CA1192373A - Method and system for shaping the casting region in a twin-belt continuous casting machine for improving heat transfer and product uniformity and enhanced machine performance - Google Patents

Abstract

S P E C I F I C A T I O N
TITLE: METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR SHAPING
THE CASTING REGION IN A TWIN-BELT
CONTINUOUS CASTING MACHINE FOR
IMPROVING HEAT TRANSFER AND
PRODUCT UNIFORMITY AND ENHANCED
MACHINE PERFORMANCE
INVENTORS: R. William Hazelett S. Richard Hazelett John Frederick Barry Wood ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE

Method and system are provided for continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal in which the molten metal is confined and solidified in a casting region defined above and below by upper and lower, cooled, endless, flexible traveling, casting belts supported by belt support systems including back-up rollers in respective upper and lower belt carriages and laterally defined by first and second traveling side dams, in which the back-up rollers and belt support systems shape and maintain the casting region for improved heat transfer and improved product uniformity and enhanced machine performance. Contact between the casting belts and the cast product is maintained at an acceptable pressure, and the cast product is produced with substantially uniform transverse cross section. Several methods and systems are disclosed including having one belt flexibly constrained, resulting in a movement or transverse bowing away from the casting centerline due to liquid metal head, with the opposing belt being rigidly constrained and contoured or transversely bowed towards the casting centerline in a configuration that compensates for the displacement of the flexibly constrained belt resulting in a uniform transverse cross section. Methods and systems are disclosed including bowing the upper back-up rollers down either by manual adjustment or remote control and at the same time allowing the lower rollers to yield;
intentionally rigidizing the upper and/or lower back-up rollers ox sections thereof; bowing both sets of back-up rollers in equal and opposite directions, bowing the rollers inward or outward using either manual adjustment or remote control tensioning of these rollers; bending structural frame members which are in support relationship with the rollers and thus maintaining predetermined configurations of the rollers in contact with the belts and further including down-stream tapering of the casting region while also employing any of the shape and contact control methods and systems described above.

Description

~9237~

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to continuous casting machines for continuously casting metal ingot, strip, slab or bars directly from molken metal in a casting region defined between spaced portions of a pair of revolving, flexible, endless casting belts which are moved along with the metal being cast, often called twin-belt casting machines or twin-belt casters.
The invention is described as embodied in the structure and operation of twin-belt casting machines in which the molten metal is fed into a casting region between opposed, portions of a pair of moving, :Elexible belts. The moving belts confine the molten metal between them and carry the metal along as it soli.difies into a bar, strip, slab, or ingot, hereinafter called the "cast product" or "product being cast" or similar words. Back~up means, usually rollers having narrow circum-ferential ridges or fins support and guide the belts while holding them accurately positioned and aligne~ as they move along so as to produce the cast metal product.
These back-up rollers are positioned across the machine carr;.ages so as to roll passively when the casting belt grazes each of them under pressure of the head of molten metal and/or the weight of the metal Their circumferential fins permit the passage of cooling llquid along the respective casting belt without notably impeding heat transfer themselves.
The fins have often been made separately from the roller shafts, but in current machines the ~ins and shafts are now oEten made integrally as one piece of metal. Vast quantities of heat liberated by the molten metal as it solidifies are ~1~237~

withdrawn through the portions of the two belts which are adjacent to -the metal being cast. This large amount of heat is withdrawn by cooling the reverse surfaces of the belts by means of the rapidly moving liquid coolant traveling along these surfaces. The edges of the molten product are contained between a spaced pair of side dams in the form of a plurality of hlocks strung together on flexible metal straps to form a pair of endless flexible assemblies suitable for containing the molten metal as it solidifies.
Background information on twin-belt casting machines will be found in U. S. Patents:

Patent Mo. Inventor(s~

2,640,235 Hazelett 2,904,860 Hazelett

3,036,348 Hazelett et al *3,123,874 *Division of No. 3,036,348 *3,142 r 873 *3,228,072 " " " "
3,041,686Hazelett et al 3,167,830 " " "
3,310,849 " " "
3,828,841 " " "
3,848,658 3,864,973 Petry *3,921,697 *Division of No. 3,864,973 3,865,176 Dompas et al *3,955,615 *Division of No. 3,865,176 *4,155,396 " " "

3,878,883 Hazelett et al - *3,949,805 *Division of No. 3,878,883 *3,963,068 " " "
3,937,270 Hazelett et al *4,002,197 *Division of No. 3,937~270 *4,062,235 ,- Il 11 *~,082,101 " 17 11 3,937,274 Dompas

4,092,155 Dompas et al 4,150,711 Hazelett et al ~ 7 ~

In machines of this type, the moving belts are thin and are cooled by substantial quantities of liquid coolant, usually water containing corrosion inhibitors. This coolant withdraws heat through the casting ~elts and serves to cool the metal from its molten state as it enters at one end of the machine causing it to solidify as it passes through the machine.
The molten metal pushes outwardly on the belts due to metalostatic pxessure or "head". Solidification of the metal product takes place from outside to inside so that, through some of its passage through the machine, it is in the form of a solidified shell having a molten, constantly decreasing, interior volume. It will also be understood that, as the metal cools and solidifies, it shrinks. The shrinkage is very slight but, nevertheless, is sufficient to cause surface regions of the metal sometimes to pull away from the moving belts or from the side dams. When this separation between areas of the metal surface and the cooling surface occurs, non-uniform cooling is caused, which results in non-uniformities in the parameters of the casting region and in non-unifor~ities in the cast product.
~ his invention in certain aspects is especially applicable to casting machines which produce ingot or slab of a width in excess of 25 inches (635mm). Such twin-belt casting machines are genera:Lly inclined downward in use, so as to result in a head - tha~ ist a static pressure -- of liquid metal in order to ~ill out the casting region, i.e.
the mold cavity, and to thereby press the casting belts decisively against their back-up supports. Further, by use of open-or closed-pool pouring technique, the entry o~ molten metal into the machine is facilitated by operating the machine at some downward incline. The aforesaid head of molten metal depends on the angle of incline, the density of the molten metal being cast, and the distance to the point of final solidification in the machine~
The force of such liquid metal head is exerted upon the casting belts and thence upon the guides or back-up supports for the belts, which we commonly call the mold back-up. Most immediate]y, this back-up consists of transversely disposed finned back-up rollers. These rollers and their supports have previously been made rigid in order that the ingot or slab of accurately defined and controlled gauge may be cast.
The headers bearing liquid coolant can be made to serve the additional duty of providing rigid supports for the back-up rollers. Some wide machines have in their carriages central longitudinal beams or sills -~o lend their additional rigidity to the back-up system, for resisting the force of the molten metal to be counteracted as it presses outwardly on the wide casting belts.
The very rigidity of the above described prior art back-up means can combine with the shrinkage inherent in the freezing and cooling of the product being cast to allow air spaces to intervene between the freshly cast surface and the casting belts. These intruding spaces substantially reduce the rate of heat transfer and may render it non~uniform, with a corresponding effect on the rate and uniformity of product cooling and solidlfication. The reduced rate and uniformity of ooling limits the production rate, or else it requires the use of longer casting machines than would otherwise be needed.

~23'73 An associated problem w.ith the aforesaid air spaces or gaps occurring between the cast metal surface and the mold surEaces defining the casting region is the consequent degrada-tion of the desired fine, quick-chilled crystalline structure in the cast product into coarser crystalsO Such air spaces or gaps can perm.it the localized remelting of the cast product with consequent bleeding, or sweating of molten materiaL from the previously cast shell itself and/or from the molten metal inside of the shell causing segregation and/or porosity in the cast product. This reheating or remelting will not occur if good mold contact is maintained.
Problems o local excess pressure can occur with a rigid mold when excess thickness is somehow frozen locally.
Thus, the relatively thin casting belts will become locally overheated with a corresponding localized area of increased heat transfer due to the high localized belt pressure against the partially solidified product. Also, if a frozen piece of metal of e~cess thickness is inadvertently drawn into the caster, a slitting of the belt by the narrow fins of the back-up rollers or considerable damage to the precise, rigid mold back-up mechanisms can result.

