CA1187732A - Process for covering the energy needs of animals, and supply of the feed therefor - Google Patents
Process for covering the energy needs of animals, and supply of the feed thereforInfo
- Publication number
- CA1187732A CA1187732A CA000374102A CA374102A CA1187732A CA 1187732 A CA1187732 A CA 1187732A CA 000374102 A CA000374102 A CA 000374102A CA 374102 A CA374102 A CA 374102A CA 1187732 A CA1187732 A CA 1187732A
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- Prior art keywords
- fat
- feed
- animals
- fed
- weight
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/10—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Birds (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
- Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
To cover the energy needs of animals, in particular domestic animals, relatively large quantities of fat can be fed in a completely absorbable form without disturbing the animals' digestive processes. The fats are chosen according to criteria of nutrition physiology; they are, if necessary, hydrogenated and converted preferably by means of a cold-air spray-crystallization process, into a structure of fine particles of a maximum size of 50 µm. This fat concentrate can be fed alone, or in feed rations of any kind, with fur-ther additives such as mixtures of mineral salt, vitamins, protein concentrates and starch, but without emulsifiers.
To cover the energy needs of animals, in particular domestic animals, relatively large quantities of fat can be fed in a completely absorbable form without disturbing the animals' digestive processes. The fats are chosen according to criteria of nutrition physiology; they are, if necessary, hydrogenated and converted preferably by means of a cold-air spray-crystallization process, into a structure of fine particles of a maximum size of 50 µm. This fat concentrate can be fed alone, or in feed rations of any kind, with fur-ther additives such as mixtures of mineral salt, vitamins, protein concentrates and starch, but without emulsifiers.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION:
The present invention relates to a method of supplying the energy needs to animals, particularly to dornestic animals including ruminants, and the feeds to be used for this method.
DESCRIPTION OF T~IE PRIOR ART:
_ _ . _ _ It is well known that to cover the energy demands of ruminants and other domestic animals, fat can be used in limited quantities only. Furthermore, the common types of fats, whose melting point lies below that of the body temperature of the ani-mal, can only be fed with the ration in quantit-ies of a maximum of 5%, otherwise the animal's digestive process is considerably disturbed. Another way of feeding fat is in the form of emulsions containing fat particles measuring 10 to 50 um, (Swiss Patentschrift No. 456 010; Lang & Uzzan, "Les Corps Gras en Poudre: Preparation, Proprietes, Utilisations", Corps Gras en Poudre, No. 6g June 1975, pages 327 to 335). Likewise, however, this form of fat supply also causes disorders of the digestive process - in the omasum and especially in the rumen - if con-siderable quantities are fed.
It is general knowledge that fats which melt at high temperatures, i.e., above about 50C, suffer in digestibility at a progressively greater rate as the melting point is increased.
This has been confirmed by A. Rosenberg in his United States patent 3,011,892. In order to overcome this difficulty, Rosenberg has suggested the use of fat mixtures of very specific composition including one or more liquid oils that have not been hydrogenated.
,~
' ~.~".i :~.8'î~73~
This fat is said to have good digestibility with chicks when fed in flakes which may be up to 2 mm in thickness and up to 5 mm in diameter. It was held that the size of such particles is not critical.
SUM~RY OF INVENTION
The purpose of the present invention is to offer the possibility of feeding fats in large quantities, i.e., in excess of about 5%, in a form which does not cause disorders of the digestive process even of ruminants, and which can nevertheless be completely resorbed.
With this method, for example, the much-feared ketosis in dairy cattle during the period of lactation, as well as its after-effects, such as, for example, fertility disorders and low persistence~ can be avoided by pro-viding the possibility of a supply of energy in conformity with milk produc-tion. The solution, offered by the invention, consists of feeding to the animals fats in powdered or particulate form, wherein the fats have a melt-ing point above the body temperature of the animals and have a particle size measuring 50 ~m at most. The fats are fed in dry form without any addition of emulsifiers. With this method, it has been found on the one hand~ that the above-mentioned disadvantages of fats which cover the food particles with a film of fat in the digestive tract of the animal can be avoided, and on the other hand, that complete resorption of the fats is effected because of the small size of the particles. In particular, the fat particles in the omasum remain unchanged, thus forming neither an emulsion nor a film of fat;
they are digested and resorbed in the small intestine. Thus, fat portions exceeding 5% can be added and fed in the ration; rations con-taining as much as 23% fat having been tested on dairy cows without any drawbacks and with high resorption of the fat. Thus, the method of this invention is contrary to all theories stating that ruminants are unable to digest and support fat in such high quantity.
To prepare the fat particles or high fat feeds of the present invention virtually any animal or vegetable fat or mixture of such fats may ~7'~
be used, so long as -the selected fat llas a melting point above the body temperature of the animals to be -Eed, provided that such low-melting fat or oil is first hydrogenated by methods well known in the art to raise the melt-ing point of the fat or oil above the body temperature of the animals to be fed. Thus, the present invention not only provides novel means for covering the energy needs of animals, but at the same timc provides a novel and highly economic way of using surplus fat. In most industrialized countries with higll meat consumption, large quantities of surplus fat are produced for which no proper use and recycling has been known. For hygienic reasons very small quantities of such fats are used for human nourishment, and for the reasons set out above, use of such fats for animal feeding was not believed to be suitable. This invention now shows the way for economic use of such surplus products for animal feeding, particularly for feeding dairy cows and beef cattle or the like. The high economy of this invention not only re-sults from the possibility of recycling surplus fat, but since the energy needs of the animals may now largely be covered with cheap fat, expensive feeds, particularly cereals, may be substituted for by fat to a substantial degree.
DESCRIPTION OF TilE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a graph comparing the mild yield versus the week of lactation of cows fed with a fat-free ration ~Group A) and cows fed with a high fat ration in accordance with the invention (Group B);
ligure 2 is a graph comparing the lactose content in the milk pro-duced versus the week of lactation oE cows fed with a fat-free ration ~Group A) and cows fed with a high fat ration in accordance with the invention (Group B);
Figure 3 is a graph comparing the blood glucose level versus the week of lactation of cows fed with a fat-free ration (Group A) and cows fed with a high fat ration in accordance with the invention ~Group B); and Figure 4 is a graph comparing the milk protein content versus -the '7~3~
week of lactation oE cows fed with a fat-free ration (Group A) and cows fed with a high fat ration in accordance with the invention (Group B).
DET_ILED DESCRIPTION OF TIIE INVENTION
The method of obtainillg the fat powder according to this invention and examples of this feed will first be described.
As set out above, any available fat or oil or mixture thereof may be used. In most industrialized countries animal fats such as lard, tallow, fish oils and the like are available in high quantities. Such fats are re-moved from the tissue of slaughtered animals, for example, by hot vapors or by solvent extraction techniques which are well known in the art and which are not per se part of the present invention.
The fats, because of their broad ranging sources, may exhibit widely varying melting points. However, only those fats e,xhibiting a melt-ing point above the body temperature of the animals to be fed are suitable for preparing the powdered fat according to the invention. Accordingly, any fats or oils of low melting point are hydrogenated in a manner well known in the art to raise the melting point of the fat or oil above the body tempera-ture of the animals to be fed. Normally, the fats having a melting point below about 45C are hydrogenated to raise their melting point to about ~5C
or higher. The upper limit of the melting point of the fat is not particu-larly critical and fats having a melting point of 70 C or more are satisfac-tory. However, since it becomes increasingly more expensive to raise the melting point of low melting fats or oils to a very high melting point and since it is essential only to raise the melting point enough such that the melting point is above the body temperature of the animals to be fed, the low melting fats or oils generally are hydrogenated only to the extent neces-sary to raise their melting point to about 45 C-70 C.
As indicated above, non-hydrogenated fats of high natural melting point, such as beef fat, may be used without hydrogenating. However, in some cases it may be desirable or at least convenient to hydrogenate even 7~3~
relatively high melting pOillt -fats. For examplel when the fats to be used are clerived from a mixture of low melting fats or oils and relatively higher melting fats, it is often more convenient to hydrogenate the whole mix-ture than to separate the fats on the basis of their melting points and to then hydrogenate only those fats or oils having a melting point below the body temperature of the animals to be fed. This would in no way effect the utility of the resultant hydrogenated mixture so long as all of the fat com-ponents in the hydrogenated mixture melt above the body temperature of the animals to be fed and so long as the particles of the resulting hydrogenated fat powder are below about 50 ~m in size.
