CA1174069A - Collapsible structure and method of building using such a structure - Google Patents
Collapsible structure and method of building using such a structureInfo
- Publication number
- CA1174069A CA1174069A CA000396562A CA396562A CA1174069A CA 1174069 A CA1174069 A CA 1174069A CA 000396562 A CA000396562 A CA 000396562A CA 396562 A CA396562 A CA 396562A CA 1174069 A CA1174069 A CA 1174069A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- collapsible
- liquid
- separating
- sheet
- water
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
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- Forms Removed On Construction Sites Or Auxiliary Members Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE INVENTION
COLLAPSIBLE STRUCTURE AND METHOD OF
BUILDING USING SUCH A STRUCTURE
A collapsible structure which is rigid when dry and is collapsible under the action of a liquid comprises a separating structure (3) whose rigidity is attacked by the liquid, for example water, sandwiched between two sheets of material (1,2) at least part of the collapsible structure being treated or formed of such a material as to enable the ingress of moisture to be retarded.
COLLAPSIBLE STRUCTURE AND METHOD OF
BUILDING USING SUCH A STRUCTURE
A collapsible structure which is rigid when dry and is collapsible under the action of a liquid comprises a separating structure (3) whose rigidity is attacked by the liquid, for example water, sandwiched between two sheets of material (1,2) at least part of the collapsible structure being treated or formed of such a material as to enable the ingress of moisture to be retarded.
Description
~174069 COLLAPSIBLE STRUCTURE AND METHOD OF
BUILDING USING SUCH _ STRUCTURE
This invention relates to a collapsible structure which is suitable for use in building construction and to a method of building using such a structure.
With present day building methods and in particularwith constructions such as the laying of concrete floors at substantially ground level and the provision of concrete structures below ground, problem~
related to moisture occur. This is particularly the ca~e where the building takes place in areas having soil which is predominantly subject to expansion or other problems of instability which require there to be a spacing between the structure and the surrounding soil.
Difficulties occur particularly where concrete is to be laid in or on soils which are predominantly of a clay nature. In this case, the problem which arises depends on the fact that clay will swell when moisture is introduced and will shrink when moisture is removed.
With clay situated under a house or other building, the difference in level between dry clay and wet clay may be as much as 30 mm.
.
~ 17~069 Variations in the conditions of the soil can have a very serious effect on any structure which is laid directly thereon or therein and when the structure is providing a support for walls or other structural elements, variations in the soil can cause ~evere damage to the building of which the structural element is a part. In fact, this damage can be so severe that the building has to be demolished as being uneconomical to repair.
Other considerations which require there to be a void beneath or around the concrete structure are present where it is necessary to enable the soil beneath the structure to breathe.
In order to overcome this problem, it has been proposed to provide, for example, precast floor elements which can be mounted in a position which leave a void between the underside of the floor elements and the ground. This proce~s is of a very costly nature because, in most instances, it necessitates the transport of large concrete elements and the provision at the site of a relatively large crane in order to unload the concrete elements and to place them in their appropriate position. Furthermore, this only solves the problem with regard to horizontal ~17406~
elements and is of no assistance when dealing with vertical or inclined structures.
It has been proposed to use collapsible structures which can be used as a spacer when laying floors.
Nevertheless, this structure requires, in many cases, expensive materials and difficulties in use may appear.
Furthermore, siynificant difficulties arise in conditions where the ground is of a somewhat marshy consistency and where it is required to mount the concrete structure in a hole or trench in the ground which rapidly fills up with water. In these circumstances, any collapsible structure which is significantly affected by water may not last long enough to allow the concrete, which it is surrounding, to set.
The present invention seeks to provide a collapsible structure which is generally rigid initially but which can be caused to collapse under relatively controlled conditions and to provide a method of building using such a collapsible structure.
According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a collapsi~le structure which is rigid when dry and is collapsible under the action of a ~ 174069 liquid , comprising a separating structure, whose rigidity is attacked by the liquid, sandwichedbetween two sheets of material, at least part of the collapsible structure being treated or formed of such a material as to enable the ingres~ of the liquid to be retarded.
Preferably the liquid iB water but it may be another liquid such a detergent.