_UMMARY OF THE INVE~rrION

It is an object of the present invention to provide methods and systems for continuously casting metal products of high quali.ty directly from molten metal wherein flexibi]ity and con-trol of -~he transverse shape of the casting region are provided.

Continuous casting methods and systems are advanta-geously provided wherein the con-tact pressures between the casting belts and the metal product are controlled and are maintained along the length of the metal to insure uniform heat extraction from the solidifying metal product.
One preferred method of shaping the casting region by action of the back-up system is to arrange for constant parallel thickness in the upstream casting region, before the product being cast is solidified enough to retain its shape, and to allow springy bowable rollers and back-up supports to converge in the downstream portion of the casting region as the largely solid product contracts due to loss of heat It is convenient in twin-belt casting machines to make structural use of the transverse headers carrying the cooling liquid to the nozzles which apply the coalant over the casting belts. This convenien~e is important in view of the lack of space for transverse beams in the belt carriages.
In downstream areas of the carriages where less coolant is needed because the product has already formed its solidified shell, there is room for such special transverse ~eams. The relative bowability of such transverse support beams and coolant headers enters into the total effective bowability of the array of back-up rollers.
There are various aspec-ts of the methods and systems of the present invention for shaping the casting region. ~n certain aspects, the "head" of the molten metal is predetermined and is used as the driving force for bowing or deflecting the back-up rollers and their support systems in one carriage only, preferably those in the upper carriage while the back-up rollers and support systems in the other carriage are rigid;

_~ ~

~12373 and predetermined bowability is intentionally provided in the back-up rollers and in their support systems in said one carriage for responding to this force of the head of rnolten metal, while the back-up rollers in the other carriage are rigidly constrained. In certain other aspects mechanical adjustment means are used for applying bending forces to the back-up rollers and/or to their support systems for producing bowing of the back up rollers in one or both carriages for shaping the casting region. In certain additional aspects, remotely controllable bowing means are used for controllably applying bending forces to the bowable back-up rollers in one or both carriages for shaping the casting region.
In accordance with certain aspects of the present invention a first one of the casting belts is flexibly constrained in a predetermined relationship versus the molten metal head values occurring at different locations in the downwardly inclined casting region for enabling this first belt to bow transversely away from the casting centerline due to the predetermined molten metal head values occurring at the various locations, with the second casting belt being rigidly constrained and being trans-versely bowed toward the casting centerline in a predetermined inward convex configuration that compensates for the various displacements of the flexibly constrained belt, resulting in a uni~orm transverse cross section for the cast product, while providing improved casting parameters.
Among the advantages of this invention are those resulting from continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal wherein the shape and con-tact pressure and parameters of the belt supports may be controlled by manual adjustment or by remote control.

_g_ 3~

In carrying out this invention in certain illustrative embodiments thereof, methods and systems are provided for casting metal product directly from molten metal in order -to promote uni~orm heat transfer ~rom the cast metal to the belts which are continuously liquid cooled. The upper back-up rollers are selec~ively bowed down either by manual adjustment or by remote control, and the lower back-up rollers are allowed to ~ield or "float", or vice versa. The methods and systems as disclosed include intentionally rigidizing the upper or lower back-up rollers or sections thereof while the back-up rollers on the other side are allowed to flex in predetermined amounts with the surface of the casting. These methods and systems include bowing both sets of the back-up rollers either inwardly or outwar~ly; bending structural frame members which are in support relationship with the rollers for flexing the rollers to contrvl belt contour and belt contact with the cast product, etc.
The maintenance of contact between the casting belts and the cast product is controlled by either manual adjustment or remote actuation. In any of the methods and systems the mold con~iguration may be tapered from the upstream to the downstream end of the continuous casting machines for co~pensat-ing for shrinkage in the solidi~ying metal and for providing predetermined mold contact pressures and heat transfer characteristics.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION O~ T~E DRAWINGS_ __ The invention, toge-ther with further objects, aspects, advantages and features thereof will be more clearly understood from a consideration of the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like elements will bear the same reference designations throughout the various E[GURES:

~10-~2~7~

FIGURE 1 is a perspective view of the inpu-t or upstream end of a continuous casting machine embodying the present invention, as seen looking toward the machine from a position in front of and outboard beyond the outboard side of the two belt carriages.
FIGURE 2 is an elevational view, partly broken away and in section, of a prior art machine as seen looking toward the outboard side of the two belt carriages, showing the casting region downwardly inclined at a predetermined angle of inclination.
FIGURE 3 is a cross~sectional view of portions of the two belt carriages of the prior art machine including the liquid coolant headersr back-up rollers, casting belts and side dams showing such back-up means and the associated belts and side dams rigidly defining the casting region.
FIGURE 4 is a top or plan view of the lower carriage of this prior art machine with the belt and parts of other elements cut away for revealing the structure.
FIGUR~ 5 is a partial side view of this machine enlarged as compared with FIG. 2; for convenience of illustration the casting region is shown horizontal, but it is to be under-stood -that the casting region is inclined downwardly as shown in FIG. ~.
FIGURE 6 is a transverse sectional view o~ the casting region, showing a segmented back-up roller below the lower casting belt, with the segments disposed along a shallow, convex upward arc, in opposi-tion with a f:Lexible back-up roller above t~e upper belt as it would appear under the pressure o~ a head of molten metal exerting force from within the casting region between the belts.

~9~373 FIGURES 7A, 7B and 7C show an enlaryed elevational view of a three-segment back-up roller with integral circumferentic fins.
FIGURE 8 is a further enlarged partial sectional view of a portion of FIG. 6 showing the means for interconnecting the adjoining ends of two segments of a se~mented back-up roller.
FIGURE g is a view similar to FIG. 6 showing intermed-iate, flexible snubbing bearing back-up means for the flexible back-up roller for providing predetermined control of its degree of flexibility.
FIGURE 10 is a transverse section of a twin-belt caster in which the belt shape and contact control is provided by transversely do~nwardly bowing the upper back-up rollers and by mechanical adjustment and allowing the lower back-up rollers to yield.
FIGURE 11 is a transverse section of a twin-belt caster as illustrated in FIGURE lO showing another mechanical adjustment means.
FIGURE 12 is a transverse section similar to FIGURE
11 in which the mechanical adjustment for the back-up rollers includes a compliance member. FIG. 12A is an enlargemen-t.
FIGURE 13 is a transverse section of a twin-belt caster similar to FIGURES 10, ll & 12 illustrating remote control bowing of the back-up rollers using fluid cylinder actuation.
FIGURE 14 is a transverse section of a twin-belt caster illllstrating the use of rigidly supported lcwer back-u~ rollers with a stiffened center section in the bowed upper back-up rollers for control of belt contact with the product being cast.
~12-~v~v ~ ~

FIGURE 15 is a transverse section of the caster of FIGURE 14 lllustrating the use of remote control for belt contact control.
E'IGURE 16 is a lonyitudinal, elevational section of the casting region illustrating the use of a selectively tapered mold configuration along -the casting region.
FIGURE 17 is a transverse section of a twin-belt caster employing symmetrical inward bowing on both the upper and lower back-up rollers by remote control through fluid cylinder actuation.

FIGURE 17~ is a modification of the method and system of FIG. 17.

FIGURE 18 is a transverse section of a bar-type twin-belt caster illustrating the casting zone before shrinkage of the product being cast.
FIGURE 19 is a transverse section of the bar caster shown in FIGURE 18 after shrinkage has occurred, illustrating piston rod actuation for bending the back-up rollers to maintain belt contact in the downstream portion of the casting region.
FIGURE 20 is a transverse section of a wide caster illustrating the bending of a structural frame member in order to bow the back~up roller supported by such frame memberO
FIGURE 21 is a transverse section of a wide caster similar to FIG. 20 utilizing a more bendable (compliant) member in order to bow a stiffer frame member in order to provide a finer (more precise) bowing adjustment of such frame member.