All steps of separating the fats from the tissues, hydrogenating and treating them otherwise are well known in -the art and are not per se a part of this invention. They are extensively described, for example, in "Gewinnung und Verarbeitung von Nahrungsfetten" by J. Baltes, published by P. Parey, Berlin, llamburg, 1975.
Fats obtained and hydrogenated as set out above generally have the following spectrum of fatty acids:
~ 12 C : 1- 2 %
cl~ 20-25 %
C16 1 1- 3 %
C18 20-30 %
Cl8-1 : 35-50 %
C18-2 0- 1 %
1- 2 %
These fats have a iodine value in the order of 35 to ~5.
Vegetable fats are prepared similarly. Since vegetable fats dif-fer from animal fats in the composition of fatty acids and also appreci-ably differ amongst each other, such fats differ from the above spectrum of fatty acids and iodine value, but this is without any negative consequences from a technical or physiological point of view, provided such fats are fed in strict accordance with the conditions of this invention.
The fats obtained as set out above and mixed in any desired quanti-~3'7'7~
ties are melted and are then treated by a cold-air spray-crystallization pro-cess. Methods and apparatus for producing fat powder having a particle size below 50 ~m are well known in the art and are not per se a part of this invention. A method and apparatus of this type is described in Swiss patent 456,010. The fat powder of particles having a size below 50 ~m may be used as such as an animal feed or food supplement or it may be blended with other components to form a premixed or concentrated feed or ration, the powdered fat may be used in any amount as desired. However, amounts of at least about 5% should be used to take advantage of the unique characteristics of the fat powder of this invention and amounts of up to about 25% or more of the ration are suitable.
For ease of handling, it is often desirable -to form fat concen-trates by mixing the fat powder with a carrier which is inert relative to the fat such as powdered calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, or preferably, a starch such as cornstarch, wheat starch or the like. The carrier or mixture or carriers may be added to the fat particles in widely varying amounts, with amounts of carrier ranging from about 5% to about 95%
being acceptable. Preferably, the amoun-t of carrier would range from about 5% to about 15% by weight. The carrier may be added to the fat particles while the fat particles are suspended in a near vacuum in a hot state. As is the case for the powdered fat having no carrier, the powdered fat concen-trate containing, for example, 10% carrier and 90% fat, may be used as a single component feed or as one component of a combination feed or ration, whereby the portion of fat in the ration may be up to about 25%.
The following high fat feeds or rations may be prepared and used with excellent success:
'73~
I) Mixture with relatively small energy density . . . . . _ fa-t concentrate according to the invention (90% hydrogenated lard-10% cornstarch) 10 par-ts by weight cereal starch 12 par-ts by weight maize ~corn) 33 parts by weight wheat 12 parts by weight soya bean meal, extrac-ted 14 parts by weight maize gluten 12 parts by weight mineral-vitamin-concentra-te 7 parts by weight The portion of pure fat in this feed is on the order of 9%. The energy contents of 1 kg of this mixture is on the order of 8.2 MJ/NEL or 9.0 MJ/NF:W. (MJ = Megajoule, NEL = net energy lactation, NEW = net energy growth). The mineral-vitamin concen-trate is of the type conventionally employed in annual rations and includes minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, sodium~ magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, cobalt, iodine and the like.
Similarly, the vitamins included in the concentrate are conventional ration adjuncts consistent with animal nutri-tion.
II) Mixture having high energy density fat concentrate according to the invention ~90% hydrogenated lard-10% cornstarch) 23 parts by weight soya bean meal, extracted68 parts by weigh-t vitamin-mineral-concentrate9 parts by weigh-t The portion of pure fat in this mixture is on the order of 21%.
The energy contents of 1 kg is on the order of 10.0 ~W/NEL or 10.9 ~W/NEW.
According to the quality and quantity of basic feed available, any intermediate portion of fat concentrate according to this invention may be added to the ration.
Mixtures of concentrated feeds which have been energetically im-proved by the addition of fat concen-trate according to this invention 73;~
exllibi-t energy dellsities never acllieved in the past. Accordillgly, animals can be Eed as lit-tlc as 2/3 thcir normal ration of concelltrated ~ccd without any loss of production. Stated differently, the uniquely high energy densi-ties of rations containing the -fat particlcs in accordance with this inven-tion allow savings of up to 1/3 of the usual quantities of concentrated feed without any loss in productivity o~ thc animals. This is not only of high economic importance in view of a reduction of expenses for the feed, but also in view of the world-wide deficiency of cereals.
This invention will now further be illustrated by the following examples.
~~PLE 1 In this example~ a group of cows in their first lactation were fed a ration with and without a fat concentrate according to this invention.
Beginning in the third week of the lactation period tests were made to ascertain the digestibility of the rations. The cows were fed individually and the test groups (twelve cows each) were selected in accordance with milk quantity, milk composition and life weight of the cows during the first and second week of the lactation period. The duration of test was $ weeks, and the test conditions were changed after 4 weeks. The cows were fed with hay ad libitum and concentrated feed of a composition A and B as stated below.
The quantities of concentrated feeds were as follows in three rations per day:
The present invention relates to a method of supplying the energy needs to animals, particularly to dornestic animals including ruminants, and the feeds to be used for this method.
DESCRIPTION OF T~IE PRIOR ART:
_ _ . _ _ It is well known that to cover the energy demands of ruminants and other domestic animals, fat can be used in limited quantities only. Furthermore, the common types of fats, whose melting point lies below that of the body temperature of the ani-mal, can only be fed with the ration in quantit-ies of a maximum of 5%, otherwise the animal's digestive process is considerably disturbed. Another way of feeding fat is in the form of emulsions containing fat particles measuring 10 to 50 um, (Swiss Patentschrift No. 456 010; Lang & Uzzan, "Les Corps Gras en Poudre: Preparation, Proprietes, Utilisations", Corps Gras en Poudre, No. 6g June 1975, pages 327 to 335). Likewise, however, this form of fat supply also causes disorders of the digestive process - in the omasum and especially in the rumen - if con-siderable quantities are fed.
It is general knowledge that fats which melt at high temperatures, i.e., above about 50C, suffer in digestibility at a progressively greater rate as the melting point is increased.
This has been confirmed by A. Rosenberg in his United States patent 3,011,892. In order to overcome this difficulty, Rosenberg has suggested the use of fat mixtures of very specific composition including one or more liquid oils that have not been hydrogenated.
,~
' ~.~".i :~.8'î~73~
This fat is said to have good digestibility with chicks when fed in flakes which may be up to 2 mm in thickness and up to 5 mm in diameter. It was held that the size of such particles is not critical.
SUM~RY OF INVENTION
The purpose of the present invention is to offer the possibility of feeding fats in large quantities, i.e., in excess of about 5%, in a form which does not cause disorders of the digestive process even of ruminants, and which can nevertheless be completely resorbed.
With this method, for example, the much-feared ketosis in dairy cattle during the period of lactation, as well as its after-effects, such as, for example, fertility disorders and low persistence~ can be avoided by pro-viding the possibility of a supply of energy in conformity with milk produc-tion. The solution, offered by the invention, consists of feeding to the animals fats in powdered or particulate form, wherein the fats have a melt-ing point above the body temperature of the animals and have a particle size measuring 50 ~m at most. The fats are fed in dry form without any addition of emulsifiers. With this method, it has been found on the one hand~ that the above-mentioned disadvantages of fats which cover the food particles with a film of fat in the digestive tract of the animal can be avoided, and on the other hand, that complete resorption of the fats is effected because of the small size of the particles. In particular, the fat particles in the omasum remain unchanged, thus forming neither an emulsion nor a film of fat;
they are digested and resorbed in the small intestine. Thus, fat portions exceeding 5% can be added and fed in the ration; rations con-taining as much as 23% fat having been tested on dairy cows without any drawbacks and with high resorption of the fat. Thus, the method of this invention is contrary to all theories stating that ruminants are unable to digest and support fat in such high quantity.
