CA1135904A - Process of gelatin - Google Patents
Process of gelatinInfo
- Publication number
- CA1135904A CA1135904A CA000357002A CA357002A CA1135904A CA 1135904 A CA1135904 A CA 1135904A CA 000357002 A CA000357002 A CA 000357002A CA 357002 A CA357002 A CA 357002A CA 1135904 A CA1135904 A CA 1135904A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- mixture
- tube
- gelatin
- water
- plasticizer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J3/00—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs
- A23J3/04—Animal proteins
- A23J3/06—Gelatine
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Medical Preparation Storing Or Oral Administration Devices (AREA)
- Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
- Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
Abstract
A B S T R A C T
Processing of gelatin A liquid melt comprising gelatin and water, optionally together with a polyhdric alcohol plasticizer therefor, is prepared by passing a mixture of solid gelatin and water, optionally with plasticizer, through an elongate tube whilst subjecting the mixture to the action of a high frequency alternating electric field, generated for example from a pair of electrodes mounted opposite each other outside the tube, to heat the mixture and convert it into a liquid melt.
The elongate tube may be heated, e.g. by passing hot air around it, to prevent condensation of water vapour and the melting operation is suitably carried out under reduced pressure.
Processing of gelatin A liquid melt comprising gelatin and water, optionally together with a polyhdric alcohol plasticizer therefor, is prepared by passing a mixture of solid gelatin and water, optionally with plasticizer, through an elongate tube whilst subjecting the mixture to the action of a high frequency alternating electric field, generated for example from a pair of electrodes mounted opposite each other outside the tube, to heat the mixture and convert it into a liquid melt.
The elongate tube may be heated, e.g. by passing hot air around it, to prevent condensation of water vapour and the melting operation is suitably carried out under reduced pressure.
Description
Processing o~ Gelatin This invention is concerned with improvements in and relating to the processing of gelatin.
. ~ '.
Gne important use of gelatin is m the manufacture of soft elastic gelatin capsules which are used to put up measured amounts of liquids or semi-solids, for example suspensions or salutions of medicinal materials for oral administration. The manufacture of .
such capsules is a well established technique and broadly consists in forming two films of plasticized aqueous gelatin and passing these over the surfaces of each of a pair of cylindrical rolls provided with corresponding cavities to define dies for the capsules to be formed and bringing the two~films of gelatin into contact at the nip of the rolls whilst introducing the desired liquid into the cavities, and recovering the thus formed capsules.; The~films~of gelatin are~formed fr~m ~ ;~
a so-called~"melt" basically comprising~a warm aqueous~solution of gelatin also containing a~plasticizer whi:ch~ls~generally~a polyhydric ; alcohol such as glycerol or sorbitol, especiall~the former. This melt is, before being~brought~into contact wlth~thé rolls,~maintained at a~temperature~of about~65C,~and~is formed into a solld film of gelatin upon~the~rolls~by cool mg of the rolls.
- ; The~melt is commonly~prepared~by forming a mixture oE gelatin, ~ ;water and~plasticizer, in~the desired anounts,~;and then heating ~ ~ ;
it, generally to a temperature of~about~80C~, and commonly~
~s~o~
~~ - 2 -under reduced pressure, or a time sufficient to form a homcgeneous melt. On an industrial scale the melt is commonly prepared in batches of the order of 400 to 600 pounds in weight and, as a result, heating times of the order of from 4 to 6 hours are required to S produce a satisfactory homogeneous melt.
It is believed that this relatively long period of heating may lead to some thermal degradation of the gelatin thereby reducing its inherent physical properties and possibly leading to problems in the capsules formed therefrom.
lo It has now been found, in accordance with the present invention, that heating of a mixture of gelatin, water and plasticizer to form a melt suitable for making soft elastic gelatin capsules - may be effected by subjecting the melt to the effects of a high frequency alternating electric field and that by this method the mixture may be rapidly heated to the des1red temperatures to form a homogeneous meIt.
Accordingly~one embodiment of the present invention provides a method for the production~of a liquid melt comprising gelatin and water which comprises passing a mixture of solid gelatin and water through an elongate tube whilst subjecting the mixture to the action of a high frequency alternating e1ectric f1eld to heat the mixture and convert ~ `
it into a liquid melt.
The star~ing mixture of the gelatin and water will also usually contain a llquld p1astic1zer;~for the~gelatin,~for example 25~ a po~yhydric alcohol such as glycerol or~sorbitol, and this will : ~ , ~ . , ~L3~
suitably be present in the mixture in amounts of from 10 to 50~0 by ~eight, preferably from 20 to 40~ by weight and especially about 33~ by weight, based on the weight of the gelatin. The water in the mixture is suitably present in amounts such that it forms from 30 to 60% by weight of the mixture.
