CA1252643A - Fertilizer with long-term effect and programmed release of nutrients - Google Patents
Fertilizer with long-term effect and programmed release of nutrientsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1252643A CA1252643A CA000456074A CA456074A CA1252643A CA 1252643 A CA1252643 A CA 1252643A CA 000456074 A CA000456074 A CA 000456074A CA 456074 A CA456074 A CA 456074A CA 1252643 A CA1252643 A CA 1252643A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- nutrients
- fertilizer
- water
- accordance
- enveloping
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/30—Layered or coated, e.g. dust-preventing coatings
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
The invention relates to a fertilizer with long-term effect and programmed release of nutrients, which contains, in partially or completely coated form, all the nutrients required for the nutrition of plants during one cultivation period, as well s a process for its manufacture and application.
The invention relates to a fertilizer with long-term effect and programmed release of nutrients, which contains, in partially or completely coated form, all the nutrients required for the nutrition of plants during one cultivation period, as well s a process for its manufacture and application.
Description
l'~S;~
The presen-t inven-tlon relates to a fertilizer with long-term effect and programmed release of nu-trients for use in one single application at the beginnin~ o plant growth and suf-ficient for the plant needs in one cultivation period wherein the flow of nutrien-ts begins selectively only after irrigation of the substrate and fertilizer mixture providing after one-time appli-cation an initial delivery, then a continuous delivery, and fi-nally a terminal delivery of nutrient as well as a process for its manufacture and use.
Optimum nutrition of cultivated plants must make use of the fact that every crop (species, strain) has a specific demand in regard to quality and quantity of the nutrients. In general, young plants are more sensitive to salts than older ones. As development continues, different demands on the type and amount of individual macro- and micronutrients occur.
Thus, it is horticultural practice today to apply the entire amount of fertilizer required for a certain growing period in partial amounts. This is done because it is desirable and possible by this method to adjust the application for the fertil-izer as exactly as possible to the specific needs of the crop, avoid damaging concentrations of salts and deficiency situations, and, finally, minimize fertilizer losses. It is recognized prac-tical knowledge that many partial doses of YariouS compositionsmust therefore be applied for optimum crop growing.
In this connection, it turns out that liquid fertiliz-ers appear especially,suitable for hothouse crops. The reasons for this are fully flexible controllability, possibility of fine adjustment of salt conc~ntrations and nutrient requirements spe-cific to the need. The gardener ad~usts "manually" as exactly as possible to the optimum ranges he knows for optimum nutrition of the plants.
Nevertheless, fluctuations in the supply of nutrients . .
cannot be precluded wi-th -this discontlnuous method of manual fer-tilization. The higher the number of subsequent fertilizer applications, the more work-intensive the methods.
- 5a -~i ~
. . .LZS`2~
As an alternative, costly and deli~a~e equipment is used for the application of the fertilizers. Operation and maintenance require a high level of training and high costs.
Fertilizers that release nutrients on the basis of various mechanisms were developed to achieve an even supply of nutrients throughout the entire period of vegetation or parts thereof.
However, all these formulations have in common the fact that none of them is able to provide the plant with an optimum supply of nutrients throughout the entire cultivation period from one applicatio,n (mixed into the substrate) at the begin-ning of plant growth.
Either the young-plant stage is the aim of the fertilizer formula, with an inadequate supply of nutrients during the main period of growth, or the formula is designed for the main period and the young plant is undersupplied. Moreover, no fertilizer at present is able to satisfy special nutritional demands of the plant, which only appear during the growth period.
~5 Undernourishment of the young plant means a sluggish starting period in the first four weeks and leads to "lost growing time".
A special problem of slow-releas2 fertilizers of the kind found on the market today is the still largely unanswered question of how to supply the crops with trace elements and magnesium from such formulas~ This problem is particularly serious since sure plant nutrition is only possible with an even supply of adequate quantities of harmoniously composed trace-element mixtures and magnesium. The flow of these mixtures must be coordinated with the rate of flow of the other nutrients.
Fertilizers that meet these requirements have been unknown hitherto.
1~25Zt;~3 Therefore, the present invention provides a fertili~er which releases all the controllable, essential plant nutrients to the plants in accordance with their needs and at different rates, the release speed and distribution of each of these nutrients being controllable differently and separately from all the others, the entire supply of nutrients being consumed by the end of the growth period.
According to the present invention there is provided a fertilizer with long-term activity and programmed delivery of nutrients, for use in one single application at the beginning of plant growth and sufficient for the plant needs in one cultiva-tion period wherein the flow of nutrients begins selectively only after irrigation of t~e substrate and fertilizer mixture provid-ing after one-time application an initial delivery, then a con-tinuous delivery, and finally a terminal delivery of nutrients, comprising at least one interior layer and at least one envelop-ing layer each interior layer consisting essentially of nutrient means selected from the group consisting of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sulphur, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, chlorine, boron, molybde-num, sodium, silicon, cobalt and aluminum and contained in com-pound form, and each enveloping layer consisting essentially of enveloping means selected from of water-repellent means, means difficulty soluble in water or means swelling in water, said enveloping means selected from the group consisting of paraffins, waxes, metal soaps, quaternary ammonium compounds, fat-modified artificial resin, urea derivatives, melamine derivatives, polysiloxane, fluorocarbon polymerizate, alginate, gelatin, casein, polysaccharides, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl ether, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylate, clay miner-als, metal oxides, metal phosphates, polyphosphates and metal silicates, each said enveloping means sheathing completely a single interior layer, thereby providing a controllable setting-free of said nutrient means, the water-repellant substance coat-ing the nutrients with a layer that is 10-~ to 1o~2 thick and the subs-tance difficultly soluble in water or swells in water coating the nu-trients wi-th a layer -that is 10-~6 to 10-,2~ thlck.
In accordance with the invention there is provided a fertilizer which contains, in partially or completely coated form, all the plant nutrients re~lired for the nutrition of plants during a certain cultivation period.
In preferred embodiments of this fertilizer they con-tain as nutrients carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, chlorine, boron, molybdenum, sodium, silicon, cobalt and/or aluminum in the form of their compounds, the nutrients are coated with water-repellant substances from the group of paraffins, waxes, metal soaps, quaternary ammonium compounds, urea deriva--tives, resins modified with fatty acids, sillcones and/or perflu-orinated organic compounds, the water-repellant substance is iron palmitate, the nutrients are coated with substances which are difficultly soluble in water or which swell in water and which come from the group of polymers with water-wetting groups, - 7a -~ 3 the substances which are difficulty soluble in water or which swell in water are polymers with water-wetting groups, the water-wetting groups are hydroxyl, carboxyl, alkylester, cyano, chloro or fluoro groups, the substances which are difficulty soluble in water or swell in ~later are polyvin~l alcohols, preferably with a residual acetyl con-tent of 10 %, the nutrients are coated with substances of low solubility in water from the group of inorganic compounds, the compound of low water-solubility is iron phosphate or calcium phosphate, the nutrients are coated with substances which are difficulty soluble in water and/or which swell in water and which belong to the group of polymers with water-wetting groups or to the group of inorganic compounds, and with water-repellant substances from the group of paraffins, waxes, metal soaps, ~uaternary ammonium compounds, urea derivatives, resins modified with fatty acids, silicones and/or perfluoroinated or-ganic compounds, the water-repellant substance coats the nutri-ents with a layer that is 10~8m to 10~2m thick, preferably 1. 10-6m to 2 10~3m, and the substance which is difficulty soluble in water or swells i~ water coats the nutrients with a layer that is 10~6m to 10~2m thick, preferably 5, 10~5m to 2 10~3m.
The present invention also provides a process for the programmed, long-term release of nutrients for plants grown in soil, by the introduction of fertilizers into the soil, in ~hich the above fertilizers designated above are used, the flow of nutrients depending on the respective development and/or needs of the plants.
