dimensions up to 125 x 180 cm with a thickness of 8 mm and are still relatively light due to their thinness.
The invention is based on the problem of providing a tile whose holding elements ensure that the requirements for stat-ically stable attachment of the tile are met, regardless of how the tile must be oriented on the basis of the construc-tional conditions in the room.
The solution to this problem consists according to the in-vention in attaching the holding ~lements to joining points determined according to static requirements by means of a ce-ramic glaze whose thermal expansion coefficient is at least approximately equal to that of the ceramic tile.
With such a tile the attachment problem can be solved very easily. The same thermal expansion coefficient of the glaze establishing the bond and of the tile material prevents cracks from occurring in the case of temperature fluctuations. Such cracks are dangerous in particular in the case of facings ex-posed to atmospheric conditions becau6e rain which penetrates the cracks impairs the bond and the effect of frost can even burst it.
The holding elements may be fired ceramic elements which serve as such to attach the tile direc~ly or to receive one metal attachment means each. In the latter case, one is then completely free when selecting the material for the attachment S
means.
It is already known ~rom DE-A 22 666 to apply a coating of glaze a~ter drying to one side of tiles made o~ good porous clay and then lay them two by two on top of each other with the glazed surface so as to create a double tile. The double tiles are fired, the individual tiles being joined together by the glaze. However, the individual tiles are not fired tiles but green tiles which are coated ~ith glaze on one side after drying and laid on top of each other, the tiles and the glaze thus being subject~d to a firing process.
- It is also known from German patent no. 461 224 to perma-nently connect ceramic objects, in particular insulator parts and the like, by providing interruptions in the connecting surfaces of the two parts to be fused during firing. ~ut this type of fusion serves only to give the bo~d elasticity against mechanical stress in spite of the bond created by the fusion.
The fusin~ material is evidently applied to the green objects before firing.
If, in a further embodiment of the invention, a glaze is used which has a melting point below the quartz transition point (573C), the fired ceramic tile provided with the cor-responding fired holding elements having been once again heat-ed to a temperature below the quartz transition point, the in-ventive principle can also be applied to tiles having a sur-face glaze since the latter does not suffer when the tile pro-vided with the holding elements is fired again, since its melting point is not reached.
In order to avoid heating the entire tile to the melting ' " '' ''' ()5 temperature of the glaze, it is proposed in a further embodi-ment of the invention to embed in the ceramic ~la~e a flat element having openings, capable o~ being connected to a power sou~ce and made of a metal material having a hi~h s2eci$ic S electrical resistance, whose melting point is ~ar above the meltin~ point of the ceramic glaze and whos~ thermal expansion coe~ficie~t is app~oximately e~ual to that of the ceramic glaze. In this way, it is possible to heat only the glaze and the attachment element and the tile locally in the area of the applied glaze, still obtaining the desired fu~ed b~nd between the tile and the attachment element. "Flat element" re~ers not only to a sheet-like element but also to a network or a grid~ provid~d that enough openings are present which can be penetrated by the glaze.
lS Materials having the required properties and also a ratio of el~ctrical resistance at 600C to the electrical resis-tance at 20C which is greater than 2, are commercially available, and are of~ered as sealing alloys for electronic tubes. The holding elements may be provided with recesses or bores to receive ~etal attachment means, which considerably facilitates the attachment of the inventive tile designed in this way to a framework or the like. These metal attachment means are of course also directed thr~ugh the kiln during the second firing for connecting the ceramic holding elements and the ceramic tile by aid of the ceramic glaze.
The attachment means cannot be impaired in the kiln because this second firing temperature is relatively low. Centric load removal is reliably obtained by the resulting form clos-)0~)5 ure between the ceramic holding element and the metal attach-ment means.
The second firing can of course also be carried out without such metal attachment means if the recess or bore is designed in such a way as to allow for metal attachment means to be subsequently introduced into the holding elements. Such at-tachment means may, for example, be straddling dowels, stop pins, spacers or the like.
The invention may also be realized in such a way that the holding element itself forms the attachment means and can be connected as such to a power source. It is then made of a metal material having a high specific electrical resistance, whose melting point is far above the melting point of the ce-ramic glaze and whose thermal expansion coefficient is approx-imately equal to that of the ceramic glaze.
What was said above in connection with the flat element also applies to the material used.