FIGURE 22 is a transverse section of a wide caster illustrating the bending of a lower frame member by a remotely actuable fluid cylinder connected to the center of the frame member.
FIGURE 23 is a transverse section of a wide caster illus-trating the bowing of a structural frame member in the lower carriage using a more compliant member and a remotely actuatable-fluid cylinder connected to the center oE the compliant member.
FIGUR~ 24 shows the use of a more compliant member for bending a stiffer member, with two ac~uatable fluid cylinders located at the respective ends of this compliant member.
FIGURE 25 shows the progressive tapering of the down-stream portion of casting region by means of a fulcxumed lever driven by a fluid-actuated cylinder for simultaneously bowing a plurality o~ transverse frame members, each one slightly more ~han the preceding one.
FIGURES 26 and 27 show two different embodiments of resilient gauge spacers mounted between the side frames of the upper and lower carriages.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBO~IMENTS

Re~erring now to FIGURE 1, a continuous casting machine, referred to generally with the reference character 10, has molten metal fed into the upstream end or entry 11 of the machine 10 between upper and lower endless flexible casting belts 12 and 14u The molten metal is solidi~ied in a casting region ~ (FIGURE 3) defined by the spaced parallel surfaces of the upper and lower casting belts 12 and 14.
It is noted that FIGURE~ 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 show prior art structures, and it is helpful to the reader to understand these prior structures as background for the present invention.
The cas~ing belts 12 and 14 are supported and driven by means of upper and lower carriage assemblies ~Jhich 3 ~2~3 are indicated in FIGURES l, 2 and 3 at U and L, respectively.
The carriage assemblies are supported in cantilever relationship from a main frame 23, as seen in FIGURE l. Hence the side of each carriage assembly near this main frame 23 is referred to as being "inboard" while the other side is referred to as "ou-tboard".
The upper carriage U includes two main roll-shaped pulleys 16 and 18 (FIGU~ES 2 and 5) around which the casting belt 12 is reYolved as indicated by the arrows. The pulley 16 near the input end of the machine lO is referred to as the upstream pulley or nip pulley and the other pulley 18 is called the downstream or tension pulley. Similarly, the lower carriage L includes main upstream (or nip~ and downstream roll-llke pulleys 20 and 22, respectively, around which ~he lower casting belt 14 is revolved. In order to drive the casting belts 12 and 14 in unison, the upstream or nip pulleys 16 and 20 of both the upper and lower carriages are jointly dri~en through universal-coupling-connected drive shafts 24 and 25 by a mechanically synchronized drive 26 driven by an electric motor (not shown).
During the casting operations, the frame l9 (FIG. l~
of the upper carriage assembly U is supported on the frame 21 of the lower carriage assembly L through gauge spacers 17 positioned along the length of the casting region on either side, and the precise thickness of these gauge spacers establishes the mold thickness dimension between the opposed casting faces oE the casting belts 1~ and 14 and correspondingly the resulting thickness of the cast metal product. Two edge dams 28~only one of which is seen in FIGIJR~ 2) are interposed between the opposed casting faces of the casting belts and ~15-3~3 are guided. Each edge dam is laterally constrained to estab]ish the cast metal width at the nip or upstream end of the casting machine by an edge dam guide assembly 30~
These -two edge dams are driven through frictional contact with the casting belt 12 and 14. The two opposed inner casting faces of these edge dams, together with the two opposed casting faces of the upper and lower casting bel-ts 12 and 14 form four moving casting faces of a moving mold in the casting region C having a generally rectangular cross sectional configuration as seen in FIG. 3. As will be observed in FIG. 2 from the angle "A", the upper and lower carriages U and L are slightly inclined with respect to hori-zontal so that the casting region C slopes slightly downwardly ~rom the upstream end 11 of the machine 10 to the downstream or exit end 31. Usually the downward inclination "A" is less than 20 from horizontal, and it can be adjusted by means of the jack mechanism 29.
Casting belts 12 and 14 are relatively thin metal belts, for example, of steel which require back-up support and an enormous amount of cooling in order to be able to hardle the heat liberated by the solidifying metal in the casting region C. It is desirable to maintain the casting belts 12 and 14 in intimate contact with the cast metal as it solidifies in the casting region, for avoiding air spaces or gaps between the surfaces of the solidifying metal and the casting belts 12 and 14, for reasons as discussed ahove in the background section. Among the problems is that the metal shrinks as it solidifies. Furtherrnore, such shxinkage varies somewhat in different areas of the casting region C. The molten metal is initially fed in between the casting belts 12 and 14 from a tundish 32 (FIG. 2) at -the upstream end 11 of ~ 3~3 the casting region C. The molten metal in the downwardly inclined casting region pushes outwardly,i.e.,upwardly and downwardly, against the belts due to metalostatic "head"
pressure. As it continues downstream in the casting region this "head" pressure increases. Even after a thin shell of cast metal forms around the molten core the head continues to increase, pressing this shell forcefully outward. Then, as the shell thickens and the molten core begins to solidify, the head ceases its outward pressure and thereafter shrinkage of the solidifying product becomes progressively greater in the downstream portions of the casting region.
Generally speaking the shrinkage tends to take place away from the upper belt 12, because the weight of the cast product rests upon the lower belt 14. Thus, the conductive transfer of heat from the solidifying metal into the lower belt tends to be more uniform than the transfer of heat into the upper belt in the downstream portions of the casting region. Wherever the upper belt is locally separated from the upper surface of the solidifying product there is no heat transferred by conduction and a radiant or convective heat transfer occurs. ~ny separation gaps or spaces between areas of the solidifying metal surface being cast and the belts to which coolant is applied creates hot spots and non-uniform heat transfer which result in crystallographic degradations, segregations, porosity, and imperfections in the cast product as discussed in the background section above.
As will be seen in FIGURES 2, 4 and 5 the upper and lower belts 12 and 14, respectively, are backed up by a plurality of upper back-up rollers 33 and lower back-up ~9t2 rollers 34, respectively, e~tending transversely above and below the casting region C. The lower frame 21 in the lower carriage L incl~ldes a core section 36 therein, which may be built to be removable as a whole unit. This core section 36 includes a plurality of ri~id coolant headers 38 and a frame member 40 by which the lower back-up rollers 34 are supported.
As will best be seen in FIGURE 3, the upper carriage U has an upper frame 19 including a similar core section 37 therein which includes a frame member 44 and a plurality of rigid coolant headers 46 which support the upper back-up rollers 33. This core section 37 may be built to be removable as a whole unit.
It is to be understood that these prior art coolant headers 38 and 46 together with their respective frame members 40 and 44 were made as rigid as possible. The coolant headers 38 were each formed with a large rectangular cross sectional shape in the nature of a box beam for resisting significant deflection. The liquid coolant is fed into the rigid headers 38 and 46 through the li~uid supply connections 48 and 49.
In order to rigidly mount the lower and upper back-up rollers 34 and 33 onto the rigid headers 38 and 46, there are a plurality of laterally spaced longitudinally extending stringers in each carriage in the form of lower L-shaped members 50 and upper L-shaped members ~2 secured to the respective headers by brackets 53 (FIG. 4). For Eur-ther in~orma-tion concerning the structures shown in FIGS. 2, 3, 4 and 5, the reader's attention is invited to Patent ~o.
3,828,841 mentioned in the background section.