To prepare the fat particles or high fat feeds of the present invention virtually any animal or vegetable fat or mixture of such fats may ~7'~
be used, so long as -the selected fat llas a melting point above the body temperature of the animals to be -Eed, provided that such low-melting fat or oil is first hydrogenated by methods well known in the art to raise the melt-ing point of the fat or oil above the body temperature of the animals to be fed. Thus, the present invention not only provides novel means for covering the energy needs of animals, but at the same timc provides a novel and highly economic way of using surplus fat. In most industrialized countries with higll meat consumption, large quantities of surplus fat are produced for which no proper use and recycling has been known. For hygienic reasons very small quantities of such fats are used for human nourishment, and for the reasons set out above, use of such fats for animal feeding was not believed to be suitable. This invention now shows the way for economic use of such surplus products for animal feeding, particularly for feeding dairy cows and beef cattle or the like. The high economy of this invention not only re-sults from the possibility of recycling surplus fat, but since the energy needs of the animals may now largely be covered with cheap fat, expensive feeds, particularly cereals, may be substituted for by fat to a substantial degree.
DESCRIPTION OF TilE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a graph comparing the mild yield versus the week of lactation of cows fed with a fat-free ration ~Group A) and cows fed with a high fat ration in accordance with the invention (Group B);
ligure 2 is a graph comparing the lactose content in the milk pro-duced versus the week of lactation oE cows fed with a fat-free ration ~Group A) and cows fed with a high fat ration in accordance with the invention (Group B);
Figure 3 is a graph comparing the blood glucose level versus the week of lactation of cows fed with a fat-free ration (Group A) and cows fed with a high fat ration in accordance with the invention ~Group B); and Figure 4 is a graph comparing the milk protein content versus -the '7~3~
week of lactation oE cows fed with a fat-free ration (Group A) and cows fed with a high fat ration in accordance with the invention (Group B).
DET_ILED DESCRIPTION OF TIIE INVENTION
The method of obtainillg the fat powder according to this invention and examples of this feed will first be described.
As set out above, any available fat or oil or mixture thereof may be used. In most industrialized countries animal fats such as lard, tallow, fish oils and the like are available in high quantities. Such fats are re-moved from the tissue of slaughtered animals, for example, by hot vapors or by solvent extraction techniques which are well known in the art and which are not per se part of the present invention.
The fats, because of their broad ranging sources, may exhibit widely varying melting points. However, only those fats e,xhibiting a melt-ing point above the body temperature of the animals to be fed are suitable for preparing the powdered fat according to the invention. Accordingly, any fats or oils of low melting point are hydrogenated in a manner well known in the art to raise the melting point of the fat or oil above the body tempera-ture of the animals to be fed. Normally, the fats having a melting point below about 45C are hydrogenated to raise their melting point to about ~5C
or higher. The upper limit of the melting point of the fat is not particu-larly critical and fats having a melting point of 70 C or more are satisfac-tory. However, since it becomes increasingly more expensive to raise the melting point of low melting fats or oils to a very high melting point and since it is essential only to raise the melting point enough such that the melting point is above the body temperature of the animals to be fed, the low melting fats or oils generally are hydrogenated only to the extent neces-sary to raise their melting point to about 45 C-70 C.
As indicated above, non-hydrogenated fats of high natural melting point, such as beef fat, may be used without hydrogenating. However, in some cases it may be desirable or at least convenient to hydrogenate even 7~3~
relatively high melting pOillt -fats. For examplel when the fats to be used are clerived from a mixture of low melting fats or oils and relatively higher melting fats, it is often more convenient to hydrogenate the whole mix-ture than to separate the fats on the basis of their melting points and to then hydrogenate only those fats or oils having a melting point below the body temperature of the animals to be fed. This would in no way effect the utility of the resultant hydrogenated mixture so long as all of the fat com-ponents in the hydrogenated mixture melt above the body temperature of the animals to be fed and so long as the particles of the resulting hydrogenated fat powder are below about 50 ~m in size.
All steps of separating the fats from the tissues, hydrogenating and treating them otherwise are well known in -the art and are not per se a part of this invention. They are extensively described, for example, in "Gewinnung und Verarbeitung von Nahrungsfetten" by J. Baltes, published by P. Parey, Berlin, llamburg, 1975.
Fats obtained and hydrogenated as set out above generally have the following spectrum of fatty acids:
~ 12 C : 1- 2 %
cl~ 20-25 %
C16 1 1- 3 %
C18 20-30 %
Cl8-1 : 35-50 %
C18-2 0- 1 %
1- 2 %
These fats have a iodine value in the order of 35 to ~5.
Vegetable fats are prepared similarly. Since vegetable fats dif-fer from animal fats in the composition of fatty acids and also appreci-ably differ amongst each other, such fats differ from the above spectrum of fatty acids and iodine value, but this is without any negative consequences from a technical or physiological point of view, provided such fats are fed in strict accordance with the conditions of this invention.
The fats obtained as set out above and mixed in any desired quanti-~3'7'7~
ties are melted and are then treated by a cold-air spray-crystallization pro-cess. Methods and apparatus for producing fat powder having a particle size below 50 ~m are well known in the art and are not per se a part of this invention. A method and apparatus of this type is described in Swiss patent 456,010. The fat powder of particles having a size below 50 ~m may be used as such as an animal feed or food supplement or it may be blended with other components to form a premixed or concentrated feed or ration, the powdered fat may be used in any amount as desired. However, amounts of at least about 5% should be used to take advantage of the unique characteristics of the fat powder of this invention and amounts of up to about 25% or more of the ration are suitable.
For ease of handling, it is often desirable -to form fat concen-trates by mixing the fat powder with a carrier which is inert relative to the fat such as powdered calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, or preferably, a starch such as cornstarch, wheat starch or the like. The carrier or mixture or carriers may be added to the fat particles in widely varying amounts, with amounts of carrier ranging from about 5% to about 95%
being acceptable. Preferably, the amoun-t of carrier would range from about 5% to about 15% by weight. The carrier may be added to the fat particles while the fat particles are suspended in a near vacuum in a hot state. As is the case for the powdered fat having no carrier, the powdered fat concen-trate containing, for example, 10% carrier and 90% fat, may be used as a single component feed or as one component of a combination feed or ration, whereby the portion of fat in the ration may be up to about 25%.
The following high fat feeds or rations may be prepared and used with excellent success:
'73~
I) Mixture with relatively small energy density . . . . . _ fa-t concentrate according to the invention (90% hydrogenated lard-10% cornstarch) 10 par-ts by weight cereal starch 12 par-ts by weight maize ~corn) 33 parts by weight wheat 12 parts by weight soya bean meal, extrac-ted 14 parts by weight maize gluten 12 parts by weight mineral-vitamin-concentra-te 7 parts by weight The portion of pure fat in this feed is on the order of 9%. The energy contents of 1 kg of this mixture is on the order of 8.2 MJ/NEL or 9.0 MJ/NF:W. (MJ = Megajoule, NEL = net energy lactation, NEW = net energy growth). The mineral-vitamin concen-trate is of the type conventionally employed in annual rations and includes minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, sodium~ magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, cobalt, iodine and the like.
Similarly, the vitamins included in the concentrate are conventional ration adjuncts consistent with animal nutri-tion.
II) Mixture having high energy density fat concentrate according to the invention ~90% hydrogenated lard-10% cornstarch) 23 parts by weight soya bean meal, extracted68 parts by weigh-t vitamin-mineral-concentrate9 parts by weigh-t The portion of pure fat in this mixture is on the order of 21%.
The energy contents of 1 kg is on the order of 10.0 ~W/NEL or 10.9 ~W/NEW.
According to the quality and quantity of basic feed available, any intermediate portion of fat concentrate according to this invention may be added to the ration.
Mixtures of concentrated feeds which have been energetically im-proved by the addition of fat concen-trate according to this invention 73;~
exllibi-t energy dellsities never acllieved in the past. Accordillgly, animals can be Eed as lit-tlc as 2/3 thcir normal ration of concelltrated ~ccd without any loss of production. Stated differently, the uniquely high energy densi-ties of rations containing the -fat particlcs in accordance with this inven-tion allow savings of up to 1/3 of the usual quantities of concentrated feed without any loss in productivity o~ thc animals. This is not only of high economic importance in view of a reduction of expenses for the feed, but also in view of the world-wide deficiency of cereals.