The present invention furthermore provides a process for the programmed, long-term release of nutrients for plants grown in substrates, by the introduction of the designated fertilizers into the substrates, in which the flow of nutrients begins selectively only after irrigation of the substrate and fertilizer mixtures.
l~S2~;~3 In a preferred embodlments of this process the flow of nutrients begins selectively only after irrigation of the substrate and fertilizer mixtures; one single application of fer~
tilizer at the beginning of plant growth is sufficient for the respective needs of the plant in one cultivation period; the controlled release is ad~usted to the nutrient demands and/or development of the plants so that overfertilization and/or imper~
missible elutriation losses are avoided; the fertilizers are used individually or in mixtures.
~ g _ ,.,, 1~5 S The fertilizer in accordance with the invention is surprisingly able to provide the plant with any desired nutrient in the con-centration necessary from time to time and at any time during growth.
Therefore, the fertilizer provided by the invention has the special advantage that the so-called starting dose, permanent dose and time dose are guaranteed in one programmed sequence with a single application.
The starting dose, in this connection, is understood as being the application of a nutrient or nutrient mixture which, with-out further treatment, guarantees the initial development of the plant as regards the correct supply of all necessary nu-trients in terms of type and quantity, and this in consideration (utilization~ of the respective crop's salt tolerance.
Permanent dose means the application of a pretreated nutrient or nutrient mixture which provides the plant with an even sup-ply of nutrients from the beginning of the application on.
In the case of the time dose a correspondingly pretreated nu-trient or nutrient mixture is applied which is not available to the plant until a defined later date.
This programmed release of fertilizer is accompanied by many advantages which cannot be achieved through the use of known fertilizers.
Thus, for example, the fertilizing can be carried out as needed in as ~uch as the reIease of nutrients is adjusted to the peak and zero needs of the plantsj which is not pos-sible with any of the known fertilizers!..
Zt;~;~
~, -~J~ e .~ t,~s f~ i tl -This permits ~ s-~is~-~ inJoptimum fashion the plants' varying need for nutrients during a cultivation period, so that damage~ to the plants due to overfertili-zation in times of high plant sensitivity or inadequate growth due to the supply of inadequate quantities of nu-trients in times of maximum demand are advantageouslyavoided.
Furthermore, the controlled release of nutrients that can be achieved with the fertilizer provided by the invention has the advantage of fully exploiting the plants' yield potential, even in unfavorable climatic conditions or on soils with low fertility.
Furthermore, the controlled release of the nutrient flow achieved with the fertilizer provided by the invention permits to satisfy in optimum fashion the changing needs of a special crop for forms and concentrations of nutrients, and this with a single total quantity of fertilizer aDplied when sowing or potting the plants, which means that there is no need for subsequent applications, which are risky, tlme-con-suming and ineffective if the scheduling is wrong.
Furthermore, the controlled release of the nutrients achieved with the fertilizer provided by the invention per-mits to introduce fertilizers into the substrates long be-fore their use,without having to reckon from the beginning with high active s~lt contents, as the salts are only activated through irrigation of the substrates when utilisation begins, which means that salt shocks and~or salt damages can be avoided.
The following can be used as fertilizers in' the sense of the invention:
- fertilizer powders - crystalline fertilizers - granulated fertilizers - coated granulated fertilizers - fertilizer sticks - encapsulated fertilizer solutions and/or fertilizer suspensions The aforementioned,fertilizers can be in the form of:
- mineral single-nutrient fertilizers - mineral multinutrient fertilizers - organic-mineral fertilizers - organic fertilizers - trace nutrients - combination of the~aforementioned components.
Included are fertilizers that have been pretreated in any way such as fertilizers with a delayed release of plant nutrients, of which salts of low solubility, polymeric nu-trient compounds and nutrients bound to natural and synthetic carriers are to be named as examples.
The fertilizer provided by the invention is manufactured in a way known as such,, for example, by placing the fertilizer to be influenced in its release of nutrients in accordance with the invention in a device ~uitable for the respective type of treatment, such as a rotary drum, a granulator or a - - ~ - lZ5~ 3 S fluidizer and mixing it with the treating agent in such a way that the fertilizer is coated with a complete and suf-ficiently even layer of the desired thickness, or ~y placing the treating agent in a suitable device, such as a rotary drum or a granulator and adding the fertilizer to be influenced in its release of nutrients in accordance with the invention so that the fertilizer is covered with a complete and suf- -ficiently even layer of the desired thickness.
The following individual substances can be used as water~-`~ '15 repellant substances and/or substances that are ~l~ soluble in water or which swell in water:
paraffins, expediently with a melting point of 40 to 250 ~C, preferably hard paraffin with a melting point higher than 55 C;
waxes, such as beeswax, spermaceti, carnauba wax;
metal soaps such as Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Zr or Al salts of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, or oleic acid, preferabl~ Mg, Ca, Fe, Al or Zr salts of palmitic acid;
quaternary ammonium compounds such as octadecyloxymethylpyridine chloride or N-methyl-N-stearo~lamidomethylene pyridine chloride;
fat-modified synthetic resins; such as condensates of pre-concentrated monododecyl-urea-formaldehyde or hexamethylol-melamine ether modified with lauric acid, palmitic acid and/or stearic acid;
lZ~
~ 14 -urea derivatives such as octadecylethylene urea;
melamine derivatives;
polysiloxanes such as hydrogen methylpolysiloxane and dimethylpolysiloxane;
fluorocarbon polymerisates such as 1,1-dihydroperfluoroctyl-polyacryl acid ester;
alginates, such as potassium alginate;
gelatins;
casein;
polysaccharides such as starch, cellulose, cellulose derivatives such as ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose and their mixtures, pectins, xanthanes;
polyvinyl alcohols;
polyvinyl acetates;
polyvinyl ethers;
polyvinyl pyrollidones;
polyacrylates;
clay minerals such'as bentonite,~, illite, attapulgite; metal oxides such as iron oxide hydrate, magnesium oxide; metal phosphates such as calcium phosphate, iron phosphate;
polyphosphates such as Kurrol's saLt;
metal silicates such as silicate of potassium;
,~
~S~ 3 - 15 ~
preferably partially saponified polyvinylacetates, gelatins, iron oxide hydrates, calcium phosphate.
The layers are applied in thicknesses of 10 8m to 10 2m, in particular 1 10 6m to ~ 10 3m.
The treating agents are applied as singl~ components alone, in solution or as an emulsion and likewise combined to form a multiple-component system.
It is advantageous to use the fertilizer provided by the invention in the form of a mixed granulate.
Agglomeration granulates, pressed granulates (splints, pel-lets), natural crystals etc. can be used as the granulate form.
As mentioned above, all chemical compounds with a fertilizing effect can be used as the chemical components. This includes, in particular, all known inorganic salts containing N-P-K
and trace elements, metal chelates, trace elements in other organic bonds, urea aldehyde condensates, urea phosphate, carbohydrates, proteins, peptides and amino acids.
~s regards the flow properties the following classification is advantageous:
1. Compoundswith a high rate of solution in water.
The presen-t inven-tlon relates to a fertilizer with long-term effect and programmed release of nu-trients for use in one single application at the beginnin~ o plant growth and suf-ficient for the plant needs in one cultivation period wherein the flow of nutrien-ts begins selectively only after irrigation of the substrate and fertilizer mixture providing after one-time appli-cation an initial delivery, then a continuous delivery, and fi-nally a terminal delivery of nutrient as well as a process for its manufacture and use.
Optimum nutrition of cultivated plants must make use of the fact that every crop (species, strain) has a specific demand in regard to quality and quantity of the nutrients. In general, young plants are more sensitive to salts than older ones. As development continues, different demands on the type and amount of individual macro- and micronutrients occur.
Thus, it is horticultural practice today to apply the entire amount of fertilizer required for a certain growing period in partial amounts. This is done because it is desirable and possible by this method to adjust the application for the fertil-izer as exactly as possible to the specific needs of the crop, avoid damaging concentrations of salts and deficiency situations, and, finally, minimize fertilizer losses. It is recognized prac-tical knowledge that many partial doses of YariouS compositionsmust therefore be applied for optimum crop growing.