In one embodiment of the invention, at least one of the said two sheets of material i8 such as to allow passage of moisture therethrough and a membrane is provided covering at least one side of this sheet of material, the membrane being of a material such that it will prevent water, at least partially, from attacking the separating structure.
In a second embodiment, the separating structure is treated so as to retard the action of water therein.
According to a second aspect of the invention, a method of building comprises laying a collapsible material as described above in or on the ground as a base or shuttering, pouring concrete thereonto or thereinto and allowing the concrete to Ret and allowing or providing for ingress of liquid into the collapsible ~ ~.7406~
structure to permit or encourage the structure to collapse after a suitable time lapse.
The invention will now be described in greater detail, by way of example, with refexence to the drawings in which:-Figure 1 is a perspective view, partly broken awayof part of a collapsible structure in accordance with the invention;
Figure 2 is a sectional view of a collapsible structure in accordance with the invention in which the separating structure is coated with a water soluble plastics material;
Figure 3 is a sectional view, similar to Figure 2, in which a collapsible structure is shown in which the separating structure is wrapped in a water soluble plastics material;
Figure 4 is a sectional view similar to Figure 2, in which the collapsible structure of Figure 2 is additionally provided with a~coating of water soluble plastics material on the in~ide of the sandwiching sheets;
~ 17406~
Figure 5 is a sectional view of a collapsible structure in accordance with the invention which has an exterior coating of a water soluble plastics materia~;
Figure 6 is a view similar to Figure 5 but showing a wrapping of the collapsible structure in a suitable plastics sheet, and Figure 7 is a view similar to Figures 5 and 6 showing the collapsible structure provided with a minimum external coating of water soluble plastics material.
Referring firstly to Figure 1, a collapsible structure comprises two sheets 1 and 2 of a water permeable material such as chipboard, composition board, or the like separated by a separator 3 in the form of a honeycomb of paper or cardboard, particularly regenerated cardboard. This honeycomb separator is impregnated with a water soluble plastics material such as water soluble polymers and in particular polyvinyl alcohol of the cold water soluble type or the material sold under the trade name "CELLULISTIC". The sheets of chipboard or composition board 1 and 2 may suitably be glued to the separator 3 and this glue may, if desired, be water soluble. Where the ma~erial of the sheets are not porous, i.e. when using hardboard,at least one ~ 17406~
sheet may be perforated to permit the passage of moisture.
Figure 2 shows an alternative form of collapsible structure in which the honeycomb 3 is not impregnated but is coated with the water soluble plastics material, e.g. by dipping the honeycomb 3 in the liquid material prior to assembly between the sheets 1 and 2 of, in this embodiment, hardboard. The coating is indicated here at 5. In the embodiment Qhown, the sheet 2 is provided with perforations 6 to permit ingress of moisture.
It will be appreciated that the sheet 2 does not require perforations 6 if it is otherwise porous and will allow the penetration of moisture.
Figure 3 shows a third form of collapsible structure in which the honeycomb is located inside a wrapping 8 of water soluble plastics sheet. In this case, the honeycomb may be glued to the wrapping 8 as it is formed and the wrapping 8 is then glued to the outer sheets 1 and 2.
Figure 4 shows a further form of collapsible structure in which, in addition to the coating of the honeycomb 3, the inside surfaces of the sheets 1 and 2 ~ ~74~6g are also coated with the water soluble plastics material, indicated at 10.
Figure 5 shows a fifth form of collapsible structure.
Surrounding the structure on all sides i8 a thin film 11 of water soluble plastics material and, a~an be particularly seen, the film covering the lower sheet
BUILDING USING SUCH _ STRUCTURE
This invention relates to a collapsible structure which is suitable for use in building construction and to a method of building using such a structure.
With present day building methods and in particularwith constructions such as the laying of concrete floors at substantially ground level and the provision of concrete structures below ground, problem~
related to moisture occur. This is particularly the ca~e where the building takes place in areas having soil which is predominantly subject to expansion or other problems of instability which require there to be a spacing between the structure and the surrounding soil.
Difficulties occur particularly where concrete is to be laid in or on soils which are predominantly of a clay nature. In this case, the problem which arises depends on the fact that clay will swell when moisture is introduced and will shrink when moisture is removed.