This invention will now further be illustrated by the following examples.
~~PLE 1 In this example~ a group of cows in their first lactation were fed a ration with and without a fat concentrate according to this invention.
Beginning in the third week of the lactation period tests were made to ascertain the digestibility of the rations. The cows were fed individually and the test groups (twelve cows each) were selected in accordance with milk quantity, milk composition and life weight of the cows during the first and second week of the lactation period. The duration of test was $ weeks, and the test conditions were changed after 4 weeks. The cows were fed with hay ad libitum and concentrated feed of a composition A and B as stated below.
The quantities of concentrated feeds were as follows in three rations per day:
2 weeks prior to calve 2 kg 1st and 2nd week of lactation 4 kg 3rd $o 10th week of lacta-tion 5 kg (with more than 25 kg of milk 6 kg) The composition of the concentrated feed was as follows for the two test groups A and B:
-;
'7~73~
GROUP A GROUP B
% %
barley (crushed) 40 40 mai~e ~corn) 30 17 soya bean meal, extracted 27.1 30.1 fat according invention (hydrogena-ted lard) - 10 salt 0-4 0 4 calcium carbonate 1.5 1.5 Premix 0.7 0-7 23 0.3 o 3 calculated nutritive value per kg dry matter ~/NEL 7.0 8.5 crude protein g 181 181 The digestibility of these rations was examined by the indicator method with the following digesting coefficients:
GROUP A GROUP B
organic substance 69.8 69.7 protein 58.9 60.4 fat 66.6 83.6 crude fibre 66.7 68.7 ash 45.7 43 4 These digestion analyses show that the addition of fat acco~ding to this invention ~in Group B) had no influence on the good digestibility of the organic substances and protein, the values being substantially the same in both groups. It is seen that for the most important parameter, namely the digestion of crude fiber, a somewhat better digestion has been observed in Group B, this proving that the fat concentrate according to this inven-tion does not cause the well known digestive depression occurring if fat is added to the feed in a usual form. The digestibility of fat according to this invention is even clearly higher.
7i;~
The absence of any negative effect on the digestibility of the essential nutri-tive components indicates that the fat either is not hydro-lyzed or hydrolyzed in very small proportion only in the rumen. This con-firms the theory according to which the hydrogenated fat is protected in the rumen in a manner similar to the so-called protected fat, where the fat drop-lets are enveloped in a coating of protein (US patent 3,925,560). The cross-linkage of the protein molecules prevents the protein coating from being attacked in the rumen, whereby digestion can take place in the rest of the digestive tract. A similar effect is believed to be obtained by the high melting point in a substantially simpler and cheaper way by this invention, whereby it is assumed that the very small size of less than 50 ,um of the fat particles is important for assuring high digestibility of the fat in the digestive tract following the rumen~
Based on the positive test results obtained in Example 1 using fat in a quantity of 10%, further experiments were made with higher additions of fat. These experiments were made with dairy cows in two groups A and B o:E
nine cows each selected in accordance with the age, milk production and weight. The cows were habituated to the test ration 3 weeks prior to calving.
The following rations of concentrated feed were administered until the 9th week of lactation:
GROUP A GROUP B
% .% ~_ Eat concentra-te according to invention ~hydrogenated lard) - 23 soya bean meal, extracted 34 68.4 barley 40.7 maize (corn) 20 calcium carbonate 3.3 4 salt 1 1.6 Premix*
'7'7~3~
GROUI' A GROUI' B
;0, %
calcium pIIospIlate - 2 calculated nutritive value per kg dry matter I~J/NEL 7.5 10.5 calcium protein (gr.) 235 315 * containing the minerals magnesia, manga]lese~ copper, zinc, cobalt, iodine, seleniuin and the vitamins A, D3, E and cereal micIdlings as carrier.
The basic feed for both groups was used until the 9-th week of lactation:
maize silage 6.6 ~J NEL/kg hay 5.2 ~IJ NEL/kg The feeds were offered as follows:
End of -the dry period: maize silagead libitum hay 6 kg concentrated feed according to above tables A: up to 3 kg B: up to 2 kg 1st to 9th week of lactation: basic fodder as above concentrated feed according to above tables A: up to 7.5 kg B: up to 5 kg With these rations the animals in both groups A and B obtained -the same qu.mtities o:E energy (~IJ NEL) and crude protein ~gr).
The follo~ing parameters were -tested:
milk production consumption of basic fodder milk composition: - lactose content - fat-ty acids of the milk fat - protein content blood metabolites: - glucose '7'73~
The milk quantity in both groups was substan-tially the same in spite of the recluced administration of concentratecl feecl in group B. (see Table 1 and Fig. 1) ~lilk Yield ~kg) - During Numbered Week of Lactation ~LW) . . . _ Animal Number Group lLW 2LW 3LW 4LW 5LW 6LW 7LW 8LW 9LW
_ _ _ 1 A 153.0 217.8 213.0 204.9 204.7 213.2 218.8 211.6 209.9 2 A 180.5 216.1 232.2 232.0 219.5 208.3 215.7 207.0 139.9
-;
'7~73~
GROUP A GROUP B
% %
barley (crushed) 40 40 mai~e ~corn) 30 17 soya bean meal, extracted 27.1 30.1 fat according invention (hydrogena-ted lard) - 10 salt 0-4 0 4 calcium carbonate 1.5 1.5 Premix 0.7 0-7 23 0.3 o 3 calculated nutritive value per kg dry matter ~/NEL 7.0 8.5 crude protein g 181 181 The digestibility of these rations was examined by the indicator method with the following digesting coefficients:
GROUP A GROUP B
organic substance 69.8 69.7 protein 58.9 60.4 fat 66.6 83.6 crude fibre 66.7 68.7 ash 45.7 43 4 These digestion analyses show that the addition of fat acco~ding to this invention ~in Group B) had no influence on the good digestibility of the organic substances and protein, the values being substantially the same in both groups. It is seen that for the most important parameter, namely the digestion of crude fiber, a somewhat better digestion has been observed in Group B, this proving that the fat concentrate according to this inven-tion does not cause the well known digestive depression occurring if fat is added to the feed in a usual form. The digestibility of fat according to this invention is even clearly higher.
7i;~
The absence of any negative effect on the digestibility of the essential nutri-tive components indicates that the fat either is not hydro-lyzed or hydrolyzed in very small proportion only in the rumen. This con-firms the theory according to which the hydrogenated fat is protected in the rumen in a manner similar to the so-called protected fat, where the fat drop-lets are enveloped in a coating of protein (US patent 3,925,560). The cross-linkage of the protein molecules prevents the protein coating from being attacked in the rumen, whereby digestion can take place in the rest of the digestive tract. A similar effect is believed to be obtained by the high melting point in a substantially simpler and cheaper way by this invention, whereby it is assumed that the very small size of less than 50 ,um of the fat particles is important for assuring high digestibility of the fat in the digestive tract following the rumen~
Based on the positive test results obtained in Example 1 using fat in a quantity of 10%, further experiments were made with higher additions of fat. These experiments were made with dairy cows in two groups A and B o:E
nine cows each selected in accordance with the age, milk production and weight. The cows were habituated to the test ration 3 weeks prior to calving.
The following rations of concentrated feed were administered until the 9th week of lactation:
GROUP A GROUP B
% .% ~_ Eat concentra-te according to invention ~hydrogenated lard) - 23 soya bean meal, extracted 34 68.4 barley 40.7 maize (corn) 20 calcium carbonate 3.3 4 salt 1 1.6 Premix*
'7'7~3~
GROUI' A GROUI' B
;0, %
calcium pIIospIlate - 2 calculated nutritive value per kg dry matter I~J/NEL 7.5 10.5 calcium protein (gr.) 235 315 * containing the minerals magnesia, manga]lese~ copper, zinc, cobalt, iodine, seleniuin and the vitamins A, D3, E and cereal micIdlings as carrier.