In a further embodiment of the invention, the tile is slightly depressed, for example by loops, at the joining points of the holding elements in the area corresponding to the plan form of these elements. This leads to an additional locking of the ceramic holding elements in the direction of the tile plane during the production of the inventive ceramic tile.
Instead of a depression being provided in the side of the tile facing away from its visible side, the holding elements can alternatively have a depression on the surface coming in contact with this side of the tile. This leaves an annular 3~:)0t)5 web-like surface which preferahly does not rest on the tile but is spaced a minimal distance therefrom. This gap is sealed by a non-ageing adhesive made of a sealing material resistant to atmospheric influences applied after the firing serving to create the bond.
The invention thus provides a tile capable of being at-tached directly to walls, ceilings, holding racks or the like, the joining points being freely selectable according to static points of view. In one embodiment, the tile and holding ele-ments, and optionally the attachment means, are made of thesame material; thus, a homogeneous part is obtained. This leads to the same thermal expansion coefficient and the same strength properties in the area where the holding elements are attached. Even if the attachment means is made of metal, this does not alter the formation of a homogeneous body consisting of the tile and the holding element. The other embodiment in-; volves the advantage that the ceramic holding element may be dispensed with.
Since the bond between the holding element or attachment means and the tile is effected via the glaze in a temperaturerange which is lower than the quartz transition point, both - the holding element or attachment means and the ceramic tile, as well as the glaze applied to the visible side of the ceram-ic tile, remain completely unchanged. The holding elements or attachrent means are not located on the edge but in those parts on the side of the tile facing away from the visible side which yield the statically best possibilities of attach-ment. The edge areas remain completely unaffected by the 3~ )5 holding of the tile, so that the disadvantages involved in edge attachment are fundamentally avoided. Thus, it is possi-ble, in static terms, to pass from a two-point mounting, as exists in the case of edge attachment, to a multi-point mount-ing. The size and shape of the base of the ceramic holdingelement or attachment means can be selected in such a way that the tension peaks which occur in the mounting points do not exceed the tensions in the central area of the field, i.e. in the center of the field limited by the attachment points.
Since it cannot always be ruled out that the tiles on out-side facades are exposed to effects coming from the outside, such as the impact of stones or the like, it may be necessary to provide the side of the tile facing away from the visible side with an anti-breakage coating. This anti-breakage coat-ing must cover at least the entire length of parts of a tile so that in the case of damage the parts of the tile cannot be detached from their formation and fall onto the ground.
It may be advantageous to have the coating also include the area of the holding elements and cover them as well because the permanency of the ceramic bond may be jeopardized by an attack by acid caused atmospherically.
This anti-breakage coating preferably consists of a woven or non-woven fabric of mineral fiber, preferably glass fiber, which is impregnated with an epoxy resin.
In particular when such an anti-breakage coating is used, ; it is expedient, in a further embodiment of the invention, to design the holding elements not as sharp-edged right parallel-ipeds or cylinders, but in a dome shape.
t)~(~5 If there is no anti-breakage coatin~ but one wants to pro-tect the area of the holding elements permanently ~rom a pos-sible atmospheric attack by acid, it may also be advantageous, in a ~urther embodiment of the invention, to provide the side of the tile ~a~ing away from the visible side, at least cover-ing the area of the holding elements, ~ith a coating imperme-able to air and water, e.g. a silicon coating, or to ~ill the part of the holding element serving to receive the metal at-tachment means with a sealing, water-repellent, infusibly hardening material after the ~iring serving to connect the holding element, attachment means ~nd tile.
A further solution to this problem consists in ensuring that acidic rain or moisture can immediately flow out of the area of the ceramic bond. This is preferably e~fected by the aid o~ channel-like recesses which extend in at least one di-rection, preferably in four directions pexpendicular to each other, from the edge of the holding element in the part in-tended to receive the metal attachment means.
The drawing shows four embodiments in f.our figures.
In Fig. 1, 1 refers to the ceramic tile, which has at 2 on its side facing away from the visible side a depression with a circular plan form, for example, the binder being loaded in - this depression in the form of a ceramic glaze 3. On this glaze there is a ceramic holding element 4 which, in the-embodiment shown, has for example a bore 5 into which a metal attachment means, here in the form of a screw 6, has been inserted before ceramic holding element 4 was put in place. With the aid of this screw 6 the ceramic tile can be attached to a substructure - . . ... . .. .... . . ... . . . . . . .