-18~

The back-up rollers 33 and 34 had solid shafts 43 and S~, respectively, which were either seymented or continuous.
When these shafts were segmented, their ends were mounted in bearings rigidly supported on the stringer members 50 and 54 for being as rigid as possible. The inboard and outward ends of the shafts 43 and 54 were mounted in bearing 56 and 58, respectively, so as to be freely rotatable by the moving belts 12 and 14 as they revolved in the carriages. Back-up rollers 33 and 34 have narrow circum~erential ridges or fins 55 which are contacted by the upper and lower belts 12 and 14~ The cooLing fins 55 provide access around the back-up rollers 32 and 34 so that coolant from the headers 38 and 46 may be app:Lied to and maintained travelling rapidly along the reverse sur~aces of the casting belts 12 and 14. The headers 38 and 4~ have a series of nozzle openings 60 (FIG. 5) along the length thereof and applicator scoops 61 so that li~uicl coolant is continuously applied to the belts and maintained traveling rapidly along the~. By cooling the belts heat is extracted by conduction through the belts from the casting region C which liberates enormous amounts of heat as the molten metal therein cools and solidifies.
In FIG. 5 the casting machine is shown in horizontal position for convenience of illustration, but it is to be understood that the machine ac-tually is inclined downwardly in operation as shown in FIG. 2.
To this point the description of FIGS~ 1 through 5 is of conventional structures which have proven to be advanta-geolls over other types of continuou,s casting methods and Machines. In accordance with the present invention a variety of methods and systems are provided for shaping ~he casting region in a ~win-belt casting machine for improving heat transfer and product uniformity and for enhancing machine performance. Among the advantages oi such shaping are that the be]ts will maintain contact with the surfaces of the metal being cast in the casting region in order to provide uninter-rupted contact between the belts and the product being cast for providing a predictable heat extraction from the solidifying metal into th~ belts which is comparable for both the upper and lower belts.
In order to assure maintaining contact of both belts with the solidifying metal as shown in FIGS. 6, 7 and 8, the upper back-up rollers 133 are constructed to be flexible for bowing transversely to the casting region C, while the lower back-up rollers 34 are held rigidly in position. The respective roller shafts 63 and 64 both are hollow. Each upper roller shaft 63 is continuous across the full width of the casting region C and is hollow and is construc-ted with a predetermined bowability.` The lower roll shafts 64 are segmented and have internal segmented shafts 66 FIGS. 7 and 8 which are supported at the ends of each of their seyments by -the support members 50.
In typical installations of such casting machines 10 the density of the metal or alloy intended to be cast and the intended angle of downstream inclination A are specified.
Hence, the "head" or pressure of molten metal against the belts at any given back-up roll location along the length of the casting reyion C is predictable. Also, the flexibility of a beam of uniform cross section under uniform loading per ~0--3'73 unit of length (namely, each hollow roller shaft 63) is a function of the fourth power of its free length. Since such uniform loading per unit length against each back-up roller is charactexistic of the pressure ("head") in -the casting region C, the continuous, hollow upper rollers 133 in a wide caster as shown in FIG. 6 are much more flexible (bowable) than the lower rollers 34 which have intermediate supports 50.
Therefore, the end-supported-only upper rollers 133 have predetermined bowability and the loading against themis predetermined. Consequently, the bow which will occur in each upper back-up roller at each position along the length of the casting region is predetermined. In order to compensate for (or offset) the resultant bulge in one surface of the cast product permitted by the flexible back~up system for the belt in one carriage, for example in the upper carriage U as shown in FIG. 6, a convex back-up configuration of a rigidized belt support system in the opposing carriage is provided as shown in FIG. 6. The convex configuration of`the rigidized belt back-up system in this opposing carriage, for example in the lower carriage L is predetermined with a convex curvature which will approximately match the predetermined concave curvature of the bowable back-up system. Hence, the cast product will generally be cast to a uniform thickness across its width and will have a slight transverse curvature.
It is to be understood that the transverse curvature shown in FIG. 6 is exaggerated for purposes of illustration.
The subsequent rolling operation will remove the slight transvers~

~1~23~3 curvature harmlessly, provided the thickness of the cas-t product is substantially uniform.
In summary, the compensation for the bulge perrnitted by the ~lexible, bowable belt back-up in one carriage is built right into the machine. ~Ihe desired flexibility and corre-sponding contoured rigidity may be built into either carriage, but preferably the upper carriage belt back-up is ~lexible as illustrated in FIG. 6. In other words,we offset and com~
pensate for the lateral bulging penmitted by the flexibly constrained back-up support in the, say, the upper carriage by means of rigidly convexly contoured back-up support in the lower carriage. In this me-thod, we retain both mold flexibility and constant product thickness. Such compensatlon for bulge ma~ be made progressively greater along ~he direction of casting in the machine, in response to the increasing head of molten metal in that direction and the resulting progressively increasing deflection of the flexible back-up system.
The flexibility of this back-up system will not only prevent the occurrence of gaps or insulating air spaces, but the Eorce exerted by the flexible portion of the back-up system ~ill effectively and controllably maintain belt contact and conductive heat transfer and, moreover~ render such heat transfer relatively uniform, with corresponding positiv~
resu7ts for -the progress of the casting.
The underlyiny thoughts of this method as described a~ove for FIGS. 6, 7 and 8 ~ay be broadly characterized as "persuasion" rather than attempting coercive domination~
In order to produce the predetermined convex configura-tion of -the lower belt, rigid spacers 62 ~FIG. 8) of pred~termirled ~L ~ ~4Y~03' thickness are mounted between the rigid headers 38 and the in-termediate supports 50 for -the segmented rollers 34. AS
shown in FIG. 8, the adjacent ends of the adjacent sections of the segm~ented internal shaft 66 are held by the support member 50. One shaft end has a socket 65 which receives the reduced diameter end of the adjacent section o:E the internal shaft 66. Anti-friction bearings 67 are mounted within the ends of t'ne adjacent sections of the hollow shafts 64 of the lower back-up rollers 34. These bearings 67 are retained against an internal shoulder by means of a spacer sleeve 69 held in place by a retaining snap ring 71, and there is a smaller diameter sleeve 73 providing a space 75 for holding grease. A cut-out space 76 in the support 50 permits the socket end of the section of the internal shaft 66 to be removed from the suppor-t 50, and similarly in other su1?ports 50 so that the segmented shafts 34 can be individually removed from the carriage and replaced, if desired.
It is to be noted in FIGS. 6 and 7, that there are fixed stuh shafts 70 mounted in sockets in the frames 19 and 21, and the bearings 59 at the ends of the back-up rollers 133 and 34 are self-aligning bearings for permitting free rotation of each roller even though its axis is deflected out of alignment with the axis of the stub shaft 70.
It is to be noted, that in view of the bowabili-ty of the back-up rollers being a fourth power function of their unsupported length, in the case of a wide casting region C
as shown in FIG. 6 the bowability of the end-supported-only, one-piece flexible roller 133 may be greater tnan the predeter-mined spring constan-t value deslred, particularly a~ locations downstream in the machine wnere the metal "head" pressure is greater. It is not feasible to attempt to decrease their bowability (i.e. increase their spring cons-tant) by increasing their hollow shaft 63 diameter beyond a modest amount, because these back-up rollers are intended to be closely spaced lonyitudinally along the casting region for appropriately supporting the belt. Too large a shaft diameter would inter fere with close roller spacing.
Consequently, for wide casting regions C in order to limit the effective bowability (i.e. to increase the effective spring constant of the rollers 133) external means 98, 100 (FIG. 9) may be employed. For the purpose of thus modifying roller flexibility, rolling external back-up bearings 98, 10~ for eacn said flexible back-up roller 133 may be placed close to the roller shaft 63 and external to it, said bearings being able to roll against said shaft 63 in the manner of a roller wheel, one per location (see FIG. 9).
~ et this external flexibility modification is not intended for sharply limiting the elastic bending of back-up rollers, since any absolute rigidity in the back-up system may cause damage by the passage of stray, prematurely frozen metal. We prefer to mount said external back-up roller wheel bearing 98 resiliently, in order that they may themselves flex away from t~e casting region. Thus, -the roller wheel 98 is mounted in a bracket 99 which in turn is seated upon a resilient mounting member 100 on the rigid header 46. This resilient mounting 100 is formed of ribbed or castellated rubber for providing the desired amount of compliance. Such resilient mounting 100 somewha~ reduces or snubs the flexing -~4-excursion of the back-up rollers 133 to a predetermined amount.
The resilience of such mountin~3 100 may be obta;ned by means of grooves or castellated and bonded rubber sandwich pads, or by Belleville conical spring washers mounted on the mountin~ bolts for the bracket 9g. The external rolling back~up wheels 98 so mounted may or may not -touch the shafts ~3 of the respective back-up rollers 133 when the machine is empty, depending on the particular application and the down-strearn position of the ~articular back-up roller 133~
If desired, in order to mitigate slightly the rigidity of tile opposing convexly bowed rigid back-up rollers 34, slightly compliant spacers 101 may be mounted between the support members 50 and the rigid lower headers 38.
In order to assure that the positions of the rigid, convexly bowed back-up rollers 34 are accurately predetermined relative to the casting region C, the lower carriage frame 21 and the lower headers 38 and longitudinal stringer members 50 are constructed to be as rigid as prac~icable.
So far there has been described methods and systems which involve predetennination of the desired bowability.
Now there will be described methods and systems which are adjustable at will, even being adjustable while the castin~
machine 10 is running.