The basic feed for both groups was used until the 9-th week of lactation:
maize silage 6.6 ~J NEL/kg hay 5.2 ~IJ NEL/kg The feeds were offered as follows:
End of -the dry period: maize silagead libitum hay 6 kg concentrated feed according to above tables A: up to 3 kg B: up to 2 kg 1st to 9th week of lactation: basic fodder as above concentrated feed according to above tables A: up to 7.5 kg B: up to 5 kg With these rations the animals in both groups A and B obtained -the same qu.mtities o:E energy (~IJ NEL) and crude protein ~gr).
The follo~ing parameters were -tested:
milk production consumption of basic fodder milk composition: - lactose content - fat-ty acids of the milk fat - protein content blood metabolites: - glucose '7'73~
The milk quantity in both groups was substan-tially the same in spite of the recluced administration of concentratecl feecl in group B. (see Table 1 and Fig. 1) ~lilk Yield ~kg) - During Numbered Week of Lactation ~LW) . . . _ Animal Number Group lLW 2LW 3LW 4LW 5LW 6LW 7LW 8LW 9LW
_ _ _ 1 A 153.0 217.8 213.0 204.9 204.7 213.2 218.8 211.6 209.9 2 A 180.5 216.1 232.2 232.0 219.5 208.3 215.7 207.0 139.9
3 A 225.9 248.7 259.0 262.2 255.2 240.5 227.6 225.3 227.4
4 A 74.5 222.5 239.4 249.8 261.9 261.0 252.1 253.4 267.9
5 A 129.1 194.0 193.3 183.0 178.7 173.9 170.0 166.9 157.7
6 A 134.6 250.1 262.5 290.6 277.2 281.5 274.6 268.7 263.2
7 A 148.0 208.3 220.4 205.9 207.0 202.0 199.7 199.0 195.9
8 A 166.2 204.9 237.9 230.0 252.6 260.1 252.0 249.9 232.7
9 A 169.5 174.3 205.3 191.0 230.7 232.9 211.6 206.1 202.6
10 B146.9 206.0 195.9 216.6 223.3 228.9 225.6 203.7 199.8
11 B152.0 201.5 203.3 216.0 219.9 201.6 222.1 219.1 205.0
12 B113.0 212.5 234.2 241.5 235.4 245.7 242.2 245.7 243.1
13 B173.2 239.8 248.8 243.8 242.7 227.5 204.1 209.8 201.4
14 B177.0 210.2 223.3 230.5 236.2 232.1 225.6 214.9 214.2
15 B114.0 206.4 215.2 223.6 226.6 210.3 216.4 208.7 206.4
16 B176.4 208.4 224.0 232.9 254.9 261.4 246.7 259.9 260.0
17 B77.6 184.3 204.5 210.6 217~4 215.4 209.5 204.7 197.4
18 B81.8 218.1 219.7 239.2 239.3 245.1 247.8 231.0 215.4 No substantial difference between groups A and B was observed regarding the lactose content. ~see Table 2, Fig. 2) , ~8~7'73~
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Lactose Content of ~lilk (%) -During Numbered Week of Lactation (LW) Animal Number Group lLW2LW 3LW4LW SL~Y 6LWf 7LW 8LW 9LW
A 3.95.3 5.35.4 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.1 2 A 4.24.5 4.54.7 4.3 4.7 4.4 4.8 4.4 3 A 4.95.3 5.35.2 5.2 5.5 5.0 5.3 5.3 4 A 4.94.9 5.25.4 5.2 5.3 5.1 5.3 5.2 A 4.55.1 5.15.1 5.1 4.9 5.2 5.0 5.1 6 A - 4.8 5.04.9 5.2 4.9 5.1 5.1 5.0 7 A 4.04.9 5.05.0 4.9 5.1 5.0 4.9 5.0 8 A 4.34.6 4.94.8 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.0 4.8 9 A 5.04.8 5.15.2 5.3 5.7 5.3 5.1 5.1 B 4.05.1 5.35.0 5.1 5.2 5.2 4.9 5.1 11 B 5.05.2 5.15.1 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.3 12 B - 4.9 5.35.2 5.5 5.1 5.4 5.2 5.1 13 B 3.84.7 4.75.1 4.7 4.7 4.5 4.5 4.7 14 B 4.65.1 5.15.2 5.2 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.3 B - 4.7 5.35.3 5.4 5.1 5.3 5.1 5.1 16 B 4.95.4 5.45.3 5.1 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.1 17 B 5.05.1 5.25.3 5.2 5.0 5.0 5.1 4.9 18 B 5.15.4 5.15.0 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.1 5.1 The spectrum of fatty acids in the milk fat of groups A and B was observed.
In the milk of group B the fatty acids of short or middle structure were re-duced by about 10% but the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids C18 1 and C18 2 particularly of the oleic acid C18 1 was increased by about 11%.
This would result in a butter made of the milk of group B of softer consis-tence. (see Tables 3 and 4) Fatty Acids in the Mlilk Fat of Group A (%) -During Number Week of Lactation (LW) Fatty Acids*lLW 2LW 3LW 4LW 5LW 6LW 7LW 9LW
C 4:0 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.7 C 6:0 1.8 1.0 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 C 8:0 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 C 10:0 2.6 2.6 2.6 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.5 C 11:0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 C 12:0 3.2 2.9 3.4 3.9 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.1 C 14:br 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 C 14:0 11.8 10.011.011.9 12.312.512.9 13.0 C 14:1/C15 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 C 15:1 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.3 C 16:br 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0 4 0 4 C 16:0 33.3 28.830.231.7 32.833.935.1 34.8 i~, .,~
73~
F.ltt~ .~ciclslLl~' 21,l~ 3LI~'4L1~5L1~ 61.W 7LW 8[.!~' C 16:1 3,0 2.8 2.S2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.
C 17:~ ~.Y 1.0 0.90,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 o 9 C 17:1 0.5 0.5 0.50.~ 0.~0,~1 0.4 0,~
C lS:0 9.9 12.~ 10.39.6 8.9 8.4 8.1 8,2 C lS:l 22.2 26.2 24.322.0 21.320.3 19.3 19.0 ~` 18:2 2.4 ~,5 2.62.4 ~.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 C 18:3 1.5 1.5 1.41.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 C ~0:0 0.2 0.1 0.20.2 0.1 0.1 0,1 0.1 * lhe fa-tty acids are shown as containing a given number of carbon atoms and clouble boncls. Tlle nu~nber of carbon a-toms is stated after "C" and the n~unber of clouble boncls is statecl after ":". The "br" following ":" for C14 and C16 inclicates that the fatty acids are branched.
Fatty Acids in the ~lilk Fat of Group B (%) -Durin~ l~umber IYee~ of Lactation ~LI~I) ~ .
Fatty AcidslLlY2LW 3LW 4LW 5LW 6LW 7L1~ 9_ C 4:02.52.9 2.7 2.7 2.4 2,3 2.2 '.1 C 6:01.51.8 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.~ 1.2 C 8:00.91.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 C 10:0 1.71.8 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.
C 11:0 0.10.1 0.1 0.2 0,2 0.2 0.2 0.2 C 1~:0 2.22.0 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.7 C 14:br 0.20.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 C 14:0 9.18.1 7.4 7.5 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.7 C 14:1/C150.90.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1,3 1.~l C 15:1 0.80.8 0,8 0,7 0.8 0.8 0.8 O.S
C 16:br 0.20.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0~3 0.3 0.3 C 16:0 29.527,1 27.5 27.8 28,4 28,1 28.6 27.9 C 16:1 2.82,7 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.2 C 17:0 0.90.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0,8 0,8 0.7 C 17:1 0,50,5 0.4 0.4 0,4 0.4 0 4 0.!~
C 18:0 13.013.8 13.4 13.3 11.6 11,4 11.0 10.3 C 18:1 28.832.0 32.9 33.5 33.6 34.~ 33.6 35.0 C 18:2 2.31.9 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 C 18:3 1.92.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.5 C 20:0 0.10.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0,2 * The Fatty acids are sho~l as in Table 3.
The glucose values in the blood of the cows of group A decreased more rapidly than those of Group B, thus showing that -the cows of group B were energetically better suppliecl. I-t may be assumed that this efficiently re-duces t]le danger of acetonemy (ketosis). (see Table 5, Fig. 3) The milli pro-tein content shows no significant difference (see Table 6, Fig. 4) 7~;J3 cn ~n oo ~n ~ ~ ~ oo ~ o o o~ c~ o 3 ..................