~ ~a~o~s . 9 (not shown). The drawing shows particularly clearly tha~ ce-ramic tile 1 can also be suspended from a ceiling. The con-nection of the tile to its carrier, e.g. a substructure, is completely concealed ~rom the observer, i.e. the appearance of the facing is completely ~naffected.
In Fig. 2 identical parts are referred to by identical ref-erence numb~rs. A fla~ formation, e.g. in the ~rm of a grid, made of a metal materlal with high electrical resistance is indicated at 7 in cross-section, being embedded in glaze 3 and subjected to electric current via connections 8 and 9 so as to be heatable higher tha~ the melting temperature o~ the glaze. 13 and 14 refer t~ channels, grooves or other recesses which con~ect the space around head 15 of metal attachment means 6 with the area outside ceramic holding element 4, so lS that moisture which has penetrated can flow off again undis-turbed. Pre~erably, four channels or the like perpendicular to each other are provided.
; In Fig. 3, 1 also re~ers to the oeramic tile, 2 to a de-pressio~ with a circular plan form~ or example, and 3 to the ceramic glaze. The ceramic holding element is omitted here.
Instead, the attachment means, which i5 referred to here as 10, has a widened portion 11 which fits into depression 2.
Attachment means 10 is made of a material having a high spe-cific electrical resistance and is capable of being connected to a po~er source in a manner not shown, thus being heatable to a temperature higher than the melting temperature of the glaze.
Fig. 4 shows a somewhat modified embodiment, similar to .3~(~()5 that according to Fig. 1. This variant is o~ course also pos-sible with the embodiments according to Figs. 2 and 3 if adapted accordingly.
Reference number 1 again refers to the ceramic tile, whose surface 22 facing away from visible side 21 is flat in this case, i.e. has no depression. Placed on this surface 22 is a ceramic holding element 24 which corresponds in its essential shape, for example, to holding element 4 according to Fig. 1.
However, unlike this holding element 4, holding element 24 has a depression 25 surrounded by a web-like edge 26. An attach-ment means in the form of a screw 6 is inserted in central ! bore 5 as in the embodiment according to Fig. 1. The space gained by depression 25 is filled with ceramic glaze as a binder. Holding element 24 and tile 1 are connected by this binder in the manner already described by a second firing.
The remaining area surrounding depression 25, i.e. web-like edge 26, is spaced a small distance from surface 22 of tile 1, leaving a gap 27. Via this gap 27 web-like edge 26 is con-nected with surface 22 of the tile by means of a non-ageing adhesive made of a sealing material resistent to atmospheric influence, which is introduced after the second firing serving to connect tile 1 and holding element 24, thus giving the bond created via the glaze located in depression 25 particularly good protection against atmospheric influence.
An expert can readily recognize that, and how, this princi-ple can also be applied to the embodiments according to Figs.
It is known to attach holding elements to the back of ce-ramic tiles by means of organic adhesives or cement adhesives with organic binders. However, such adhesives age relatively quickly and, in particular, the state of ageing cannot be checked optically due to the holding elements being disposed on the side facin~ away from the visible ~ide.
When such tiles are used as an outer lining for facades, for example, only a format of 0.1 m2 at the most, e.g. 30 x 30 cm, is therefore allowed.
It is also part of the prior art to attach ceramic tiles for lining facades or the like at the edge with the aid of clamp-like elements overlapping the edge. The edge support allows only for relatively small formats, e.g. 60 x 60 cm, since load can only be carried off via the attachment points situated unfavorably, in terms of statics, at the edge, i.e.
there are very high tension peaks with the pointwise load re-moval occurring in the case of clamp holding.
It is possible in practice to attach such tiles strictly using mortar, but this cannot create back-aired and/or therm-ally insulated facings. Also, any damaged tiles can only bereplaced with great effort.
Thus, using the known attachment methods, no large-format 3a)~c)s tiles can be employed whose use would actually lead to a more attractive and expedient facing or lining, even if the rela-tively thin large-format ceramic tiles produced by the appli-cant are used which have dimensions up to 125 x 180 cm with a thickness of 8 mm and are still relatively light due to their thinness.
The invention is based on the problem of providing a tile whose holding elements ensure that the requirements for stat-ically stable attachment of the tile are met, regardless of how the tile must be oriented on the basis of the construc-tional conditions in the room.