MET~ODS AMD SYSTEMS FOR SHAPING THE CASTING R~GION
PROVIDING ADJUSTA~ILITY
_ _ ~

In order to elastically bend the flexible, bowable back-up rollers 133 for supplying adjustable forces toward the casting belts and hence toward the casting region C, approxi-mately equal and opposite couple-forces are applied to non-rotating, lever-like, stuh-shaft extensions 63 of the bowable back-up rollers 133 as shown in FIGS. 10 through 15 and 17 through 19.

As shown in FIG. 12A, the bowable back-up rollers 133 are connected to the s-tub-shaft extensions 6~ by a pair of axially spaced anti-friction bearings 67 located in a bearing assembly 77 located within a larye end portion 79 of the roller 133. The two bearings 67 are axially separated by a spacer sleeve 83 and are mounted upon an inner sleeve 85 on the stub~shaft extensions 63. The space between these sleeves 83 and 85 may be used to hold grease for the two bearings 67.
In order to provide an effective pivot point (i.e.
a fulcrum) for the lever-like stub-shaft 68, there is a hardened steel collar or housing 72 seated in a drill hole in the respective carriage frame 19 (or 21 as the case may be) held by a set screw 74 and having an internal shoulder 86 which acts as a fulcrum for the stub-shaft lever 68.
Therefore, adjustably moving the outer end of the stub-shaft lever 68 applies a couple-force (i.e. a bending moment) to the flexible back-up roller 133 for bowing it as desired. Although the fulcrum is actually located at 68, the effective pivot point may be considered to be located at 86A on the axis of the stub-shaft lever.
An approximately equal and opposite-sense couple-forc~
(bending moment) is also applied to the opposite end of the flexible roller. By virtue of the couple-forces (bending moments) applied by the levers 68 to the ends of bowable roller 133 a constant moment is applied throughout the length of the roller;
that is, if this roller 133 were o-therwise free, its axis would be bowed into a circular arc. The stub shaf-ts may alternatively be extended into shafts passing a]l the way through the roller, as shown in FI~S. 10 and 11.

As sho~Jn in ~IG. 10 the stub-sha~t levers 68 for the upper bowable back-up rollers 133 have actuating levers 78 connected to their outer ends. Each such actuating lever 7~
is driven by adjustable means 80 shown as a horizontally po-sitioned tightening machine screw which screws in-to a socket in t'ne side of the machine frame 19. The stub-shaft lever 68 has a fulcrum 86 provided by a collar or housing 72.
The lower back-up rollers 134 are bowable, having self-aligning bearings 59 and fixed stub shafts 70. In the downstream portion of the casting region C where the ~etal in the casting region C is mostly all solidified, the flexible back-up rollers 134 conform to the thickness of the cast product.
Therefore, the adjus-tment of the adjusting means 80 will tend to establish the arc of transverse curvature of the casting region C and will cause both belts 12 and 1~ to hug the product for achieving good and uniform heat transfer over the areas of bot:h top and bottom surfaces of the solidifying productO
In the upstream and central portions of -the casting region C, where more of the metal is still molten, the "head"
of the molten metal will cause predeterminable bending of the lo~er flexible rollers 134. The back-up-roller-bowing adjustment means 80 therefore are initially adjusted to provide a bow in each successive upper roller 133 which will correspond with the predetermined anticipated bow of the opposed lower roller 134. During operation of the casting machine the opera-tor may then further adjust the adjusting means 80 if desired for further modifying the shape of the casting region C at: the location of each adjustable back-up roller 133.

~ 3 Y ~

In the upstream and central portions of the casting reyion C the bowing of the adjustable roller 133 may,if desired, be made slightly less than the anticipated predetermined bowiny of the lower rollers 134 for providing a transverse contour of the casting region C which is very slightly thicker near the middle as compared with the thickness of the margins near each edge darn 28. This slightly thicker middle then compensates ~or subsequent shrinkage of the middle of the cast product as it solidifies and cools below its freezing temperature.
The back-up roller bowing method and system of FIG.
11 are similar to those shown by FIG. 10, except that the fulcrum 86 is fo~ned by the juncture o~ a conically tapered outer section of the stub-shaft lever 68 and a cylindrical inner section of this stub-shaft lever. Consequently, the hardened s-teel housing or collar 72 does not include an inAer shoulder, and this housing or collar is extended out beyond the side of the frame 19. The adjusting means 81 is a vertically extending machine screw whose shank extends down through a hole in the wall of the cylindrical collar or housing 72.
This adjusting screw 81 screws into a threaded hole in the outer end of the conical outer section of the stub-shaft lever 68.
Thus, by tightening up on the two ad~usting screws 81, the a~is of the bowable back-up roll 133 is bowed conve~ly down toward the casting region C.
The back-up roller bowing method and system of FIGS. 12 and 12A are similar to those of FIG. 11, except that the adjusting means 82 is a longer screw -than the screw 81, so that compliance means 84 is included in the adjus-tment. This compliance 84 is provided by a compression spring which surrounds the screw shank and is compressed between a washer beneath the ~2373 heac!of screw 82 and a washer seated on the wall of the cylindric~l housing or collar 72. The threaded lower end of the screw shank screws into a threaded hole in the outer end of the conical outer portion of the stub shaft lever 68. Among the advantages of including this compliance 84 which modifies the adjustment effect of the screw 82 are those resulting from the fact that a smaller gradiant of adjustment is afforded than with the direct (non-compliant) adjustment means shown in FIGS. 10 and 11. In other words, with the same screw thread pitch, a given amount of turning of the screw 8Z will cause less bowing of the axis of the roller 133 than with the screws 81 or 80. The compliance of the springs 8~ is predetermined to have a range comparable with the bowing compliance of the roller 133 as coupled through (reflected through) the stub-shaft levers 68 to the respective springs 84. At locations along the casting region where proportionately more bowing of the rollers 133 is desired, somewhat stiffer springs 84 may be employed.
Another advantage of using these compliant means 84 is that they will allow the castina belt 12 to deflect or yield for avoiding damage in case a prematurely solidified chunk of metal passes through the casting region C having a size greater than the spacing between the belts 12 and 14.
In FIG. 12 the fulcrum 86 is provided by the conical/cylindrical junction on the stub-shaft le~er 68. In FIG. 12A this fulcrum 86 is provided by an internal shoulder in the collar or housing 72, as previously described. If desired, as shown in FIG. 12A, the threaded lower end of the shank of the screw 82 is extended down through a second hole in the wall of the housing or collar 72, so that an adjustable lock nut 88 may be used to prevent inadvertent "creep" of -the adjusted position of the adjusting screw 82.
As shown in FIG. 13, in order to provide remote control of the adjustment of the back-up roller bowing, there are fluid-actuated cylinder and piston units 90 whose piston rods 91 are pivotally connected to the respective outer ends of the stub-shaft levers 68. There are a pair of pipe lines 92 for fluid, connected to the upper and lower ends of the cylinder units 90 ~or operating the piston therein. Preferably these units 90 are hydraulic units; however, pneumatic cylinder and piston units 90 may be used, if desired.
The use of pneumatic units will inherently provide compliance by virtue of the compressibility of the compressed air in the cylinder 90. In order to provide compliance in the remote control system when hydraulic liquid is used as the actuating fluid, check valves are omitted from the pressure regulating valves, which are set at the desired pressure in the cylinder and piston units 90 corresponding to the predetermined desired bowing of the back-up rollers 133.
Actuatio.n of these units 90 pulls upwardly on the piston rods 91, thereby controllably bowing the axis of the roller 133 convexly down toward the casting region C~ A remote ~3~-3~3 con-trol console (not shown~ is located near the operator's station including display meters providing a read-out of the pressure in the eontrol units 90 for each bowable back-up roller.
The console display meters may also be calibrated in thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter for indicating the con-trolled bowing of the mid-point of the axis of each roller 133 away from a straight line. In other words, the pressure in each suceessive pair of units 90 for eaeh suceessive bowable roller 133 along the casting region C can be independently controlled, and the resultant amount of defleetion of each roller can be xead on the read-out displays of the console.
The method and system for adjustably bowing the back-up rollers 133, as shown in FIG. 14, are similar to those shown in FI~S. 12 and 12A in that compliance springs 84 are associa-ted with the adjustment serews 82 for bowing the flexible baek-up rollers 133. The lower back-up rollers 34 are of rigid three-section eonstruetion with longitudinal stringer support members 50 mounted on r.igid transverse frame members 38, for example, whieh may be the coolant headers as explained above.
~he upper back-up rollers 133 are being bowed convexly toward the casting reyion ~.
In order to eause the axis of -the bowed rollers 133 to have a flatter (longer radius) arcua-te curvature opposi-te the middle of the easting region C for causing the upper belt 12 to hug the solidifying metal opposite the rigidly backed-up belt 1~ which has a straight transverse shape, the di.ameter of the ~,~ /3 micldle shaft portion 96 of the hollow bowable roll shaft is macle larger than the end shaft portions 94. The diameter of the bore o~ this hollow roller 133 is uniform. Therefore, the ~all thickness of the middle shaft portion 96 is proportionate ly increased more than the difference in the outside diameter of the middle shaft portion 96 as compared with the outside diameter of the end shaft portions 94. (It is noted that the stiffness of a lenqth of round solid shaft in bending varies as the fourth power of its diameter.) Consequently, the stiffness of the hollow middle portion 96 in bending varies as a higher power function of its outside diameter than in the case of a solid shaft ~s a result, relatively small increases in outside diameter of the middle portion 96 of this hollow shaft will provide relatively large increases in stiffness as compared with the hollo~ end portions 94.
It is to be understood that the differences in dia-meter at 96 and 94 r as shown in this FIGURE and in FIG. 15, are exaggerated for purposes of illustration, and the bowing of the roller 133 is also exaggerated. The solidifying product in the casting region C is sho~n in FIGS. 1~ and 15 as having shrunk slightly relative to the height of the edge dams 2~. (Not only is the cast prod~lct cooling and shrinking, but the solid metal blocks in the edge dam 28 are becoming heated and are expanding.~ This shrinkage relative to the e~panding edge dams 28 is indicated exaggerated at the upper surface of the margins of the cast produc-t at 97. The ob~ective of the more flexible end shaf-t portions 9~ is -to bow the back-up roller 133 down~ardly ~23~