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Milk Protein Content (%) -During Numbered Week of Lactation (I.W) Animal Number GrouplLW 2IW 3LW 4LW 5LW 6LW 7LW SLW 9LW
A 3.6 3.5 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.3 2 A 3.9 3.4 3.1 3.2 2.9 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.0 3 A 3.9 3.4 3.5 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 4 A - 3.8 3.6 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.9 5 A 4.0 4.2 3.1 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.4 3.6 3.5 6 A 3.7 3.5 3.3 2.9 3.C 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.9 7 A 5.8 3.8 3.4 3.3 3.9 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.3 8 A 4.2 3.7 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.9 3.1 2.9 3.1 9 A 4.3 3.3 3.6 2.8 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.3 10 B 6.9 4.0 3.5 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.2 11 B 3.8 3.5 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.9 2.8 3.0 3.1 12 B 3.9 3.8 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 13 B 4.5 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.3 14 B 4.2 3.3 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.0 15 B 4.0 3.8 3.2 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.8 16 B 4.3 3.5 3.2 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.0 17 B 4.0 3.9 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 18 B 4.1 4.0 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.4 The following Table 7 shows the consumption of basic fodder. It is seen that the animals of group B consumed about 4.2 kg per day more than the animals in group A, thus showing that due to the reduced quantity of concen-trated feed the animals consume higher quantities of the cheap fodder offered ad libitum. Thereby feeding becomes much more economic. The difference is also of importance from the point of view of nutrition physiology because the increased consumption of basic fodder is in agreement with the needs of ruminants (higher proportion of structuri~ed crude fiber) ~ whereby proper functions of the rumen are ensured.
Consumption of maize silage per day Week of Lactation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Average Group A 18.519.5 21.021.522.523.524.0 25.0 25.0 22.3 kg/day Group B 20.024.0 25.028.028.528.528.0 28.0 28.0 26.5 kg/day '7'~3;~
Further e~periments were made for test:ing the Eeeding method according to tllis invention for the fattening of beeE. The results were quite positive. In many cases it was found advisable to use more grass sil-age than maize silage for the following reasons. In climatic boundary zones the yield of meadows is more reliable than the yield o:E maize. ~Ieavy soils do not support monocultures of maize for years without the soil structure be-ing destroyed, tllis resulting in steadily decreasing yielcl. Witll meadows in the rotation of crops it is possible to maintain and regenerate the soil structure. It is of particular interest to use areas located on a slope for beef fattening. However, since grass silage is rich in protein but poor in energy~ high quantities of cereal have to be used for equilibration of the feed. IIowever, this has a negative influence on the rumen activity where the low pH-value resul-ts in inactivation of the cellulases.
Under these circumstances, it is more promising to use fat having no detrimental effect in the rumen. Due to the energy density obtained with the fat used in accordance with this invention in a concentrated feed, to be used may even be reduced substantially. The economic consequences are very favorable as illustrated by the following Table 8:
conventional feed with fat conventional added according concentrated feed to invention energy per kg of feed concentrate 7.4 MJ NE~i 9 ~IJ NEW
test period Jan. 8 to IMarch March 13 to June 13, 1981 11~ 1981 number of cmimals 63 67 weight of animals 206 kg 204 kg growth per animal and day 1.205 kg 1.167 kg concentrate ration per day 2.920 kg 1.788 kg concentrate per kg of growth 2.628 kg 1.582 kg cost- of feed per kg of growth 2.33 Swiss frs. 1.43 Swiss frs.
7~i'3~
The highly economic interest of tile feeding method of this invention is clearly demonstrated. Besides the reduction of the quantity of concentrated feed ration by over 40% and the reduction of expenses by nearly 40%, surplus products may be used instead of cereals which should be preserved for human needs. Experiments have shown that the quality of the meat of the animals fattened with a concentrate containing fat according to invention was excel-lent as illustrated by the following Table 9:
A~LE 9 Maximum Average mark Criterion marks of the group 1. general suitability 10 9.7 2. age 10 10 3. meatiness 10 S.6 4. consistency 5 5 5. adiposity 10 10 6. quality o fat 5 5 Where the maximum mark was not reached, this was ascribed to the genetic qualities of the animals and not to the feed. A double economy is achieved in this case due to the low cost for the concentrated feed and the high price for the meat having excellent quality.
It is to be understood that the above examples and the above-described illustrative embodiments in no way limit the scope of this inven-tion and are intended merely as illustrations of the manner in which the pre-sent invention may be practiced. It should be obvious to one skilled in the art that the present invention is in no way limited to the exampled high fa~
feed rations and that numerous modifications within the spirit and scope of this invention are contemplated.
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Lactose Content of ~lilk (%) -During Numbered Week of Lactation (LW) Animal Number Group lLW2LW 3LW4LW SL~Y 6LWf 7LW 8LW 9LW
A 3.95.3 5.35.4 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.1 2 A 4.24.5 4.54.7 4.3 4.7 4.4 4.8 4.4 3 A 4.95.3 5.35.2 5.2 5.5 5.0 5.3 5.3 4 A 4.94.9 5.25.4 5.2 5.3 5.1 5.3 5.2 A 4.55.1 5.15.1 5.1 4.9 5.2 5.0 5.1 6 A - 4.8 5.04.9 5.2 4.9 5.1 5.1 5.0 7 A 4.04.9 5.05.0 4.9 5.1 5.0 4.9 5.0 8 A 4.34.6 4.94.8 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.0 4.8 9 A 5.04.8 5.15.2 5.3 5.7 5.3 5.1 5.1 B 4.05.1 5.35.0 5.1 5.2 5.2 4.9 5.1 11 B 5.05.2 5.15.1 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.3 12 B - 4.9 5.35.2 5.5 5.1 5.4 5.2 5.1 13 B 3.84.7 4.75.1 4.7 4.7 4.5 4.5 4.7 14 B 4.65.1 5.15.2 5.2 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.3 B - 4.7 5.35.3 5.4 5.1 5.3 5.1 5.1 16 B 4.95.4 5.45.3 5.1 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.1 17 B 5.05.1 5.25.3 5.2 5.0 5.0 5.1 4.9 18 B 5.15.4 5.15.0 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.1 5.1 The spectrum of fatty acids in the milk fat of groups A and B was observed.
In the milk of group B the fatty acids of short or middle structure were re-duced by about 10% but the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids C18 1 and C18 2 particularly of the oleic acid C18 1 was increased by about 11%.
This would result in a butter made of the milk of group B of softer consis-tence. (see Tables 3 and 4) Fatty Acids in the Mlilk Fat of Group A (%) -During Number Week of Lactation (LW) Fatty Acids*lLW 2LW 3LW 4LW 5LW 6LW 7LW 9LW
C 4:0 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.7 C 6:0 1.8 1.0 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 C 8:0 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 C 10:0 2.6 2.6 2.6 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.5 C 11:0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 C 12:0 3.2 2.9 3.4 3.9 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.1 C 14:br 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 C 14:0 11.8 10.011.011.9 12.312.512.9 13.0 C 14:1/C15 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 C 15:1 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.3 C 16:br 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0 4 0 4 C 16:0 33.3 28.830.231.7 32.833.935.1 34.8 i~, .,~
73~
F.ltt~ .~ciclslLl~' 21,l~ 3LI~'4L1~5L1~ 61.W 7LW 8[.!~' C 16:1 3,0 2.8 2.S2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.
C 17:~ ~.Y 1.0 0.90,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 o 9 C 17:1 0.5 0.5 0.50.~ 0.~0,~1 0.4 0,~
C lS:0 9.9 12.~ 10.39.6 8.9 8.4 8.1 8,2 C lS:l 22.2 26.2 24.322.0 21.320.3 19.3 19.0 ~` 18:2 2.4 ~,5 2.62.4 ~.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 C 18:3 1.5 1.5 1.41.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 C ~0:0 0.2 0.1 0.20.2 0.1 0.1 0,1 0.1 * lhe fa-tty acids are shown as containing a given number of carbon atoms and clouble boncls. Tlle nu~nber of carbon a-toms is stated after "C" and the n~unber of clouble boncls is statecl after ":". The "br" following ":" for C14 and C16 inclicates that the fatty acids are branched.