With clay situated under a house or other building, the difference in level between dry clay and wet clay may be as much as 30 mm.
.
~ 17~069 Variations in the conditions of the soil can have a very serious effect on any structure which is laid directly thereon or therein and when the structure is providing a support for walls or other structural elements, variations in the soil can cause ~evere damage to the building of which the structural element is a part. In fact, this damage can be so severe that the building has to be demolished as being uneconomical to repair.
Other considerations which require there to be a void beneath or around the concrete structure are present where it is necessary to enable the soil beneath the structure to breathe.
In order to overcome this problem, it has been proposed to provide, for example, precast floor elements which can be mounted in a position which leave a void between the underside of the floor elements and the ground. This proce~s is of a very costly nature because, in most instances, it necessitates the transport of large concrete elements and the provision at the site of a relatively large crane in order to unload the concrete elements and to place them in their appropriate position. Furthermore, this only solves the problem with regard to horizontal ~17406~
elements and is of no assistance when dealing with vertical or inclined structures.
It has been proposed to use collapsible structures which can be used as a spacer when laying floors.
Nevertheless, this structure requires, in many cases, expensive materials and difficulties in use may appear.
Furthermore, siynificant difficulties arise in conditions where the ground is of a somewhat marshy consistency and where it is required to mount the concrete structure in a hole or trench in the ground which rapidly fills up with water. In these circumstances, any collapsible structure which is significantly affected by water may not last long enough to allow the concrete, which it is surrounding, to set.
The present invention seeks to provide a collapsible structure which is generally rigid initially but which can be caused to collapse under relatively controlled conditions and to provide a method of building using such a collapsible structure.
According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a collapsi~le structure which is rigid when dry and is collapsible under the action of a ~ 174069 liquid , comprising a separating structure, whose rigidity is attacked by the liquid, sandwichedbetween two sheets of material, at least part of the collapsible structure being treated or formed of such a material as to enable the ingres~ of the liquid to be retarded.
Preferably the liquid iB water but it may be another liquid such a detergent.
In one embodiment of the invention, at least one of the said two sheets of material i8 such as to allow passage of moisture therethrough and a membrane is provided covering at least one side of this sheet of material, the membrane being of a material such that it will prevent water, at least partially, from attacking the separating structure.
In a second embodiment, the separating structure is treated so as to retard the action of water therein.
According to a second aspect of the invention, a method of building comprises laying a collapsible material as described above in or on the ground as a base or shuttering, pouring concrete thereonto or thereinto and allowing the concrete to Ret and allowing or providing for ingress of liquid into the collapsible ~ ~.7406~
structure to permit or encourage the structure to collapse after a suitable time lapse.
The invention will now be described in greater detail, by way of example, with refexence to the drawings in which:-Figure 1 is a perspective view, partly broken awayof part of a collapsible structure in accordance with the invention;
Figure 2 is a sectional view of a collapsible structure in accordance with the invention in which the separating structure is coated with a water soluble plastics material;
Figure 3 is a sectional view, similar to Figure 2, in which a collapsible structure is shown in which the separating structure is wrapped in a water soluble plastics material;
Figure 4 is a sectional view similar to Figure 2, in which the collapsible structure of Figure 2 is additionally provided with a~coating of water soluble plastics material on the in~ide of the sandwiching sheets;
~ 17406~
Figure 5 is a sectional view of a collapsible structure in accordance with the invention which has an exterior coating of a water soluble plastics materia~;
Figure 6 is a view similar to Figure 5 but showing a wrapping of the collapsible structure in a suitable plastics sheet, and Figure 7 is a view similar to Figures 5 and 6 showing the collapsible structure provided with a minimum external coating of water soluble plastics material.
Referring firstly to Figure 1, a collapsible structure comprises two sheets 1 and 2 of a water permeable material such as chipboard, composition board, or the like separated by a separator 3 in the form of a honeycomb of paper or cardboard, particularly regenerated cardboard. This honeycomb separator is impregnated with a water soluble plastics material such as water soluble polymers and in particular polyvinyl alcohol of the cold water soluble type or the material sold under the trade name "CELLULISTIC". The sheets of chipboard or composition board 1 and 2 may suitably be glued to the separator 3 and this glue may, if desired, be water soluble. Where the ma~erial of the sheets are not porous, i.e. when using hardboard,at least one ~ 17406~
sheet may be perforated to permit the passage of moisture.