for causing the upper belt 12 to hug the shrinkiny cast product as close to the edge dams 28 as possible.
The method and system for bowing the back-up rollers 133 in FIG. 15 is similar to that described above in FIG. 14, except that remotely controllable fluid-actuated cylinder and piston units 90 are employed, thereby providing similar operating an~d control advantages as explained in connection with FIG. 13.
In FIG. 16 the casting region is shown selectively tapered toward the downstream or exit end 31. The casting region is labelled "C or CB" for indicating that this casting region may be relatively wide as illustrated in FIGS. 6, 9-15, 17, 20-24 or may be relatively narrower and higher for casting a bar product as illustrated in FIGS. 18 and 19. The molten (liquid metal is indicated dotted at 125, and the soli.dified (frozen) metal is indicated by diagonal cross-hatching lines at 135.
The ca~t product P travels away from the cas-ter exit 31 carried by appropriate conveyor means (not shown), and secondary cooling means (not shown) are often employed for further cooling of the cast product P as immediately as possible after exiting from the caster D
It .is to be noted that the molten interior reyion 125 of the solidifying product 135 continues downstream along a considerable distance approaching toward or even extending beyond the exit 31. This molten interior 125 may be called the molten or "liquid core" or "liquid sump"~ Generally speaking, for a given thlckness of cast product P, -the fas-ter the caster 10 is running, the further downstream extends the interior liquid sump 125. In practically every case where the liquid sump 125 extends downs-tream beyond the exit 31 secondary cooling is employed.
The casting region C or CB is shown longitu~inally divided into an upstream portion or zone 102, a central portion or zone 104, and a downstream portion or zone 106. In this upstream portion or zone 102, the rigid back-up rollers 134 and the flexible back-up rollers 133 hold the casting belts 12 and 14 generally parallel. In this upstream portion 102, very slight excess (or bulging3 in thickness (as seen in transverse section) may be provided in the major central transverse area of the casting region C or CB ti.e. the transverse contour of the casting region C or CB may be very slightly.thicker over the ma~or central portion of its area) as compared with the margins, because the margins of the cast metal 135 adjacent to the edge dams tend to solidify and cool more ~uickly than the major central area of the cast metal for thereby compensating for the subsequent shrinkage in this major central axea tas seen in transverse section).
In the longitudinal central portion or zone 104 of the casting region C or CB the belts 12 and 14 begin to converge slightly downstream, i.e. the mold space is tapered by the rigid lower back-up rollers 34 or flexible lower back-up rollers 134 or 108 (FIG. 18) in cooperative action in opposition to the -flexible upper rollers 133 or 107 (FIG. 18).
The flexible back-up roll.ers may be bowed r adjusted and controlled in their belt contour configuration in the ~34-~9~3~

respective zones 102, 104 and 106 by any one or more (singly or jointly) oE the various methods and systems as described above, or as described hereinafter. The longitudinal taper through the various zones 102, 104, 1¢6 may be varied and may be utilized for achieving various transverse contours as desired for causing both belts to hug the solidifying metal 135 and for producing a cast product P of the desired dimensions and desired uniform metallurgical properties.
In the longitudinal downstream portion or zone 106 of the casting region C or CB, the belts 12 and 14 converge with an increased taper as compared with the zone 104 as achieved by the rigid lower rollers 34 or flexible lower rollers 134 or 108 ~FXG. 18) in cooperative action in opposition to the flexible upper rollers 133 or 107 (FIG. 18~.
The "head" pressure effect against the belts may be greatest in the zone 10~ or in the zone 106 depending upon such factors as the amount of solidified metal 135 as compared with liquid sump 125, speed of the caster 10, density (weight per unit volume) of the molten metal 125, overall thickness of the product P.
I desired r the downstream taper of the longitudinal zones 104 and 106 may be accomplished in par-t by causiny the upper carriage U to converge downstream slightly toward the lower carriage by using compliant gauge spacers 121 (FIG. 26) or 128 (FIG. 27) between the side members of the carriage fram~s l9 and 21 near the exit end 31 in lieu of the rigid gauge spacers 17 (FIG. 1)~ Thus, rigid gauge spacers 17 are used near the upstream end 11 and compliant ones 121 or 128 (FIGS. 26 or 27) are used near the downstream end 31. Therefore, the downstream end of the upper carriage U may be caused to "float" somewhat upon the "head" pressure of the liquid sump 125 acting against the area of the upper belt.
In FIG. 17 the remotely controllable fluid-actuated cylinder and piston units 90A are connected between the stub-shaft levers 68 for applying essentially equal and opposite force-couples ~bending moments) to the respective opposed bowable lower and upper rollers 134 and 133. The piston rods 91 are detachably pivotally connected to the respective lower stub-shaft levers 68~
The circumferential ridges or fins 55 are shown more closely spaced at 55A (FIG. 17) near the margins of the casting region C, thereby providing the operator with the option of positioning the edge dams 2~ closer together. It is desired that the fins 55A be relatively close together for firm back-up of the respective belts where the edge dams are located.
In the modification shown in FIG. 17~ the closely spaced fins 55B opposite the edge dams 28 have a reduced diameter as compated with the other fins 55 on the same back-up roller opposite the casting region C. These reduced diameter fins 55B
allow the laryer fins 55 to push the respective belts 12 and 14 inwardly for causing the belts to hug the solidifying shrinking metal at the margins 97 as close to the edge dams as possible~
This reduced diame~er fin modiflcation of FIG. 17A

9;~3~3 can be used to advantage in the zone 106 (FIG. 16) and may be used in the zone 104 (FIG. 16) if desired. This reduced diameter fin modification can be used to advantage in conjunction with the increased flexibility of roller end sections 94 (FIGS. 14 and 15).
FIGURES 18 and 19 show the casting of a bar product and so the casting region is labeled "CB." The internal liquid sump 125 is shown, and this liquid sump is smaller in FIG. 19, because FIG. ]9 iS a section taken farther downstream than FIG.
18. The edge dams 28 are shown higher than in previous FIGURES, because a bar product is cast relatively thicker.
In order to compensate for the shrinkage ~7 of the solidified metal (FIG.;19) the lar~q end portions 79A (FIG. 19) of the upper and lower bowable back-up rollers 107 and 108 are made smaller in diameter than the normal-sized fins 55. (These large end portions 79A may include one or more grooves 123 for allowing coolant to flow along the belt.) The resulting belt clearance spaces at the edge dams permit the fins 55 to deflect the belts slightly to hug the shrin~.ing produc~ very effectively for minimizing any shrinkage gap 97 at the margins adjacent to the edge dams 28. Indeed, such reduced-diameter techniques of relief effectively permit roller-bending or taper to be used downstream.
In FIG. 18 the large end portions 79 are shown to have the same diameter as the fins 55.
For providing the fulcrums 86, the shaft housings 72 project inwardly from the side members of the respec-tive carriage frames 19 and 21 and include internal shoulders formed by hardened steel ring inserts.