Fatty Acids in the ~lilk Fat of Group B (%) -Durin~ l~umber IYee~ of Lactation ~LI~I) ~ .
Fatty AcidslLlY2LW 3LW 4LW 5LW 6LW 7L1~ 9_ C 4:02.52.9 2.7 2.7 2.4 2,3 2.2 '.1 C 6:01.51.8 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.~ 1.2 C 8:00.91.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 C 10:0 1.71.8 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.
C 11:0 0.10.1 0.1 0.2 0,2 0.2 0.2 0.2 C 1~:0 2.22.0 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.7 C 14:br 0.20.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 C 14:0 9.18.1 7.4 7.5 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.7 C 14:1/C150.90.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1,3 1.~l C 15:1 0.80.8 0,8 0,7 0.8 0.8 0.8 O.S
C 16:br 0.20.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0~3 0.3 0.3 C 16:0 29.527,1 27.5 27.8 28,4 28,1 28.6 27.9 C 16:1 2.82,7 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.2 C 17:0 0.90.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0,8 0,8 0.7 C 17:1 0,50,5 0.4 0.4 0,4 0.4 0 4 0.!~
C 18:0 13.013.8 13.4 13.3 11.6 11,4 11.0 10.3 C 18:1 28.832.0 32.9 33.5 33.6 34.~ 33.6 35.0 C 18:2 2.31.9 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 C 18:3 1.92.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.5 C 20:0 0.10.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0,2 * The Fatty acids are sho~l as in Table 3.
The glucose values in the blood of the cows of group A decreased more rapidly than those of Group B, thus showing that -the cows of group B were energetically better suppliecl. I-t may be assumed that this efficiently re-duces t]le danger of acetonemy (ketosis). (see Table 5, Fig. 3) The milli pro-tein content shows no significant difference (see Table 6, Fig. 4) 7~;J3 cn ~n oo ~n ~ ~ ~ oo ~ o o o~ c~ o 3 ..................
_1 ~ ~ ~ 0:7 ~1 ~ ~ ~ 1~ Lh (~I ~ ~) r-l O ~D (~ 00 o~ ~ ~n ~ ~n ~n ~n ~n ~n ~ n ~ ~ n ~n ~ n oo n o~ ~ ~n cn ~ o L~ ~ ~ ~ Lh (~
~ ) o ~ ~ V ~ ~; oo o~ D O O ~ ~
~ n ~ n ~n Lf~ D L~ n L~ `D
~ ~ ~t O ~ ~ C~ O Ll~ ~ O O a~ ~ oo ~i l ~ ~ ~ ~n ~ o oo L~i ~ oo ~ ~ ~ oo o o~ ~ o ~n ~Dn ~n ~n ~n ~n d ~ n ~ ~n ~ L~. ~n ~n ~n 3 n ~ oo ~ oo ~ ~ ~D ~ o ~ a~ ~ ~ o~ oo ~ ~
31~-n ~ o o ~ ~ ~ ~ G~
F~ ~n ~ n ~n ~n ~ ~n ~n Lr~ D Lr~ ~n ~n ~ `D
o r~ G) ~7 oo n ~ ~o oo o 1~ o ~ c;) i~ ~ 1--v~ ~ o ~ t~ oo r~ n ~n ~ t~ o oo ~
~Dn n n ~n ~ n n ~Dn ~n n ~n `D ~ ~n ~t LQ
o t~ l 00 ~ ~1 ~ t-) t~) ~ O ~ O t~) tt) ~ ~1 ~D 00 3 ~1 n n n ~ n ~ t~) t~ O t~ n t~') ~ n ~D t~ n n ~ n n n n ~ t~ n ~o ~ ~ ~ n ~ oo t~ `J tn 00 n oo N !~ C~
n ~Z ~ ¦ ~ oo ~ t') O O ~ ~ ~1 ~ n ~ t'~ N 00 C~
~1 ~n n ~ n n ~ ~ ~n n ~o n ~n n n ~ n n ~L~
n n tn O ~ ~ 00 00 tf~ n ~ o a~
l ~ D N ~ C) C'i tt~ C) ~ O O
~ ~1 ~ n n ~ n ~ n ~n n n n ~ ~ ~Dn ~D
O
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O O ~ ~ ~t ~1 00 00 ~I t~ t~) ~ ~ ~ t~ t~ 00 1~ ~( 3 4-~ ~ tr) ~`i C~ I n ~ n o~ co ~ o ~ o ~ ~ ~
a~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~D
O ~ p:~
'l b~
O ~1 Oa~ h ~ ~ ~ ~ N N a) ~n ~ t~ ~ N 00 N O ~D ~n a~
3 41 ~1 t~ ~ I r~ O ~D n tt) 1~ ~I CO ~ ~J N cn 00 a~
:~ ~ ~ t` ~ ~ ~D 1~ ~ ~ ~ ~D ~D 1~ ~ ~D ~ n n ~
h ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ a 1 ~ ~ ~4 c4 c~ ~ ~ c~l C~
S~
N t~) ~ in ~ t~ 00 0~ O ~ N t~ n ~3 1~ 00 ¢ ~;Z
:~8~
Milk Protein Content (%) -During Numbered Week of Lactation (I.W) Animal Number GrouplLW 2IW 3LW 4LW 5LW 6LW 7LW SLW 9LW
A 3.6 3.5 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.3 2 A 3.9 3.4 3.1 3.2 2.9 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.0 3 A 3.9 3.4 3.5 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 4 A - 3.8 3.6 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.9 5 A 4.0 4.2 3.1 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.4 3.6 3.5 6 A 3.7 3.5 3.3 2.9 3.C 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.9 7 A 5.8 3.8 3.4 3.3 3.9 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.3 8 A 4.2 3.7 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.9 3.1 2.9 3.1 9 A 4.3 3.3 3.6 2.8 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.3 10 B 6.9 4.0 3.5 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.2 11 B 3.8 3.5 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.9 2.8 3.0 3.1 12 B 3.9 3.8 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 13 B 4.5 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.3 14 B 4.2 3.3 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.0 15 B 4.0 3.8 3.2 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.8 16 B 4.3 3.5 3.2 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.0 17 B 4.0 3.9 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 18 B 4.1 4.0 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.4 The following Table 7 shows the consumption of basic fodder. It is seen that the animals of group B consumed about 4.2 kg per day more than the animals in group A, thus showing that due to the reduced quantity of concen-trated feed the animals consume higher quantities of the cheap fodder offered ad libitum. Thereby feeding becomes much more economic. The difference is also of importance from the point of view of nutrition physiology because the increased consumption of basic fodder is in agreement with the needs of ruminants (higher proportion of structuri~ed crude fiber) ~ whereby proper functions of the rumen are ensured.
Consumption of maize silage per day Week of Lactation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Average Group A 18.519.5 21.021.522.523.524.0 25.0 25.0 22.3 kg/day Group B 20.024.0 25.028.028.528.528.0 28.0 28.0 26.5 kg/day '7'~3;~
Further e~periments were made for test:ing the Eeeding method according to tllis invention for the fattening of beeE. The results were quite positive. In many cases it was found advisable to use more grass sil-age than maize silage for the following reasons. In climatic boundary zones the yield of meadows is more reliable than the yield o:E maize. ~Ieavy soils do not support monocultures of maize for years without the soil structure be-ing destroyed, tllis resulting in steadily decreasing yielcl. Witll meadows in the rotation of crops it is possible to maintain and regenerate the soil structure. It is of particular interest to use areas located on a slope for beef fattening. However, since grass silage is rich in protein but poor in energy~ high quantities of cereal have to be used for equilibration of the feed. IIowever, this has a negative influence on the rumen activity where the low pH-value resul-ts in inactivation of the cellulases.
Under these circumstances, it is more promising to use fat having no detrimental effect in the rumen. Due to the energy density obtained with the fat used in accordance with this invention in a concentrated feed, to be used may even be reduced substantially. The economic consequences are very favorable as illustrated by the following Table 8:
conventional feed with fat conventional added according concentrated feed to invention energy per kg of feed concentrate 7.4 MJ NE~i 9 ~IJ NEW
test period Jan. 8 to IMarch March 13 to June 13, 1981 11~ 1981 number of cmimals 63 67 weight of animals 206 kg 204 kg growth per animal and day 1.205 kg 1.167 kg concentrate ration per day 2.920 kg 1.788 kg concentrate per kg of growth 2.628 kg 1.582 kg cost- of feed per kg of growth 2.33 Swiss frs. 1.43 Swiss frs.