In this connection, it turns out that liquid fertiliz-ers appear especially,suitable for hothouse crops. The reasons for this are fully flexible controllability, possibility of fine adjustment of salt conc~ntrations and nutrient requirements spe-cific to the need. The gardener ad~usts "manually" as exactly as possible to the optimum ranges he knows for optimum nutrition of the plants.
Nevertheless, fluctuations in the supply of nutrients . .
cannot be precluded wi-th -this discontlnuous method of manual fer-tilization. The higher the number of subsequent fertilizer applications, the more work-intensive the methods.
- 5a -~i ~
. . .LZS`2~
As an alternative, costly and deli~a~e equipment is used for the application of the fertilizers. Operation and maintenance require a high level of training and high costs.
Fertilizers that release nutrients on the basis of various mechanisms were developed to achieve an even supply of nutrients throughout the entire period of vegetation or parts thereof.
However, all these formulations have in common the fact that none of them is able to provide the plant with an optimum supply of nutrients throughout the entire cultivation period from one applicatio,n (mixed into the substrate) at the begin-ning of plant growth.
Either the young-plant stage is the aim of the fertilizer formula, with an inadequate supply of nutrients during the main period of growth, or the formula is designed for the main period and the young plant is undersupplied. Moreover, no fertilizer at present is able to satisfy special nutritional demands of the plant, which only appear during the growth period.
~5 Undernourishment of the young plant means a sluggish starting period in the first four weeks and leads to "lost growing time".
A special problem of slow-releas2 fertilizers of the kind found on the market today is the still largely unanswered question of how to supply the crops with trace elements and magnesium from such formulas~ This problem is particularly serious since sure plant nutrition is only possible with an even supply of adequate quantities of harmoniously composed trace-element mixtures and magnesium. The flow of these mixtures must be coordinated with the rate of flow of the other nutrients.
Fertilizers that meet these requirements have been unknown hitherto.
1~25Zt;~3 Therefore, the present invention provides a fertili~er which releases all the controllable, essential plant nutrients to the plants in accordance with their needs and at different rates, the release speed and distribution of each of these nutrients being controllable differently and separately from all the others, the entire supply of nutrients being consumed by the end of the growth period.
According to the present invention there is provided a fertilizer with long-term activity and programmed delivery of nutrients, for use in one single application at the beginning of plant growth and sufficient for the plant needs in one cultiva-tion period wherein the flow of nutrients begins selectively only after irrigation of t~e substrate and fertilizer mixture provid-ing after one-time application an initial delivery, then a con-tinuous delivery, and finally a terminal delivery of nutrients, comprising at least one interior layer and at least one envelop-ing layer each interior layer consisting essentially of nutrient means selected from the group consisting of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sulphur, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, chlorine, boron, molybde-num, sodium, silicon, cobalt and aluminum and contained in com-pound form, and each enveloping layer consisting essentially of enveloping means selected from of water-repellent means, means difficulty soluble in water or means swelling in water, said enveloping means selected from the group consisting of paraffins, waxes, metal soaps, quaternary ammonium compounds, fat-modified artificial resin, urea derivatives, melamine derivatives, polysiloxane, fluorocarbon polymerizate, alginate, gelatin, casein, polysaccharides, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl ether, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylate, clay miner-als, metal oxides, metal phosphates, polyphosphates and metal silicates, each said enveloping means sheathing completely a single interior layer, thereby providing a controllable setting-free of said nutrient means, the water-repellant substance coat-ing the nutrients with a layer that is 10-~ to 1o~2 thick and the subs-tance difficultly soluble in water or swells in water coating the nu-trients wi-th a layer -that is 10-~6 to 10-,2~ thlck.
In accordance with the invention there is provided a fertilizer which contains, in partially or completely coated form, all the plant nutrients re~lired for the nutrition of plants during a certain cultivation period.
In preferred embodiments of this fertilizer they con-tain as nutrients carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, chlorine, boron, molybdenum, sodium, silicon, cobalt and/or aluminum in the form of their compounds, the nutrients are coated with water-repellant substances from the group of paraffins, waxes, metal soaps, quaternary ammonium compounds, urea deriva--tives, resins modified with fatty acids, sillcones and/or perflu-orinated organic compounds, the water-repellant substance is iron palmitate, the nutrients are coated with substances which are difficultly soluble in water or which swell in water and which come from the group of polymers with water-wetting groups, - 7a -~ 3 the substances which are difficulty soluble in water or which swell in water are polymers with water-wetting groups, the water-wetting groups are hydroxyl, carboxyl, alkylester, cyano, chloro or fluoro groups, the substances which are difficulty soluble in water or swell in ~later are polyvin~l alcohols, preferably with a residual acetyl con-tent of 10 %, the nutrients are coated with substances of low solubility in water from the group of inorganic compounds, the compound of low water-solubility is iron phosphate or calcium phosphate, the nutrients are coated with substances which are difficulty soluble in water and/or which swell in water and which belong to the group of polymers with water-wetting groups or to the group of inorganic compounds, and with water-repellant substances from the group of paraffins, waxes, metal soaps, ~uaternary ammonium compounds, urea derivatives, resins modified with fatty acids, silicones and/or perfluoroinated or-ganic compounds, the water-repellant substance coats the nutri-ents with a layer that is 10~8m to 10~2m thick, preferably 1. 10-6m to 2 10~3m, and the substance which is difficulty soluble in water or swells i~ water coats the nutrients with a layer that is 10~6m to 10~2m thick, preferably 5, 10~5m to 2 10~3m.
The present invention also provides a process for the programmed, long-term release of nutrients for plants grown in soil, by the introduction of fertilizers into the soil, in ~hich the above fertilizers designated above are used, the flow of nutrients depending on the respective development and/or needs of the plants.
The present invention furthermore provides a process for the programmed, long-term release of nutrients for plants grown in substrates, by the introduction of the designated fertilizers into the substrates, in which the flow of nutrients begins selectively only after irrigation of the substrate and fertilizer mixtures.
l~S2~;~3 In a preferred embodlments of this process the flow of nutrients begins selectively only after irrigation of the substrate and fertilizer mixtures; one single application of fer~
tilizer at the beginning of plant growth is sufficient for the respective needs of the plant in one cultivation period; the controlled release is ad~usted to the nutrient demands and/or development of the plants so that overfertilization and/or imper~
missible elutriation losses are avoided; the fertilizers are used individually or in mixtures.
~ g _ ,.,, 1~5 S The fertilizer in accordance with the invention is surprisingly able to provide the plant with any desired nutrient in the con-centration necessary from time to time and at any time during growth.
Therefore, the fertilizer provided by the invention has the special advantage that the so-called starting dose, permanent dose and time dose are guaranteed in one programmed sequence with a single application.
The starting dose, in this connection, is understood as being the application of a nutrient or nutrient mixture which, with-out further treatment, guarantees the initial development of the plant as regards the correct supply of all necessary nu-trients in terms of type and quantity, and this in consideration (utilization~ of the respective crop's salt tolerance.
Permanent dose means the application of a pretreated nutrient or nutrient mixture which provides the plant with an even sup-ply of nutrients from the beginning of the application on.
In the case of the time dose a correspondingly pretreated nu-trient or nutrient mixture is applied which is not available to the plant until a defined later date.
This programmed release of fertilizer is accompanied by many advantages which cannot be achieved through the use of known fertilizers.
Thus, for example, the fertilizing can be carried out as needed in as ~uch as the reIease of nutrients is adjusted to the peak and zero needs of the plantsj which is not pos-sible with any of the known fertilizers!..
Zt;~;~
~, -~J~ e .~ t,~s f~ i tl -This permits ~ s-~is~-~ inJoptimum fashion the plants' varying need for nutrients during a cultivation period, so that damage~ to the plants due to overfertili-zation in times of high plant sensitivity or inadequate growth due to the supply of inadequate quantities of nu-trients in times of maximum demand are advantageouslyavoided.