The solution to this problem consists according to the in-vention in attaching the holding ~lements to joining points determined according to static requirements by means of a ce-ramic glaze whose thermal expansion coefficient is at least approximately equal to that of the ceramic tile.
With such a tile the attachment problem can be solved very easily. The same thermal expansion coefficient of the glaze establishing the bond and of the tile material prevents cracks from occurring in the case of temperature fluctuations. Such cracks are dangerous in particular in the case of facings ex-posed to atmospheric conditions becau6e rain which penetrates the cracks impairs the bond and the effect of frost can even burst it.
The holding elements may be fired ceramic elements which serve as such to attach the tile direc~ly or to receive one metal attachment means each. In the latter case, one is then completely free when selecting the material for the attachment S
means.
It is already known ~rom DE-A 22 666 to apply a coating of glaze a~ter drying to one side of tiles made o~ good porous clay and then lay them two by two on top of each other with the glazed surface so as to create a double tile. The double tiles are fired, the individual tiles being joined together by the glaze. However, the individual tiles are not fired tiles but green tiles which are coated ~ith glaze on one side after drying and laid on top of each other, the tiles and the glaze thus being subject~d to a firing process.
- It is also known from German patent no. 461 224 to perma-nently connect ceramic objects, in particular insulator parts and the like, by providing interruptions in the connecting surfaces of the two parts to be fused during firing. ~ut this type of fusion serves only to give the bo~d elasticity against mechanical stress in spite of the bond created by the fusion.
The fusin~ material is evidently applied to the green objects before firing.
If, in a further embodiment of the invention, a glaze is used which has a melting point below the quartz transition point (573C), the fired ceramic tile provided with the cor-responding fired holding elements having been once again heat-ed to a temperature below the quartz transition point, the in-ventive principle can also be applied to tiles having a sur-face glaze since the latter does not suffer when the tile pro-vided with the holding elements is fired again, since its melting point is not reached.
In order to avoid heating the entire tile to the melting ' " '' ''' ()5 temperature of the glaze, it is proposed in a further embodi-ment of the invention to embed in the ceramic ~la~e a flat element having openings, capable o~ being connected to a power sou~ce and made of a metal material having a hi~h s2eci$ic S electrical resistance, whose melting point is ~ar above the meltin~ point of the ceramic glaze and whos~ thermal expansion coe~ficie~t is app~oximately e~ual to that of the ceramic glaze. In this way, it is possible to heat only the glaze and the attachment element and the tile locally in the area of the applied glaze, still obtaining the desired fu~ed b~nd between the tile and the attachment element. "Flat element" re~ers not only to a sheet-like element but also to a network or a grid~ provid~d that enough openings are present which can be penetrated by the glaze.
lS Materials having the required properties and also a ratio of el~ctrical resistance at 600C to the electrical resis-tance at 20C which is greater than 2, are commercially available, and are of~ered as sealing alloys for electronic tubes. The holding elements may be provided with recesses or bores to receive ~etal attachment means, which considerably facilitates the attachment of the inventive tile designed in this way to a framework or the like. These metal attachment means are of course also directed thr~ugh the kiln during the second firing for connecting the ceramic holding elements and the ceramic tile by aid of the ceramic glaze.
The attachment means cannot be impaired in the kiln because this second firing temperature is relatively low. Centric load removal is reliably obtained by the resulting form clos-)0~)5 ure between the ceramic holding element and the metal attach-ment means.
The second firing can of course also be carried out without such metal attachment means if the recess or bore is designed in such a way as to allow for metal attachment means to be subsequently introduced into the holding elements. Such at-tachment means may, for example, be straddling dowels, stop pins, spacers or the like.
The invention may also be realized in such a way that the holding element itself forms the attachment means and can be connected as such to a power source. It is then made of a metal material having a high specific electrical resistance, whose melting point is far above the melting point of the ce-ramic glaze and whose thermal expansion coefficient is approx-imately equal to that of the ceramic glaze.
What was said above in connection with the flat element also applies to the material used.
In a further embodiment of the invention, the tile is slightly depressed, for example by loops, at the joining points of the holding elements in the area corresponding to the plan form of these elements. This leads to an additional locking of the ceramic holding elements in the direction of the tile plane during the production of the inventive ceramic tile.