Figure 2 shows an alternative form of collapsible structure in which the honeycomb 3 is not impregnated but is coated with the water soluble plastics material, e.g. by dipping the honeycomb 3 in the liquid material prior to assembly between the sheets 1 and 2 of, in this embodiment, hardboard. The coating is indicated here at 5. In the embodiment Qhown, the sheet 2 is provided with perforations 6 to permit ingress of moisture.
It will be appreciated that the sheet 2 does not require perforations 6 if it is otherwise porous and will allow the penetration of moisture.
Figure 3 shows a third form of collapsible structure in which the honeycomb is located inside a wrapping 8 of water soluble plastics sheet. In this case, the honeycomb may be glued to the wrapping 8 as it is formed and the wrapping 8 is then glued to the outer sheets 1 and 2.
Figure 4 shows a further form of collapsible structure in which, in addition to the coating of the honeycomb 3, the inside surfaces of the sheets 1 and 2 ~ ~74~6g are also coated with the water soluble plastics material, indicated at 10.
Figure 5 shows a fifth form of collapsible structure.
Surrounding the structure on all sides i8 a thin film 11 of water soluble plastics material and, a~an be particularly seen, the film covering the lower sheet
2 of the structure closes the apertures 6 therein.
Having assembled the actual structure itself, the pla~tics material 11 can be applied thereto by dipping or spraying or where the water soluble plastics is available in sheet form, this could in fact be wrapped around the structure.
In Figure 6 there is shown a different solution to the problem in which a non liquid-aestructable plastics material 12 e.g. polythene sheeting is wrapped around the structure, the board being cons~ructed in a similar way to that shown in Figure 5. Such a sheeting may be that sold under the trade name "VISQUEEN". The covering sheet 12 is arranged to be severable, for example, at the edge of the board once the board has been laid so that the access of moisture can be achieved. Since it is intended that this severing ~ 17406~
operation should take place after the formation of the concrete structure it is intended to protect, the fact that the area in which the structure lies is absolutely saturated with water is of no account since the water will not enter the structure until the severance has taken place.
Figure 7 shows that where a collapsible structure of the same construction as in Figures 5 and 6, is to be used in a situation where there is no such saturation, a water soluble plastics layer 13 need only be applied to the underneath of the structure, i.e. to the sheet 2 through which it is intended that the water will penetrate. Possibly, the sides of the structure are also covered (indicated at 13') where these are accessible to the moisture. Thus a saving in the plastics material used is achieved.
When using the water soluble plastics, the thickness and the nature of the layer (Figues 2,3,4,5 and 7) or the amount and nature of the penetration (Figure l)is determined by the length of time which i8 to pass before the layer disintegrates. In this way, by variation of the thickness of the layer or the amount of the penetration, structures can be provided with different lives.
~ ~4069 In use in building construction,once the area in which the building structure is to be used is prepared, the collapsible structures are laid with their water permeable surface facing outwards i.e. towardc the soil. The desired construction can then be produced by either laying the concrete on top of the board, when a horizontal structure is being produced or the boards may be used vertically in, for example, trenche~, as shuttering. (Of course any other orientation of the structures is possible.) With suitable dimensioning of the materials used in producing the structures, the rigidity of the structures will remain during the period when it is necessary to set the concrete, i.e. a period normally in excess of 16 hours, the eventual admission of moisture to the board being caused either by the breakdown of the soluble plastics material or by the severing of the plastics wrapping where a non-soluble plastics is used.
Where the structure is used to provide a void, for example, in places where a void is necessary without there being significant moisture, once the use of the board has been completed, it may be saturated with water from a separate source and on collapse, a void will be left. This void, if desired, can be augmented by removal of the exterior sheets together with any remains of the disintegrated separator. On the other ~740~
hand, with the suitable coatings or impregnations as previously described, the exterior sheets can also be of a material which will disintegrate, the only requirement being that the structure in its rigid condition is sufficiently strong for the load which it is required to carry during the construction process.