Furthermore, the controlled release of nutrients that can be achieved with the fertilizer provided by the invention has the advantage of fully exploiting the plants' yield potential, even in unfavorable climatic conditions or on soils with low fertility.
Furthermore, the controlled release of the nutrient flow achieved with the fertilizer provided by the invention permits to satisfy in optimum fashion the changing needs of a special crop for forms and concentrations of nutrients, and this with a single total quantity of fertilizer aDplied when sowing or potting the plants, which means that there is no need for subsequent applications, which are risky, tlme-con-suming and ineffective if the scheduling is wrong.
Furthermore, the controlled release of the nutrients achieved with the fertilizer provided by the invention per-mits to introduce fertilizers into the substrates long be-fore their use,without having to reckon from the beginning with high active s~lt contents, as the salts are only activated through irrigation of the substrates when utilisation begins, which means that salt shocks and~or salt damages can be avoided.
The following can be used as fertilizers in' the sense of the invention:
- fertilizer powders - crystalline fertilizers - granulated fertilizers - coated granulated fertilizers - fertilizer sticks - encapsulated fertilizer solutions and/or fertilizer suspensions The aforementioned,fertilizers can be in the form of:
- mineral single-nutrient fertilizers - mineral multinutrient fertilizers - organic-mineral fertilizers - organic fertilizers - trace nutrients - combination of the~aforementioned components.
Included are fertilizers that have been pretreated in any way such as fertilizers with a delayed release of plant nutrients, of which salts of low solubility, polymeric nu-trient compounds and nutrients bound to natural and synthetic carriers are to be named as examples.
The fertilizer provided by the invention is manufactured in a way known as such,, for example, by placing the fertilizer to be influenced in its release of nutrients in accordance with the invention in a device ~uitable for the respective type of treatment, such as a rotary drum, a granulator or a - - ~ - lZ5~ 3 S fluidizer and mixing it with the treating agent in such a way that the fertilizer is coated with a complete and suf-ficiently even layer of the desired thickness, or ~y placing the treating agent in a suitable device, such as a rotary drum or a granulator and adding the fertilizer to be influenced in its release of nutrients in accordance with the invention so that the fertilizer is covered with a complete and suf- -ficiently even layer of the desired thickness.
The following individual substances can be used as water~-`~ '15 repellant substances and/or substances that are ~l~ soluble in water or which swell in water:
paraffins, expediently with a melting point of 40 to 250 ~C, preferably hard paraffin with a melting point higher than 55 C;
waxes, such as beeswax, spermaceti, carnauba wax;
metal soaps such as Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Zr or Al salts of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, or oleic acid, preferabl~ Mg, Ca, Fe, Al or Zr salts of palmitic acid;
quaternary ammonium compounds such as octadecyloxymethylpyridine chloride or N-methyl-N-stearo~lamidomethylene pyridine chloride;
fat-modified synthetic resins; such as condensates of pre-concentrated monododecyl-urea-formaldehyde or hexamethylol-melamine ether modified with lauric acid, palmitic acid and/or stearic acid;
lZ~
~ 14 -urea derivatives such as octadecylethylene urea;
melamine derivatives;
polysiloxanes such as hydrogen methylpolysiloxane and dimethylpolysiloxane;
fluorocarbon polymerisates such as 1,1-dihydroperfluoroctyl-polyacryl acid ester;
alginates, such as potassium alginate;
gelatins;
casein;
polysaccharides such as starch, cellulose, cellulose derivatives such as ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose and their mixtures, pectins, xanthanes;
polyvinyl alcohols;
polyvinyl acetates;
polyvinyl ethers;
polyvinyl pyrollidones;
polyacrylates;
clay minerals such'as bentonite,~, illite, attapulgite; metal oxides such as iron oxide hydrate, magnesium oxide; metal phosphates such as calcium phosphate, iron phosphate;
polyphosphates such as Kurrol's saLt;
metal silicates such as silicate of potassium;
,~
~S~ 3 - 15 ~
preferably partially saponified polyvinylacetates, gelatins, iron oxide hydrates, calcium phosphate.
The layers are applied in thicknesses of 10 8m to 10 2m, in particular 1 10 6m to ~ 10 3m.
The treating agents are applied as singl~ components alone, in solution or as an emulsion and likewise combined to form a multiple-component system.
It is advantageous to use the fertilizer provided by the invention in the form of a mixed granulate.
Agglomeration granulates, pressed granulates (splints, pel-lets), natural crystals etc. can be used as the granulate form.
As mentioned above, all chemical compounds with a fertilizing effect can be used as the chemical components. This includes, in particular, all known inorganic salts containing N-P-K
and trace elements, metal chelates, trace elements in other organic bonds, urea aldehyde condensates, urea phosphate, carbohydrates, proteins, peptides and amino acids.
~s regards the flow properties the following classification is advantageous:
1. Compoundswith a high rate of solution in water.
2. Compoundswith a more or less high rate of solution due to their chemical properties, examples being calcium-magnesium phosphates, silicates, carbonates and urea aldehyde con-densates.
i~S~3
i~S~3
3. Compounds whose solubility can be influenced by physical treatment, for example by impregnation, imbedding in a matrix of synthetic resin~and coating with synthetic resins.
The aforementioned physical processes can be applied to the granulates of the individual compounds as well as to their mixtures. When these possible treatments are applied, the exact beginning and the subsequent duration of effect can be select-ively determined for every nutrient relevant to plant nutrition.
Finally, the basic granulates treated in this fashion are combined to form a final mixture, whose fertilizing effect can be precisely adjusted to the specific needs of a special crop and/or group of crops. This means that with the invention it is now possible for the first time to program a compound fertilizer in such a way that it can quite selectively meet varying nutrition needs at varying stages of development.
The following examples serve to explain the invention:
l;~S~
E x a m P l e 1: Manufacture of the starting dose The ingredients (e.g. rec.~ 1, rec.* 2, rec.* 3, rec.* 4) of the fertilizer starting dose to be manufactured are mixed homogeneously with each other in the form of fine crystals or powder (max. grain size 1 mm). This mixture is compacted in roll presses to form scabs. The scabs are crushed and frac-tionated. The starting dose results in the form of the ac-ceptable grain fraction with a grain size of 1.5 to 4 mm.
5 Table 1: Exemplary compositions of fertilizer starting doses with emphasis on phosphates and variation of forms of nitrogen as well as emphasis on nitrogen.
Inqredients (in %) Rec.* 1 Rec.* 2 Rec.* 3 Rec.* 4 Ammonium nitrate - 6.1 9.5 Urea condensate - - - 36.9 Urea 5.0 - ~ 3-3 Monoammonium phosphate38.0 38.0 20.5 Diammonium phospnate 9.2 9.2 23.1 9.0 Potassium nitrate10.010.0 13.0 12.0 Potassium sulfate10.8 9.8 13.0 13.5 Magnesium phosphate 21.3 21.3 - 17.1 Magnesium sulfate1.0 1.0 17.1 3.0 Trace elements 3.2 3.2 3.8 3.8 Auxiliary materials 1.5 1.4 - 0.8 N-P2O5-K2O-MgO , 10-34-10-812-25-12-5 ratio 10-34-9-8 19-10-12-7 * Rec. = Recipe - lZS2~;~3 E x a m p l e 2: Manufacture of the permanent dose .
The ingredients (for example Rec.* 5, Rec.* 6, Rec.* 7, Rec.* 8, Rec.* 9, Rec.* 10) of the permanent fertilizer dose to be manu-factured are crushed as described in example 1 or in another way. The acceptable grain fraction is mixed in a fluidizer with a varnish mixture dissolved in white spiritand based on drying oil until the rate of solution of the nutrients is reduced to the desired amount.
5 Table 2: Exemplary composition of permanent fertilizer doses:
nitrogen-phosphate-potassium balanced with magnesium, balanced nitrogen-potassium,emphasized nitrogen, emphasized potassium, nitrogen-potassium balanced with phosphate, nitrogen-potassium balanced with magnesium.