Instead of a depression being provided in the side of the tile facing away from its visible side, the holding elements can alternatively have a depression on the surface coming in contact with this side of the tile. This leaves an annular 3~:)0t)5 web-like surface which preferahly does not rest on the tile but is spaced a minimal distance therefrom. This gap is sealed by a non-ageing adhesive made of a sealing material resistant to atmospheric influences applied after the firing serving to create the bond.
The invention thus provides a tile capable of being at-tached directly to walls, ceilings, holding racks or the like, the joining points being freely selectable according to static points of view. In one embodiment, the tile and holding ele-ments, and optionally the attachment means, are made of thesame material; thus, a homogeneous part is obtained. This leads to the same thermal expansion coefficient and the same strength properties in the area where the holding elements are attached. Even if the attachment means is made of metal, this does not alter the formation of a homogeneous body consisting of the tile and the holding element. The other embodiment in-; volves the advantage that the ceramic holding element may be dispensed with.
Since the bond between the holding element or attachment means and the tile is effected via the glaze in a temperaturerange which is lower than the quartz transition point, both - the holding element or attachment means and the ceramic tile, as well as the glaze applied to the visible side of the ceram-ic tile, remain completely unchanged. The holding elements or attachrent means are not located on the edge but in those parts on the side of the tile facing away from the visible side which yield the statically best possibilities of attach-ment. The edge areas remain completely unaffected by the 3~ )5 holding of the tile, so that the disadvantages involved in edge attachment are fundamentally avoided. Thus, it is possi-ble, in static terms, to pass from a two-point mounting, as exists in the case of edge attachment, to a multi-point mount-ing. The size and shape of the base of the ceramic holdingelement or attachment means can be selected in such a way that the tension peaks which occur in the mounting points do not exceed the tensions in the central area of the field, i.e. in the center of the field limited by the attachment points.
Since it cannot always be ruled out that the tiles on out-side facades are exposed to effects coming from the outside, such as the impact of stones or the like, it may be necessary to provide the side of the tile facing away from the visible side with an anti-breakage coating. This anti-breakage coat-ing must cover at least the entire length of parts of a tile so that in the case of damage the parts of the tile cannot be detached from their formation and fall onto the ground.
It may be advantageous to have the coating also include the area of the holding elements and cover them as well because the permanency of the ceramic bond may be jeopardized by an attack by acid caused atmospherically.
This anti-breakage coating preferably consists of a woven or non-woven fabric of mineral fiber, preferably glass fiber, which is impregnated with an epoxy resin.
In particular when such an anti-breakage coating is used, ; it is expedient, in a further embodiment of the invention, to design the holding elements not as sharp-edged right parallel-ipeds or cylinders, but in a dome shape.
t)~(~5 If there is no anti-breakage coatin~ but one wants to pro-tect the area of the holding elements permanently ~rom a pos-sible atmospheric attack by acid, it may also be advantageous, in a ~urther embodiment of the invention, to provide the side of the tile ~a~ing away from the visible side, at least cover-ing the area of the holding elements, ~ith a coating imperme-able to air and water, e.g. a silicon coating, or to ~ill the part of the holding element serving to receive the metal at-tachment means with a sealing, water-repellent, infusibly hardening material after the ~iring serving to connect the holding element, attachment means ~nd tile.
A further solution to this problem consists in ensuring that acidic rain or moisture can immediately flow out of the area of the ceramic bond. This is preferably e~fected by the aid o~ channel-like recesses which extend in at least one di-rection, preferably in four directions pexpendicular to each other, from the edge of the holding element in the part in-tended to receive the metal attachment means.
The drawing shows four embodiments in f.our figures.
In Fig. 1, 1 refers to the ceramic tile, which has at 2 on its side facing away from the visible side a depression with a circular plan form, for example, the binder being loaded in - this depression in the form of a ceramic glaze 3. On this glaze there is a ceramic holding element 4 which, in the-embodiment shown, has for example a bore 5 into which a metal attachment means, here in the form of a screw 6, has been inserted before ceramic holding element 4 was put in place. With the aid of this screw 6 the ceramic tile can be attached to a substructure - . . ... . .. .... . . ... . . . . . . .
~ ~a~o~s . 9 (not shown). The drawing shows particularly clearly tha~ ce-ramic tile 1 can also be suspended from a ceiling. The con-nection of the tile to its carrier, e.g. a substructure, is completely concealed ~rom the observer, i.e. the appearance of the facing is completely ~naffected.