The remotely controllable fluid-actuated cylinder and piston units 90B for bowing the rollers 107 and 108 are pairs o~ cylinders located on opposite sides of the lower stub-shaft levers 68. In other words~ this pair of cylinders straddles the lever 68. These pairs of cylinders are mechanical-ly interconnected by a yoke structure 127 having a hardened steel ring insert 129 forming the outer pivot fulcrum for ~he lower stub-shaft lever 68. The pairs of piston rods 91 are also interconnected by a yoke structure 137 having a similar ring insert forming the outer pivot fulcrum for the upper stub-shaft lever 68. The advantage of straddling the stub-shaft lever 68 is that longer cylinder units 90B can be employed more conveniently for a greater range of cast thicknesses. The advantaye of the modified design with its greater leverage and heavier parts is that it permits more effective roller-bending for narrow cast products. Equal and essentially opposite force-couples (bending moments) are advantageously being applied to both the upper and lower rollers 107 and 108 for a~hieving symmetrical upper and lower belt contours~
In the embodiments described above, -the belt shape and contact control has been primarily accomplished by directly bowing flexible back-up rollers 133, 134, 107, 108 in various ways.
Another system which is shown in FIG. 20 involves the elastic bend ing of a relatively rigid structural frame member 112 having rela-tively rigid back-up ro]lers 33 mounted there-to by the stringer members 52, so that these segmented rollers 33 also will be caused to assume an overall arcuate configuration.

~--In FIG. 20, the transverse frame member 112, which for example may be a header or o-ther frame member, is stiff-ly bowable. It has upstanding arms 116 at either end. A trans-verse xod 120 is mounted in the frame 19 of the upper carriage U
having tightening nuts 115 on threaded end regions of -this rod.
In this embodiment by tightening the nuts 115, the frame member 112 is bowed and since the back-up rollers 33 are slaved to this frame member, the back-up rollers 33 also bow a corresponding amount. The lower back-up rollers 134 are bowable under the pressure of the metal "head".
In FIG. 21, which is similar to FIG. 20, a transverse member is positioned generally parallel with the stiffly flexible frame member 112. This second member 110 is more flixible than the first member 112, for examp:Le, it is a bowable leaf spring member. This second member 110 is attached by bolts 119 to the ends of the first member 112 with a center spacer or block 114 positioned therebetween. By tightening the bolts 119 at the ends of the bowable leaf spring member, the first member 112 is bowed as is the segmented upper back-up roller 33 which is rigidly attached *o the latter by the stringer members 52. By utilizing this second member 110, which has more flexiblity than the first member 112, a finer, more determinate, vernier bowing adjustment can be made of the transverse frame member 112 and hence more determinate bowing of the confiyuration of the back-up roller 33.

37~

In FIG. 22 a remotely controllable fluid-actuated cylinder and piston unit 117~is pivotally connected at 139 to a bracket 109 mounted centrally on a lower stiffly flexible -trans-verse frame member 112, for example, which may or may not be a coolant header. Thus, a remotely controllable bending moment is applied for bowin~ this transverse frame member 112 whose ends are captured by flanges at 113 and retainers 141 bolted to the lower frame 21. Accordingly, as the member 112 is bowed, the segmented, rigidly mounted back-up roller 34 is correspondingly bowed to urge the lower belt 14 against the cast metal. The upper back-up roller 133 is bowable, so that the upper belt 12 stays in contact with the top surface of the cast metal.
In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 23 a combination of the transverse frame bowing methods and sys-tems utilized in FIGS. 21 and 22 is employedO Accordingly, the upper back-up roller 133 is bowable. The lower segmented back-up ~oller 34 which is rigidly mounted to the lower frame member 112 is also bowed by actuating the centrally located cylinder unit 117 which is secured by mounting means 143, for example bolts, upon a second, generally parallel, more flexible transverse member 110, fox example, a leaf spring member, whose ends are also captured by the retainers 1410 In effect, the remotely controllable unit 117 is drawing a bow by pushing up on the stiffly flexible member 112 while pulling down upon the relatively more flexible second member 110. Therefore, the remotely controllable unit 117 in ~40-~923'73 .. _ I'IG. 23 provides an accurately determi~ate bowing of the first frame member 112 for precisely controlling the configuration of the roller 34 which is rigidly slaved to the member 112.
FIG. 24 shows a method and system for controllably bowing rollers 34 generally similar to FIG. 23, except that a pair of remotely-controllable fluid-ac-tuated units 118 mounted on the lower carriage frame 21 are pivotally connected at 111 to the respective ends of the second member 110. A spacer block 114 is located between the central regions of the first and second members 112 and 110, respectively.
In order to simultaneously bow a plurali-ty of transverse frame members 140, for example, headers, there is a longitudinally positioned rocker arm 136 whose upstream end is effecti~ely pivoted at 142 by a fulcrum connection to the frame 19 of the upper carriage U. ~ remotely controllable fluid-actuated cylinder and piston unit 138 is secured to the frame 19 in the vicinity of the downstream end of this rocker arm 136.
The rocker arm 136 and the cylinder unit 138 are located midway between the inboard and outboard sides of the upper carriage U.
Its piston rod 91 urges the downstream end of this rocker arm 136 for bowing the transverse frame members 140 convex down toward the casting region for producing a corresponding convex down configuration of the upper bac~-up rollers 33 which are slaved to the respective transverse frame rnembers 140. The opposed lower back-up rollers 134 are bow~ble.

Each successive transverse frame member 140 is bowed slightly more than its upstream member, because each successive frame member 140 is being acted upon by the rocker arm 136 further downstream from its pivot fuIcrum. Thus, a remotely controllable taper of the casting region C is advantage-ously provided by actuating the unit 138 acting through the rocker arm 136.
The compliant gauge spacer 121 ~FIG. 26) includes a head 122, a locating pin 124 which engages i.n a socket 144 in the side frame member of the lower carriage 210 This loca-ting pin 124 is screwed into the head 122 with a plurality of Belleville washers (conical spring washers) 126 on the shank of this pin.
These spring washers are captured by a shouIder 146 on the locating pin 124. The lower surface of the head 122 has a concave conical shape 148 with a pitch or slope which is more shallow than the pitch or slope of these spring washers when they are in their unloaded (relaxed) condition, and thus there is a gap 131 for permitting compliant de-flection of these spring washers up ~o a limit when this gap 131 is closed. Hence, the slope of concave surface 148 acts as a stop for limiting the deflection of these spring washers to a predetermined limit.
The compliant gauge spacer 128 (FIG. 27) has a head 122 and a locating pin 124 insertea into a socket 144. The locating pin 124 is fastened by a small diameter stud 130 passing through a small diame-ter hole 150. A sti:Efly flexible leaf spring 152 is thereby captured on the stud 130. The deflection of ~23~

this leaf spring 152 is limited by the gap at 132. A retainer pin 154 seated in a socket in the side frame 21 engages in a notch 156 for holding this leaf sprin~ in longitudinal alignment with -this side frame.
It is to be noted that the bearing assemblies 77 (FIG. 12A) can be inverted (turned inside out) by using hollow cylindrical stub shafts which encircle the bearings 67 which, in turn, encircle the end o~ the roller shaft 63.
Also, it is to be noted that in FIGS. 6, 8 and 9, the transverse members 38 and 46 can be othe.r members than headers.
Since other changes and modifications, varied to fit particular operating and casting requirements and environments, will De understood by those skilled in the art, the invention is not considered limited to the examples chosen for purposes of illustrati.on, and i.ts scope includes all changes and modifications which do not constitute a departure from the true spirit and scope of this invention as claimed in the following claims and reasonable equivalents to the claimed steps and elements.