Inaredients (in %) Rec.* 5, Rec.* 6 Rec.* 7 P~c.* 8 P~c.* 9 P~c.* 1 Ammonium nitrate34.0 45.0 79.3 10.0 45.0 Ammonium sulfate - 7.8 - 17.2 Urea - - _ _ _ 44 4 Diammonium phosphate 26.0 - - - 10.0 Potassium nitrate - 35.0 20.722.8 26.5 32.6 Potassium sulfate 34.0 12.2 50.0 18.5 10.5 Maqnesium sulfate 6.0 - - - - 12.5 N-P2O5-K2O MgO 1714-17-2 30~0 9 21-~21 ratio 22-0-22 10-0-35 25~-20-* Rec. = Recipe E x a m P 1 e 3: Manu acture o~ the time dose The ingredients (e.g. Rec.* 11, Rec.* 12, Rec.* 13, Rec.* 14, Rec.* 15) of the fertilizer time dose to be manufactured are provided with a basic coat as described in examples 1 and 2 or in another fashion. The granulates pretreated in this manner are mixed in a fluidizer or rotary drum with an aqueous coating solution or suspension, the main ingredients of which are water-soluble substances or substances which swell in water such as polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose ether, gelatins, polysaccharides, alginates etc.
Finally, the coating is provided with a waterproofing finish such as paraffins, waxes, calcium and iron soaps, fat-modified urea formaldehyde condensates, siloxanes, etc. The type and amount of coating is determined by the point in time at which the even release of the nutrients is required.
Table 3: Exemplary composition of fertili~er time doses:
nitrogen-phosphate-potassium balanced with magnesium, emphasized nitrogen with phosphate and potassium, balanced nitrogen-potassium, emphasized nitrogen with potassium and magnesium, emphasized potassium.
.
~ Rec. = Recipe 1~$~3 Inaredients (in %) Rec.* 11 Rec.* 12 Rec.* 13 Rec.* 14 Pec.*15 .
Ammonium nitrate 30.1 55.6 45.0 - 24.7 Ammonium sulfate 3.8 11.7 - ~ 4.3 Diammonium phosphate 3.2 9.0 Monoammonium phosphate 17.4 - - -Urea 5.5 - - 65.4 Potassi~m sulfate 33~2 23.7 8.3 - 71.0 Potassium nitrate - - 46.7 22.0 Magnesium sulfate ~ - - 12.6 Magnesium phosphate 3.0 Maqnesium oxide3.8 N-P2O5-~2O-MgO14-13-16-4 22-0-25 10-0-35 ratio 23-~12 3~0-10-4 * Rec. = Recipe E x a m p_1 e 4: Manufacture of fertilizer mixture speci ic to crop The fertilizers separately manufactured in accordance with Example 1, 2 and 3 are mixed in a vessel - e.g. Nauta mixer, rotary drum - in such a way that damage of the granulate sur-faces is avoided. The mixing time depends on the mixing machine and the ratio of the individual component quantities. The mixing ratios of the individual ingredients are to be set by correlating plant need and the supply curve. The variations in the supply curve of three defined fertilizer components are given in Tables 4 and 5.
The following have been selected as exemplary mixture components:
20A. Starting dose: Rec.* 4: 19-10-12-7 (2 - 4 mm) B. Permanent dose: Rec.* 9: 21-5-21 (2 - 4 mm), 94 %
+ 6 % coating with drying oil varnish dissolved in a 50 % white spirit solution, produced in a fluidizer, C. Time dose: Re-.* 15: 10-0-35 (2 - 4 mm), 50 ~
+ 4 ~ basic coating, drying oil varnish dis-solved in a 50 % white spirit solution, produced in the fluidizer, +46 % time coat consistins~of 45.5 % time coat of a 50 % aqueous disper-sion, produced in the rotary drum comprising -binding agent: 3 parts (sugar : PE wax = 2 : 1) -swelling substances: 1.5 parts (cellulose ether : polyvinyl alcohol : starch = 2 : 1 : 3) -waterproofing agent: 1 part (Ca stearate) and -filler: 1 part (silicic acid) and 0.5 ~ finish, dry Ee palmitate, produced Rec. = Recipe in the rotary drum.
J~2S~
Table 4: Varlation in the supply curve with 10 % starting dose and variation in residual amount of fertilizer between permanent dose and time dose Mixing Ratio - Start : Permanent : Time Days 1:0:9 1:1:~ 1:2:7 1:3:6 1:4:5 1:5:4 1:6:3 1:7:2 1:8:1 1:9:0 % % % % 96 ~6 % % % %
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
The aforementioned physical processes can be applied to the granulates of the individual compounds as well as to their mixtures. When these possible treatments are applied, the exact beginning and the subsequent duration of effect can be select-ively determined for every nutrient relevant to plant nutrition.
Finally, the basic granulates treated in this fashion are combined to form a final mixture, whose fertilizing effect can be precisely adjusted to the specific needs of a special crop and/or group of crops. This means that with the invention it is now possible for the first time to program a compound fertilizer in such a way that it can quite selectively meet varying nutrition needs at varying stages of development.
The following examples serve to explain the invention:
l;~S~
E x a m P l e 1: Manufacture of the starting dose The ingredients (e.g. rec.~ 1, rec.* 2, rec.* 3, rec.* 4) of the fertilizer starting dose to be manufactured are mixed homogeneously with each other in the form of fine crystals or powder (max. grain size 1 mm). This mixture is compacted in roll presses to form scabs. The scabs are crushed and frac-tionated. The starting dose results in the form of the ac-ceptable grain fraction with a grain size of 1.5 to 4 mm.
5 Table 1: Exemplary compositions of fertilizer starting doses with emphasis on phosphates and variation of forms of nitrogen as well as emphasis on nitrogen.
Inqredients (in %) Rec.* 1 Rec.* 2 Rec.* 3 Rec.* 4 Ammonium nitrate - 6.1 9.5 Urea condensate - - - 36.9 Urea 5.0 - ~ 3-3 Monoammonium phosphate38.0 38.0 20.5 Diammonium phospnate 9.2 9.2 23.1 9.0 Potassium nitrate10.010.0 13.0 12.0 Potassium sulfate10.8 9.8 13.0 13.5 Magnesium phosphate 21.3 21.3 - 17.1 Magnesium sulfate1.0 1.0 17.1 3.0 Trace elements 3.2 3.2 3.8 3.8 Auxiliary materials 1.5 1.4 - 0.8 N-P2O5-K2O-MgO , 10-34-10-812-25-12-5 ratio 10-34-9-8 19-10-12-7 * Rec. = Recipe - lZS2~;~3 E x a m p l e 2: Manufacture of the permanent dose .
The ingredients (for example Rec.* 5, Rec.* 6, Rec.* 7, Rec.* 8, Rec.* 9, Rec.* 10) of the permanent fertilizer dose to be manu-factured are crushed as described in example 1 or in another way. The acceptable grain fraction is mixed in a fluidizer with a varnish mixture dissolved in white spiritand based on drying oil until the rate of solution of the nutrients is reduced to the desired amount.
5 Table 2: Exemplary composition of permanent fertilizer doses:
nitrogen-phosphate-potassium balanced with magnesium, balanced nitrogen-potassium,emphasized nitrogen, emphasized potassium, nitrogen-potassium balanced with phosphate, nitrogen-potassium balanced with magnesium.