In Fig. 2 identical parts are referred to by identical ref-erence numb~rs. A fla~ formation, e.g. in the ~rm of a grid, made of a metal materlal with high electrical resistance is indicated at 7 in cross-section, being embedded in glaze 3 and subjected to electric current via connections 8 and 9 so as to be heatable higher tha~ the melting temperature o~ the glaze. 13 and 14 refer t~ channels, grooves or other recesses which con~ect the space around head 15 of metal attachment means 6 with the area outside ceramic holding element 4, so lS that moisture which has penetrated can flow off again undis-turbed. Pre~erably, four channels or the like perpendicular to each other are provided.
; In Fig. 3, 1 also re~ers to the oeramic tile, 2 to a de-pressio~ with a circular plan form~ or example, and 3 to the ceramic glaze. The ceramic holding element is omitted here.
Instead, the attachment means, which i5 referred to here as 10, has a widened portion 11 which fits into depression 2.
Attachment means 10 is made of a material having a high spe-cific electrical resistance and is capable of being connected to a po~er source in a manner not shown, thus being heatable to a temperature higher than the melting temperature of the glaze.
Fig. 4 shows a somewhat modified embodiment, similar to .3~(~()5 that according to Fig. 1. This variant is o~ course also pos-sible with the embodiments according to Figs. 2 and 3 if adapted accordingly.
Reference number 1 again refers to the ceramic tile, whose surface 22 facing away from visible side 21 is flat in this case, i.e. has no depression. Placed on this surface 22 is a ceramic holding element 24 which corresponds in its essential shape, for example, to holding element 4 according to Fig. 1.
However, unlike this holding element 4, holding element 24 has a depression 25 surrounded by a web-like edge 26. An attach-ment means in the form of a screw 6 is inserted in central ! bore 5 as in the embodiment according to Fig. 1. The space gained by depression 25 is filled with ceramic glaze as a binder. Holding element 24 and tile 1 are connected by this binder in the manner already described by a second firing.
The remaining area surrounding depression 25, i.e. web-like edge 26, is spaced a small distance from surface 22 of tile 1, leaving a gap 27. Via this gap 27 web-like edge 26 is con-nected with surface 22 of the tile by means of a non-ageing adhesive made of a sealing material resistent to atmospheric influence, which is introduced after the second firing serving to connect tile 1 and holding element 24, thus giving the bond created via the glaze located in depression 25 particularly good protection against atmospheric influence.
An expert can readily recognize that, and how, this princi-ple can also be applied to the embodiments according to Figs.
2 and 3.
As mentioned, glaze 3 preferably has a melting point below ~3~
the quartz transition point, the fired ceramic tile provided with the corresponding holding elements having been heated once again to a temperature lower than the quartz transition point.
The proposed ceramic bond may possibly not have the neces-sary permanency against atmospheric attack by acid. There-fore, it is expedient for an anti-breakage coating 12 to be provided, as shown in Fig. 1, on the side of the tile facing away from the visible side at least in the area of holding elements 4 according to Figs. 1 and 2, or 11 according to Fig.
As mentioned, glaze 3 preferably has a melting point below ~3~
the quartz transition point, the fired ceramic tile provided with the corresponding holding elements having been heated once again to a temperature lower than the quartz transition point.
The proposed ceramic bond may possibly not have the neces-sary permanency against atmospheric attack by acid. There-fore, it is expedient for an anti-breakage coating 12 to be provided, as shown in Fig. 1, on the side of the tile facing away from the visible side at least in the area of holding elements 4 according to Figs. 1 and 2, or 11 according to Fig.
3, covering them as well. This anti-breakage coating consists of a woven or non-woven fabric of mineral fiber, preferably glass fiber, which is impregnated with an epoxy resin. This not only increases the tile 7 5 security against breakage, it also in particular protects the entire compound body from at-mospheric influences.
If the anti-breakage coatin~ is replaced by a coating made of a material which is impermeable to air and water and~or water-repellent, this does not alter the design of the con-struction, so that it has not been shown in an additional figure.
Fig. 1 shows a design of a holding element 4 which makes it particularly easy to apply such an anti-breakage coating. One can see the dome-shaped design of holding element ~.