It will be appreciated that various modifications may be made to the above described embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, the outer sheets in any of the embodiments may be either permeable as shown in Figures 1, 3 and 4, or impermeable with perforations as shown in Figures 2 and 5 to 7. Mixed structures are possible with one sheet being impermeable and the other permeable. The honeycomb structure shown may be replaced by other separating means providing that this is suitably degradable, for example, longitudinal webs could be used instead of a honeycomb structure. As stated, the water permeable exterior sheet may be a porous material such as chipboard, but with the use of a chipboard or other permeablesheet on the side adjacent to the concrete,it is necessary to coat this sheet so that the water in the concrete which is being set cannot penetrate the board prior to setting.
If desired, thewater soluble material may be ~ ~740~9 replaced by materials soluble in other liquids so that absolute control of the collapsibility of the structure may be achieved. Such liquids may include liquid detergents.
There are some circumstances in which the collapsible structure may be required to remain in or on the ground for very long periods, e.g. for a number of weeks, to allow the construction of specialised steel work or piping prior to the pouring of concrete.
In these circumstances adequate control may be achieved by using materials soluble in different liquids, the structure being collapsed by these liquids at the appropriate time. Alternatively the wrapping technique of Figure 6 may be used.
Combinations of the features of the various embodiments may be used.
In an alternative method of construction one or both of the exterior sheets may be coated prior to assembly of the structure as well as the separator if desired.
The collapsible structure of the invention may be used anywhere it is desired to create a void and to which water may be applied to achieve collapse.
Having assembled the actual structure itself, the pla~tics material 11 can be applied thereto by dipping or spraying or where the water soluble plastics is available in sheet form, this could in fact be wrapped around the structure.
In Figure 6 there is shown a different solution to the problem in which a non liquid-aestructable plastics material 12 e.g. polythene sheeting is wrapped around the structure, the board being cons~ructed in a similar way to that shown in Figure 5. Such a sheeting may be that sold under the trade name "VISQUEEN". The covering sheet 12 is arranged to be severable, for example, at the edge of the board once the board has been laid so that the access of moisture can be achieved. Since it is intended that this severing ~ 17406~
operation should take place after the formation of the concrete structure it is intended to protect, the fact that the area in which the structure lies is absolutely saturated with water is of no account since the water will not enter the structure until the severance has taken place.
Figure 7 shows that where a collapsible structure of the same construction as in Figures 5 and 6, is to be used in a situation where there is no such saturation, a water soluble plastics layer 13 need only be applied to the underneath of the structure, i.e. to the sheet 2 through which it is intended that the water will penetrate. Possibly, the sides of the structure are also covered (indicated at 13') where these are accessible to the moisture. Thus a saving in the plastics material used is achieved.
When using the water soluble plastics, the thickness and the nature of the layer (Figues 2,3,4,5 and 7) or the amount and nature of the penetration (Figure l)is determined by the length of time which i8 to pass before the layer disintegrates. In this way, by variation of the thickness of the layer or the amount of the penetration, structures can be provided with different lives.
~ ~4069 In use in building construction,once the area in which the building structure is to be used is prepared, the collapsible structures are laid with their water permeable surface facing outwards i.e. towardc the soil. The desired construction can then be produced by either laying the concrete on top of the board, when a horizontal structure is being produced or the boards may be used vertically in, for example, trenche~, as shuttering. (Of course any other orientation of the structures is possible.) With suitable dimensioning of the materials used in producing the structures, the rigidity of the structures will remain during the period when it is necessary to set the concrete, i.e. a period normally in excess of 16 hours, the eventual admission of moisture to the board being caused either by the breakdown of the soluble plastics material or by the severing of the plastics wrapping where a non-soluble plastics is used.
Where the structure is used to provide a void, for example, in places where a void is necessary without there being significant moisture, once the use of the board has been completed, it may be saturated with water from a separate source and on collapse, a void will be left. This void, if desired, can be augmented by removal of the exterior sheets together with any remains of the disintegrated separator. On the other ~740~
hand, with the suitable coatings or impregnations as previously described, the exterior sheets can also be of a material which will disintegrate, the only requirement being that the structure in its rigid condition is sufficiently strong for the load which it is required to carry during the construction process.