Inaredients (in %) Rec.* 5, Rec.* 6 Rec.* 7 P~c.* 8 P~c.* 9 P~c.* 1 Ammonium nitrate34.0 45.0 79.3 10.0 45.0 Ammonium sulfate - 7.8 - 17.2 Urea - - _ _ _ 44 4 Diammonium phosphate 26.0 - - - 10.0 Potassium nitrate - 35.0 20.722.8 26.5 32.6 Potassium sulfate 34.0 12.2 50.0 18.5 10.5 Maqnesium sulfate 6.0 - - - - 12.5 N-P2O5-K2O MgO 1714-17-2 30~0 9 21-~21 ratio 22-0-22 10-0-35 25~-20-* Rec. = Recipe E x a m P 1 e 3: Manu acture o~ the time dose The ingredients (e.g. Rec.* 11, Rec.* 12, Rec.* 13, Rec.* 14, Rec.* 15) of the fertilizer time dose to be manufactured are provided with a basic coat as described in examples 1 and 2 or in another fashion. The granulates pretreated in this manner are mixed in a fluidizer or rotary drum with an aqueous coating solution or suspension, the main ingredients of which are water-soluble substances or substances which swell in water such as polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose ether, gelatins, polysaccharides, alginates etc.
Finally, the coating is provided with a waterproofing finish such as paraffins, waxes, calcium and iron soaps, fat-modified urea formaldehyde condensates, siloxanes, etc. The type and amount of coating is determined by the point in time at which the even release of the nutrients is required.
Table 3: Exemplary composition of fertili~er time doses:
nitrogen-phosphate-potassium balanced with magnesium, emphasized nitrogen with phosphate and potassium, balanced nitrogen-potassium, emphasized nitrogen with potassium and magnesium, emphasized potassium.
.
~ Rec. = Recipe 1~$~3 Inaredients (in %) Rec.* 11 Rec.* 12 Rec.* 13 Rec.* 14 Pec.*15 .
Ammonium nitrate 30.1 55.6 45.0 - 24.7 Ammonium sulfate 3.8 11.7 - ~ 4.3 Diammonium phosphate 3.2 9.0 Monoammonium phosphate 17.4 - - -Urea 5.5 - - 65.4 Potassi~m sulfate 33~2 23.7 8.3 - 71.0 Potassium nitrate - - 46.7 22.0 Magnesium sulfate ~ - - 12.6 Magnesium phosphate 3.0 Maqnesium oxide3.8 N-P2O5-~2O-MgO14-13-16-4 22-0-25 10-0-35 ratio 23-~12 3~0-10-4 * Rec. = Recipe E x a m p_1 e 4: Manufacture of fertilizer mixture speci ic to crop The fertilizers separately manufactured in accordance with Example 1, 2 and 3 are mixed in a vessel - e.g. Nauta mixer, rotary drum - in such a way that damage of the granulate sur-faces is avoided. The mixing time depends on the mixing machine and the ratio of the individual component quantities. The mixing ratios of the individual ingredients are to be set by correlating plant need and the supply curve. The variations in the supply curve of three defined fertilizer components are given in Tables 4 and 5.
The following have been selected as exemplary mixture components:
20A. Starting dose: Rec.* 4: 19-10-12-7 (2 - 4 mm) B. Permanent dose: Rec.* 9: 21-5-21 (2 - 4 mm), 94 %
+ 6 % coating with drying oil varnish dissolved in a 50 % white spirit solution, produced in a fluidizer, C. Time dose: Re-.* 15: 10-0-35 (2 - 4 mm), 50 ~
+ 4 ~ basic coating, drying oil varnish dis-solved in a 50 % white spirit solution, produced in the fluidizer, +46 % time coat consistins~of 45.5 % time coat of a 50 % aqueous disper-sion, produced in the rotary drum comprising -binding agent: 3 parts (sugar : PE wax = 2 : 1) -swelling substances: 1.5 parts (cellulose ether : polyvinyl alcohol : starch = 2 : 1 : 3) -waterproofing agent: 1 part (Ca stearate) and -filler: 1 part (silicic acid) and 0.5 ~ finish, dry Ee palmitate, produced Rec. = Recipe in the rotary drum.
J~2S~
Table 4: Varlation in the supply curve with 10 % starting dose and variation in residual amount of fertilizer between permanent dose and time dose Mixing Ratio - Start : Permanent : Time Days 1:0:9 1:1:~ 1:2:7 1:3:6 1:4:5 1:5:4 1:6:3 1:7:2 1:8:1 1:9:0 % % % % 96 ~6 % % % %
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
4 8.00 9.64 11.28 12.92 14.56 1~.20 17.84 19.48 21.12 22.76 8 2.08 4.166.24 8.32 10.40 12.48 14.56 16.64 18.72 ~0.80 12 1.00 2.604.20 5.80 7.40 9.00 10.60 12.20 13.80 15.40 16 1.17 2.243.31 4.38 5.45 6.52 7.59 8.66 9.73 10.80 20 1.89 2.563.23 3.90 4.57 5.24 5.91 6.58 7.25 7.92 24 3.78 3.964.1~ 4.32 4.50 4.68 4.86 5.04 5.22 5.40 28 5.22 5.1~5.02 4.92 4.82 4.72 4.62 4.52 4.42 4.32 32 7.11 6.686.25 5.82 5.39 4.96 4.53 4.10 3.67 3.24 36 9.36 8.567.76 ~.96 6.16 5.36 4.56 3.76 2.96 2.16 40 11.25 10.16 9.07 7.98 ~.89 5.80 4.71 3.62 2.53 1.44 44 12.78 11.52 10.26 g.oo 7.74 6.~8 5.22 3.96 2.70 1.44 48 11.61 10.44 9.27 8.10 6.93 5~76 4.59 3.42 2.27 1.08 52 9.72 8.767.80 ~.84 5.88 4.92 3.96 3.00 2.04 1.08 56 6.03 5.444.85 4.26 3.67 3.08 2.49 1.90 1.31 0.72 60 4.14 3.763.38 3.00 2.~7 2.24 1.86 1.48 1.10 0.72 64 2.97 2.682.39 2.10 1.81 1.52 1.23 0.94 0.65 0.36 6~ 1.53 1.401.27 1.14 1.01 0.88 0.75 0.62 ~.49 0.36 72 0.36 0.320.28 0.24 0~20 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.00 76 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3~ Components: Permanent dose with maximum release at 10th day, manufactured in accordance with Example 2.
Time dose with maximum release at 44th day, manufactured in conformity with Example 3.
Table 5: Variation in the supply curve with 20 % starting dose and variation residual amount of fertilizer between permanent s~
dose and time dose Mixing Ratio - Start : Permanent : Time Days 2:0:8 2:1:7 2:2:6 2:3:5 2:4:4 2:5:3 2:6:2 2:7:1 2:8:0 % % % % ~ % % ~ ~
00.00 0.000.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 416.00 17.6419.28 20.9222.5624.2025.8427.4829.12 83.76 5.847.92 10.~012.0814.1616.24 18.3220.40 121.20 2.80 4.40 6.007.609.20 10.80 12.4014.00 161.04 2.11 3.18 4.255.326.39 7.46 8.53 9.60 201.68 2.35 3.02 3.694.365.03 5.70 6.37 7.04 243.36 3.54 3.72 3.90~.084.26 4.44 4.62 4.80 284.64 4.54 4.4~ 4.344.24~.14 4.04 3.94 3.8~
326.32 5.89 5.'46 5.034.604.17 3.74 3.31 2.88 368.32 7.52 6.72 5.925.124.32 3.52 2.72 1.92 4010.00 8.91 7.82 6.735.644.55 3.46 2.37 1.28 44 11.36 10.00 8.847.586.32 5.06 3.80 2.54 1.28 481~.32 9.15 7.98 6.815.644.47 3.30 2.13 0.96 528.64 7.68 6.72 ~.764.803.84 2.88 1.92 0.96 565.36 4.77 4.18 3.593.002.41 1.82 1.23 0.64 603.68 3.30 2.92 ~.542.161.78 1.40 1.02 0.64 642.64 2.35 2.06 1.771.481.19 0.90 0.61 0.32 681.36 1.23 1.10 0.970.8~0.71 0.58 0.45 0.32 720.32 0.28 0.2~ 0.200.160.12 0.08 0.04 0.00 760.00 0.00 0.0~ 0.000.000.00 0.~0 0.00 0.00 components: Permanent dose with maximum release at 10th day, manufactured in accordance with Example 2.
Time dose with maximum release at 44th day, ma~ufactured in conformity with Example 3.