If the anti-breakage coatin~ is replaced by a coating made of a material which is impermeable to air and water and~or water-repellent, this does not alter the design of the con-struction, so that it has not been shown in an additional figure.
Fig. 1 shows a design of a holding element 4 which makes it particularly easy to apply such an anti-breakage coating. One can see the dome-shaped design of holding element ~.
Claims (19)
1. A large-format ceramic tile with holding elements provided on its side facing away from a vis-ible side thereof, characterized by the attachment of the holding elements (4, 24) to the tile at joining points determined according to static requirements by means of a ceramic glaze (3) whose thermal expansion coefficient is at least approximately equal to that of the ceramic tile (1).
2. The tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the holding elements (4, 24) are fired ceramic elements serving to receive a metal attachment means (6).
3. The tile according to claim 1 or 2, charac-terized in that the glaze (3) has a melting point below the quartz transition point, the fired ceramic tile (1) provided with the corresponding holding ele-ments (4, 24) having been heated once again to a tem-perature below the quartz transition point.
4. The tile according to claim 1, characterized in that a flat element (7) having openings and capable of being connected to a power source is embedded in the ceramic glaze (3), the flat element (7) is made of a metal material having a high specific electrical resistance, the metal material has a melting point which is far above the melting point of the ceramic glaze (3), and the metal material has a thermal expan-sion coefficient which is approximately equal to that of the ceramic glaze (3).
5. The tile according to claim 4, characterized in that the ratio of the electrical resistance of the metal material selected for the flat element (7) at a temperature of 600°C to the electrical resistance of the metal material at 20°C is greater than 2.
6. The tile according to claim 2, characterized in that the holding elements (4, 24) are provided with a recess or bore (5) for receiving a metal attachment means (6).
7. The tile according to claim 6, characterized in that the attachment means (6) are each integrated in form-fitting fashion into the ceramic holding ele-ments (4).
8. The tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the attachment element (10, 11) can itself be connected to a power source and is made of a metal material having a high specific electrical resistance, the metal material has a melting point which is far above the melting point of the ceramic glaze (3), and the metal material has a thermal expansion coefficient which is approximately equal to that of the ceramic glaze (3).
9. The tile according to claim 8, characterized in that the ratio of the electrical resistance of the metal material at a temperature of 600°C to the elec-trical resistance of the metal material at 20°C is greater than 2.
10. The tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the tile (1) is slightly depressed (at 2) at the joining points where the tile is attached to the holding elements (4, 10, 11) in an area corresponding approximately to a plan form of these elements.
11. The tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the holding elements (24) have a depression (25) on the surface coming in contact with the side (22) of the tile (1) facing away from the visible side (21).
12. The tile according to claim 11, characterized in that the holding element (24) has a web-like edge (26) surrounding the depression (25) which is connec-ted permanently to the side (22) of the tile (1) fac-ing away from the visible side (21) by a non-aging adhesive made of a sealing material resistant to atmos-pheric influences applied after the firing serving to connect the tile (1) and the holding element (24).
13. The tile according to claim 11, characterized in that the side of the tile (1) facing away from the visible side is provided with an anti-breakage coating (12) at least in parts covering the largest longitu-dinal extent of the tile.
14. The tile according to claim 13, characterized in that the anti-breakage coating is provided in the area of the holding elements (4, 10, 11, 24) and covers these as well.
15. The tile according to claim 13 or 14, char-acterized in that the anti-breakage coating is made of a woven or non-woven fabric of mineral fiber, prefer-ably glass fiber, which is impregnated with an epoxy resin.
16. The tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the holding elements (4, 24) have a dome-shaped design.
17. The tile according to claim 1, characterized in that the side of the tile facing away from the visible side is provided, at least in the area of the holding elements, with a water-repellent coating impermeable to air, and with the water-repellent coating also covering the holding elements.
18. The tile according to claim 6, characterized in that the holding elements (4) are provided with channels (13, 14) extending radially outward from the bore in at least one direction.
19. The tile according to claim 18, characterized in that selected channels are aligned perpendicularly relative to one another.