It will be appreciated that various modifications may be made to the above described embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, the outer sheets in any of the embodiments may be either permeable as shown in Figures 1, 3 and 4, or impermeable with perforations as shown in Figures 2 and 5 to 7. Mixed structures are possible with one sheet being impermeable and the other permeable. The honeycomb structure shown may be replaced by other separating means providing that this is suitably degradable, for example, longitudinal webs could be used instead of a honeycomb structure. As stated, the water permeable exterior sheet may be a porous material such as chipboard, but with the use of a chipboard or other permeablesheet on the side adjacent to the concrete,it is necessary to coat this sheet so that the water in the concrete which is being set cannot penetrate the board prior to setting.
If desired, thewater soluble material may be ~ ~740~9 replaced by materials soluble in other liquids so that absolute control of the collapsibility of the structure may be achieved. Such liquids may include liquid detergents.
There are some circumstances in which the collapsible structure may be required to remain in or on the ground for very long periods, e.g. for a number of weeks, to allow the construction of specialised steel work or piping prior to the pouring of concrete.
In these circumstances adequate control may be achieved by using materials soluble in different liquids, the structure being collapsed by these liquids at the appropriate time. Alternatively the wrapping technique of Figure 6 may be used.
Combinations of the features of the various embodiments may be used.
In an alternative method of construction one or both of the exterior sheets may be coated prior to assembly of the structure as well as the separator if desired.
The collapsible structure of the invention may be used anywhere it is desired to create a void and to which water may be applied to achieve collapse.
Claims (15)
1. A collapsible structure which is rigid when dry and is collapsible under the action of a liquid, comprising a separating structure of a rigidity attackable by the liquid, first and second sheets of material between which said separating structure is sandwiched and means for rendering the material of at least part of the collapsible structure retardant to ingress of the liquid.
2. A structure as defined in claim 1, wherein said rigidity of said separating structure is attackable by water.
3. A structure as defined in claim 2, wherein at least said first sheets of material comprises a material permeable to moisture and a membrane of a material preventing said moisture, at least partially, from reaching said separating structure is provided on at least one side of said sheet of material.
4. A structure as defined in claim 3, wherein said membrane comprises a water soluble material.
5. A structure as defined in claim 3, wherein said membrane comprises a dip coating of the whole structure.
6. A structure as defined in claim 3, wherein said membrane comprises a sheet of material wrapped around the whole structure.
7. A structure as defined in claim 3, wherein said membrane comprises a coating only on the outer surface of said first sheet.
8. A structure as defined in claim 6, wherein said membrane comprises an insoluble severalable sheet.
9. A structure as defined in claim 2, wherein said separating structure comprises a material treated with a water soluble plastics material.
10. A structure as defined in claim 2, and comprising a wrapping of water soluble plastics material surrounding said separating structure.
11. A structure as defined in claim 2, wherein said separating structure comprises a water soluble plastics material.
12. A method of building comprising making a shuttering construction of a collapsible structures comprising a separating structure of a rigidity attackable by a liquid sandwiched between first and second sheets of material, at least part of said separating structure being arranged to retard ingress of the liquid, pouring concrete into or onto said shuttering construction and arranging to allow ingress of liquid into the collapsible structure.
13. A method as defined in claim 12, wherein the liquid used comprises water.
14. A method as defined in claim 12, wherein the liquid is positively applied to the collapsible structure.
15. A method as defined in claim 12, wherein said collapsible structure has a wrapping of water impermeable material and said wrapping is severed to permit ingress of the liquid.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB81/11746 | 1981-04-14 | ||
| GB8111746 | 1981-04-14 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1174069A true CA1174069A (en) | 1984-09-11 |
Family
ID=10521137
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000396562A Expired CA1174069A (en) | 1981-04-14 | 1982-02-18 | Collapsible structure and method of building using such a structure |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1174069A (en) |
-
1982
- 1982-02-18 CA CA000396562A patent/CA1174069A/en not_active Expired
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