~ 24 ~
E x a m p l e 5 Comparison of a fertilizer in accordance with the invention with a fertilizer of the present art in the case of "Yellow Delaware" chrysanthemums - Table 6 - and "Rumba" peppers. ~ubstrate test results during the cultivation period, and sprout rating or yield are compared.
The following fertilizers of the present art were used:
Fertilizer A: Slow release fertilizer with emphasis on young-plant nutrition, and a 20-10-15-4 ratio, slow-release mechanism based on biological digestion.
Fertilizer B: Slow release fertilizer with emphasis on permanent effect, and a 15-12-15 ratio, slow-release mechanism based on membrane coatings.
In contrast, the fertilizer in accordance with the invention was tested with the following composition C:
Slow release fertilizer consisting of 25 % starting dose in conformity with Example 1, Rec.* No. 4, 63 % permanent dose in conformity with Example 2, Rec.* No. 5, with 10 ~ coating, consistinq of a 50 % varnish solution in white spirit based on drying oils, produced in a rotary drum, for constant release in 100 days, 2 % time dose in conformity with Example 3, Rec.*
No. 15, processing as described in Example 4, with maximum release after 44 days.
A total of 10 ~ coating material is used.
* Rec. = Recipe ~2S~ 3 ~ ''' '' r' C) ~;
x c 0 a:
.,, a) ~
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Time dose with maximum release at 44th day, manufactured in conformity with Example 3.
Table 5: Variation in the supply curve with 20 % starting dose and variation residual amount of fertilizer between permanent s~
dose and time dose Mixing Ratio - Start : Permanent : Time Days 2:0:8 2:1:7 2:2:6 2:3:5 2:4:4 2:5:3 2:6:2 2:7:1 2:8:0 % % % % ~ % % ~ ~
00.00 0.000.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 416.00 17.6419.28 20.9222.5624.2025.8427.4829.12 83.76 5.847.92 10.~012.0814.1616.24 18.3220.40 121.20 2.80 4.40 6.007.609.20 10.80 12.4014.00 161.04 2.11 3.18 4.255.326.39 7.46 8.53 9.60 201.68 2.35 3.02 3.694.365.03 5.70 6.37 7.04 243.36 3.54 3.72 3.90~.084.26 4.44 4.62 4.80 284.64 4.54 4.4~ 4.344.24~.14 4.04 3.94 3.8~
326.32 5.89 5.'46 5.034.604.17 3.74 3.31 2.88 368.32 7.52 6.72 5.925.124.32 3.52 2.72 1.92 4010.00 8.91 7.82 6.735.644.55 3.46 2.37 1.28 44 11.36 10.00 8.847.586.32 5.06 3.80 2.54 1.28 481~.32 9.15 7.98 6.815.644.47 3.30 2.13 0.96 528.64 7.68 6.72 ~.764.803.84 2.88 1.92 0.96 565.36 4.77 4.18 3.593.002.41 1.82 1.23 0.64 603.68 3.30 2.92 ~.542.161.78 1.40 1.02 0.64 642.64 2.35 2.06 1.771.481.19 0.90 0.61 0.32 681.36 1.23 1.10 0.970.8~0.71 0.58 0.45 0.32 720.32 0.28 0.2~ 0.200.160.12 0.08 0.04 0.00 760.00 0.00 0.0~ 0.000.000.00 0.~0 0.00 0.00 components: Permanent dose with maximum release at 10th day, manufactured in accordance with Example 2.
Time dose with maximum release at 44th day, ma~ufactured in conformity with Example 3.
~ 24 ~
E x a m p l e 5 Comparison of a fertilizer in accordance with the invention with a fertilizer of the present art in the case of "Yellow Delaware" chrysanthemums - Table 6 - and "Rumba" peppers. ~ubstrate test results during the cultivation period, and sprout rating or yield are compared.
The following fertilizers of the present art were used:
Fertilizer A: Slow release fertilizer with emphasis on young-plant nutrition, and a 20-10-15-4 ratio, slow-release mechanism based on biological digestion.
Fertilizer B: Slow release fertilizer with emphasis on permanent effect, and a 15-12-15 ratio, slow-release mechanism based on membrane coatings.
In contrast, the fertilizer in accordance with the invention was tested with the following composition C:
Slow release fertilizer consisting of 25 % starting dose in conformity with Example 1, Rec.* No. 4, 63 % permanent dose in conformity with Example 2, Rec.* No. 5, with 10 ~ coating, consistinq of a 50 % varnish solution in white spirit based on drying oils, produced in a rotary drum, for constant release in 100 days, 2 % time dose in conformity with Example 3, Rec.*
No. 15, processing as described in Example 4, with maximum release after 44 days.
A total of 10 ~ coating material is used.
* Rec. = Recipe ~2S~ 3 ~ ''' '' r' C) ~;
x c 0 a:
.,, a) ~
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Claims (12)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A fertilizer with long-term activity and programmed delivery of nutrients, for use in one single application at the beginning of plant growth and sufficient for the plant needs in one cultivation period wherein the flow of nutrients begins selectively only after irrigation of the substrate and fertilizer mixture providing after one-time application an initial delivery, then a continuous delivery, and finally a terminal delivery of nutrients, comprising at least one interior layer and at least one enveloping layer each interior layer consisting essentially of nutrient means selected from the group consisting of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sulphur, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, chlorine, boron, molybdenum, sodium, silicon, cobalt and aluminum and contained in compound form, and each enveloping layer consisting essentially of enveloping means selected from of water-repellent means, means difficulty soluble in water or means swelling in water, said enveloping means selected from the group consisting of paraffins, waxes, metal soaps, quaternary ammonium compounds, fat-modified artificial resin, urea derivatives, melamine deriva-tives, polysiloxane, fluorocarbon polymerizate, alginate, gelatin, casein, polysaccharides, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl ether, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylate, clay minerals, metal oxides, metal phosphates, polyphosphates and metal silicates, each said enveloping means sheathing completely a single interior layer, thereby providing a controllable set-ting-free of said nutrient means, the water-repellant substance coating the nutrients with a layer that is 10-? to 10-? thick and the substance difficultly soluble in water or swells in water coating the nutrients with a layer that is 10-? to 10-? thick.
2. A fertilizer in accordance with claim 1 in which the enveloping means is iron palmitate.
3. A fertilizer in accordance with claim 1 in which the enveloping means is a polyvinyl alcohol.
4. A fertilizer in accordance with claim 1 in which the enveloping means is a polyvinyl alcohol having a residual acetyl content of 100%.
5. A fertilizer in accordance with claim 1 in which the enveloping means is an inorganic compound.
6. A fertilizer in accordance with claim 5 in which the enveloping means is iron phosphate or calcium phosphate.
7. A fertilizer in accordance with claim 1 in which the water-repellant substance coats the nutrients with a layer that is 1 ? 10-6m to 2 ? 10-3m thick.
8. A fertilizer in accordance with claim 1 in which the substance which is difficultly soluble in water or swells in water coats the nutrients with a layer that is 5 ? 10-5 to 2 ?
10-3m thick.
10-3m thick.
9. A process for the programmed, long-term release of nutrients for plants grown in soil, by the introduction of fer-tilizers into the soil, in which fertilizers in accordance with claim 1, 2 or 3, are used, the flow of nutrients depending on the respective development and/or needs of the plants.
10. A process for the programmed, long-term release of nutrients for plants grown on substrates, by the introduction of fertilizers into the substrates, characterized in that fertiliz-ers in accordance with claim 1, 2 or 3 are used, the flow of nutrients beginning selectively only after irrigation of the sub-strate and fertilizer mixtures.
11. A process for the programmed, long-term release of nutrients for plants grown on substrates, characterized in that fertilizers in accordance with claim 1, 2 or 3 are used, a single application of fertilizer at the beginning of plant growth being sufficient for the respective needs of the plant during one cul-tivation period.