Applications Claiming Priority (8)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE3529235 | 1985-08-14 | ||
| DEP3529235.0 | 1985-08-14 | ||
| DE3543088 | 1985-12-05 | ||
| DEP3543088.5 | 1985-12-05 | ||
| DE3544473 | 1985-12-16 | ||
| DEP3544473.8 | 1985-12-16 | ||
| DEP3607407.1 | 1986-03-06 | ||
| DE3607407 | 1986-03-06 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1280005C true CA1280005C (en) | 1991-02-12 |
Family
ID=27433409
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000515885A Expired - Fee Related CA1280005C (en) | 1985-08-14 | 1986-08-13 | Large-format ceramic tile with holding elements provided on the side facing away its visible side |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0221262B1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1280005C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3661067D1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK164232C (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2001649A6 (en) |
| FI (1) | FI81081C (en) |
| NO (1) | NO175108C (en) |
| PT (1) | PT83203B (en) |
Families Citing this family (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3737081A1 (en) * | 1987-10-30 | 1989-05-11 | Koller Metallbau Ag | FACADE CONSTRUCTION FOR BUILDINGS |
| DE8811912U1 (en) * | 1988-02-08 | 1989-01-12 | Buchtal Gmbh, 8472 Schwarzenfeld | Natural stone element for cladding building facades |
| DE3815552A1 (en) * | 1988-05-06 | 1989-11-16 | Buchtal Gmbh | NATURAL STONE PLATE WITH MOUNTING ELEMENTS ON THE SIDE REFERRED SIDE |
| DE4222796A1 (en) * | 1992-07-10 | 1994-01-13 | Buchtal Gmbh | Large-format ceramic plate for holding metal fasteners |
| WO1995019941A1 (en) * | 1994-01-24 | 1995-07-27 | Lanxide Technology Company, Lp | Wear and corrosion resistant parts for use in liquids and/or solids transportation |
| CN1059019C (en) * | 1997-12-05 | 2000-11-29 | 王振忠 | Swing vane-type pump |
| EP1483464B1 (en) * | 2002-02-13 | 2007-12-26 | System S.p.A. | Apparatus for anchoring panels of overlaid ceramic tiles to a building wall |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AT150373B (en) * | 1934-06-18 | 1937-08-10 | Kerb Konus G M B H | Method for connecting metallic bodies with bodies made of non-conductive material, e.g. B. ceramic bodies, with the help of electrodes. |
| US2241505A (en) * | 1936-08-21 | 1941-05-13 | Moses J Cuttler | Manufacture of metal to porcelain seals |
| DE905950C (en) * | 1941-09-16 | 1954-03-08 | Porzellanfabrik Kahla | Process for the firm connection of ceramic bodies or bodies consisting of another inorganic insulating material with one another or with metallic bodies |
| GB1274932A (en) * | 1969-01-16 | 1972-05-17 | Thorn Lighting Ltd | Methods and compositions for sealing together pieces of ceramic material |
| JPS6077178A (en) * | 1983-09-30 | 1985-05-01 | 株式会社東芝 | Ceramic bonded body and manufacture |
-
1986
- 1986-08-12 EP EP86111135A patent/EP0221262B1/en not_active Expired
- 1986-08-12 DE DE8686111135T patent/DE3661067D1/en not_active Expired
- 1986-08-13 CA CA000515885A patent/CA1280005C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1986-08-13 NO NO863270A patent/NO175108C/en unknown
- 1986-08-13 DK DK386486A patent/DK164232C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-08-14 ES ES8601602A patent/ES2001649A6/en not_active Expired
- 1986-08-14 FI FI863297A patent/FI81081C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-08-14 PT PT83203A patent/PT83203B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FI81081B (en) | 1990-05-31 |
| EP0221262A1 (en) | 1987-05-13 |
| NO175108B (en) | 1994-05-24 |
| DE3661067D1 (en) | 1988-12-08 |
| DK386486D0 (en) | 1986-08-13 |
| NO863270L (en) | 1987-02-16 |
| FI863297A0 (en) | 1986-08-14 |
| EP0221262B1 (en) | 1988-11-02 |
| NO175108C (en) | 1994-08-31 |
| FI863297A (en) | 1987-02-15 |
| PT83203A (en) | 1986-09-01 |
| PT83203B (en) | 1992-10-30 |
| DK164232B (en) | 1992-05-25 |
| NO863270D0 (en) | 1986-08-13 |
| DK386486A (en) | 1987-02-15 |
| FI81081C (en) | 1990-09-10 |
| ES2001649A6 (en) | 1988-06-01 |
| DK164232C (en) | 1992-10-26 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKLA | Lapsed |