7~i'3~
The highly economic interest of tile feeding method of this invention is clearly demonstrated. Besides the reduction of the quantity of concentrated feed ration by over 40% and the reduction of expenses by nearly 40%, surplus products may be used instead of cereals which should be preserved for human needs. Experiments have shown that the quality of the meat of the animals fattened with a concentrate containing fat according to invention was excel-lent as illustrated by the following Table 9:
A~LE 9 Maximum Average mark Criterion marks of the group 1. general suitability 10 9.7 2. age 10 10 3. meatiness 10 S.6 4. consistency 5 5 5. adiposity 10 10 6. quality o fat 5 5 Where the maximum mark was not reached, this was ascribed to the genetic qualities of the animals and not to the feed. A double economy is achieved in this case due to the low cost for the concentrated feed and the high price for the meat having excellent quality.
It is to be understood that the above examples and the above-described illustrative embodiments in no way limit the scope of this inven-tion and are intended merely as illustrations of the manner in which the pre-sent invention may be practiced. It should be obvious to one skilled in the art that the present invention is in no way limited to the exampled high fa~
feed rations and that numerous modifications within the spirit and scope of this invention are contemplated.
- 19 -
Claims (17)
- THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
l. Feed containing fat in the form of particles having a maximum size of 50 nm, said fat having a melting point above the body temperature of animals to be fed, the feed being entirely free of any emulsifying agent. - 2. Feed according to claim 1, containing more than about 5% fat.
- 3. Feed according to claim 1, containing hydrogenated fat.
- 4. Feed according to claim 2, containing hydrogenated fat.
- 5. Feed according to claim 1, containing mixtures of minerals, vitamins, starch and protein concentrates in the form of additives.
- 6. Feed according to claim 5, containing more than 5%
fat and up to about 25% fat. - 7. Feed according to claim 2, containing a mixture of hydrogenated fat and non-hydrogenated fat.
- 8. Concentrated feed for domestic animals, particularly dairy cattle in their lactation period, containing about 10 parts by weight of a fat powder concentrate having a particle size not exceeding 50 nm and a melting point above the body temperature of the animals to be fed and free of any emulsi-fier, admixed with cereal starch 12 parts by weight maize 33 parts by weight wheat 12 parts by weight soya 14 parts by weight gluten of maize 12 parts by weight mineral-vitamin-concentrate 7 parts by weight said fat powder concentrate comprising about 90% fat and about 10% of a starch carrier.
- 9. The concentrated feed according to claim 8, wherein the fat is hydrogenated lard.
- 10. A concentrated feed of high energy density for domestic animals, particularly dairy cattle in their lacta-tion period, containing about 23 parts by weight of a fat powder concentrate having a particle size not exceeding 50 nm and a melting point above body temperature of the animals to be fed and free of any emulsifier, admixed with about 68 parts by weight of soya and about 9 parts by weight of a vitamin-mineral-concentrate, said fat powder concentrate comprising about 90% fat and about 10% of a starch carrier.
- 11. An edible fat powder concentrate free of any emulsifying agent comprising from about 5% to about 95% of an inert carrier, and from about 95% to about 5% of a fat having a melting point between about 45°C and 70°C, said fat powder concentrate having a maximum particle size of about 50 nm.
- 12. An edible fat powder concentrate according to claim 11, comprising from about 5% to about 15% carrier and from about 95% to about 85% fat, said carrier being selected from the group consisting of starch, calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, alumina or mixtures thereof.
- 13. An edible fat powder concentrate according to claim 12, comprising about 90% fat and about 10% of a starch carrier.
- 14. An edible fat powder concentrate according to claim 11, comprising a hydrogenated fat.
- 15. An edible fat powder concentrate according to claim 11, comprising a mixture of hydrogenated and non-hydrogenated fat.
- 16. Feed containing fat in the form of particles having a maximum size of 50 µm, said fat having a melting point above the body temperature of animals to be fed, this feed being adapted to be fed entirely free of any emulsifying agent.
- 17. Feed containing fat in the form of particles having a maximum size of 50 µm, said fat having a melting point above the body temperature of animals to be fed, this feed being entirely free of any emulsifying agent and adapted to be fed without emulsifying agent.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH260080 | 1980-04-02 | ||
| CH2600/80-6 | 1980-04-02 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1187732A true CA1187732A (en) | 1985-05-28 |
Family
ID=4237406
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000374102A Expired CA1187732A (en) | 1980-04-02 | 1981-03-27 | Process for covering the energy needs of animals, and supply of the feed therefor |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0037376B2 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE5044T1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1187732A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3161215D1 (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5202136A (en) * | 1991-10-09 | 1993-04-13 | Cbp Resources, Inc. | Animal feed ration |
| US5206041A (en) * | 1988-11-16 | 1993-04-27 | Cbp Resources, Inc. | Ruminant animal feed supplement |
| US5427802A (en) * | 1991-10-09 | 1995-06-27 | Cbp Resources, Inc. | Process for enhancing the growth performance of edible meat-producing animals |
| USRE35964E (en) * | 1988-11-16 | 1998-11-17 | Cbp Resources, Inc. | Ruminant animal feed supplement |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5756090A (en) * | 1991-02-21 | 1998-05-26 | Eoe, Inc. | Oxygen activatable formulations for disinfection or sterilization |
| FR2752507B1 (en) * | 1996-08-26 | 1998-10-30 | Mouillet Michel | BALANCED CATTLE FEEDING PROCESS |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2472663A (en) * | 1940-11-20 | 1949-06-07 | Kleine Carl Wilhelm August | Cattle feed |
| DE1145903B (en) * | 1958-08-04 | 1963-03-21 | Commercial Solvents Corp | Process for the production of high melting point fat particles suitable for mixing with basic feedstuffs |
| AT263515B (en) * | 1965-08-27 | 1968-07-25 | Eurefta Fa | Process and device for converting fats and fat-oil mixtures into a crystalline, finely powdered structure |
| JPS5014650B1 (en) * | 1969-08-19 | 1975-05-29 | ||
| DE2209565A1 (en) * | 1972-02-29 | 1973-09-13 | Lothringer Muehlen Gmbh | Fat concentrate prepn - by spraying and cooling using additional second cold air stream |
| US3925560A (en) * | 1973-05-14 | 1975-12-09 | Commw Scient Ind Res Org | Feed supplements for ruminants comprising lipid encapsulated with protein-aldehyde reaction product |
| NZ182247A (en) * | 1976-03-08 | 1979-06-08 | Blue Wing Corp | Lipid containing feed supplements |
| IE48472B1 (en) * | 1978-08-30 | 1985-02-06 | Balfour Mfg | Powdered lipid composition and its production and use |
-
1981
- 1981-03-17 AT AT81810102T patent/ATE5044T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1981-03-17 EP EP81810102A patent/EP0037376B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1981-03-17 DE DE8181810102T patent/DE3161215D1/en not_active Expired
- 1981-03-27 CA CA000374102A patent/CA1187732A/en not_active Expired
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5206041A (en) * | 1988-11-16 | 1993-04-27 | Cbp Resources, Inc. | Ruminant animal feed supplement |
| USRE35964E (en) * | 1988-11-16 | 1998-11-17 | Cbp Resources, Inc. | Ruminant animal feed supplement |
| US5202136A (en) * | 1991-10-09 | 1993-04-13 | Cbp Resources, Inc. | Animal feed ration |
| US5427802A (en) * | 1991-10-09 | 1995-06-27 | Cbp Resources, Inc. | Process for enhancing the growth performance of edible meat-producing animals |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE3161215D1 (en) | 1983-11-24 |
| ATE5044T1 (en) | 1983-11-15 |
| EP0037376A3 (en) | 1981-10-14 |
| EP0037376A2 (en) | 1981-10-07 |
| EP0037376B1 (en) | 1983-10-19 |
| EP0037376B2 (en) | 1990-05-09 |
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