12. A process for the controlled release of nutrients for plants grown on substrates in which the fertilizers in accor-dance with claim 1, 2 or 3 are used, the controlled release being adjusted to the nutrient demand and/or development of the plants so that overfertilization and/or impermissible elutriation losses are avoided.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DEP3321053.5 | 1983-06-08 | ||
| DE3321053A DE3321053A1 (en) | 1983-06-08 | 1983-06-08 | LIQUID EFFECT DISPENSER AND PROGRAMMED NUTRITION DELIVERY |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1252643A true CA1252643A (en) | 1989-04-18 |
Family
ID=6201187
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000456074A Expired CA1252643A (en) | 1983-06-08 | 1984-06-07 | Fertilizer with long-term effect and programmed release of nutrients |
Country Status (21)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0128376A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS6042288A (en) |
| AT (1) | AT380230B (en) |
| AU (1) | AU568380B2 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR8402772A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1252643A (en) |
| DD (1) | DD219757A5 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3321053A1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK158151C (en) |
| EG (1) | EG17000A (en) |
| ES (1) | ES533169A0 (en) |
| FI (1) | FI76316C (en) |
| GR (1) | GR82145B (en) |
| HU (1) | HU200976B (en) |
| IL (1) | IL71997A (en) |
| MA (1) | MA20133A1 (en) |
| PH (1) | PH21715A (en) |
| PT (1) | PT78700B (en) |
| SU (1) | SU1605921A3 (en) |
| TR (1) | TR23697A (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA844367B (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5211985A (en) * | 1991-10-09 | 1993-05-18 | Ici Canada, Inc. | Multi-stage process for continuous coating of fertilizer particles |
Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2680019B2 (en) * | 1988-03-03 | 1997-11-19 | 帝人株式会社 | Spun yarn for moquette fabric pile |
| EP0706821A1 (en) * | 1994-10-06 | 1996-04-17 | Centre De Microencapsulation | Method of coating particles |
| JP3868095B2 (en) * | 1997-02-25 | 2007-01-17 | 電気化学工業株式会社 | Lime nitrogen-containing composition and fertilizer using the same |
| DE19743606A1 (en) | 1997-10-02 | 1999-04-15 | Hydro Agri Deutschland Gmbh | Use of anion-exchanging minerals |
| JP3868123B2 (en) * | 1998-08-24 | 2007-01-17 | 電気化学工業株式会社 | fertilizer |
| JP2000159591A (en) * | 1998-09-21 | 2000-06-13 | Masahiro Nagahama | Fertilizer composition containing vitamins, sulfur- containing amino acid and saccharide as organic substances |
| BRPI1000188A2 (en) * | 2010-01-11 | 2011-08-30 | Maria Fernanda Dellaquia Maulicino | adjustable backrest folding beach mat |
| KR20150094745A (en) * | 2013-01-11 | 2015-08-19 | 도요 고무 고교 가부시키가이샤 | Artificial soil medium |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR1169982A (en) * | 1957-03-23 | 1959-01-08 | Azote Office Nat Ind | Soluble nitrogen modulated release fertilizer |
| FR1188809A (en) * | 1957-12-19 | 1959-09-25 | Drageing of mineral fertilizers | |
| FR1512658A (en) * | 1963-11-19 | 1968-02-09 | Leslie Agriform Corp | Fertilizer tablet disintegrates easily by adding water |
| JPS5649921B2 (en) * | 1972-01-05 | 1981-11-26 | ||
| JPS54109078A (en) * | 1978-02-15 | 1979-08-27 | Norio Tanaka | Photoocollapsible microcapsule |
| JPS605559B2 (en) * | 1980-01-31 | 1985-02-12 | 宇部興産株式会社 | Method for producing sulfur-coated fertilizer |
| JPS56120597A (en) * | 1980-02-22 | 1981-09-21 | Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals | Glanular coated fertilizer unfloatable in water |
| DE3007089A1 (en) * | 1980-02-26 | 1981-09-03 | Dezsö T. 6749 Schweigen-Rechtenbach Kabai | Sustained-release fertiliser prods. - contg. some components in coated form |
| JPS57129894A (en) * | 1981-02-04 | 1982-08-12 | Nippon Shokusei Kk | Super slow release fertilizer |
| DE3203849A1 (en) * | 1982-02-02 | 1983-08-11 | Schering Ag, 1000 Berlin Und 4619 Bergkamen | FERTILIZER WITH CONTROLLED START OF NUTRIENT DELIVERY |
-
1983
- 1983-06-08 DE DE3321053A patent/DE3321053A1/en active Granted
-
1984
- 1984-05-12 EP EP84105400A patent/EP0128376A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1984-06-01 AU AU28937/84A patent/AU568380B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1984-06-04 IL IL71997A patent/IL71997A/en unknown
- 1984-06-05 EG EG3444/84A patent/EG17000A/en active
- 1984-06-05 TR TR84/3992A patent/TR23697A/en unknown
- 1984-06-05 AT AT0184884A patent/AT380230B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1984-06-06 ES ES533169A patent/ES533169A0/en active Granted
- 1984-06-06 DD DD84263872A patent/DD219757A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1984-06-06 GR GR74936A patent/GR82145B/el unknown
- 1984-06-06 PT PT78700A patent/PT78700B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1984-06-06 MA MA20357A patent/MA20133A1/en unknown
- 1984-06-07 PH PH30787A patent/PH21715A/en unknown
- 1984-06-07 BR BR8402772A patent/BR8402772A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1984-06-07 HU HU842205A patent/HU200976B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1984-06-07 CA CA000456074A patent/CA1252643A/en not_active Expired
- 1984-06-07 SU SU843751087A patent/SU1605921A3/en active
- 1984-06-07 DK DK280184A patent/DK158151C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1984-06-08 ZA ZA844367A patent/ZA844367B/en unknown
- 1984-06-08 JP JP59116730A patent/JPS6042288A/en active Granted
- 1984-06-08 FI FI842331A patent/FI76316C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5211985A (en) * | 1991-10-09 | 1993-05-18 | Ici Canada, Inc. | Multi-stage process for continuous coating of fertilizer particles |
| US5399186A (en) * | 1991-10-09 | 1995-03-21 | Ici Canada, Inc. | Apparatus and process for coating particles |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| HUT40063A (en) | 1986-11-28 |
| PT78700A (en) | 1985-01-01 |
| DK158151B (en) | 1990-04-02 |
| DK280184D0 (en) | 1984-06-07 |
| HU200976B (en) | 1990-09-28 |
| FI842331A0 (en) | 1984-06-08 |
| FI76316B (en) | 1988-06-30 |
| JPS6042288A (en) | 1985-03-06 |
| DD219757A5 (en) | 1985-03-13 |
| DK158151C (en) | 1990-08-27 |
| EP0128376A1 (en) | 1984-12-19 |
| ZA844367B (en) | 1985-01-30 |
| AU568380B2 (en) | 1987-12-24 |
| PT78700B (en) | 1986-07-15 |
| AT380230B (en) | 1986-04-25 |
| ES8505629A1 (en) | 1985-06-16 |
| ATA184884A (en) | 1985-09-15 |
| IL71997A0 (en) | 1984-10-31 |
| FI76316C (en) | 1988-10-10 |
| PH21715A (en) | 1988-02-03 |
| IL71997A (en) | 1988-06-30 |
| AU2893784A (en) | 1984-12-13 |
| DE3321053C2 (en) | 1992-12-03 |
| GR82145B (en) | 1984-12-13 |
| SU1605921A3 (en) | 1990-11-07 |
| EG17000A (en) | 1990-08-30 |
| ES533169A0 (en) | 1985-06-16 |
| TR23697A (en) | 1990-06-15 |
| MA20133A1 (en) | 1984-12-31 |
| BR8402772A (en) | 1985-05-14 |
| DK280184A (en) | 1984-12-09 |
| JPH0466839B2 (en) | 1992-10-26 |
| DE3321053A1 (en) | 1984-12-13 |
| FI842331A (en) | 1984-12-09 |
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| MKEX | Expiry |