Claims (36)

WE CLAIM:

1. The method of continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal in which the molten metal is confined and solidified in a casting region defined above and below by upper and lower cooled endless, flexible, traveling, casting belts supported by a plurality of upper back-up rollers and a plurality of lower back-up rollers in respective upper and lower belt carriages and laterally defined by first and second side dams traveling between the casting belts, the method character-ized by selectively bowing at least some of said back-up rollers in predetermined amounts for maintaining the upper and lower belts in contact with the molten metal as it is progressively solidified in passing through the casting region.

2. The method of continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 1 characterized in that said back-up rollers are selectively bowed by predetermin-ing the "head" of the molten metal at various longitudinal positions along a downwardly inclined casting region, and providing flexible (bowable) back-up rollers having predetermined flexibility for producing predetermined concave bowing for maintaining contact between the casting belts and the solidifying metal.

3. The method of continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 2 characterized by causing opposed back-up rollers to assume a convex bow corresponding to the predetermined concave bowing of the respect-ive opposite concavely bowed back-up roller for producing a cast product P having slight transverse curvature and of uniform thickness across its width.

4. The method of casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 2 characterized in that said flexible (bowable) back-up rollers are upper ones resulting in a transversely concave belt shape facing down toward the casting region.

5. The method of continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 2, 3 or 4 character ized by modifying and limiting the flexible bowing characteristics of at least one bowing roller.

6. The method of continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 1 characterized in that said back-up rollers are selectively bowed by applying bending action for maintaining contact between the casting belts and the solidifying metal.

7. The method of continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 6 characterized in that said bending action is applied by manual adjustment.

8. The method of continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 6 characterized in that said bending action is applied by remote control.

9. The method of continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 6, 7 or 8 characterized by maintaining a center section of the bowable back-up rollers relatively more rigid than their end sections for shaping the casting belt for improving belt contact with the metal product being cast in the casting region.

10. The method of continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 6, 7 or 8 characterized by applying approximately equal force couples (bending moments) to opposite ends of bowable back-up rollers.

11. The method of continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 6, 7 or 8 character-ized by slaving at least one back-up roller to a transverse frame member and bowing the frame member for producing the desired bowing contour of the slaved roller.

12. The method of continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 6, 7 or 8 characterized by applying approximately equal force-couples (bending moments) to opposite ends of bowable back-up rollers, and further characterized by providing a second transverse frame member relatively more elastically bowable than the first frame member, and producing a bowing of the first frame member with the back-up roller slaved thereto by bowing the second frame member.

13. The method of continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 1 characterized by selectively bowing the back-up rollers for selectively tapering the casting region by converging the casting belts toward each other in the downstream direction along the casting region for maintaining contact between the casting belts and the solidifying metal.

14. The method of continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 13 characterized by maintaining the casting belts generally parallel to each other along one zone of the casting region, and converging the casting belts toward each other in the downstream direction in a subsequent zone.

15. The method of continuously casting metal product from molten metal as claimed in claim 13 characterized by con-verging the casting belts toward each other in the downstream direction in a middle zone of the casting region and converging the casting belts more rapidly toward each other in the down-stream direction in a downstream zone.

16. The method of continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 13, 14 or 15 characterized by reducing the effective diameter of at least some of the downstream back-up rollers where the casting belts are in contact with the side dams for maintaining contact between the casting belts and the solidifying metal in the local-ized regions near the side dams.

17. Apparatus for continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal in which the molten metal is confined and solidified in a casting region defined above and below by upper and lower cooled endless, flexible, traveling, casting belts supported by a plurality of upper back-up rollers and a plurality of lower back-up rollers in respective upper and lower belt carriages and laterally defined by first and second side dams traveling between the casting belts characterized by relatively flexible back-up rollers in at least a portion of at least one carriage for selectively bowing said flexible back-up rollers for maintaining the upper and lower belts in contact with the molten metal as it is progressively solidified in passing through the casting region.

18. Apparatus for continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 17 characterized in that said selective bowing of said flexible back-up rollers in said carriage is realized in response to the metalostatic ("head") pressure acting through a casting belt from within the casting region resulting in a transversely concave belt shape in said one carriage facing the casting region for maintaining contact between the casting belts and the solidifying metal.

19. Apparatus for continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 18 characterized in that said concavely bowed rollers are in the upper carriage U
resulting in a transversely concave belt shape facing down toward the casting region.

20. Apparatus for continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 18 or 19 character-ized by at least one snubbing roller mounted in said one carriage near to a bowable portion of at least one bowable back-up roller for modifying and limiting the bowing of said roller.

21. Apparatus for continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 18 or 19 character-ized by at least one snubbing roller mounted in said one carriage near to a bowable portion of at least one bowable back-up roller for modifying and limiting the bowing of said roller, and further characterized by resilient mounting means for mounting said snubbing roller for further modifying the bowing of said roller.

22. Apparatus for continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 18 or 19 character-ized by opposed back-up rollers in the other carriage each of which is convexly bowed corresponding to the concave bowing of the respective opposite roller for producing a cast product P having a slight transverse curvature and uniform thickness across its width.

23. Apparatus for continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 18 or 19 character-ized by opposed back-up rollers in the other carriage each of which is convexly bowed corresponding to the concave bowing of the respective opposite roller for producing a cast product P
having a slight transverse curvature and uniform thickness across its width, and further characterized by resilient mounting means for mounting said convexly bowed rollers.

24. Apparatus for continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 17 characterized in that said selective bowing of said flexible back-up rollers is realized by applying bending action for maintaining contact between the casting belts and the solidifying metal.

25. Apparatus for continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 24, characterized in that said bending action is applied by manual adjustment.

26. Apparatus for continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 24, character-ized in that said bending action is applied by remote control.

27. Apparatus for continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 24, 25 or 26, characterized in that a center section of the bowable back-up rollers is relatively more rigid than their end sections for improving contact between the casting belt and the solidifying metal.

28. Apparatus for continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 24, 25 or 26 characterized by apparatus for applying approximately equal force-couples (bending moments) to opposite ends of the bowable back-up rollers.

29. Apparatus for continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 24, 25 or 26 characterized by at least one transverse frame member, a back-up roller mounted at spaced locations along said frame member, and means for bowing said frame member for causing said back-up roller to form a bowed configuration.

30. Apparatus for continuously casting metal product from molten metal as claimed in claim 24 characterized by at least one transverse frame member, a back-up roller mounted at spaced locations along said frame member, means for bowing said frame member for causing said back-up roller to form a bowed configuration, a second transverse frame member relatively more elastically bowable than the first frame member, and means for producing a bowing of said second frame member for bowing said first frame member for causing said back-up roller to form a bowed configuration.

31. Apparatus for continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 17 characterized in that the back-up rollers are selectively bowed for selectively tapering the casting region by converging the casting belts toward each other in the downstream direction for maintaining contact between the casting belts and the solidifying metal.

32. Apparatus for continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 31 characterized in that the casting belts are generally parallel to each other along one zone of the casting region and converge toward each other in the downstream direction in a subsequent zone.

33. Apparatus for continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 31 characterized in that the casting belts are converged toward each other in the downstream direction in a middle zone and are converged more rapidly toward each other in a downstream zone.

34. Apparatus for continuously casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 31, 32 or 33 characterized in that the effective diameter of at least some of the downstream back-up rollers are reduced where the casting belts are in contact with the side dams for maintaining contact between the casting belts and the solidifying metal in the localized regions near the side dams.
35. Apparatus for casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claims 17, 18, or 19 characterized in that compliant gauge spacers are positioned between the respective opposed side members of the upper and lower carriage frames near the downstream end of the casting region and rigid gauge spacers

Claim 35 cont'd.
are positioned between the respective opposed side members of the carriages near the upstream end of the casting region for providing a compliant downstream converging taper of the casting region.

36. The method of casting metal product directly from molten metal as claimed in claim 3 characterized in that said flexible (bowable) back-up rollers are upper ones resulting in a transversely concave belt shape facing down toward the casting region.