The elongate tube through which the mixture of gelatin, water and, optionally, plasticizer, is passed is suitably o circular cross-section and should be formed of material capable of withstanding the temperature encountered in the melting of the mixture, generally of the order of 75 to 90C, and more preferably in the range 80 to 85~. The alternating electric field to which the mixture is subjected whilst passing through the tube may, for example, be one generated between a pair of electrodes, sultably of plate form, mounted on opposite sides of the tube and connected to a high frequency source of alternating electric current. Alternatively, the field may be applied from coils surrounding the tube. In these two cases the tube~itself should be formed of electrically non-conductive material such as glass or ceramics. Alternatively the tube itself may be formed of electrically conductive material and serve as one elctrode generally an earthed electrode) for providing the alternating electric field, the other electrode taking the form of à rod passing along the centre of the tube. As~;mdicated above, the field should be a high frequency fleld, for example ofradio or microwave freqwency-..
Gon~eniently the tube will be~arranged generally v~rtically so - -that the mixture may be introduced into~the~top of the condult ; ~ ~
be melted whilst passing through the conduit, and flow out of the bottom ~ :
:
: ~ : : . - : . :--~4 .:
of the tube under the action of gravity. In order to control the rate of flow of melt from the bottom of the tube, a valve (such as mushroom valve) is conveniently placed at the lower end of the tube.
In order to reduce the possibility of any water vapour caused by heating of the mixture or melt from rising up the tube and condensing o~ the incoming mixture it may be convenient to heat the melting tube itself and this may be achieved, or example9 by passing hot air around the tube.
In order to produce a homogeneous melt it is desirable that the heating of the mixture to form the melt be carried out under reduced pressure to avoid the entrainment of air in the melt.
This may be achieved for example by having a supply hopper (for the gelatin/water mixture) connected to a receiving vessel or ~he melt by ~ means of the tube, the whole system being provided with means for reducing the pressure thereon and the melt~being removed iD batches from the receiving vessel. Alternatively the melt~may~be removed from , :
~ the receiving vessel by means of a suitable pump either continuously ~ ~ .
~ or batchwise. ~ ~ ~
,: . : .
The process of the invention may be employed to make the initial melt for an encapsulating process starting ~rom fresh raw materials~or may be~used~to reprocess scrap material produced in the encapsulating~;process. In the first case the starting mixture may simply be prepared~by thoroughly mixing gelatin, water and plasticizer m the deslred am unts.
~ 1~3Si~3104~
When producing gelatin capsules in the manner described above, scrap gelatin is obtained in the form of sheets from which the desired capsules have been punched out and this scrap is commonly referred to, on account of its appearance, as 'net'.
The scrap net contains gelatin, water and plasticizer in the required amounts and hence the starting mixture used in the process of the invention can comprise particulate scrap net. This particltlate scrap net may be produced by grinding the scrap ne't, e.g. to a particle size o from 3 to 8 mesh, and then washing the ground net,e.g. with petroleum and drying the ground net.
, The mixture used to form the melts may also contain minor amounts of other additives commonly employed in the production of melts for the formation of soft gelatin capsules, for example opacifiers, preservatives and dyestuffs. Alternatively these may be~incorporatéd in the melt ater .15' ~ormation thereof in accordance with~the invention.
~ - , ; The process~of the invention involves a heating time, to form the ~; ~ melt, of minutes rather'than~hours'and this,~it will be appreciated, markedly reduces the liklihood of~ thermal deterioration of the melt. Further, the ; process of the invention may be used'to prepare melt for direct'supply, - ;
.~
p~ssibly via a small~holding~tank, to an encàpsulating machine, thereby again minimising the~time~for which the melt is held at elevated~ ~
emperature.~ ~urther,~the process~of the invention~makes~it possible to reuse the scrap 'net'~ produced in an encapsulation process. ~
~ , , ~135~0~
., , In order that the invention may be well understood reference will be made to the accompanying drawing which is a diagram~atic section through apparatus for carrying out the process of the invention.
As shown in the drawing, apparatus for melting a gelatin/water/
plasticizer mixture comprises a hopper l connected via a melting tube 2 to a receiving chamber 3 which is in hlrn connected to a conduit 4 to vessel 5.
Hopper l is provided, in its top, with opening 6 closeable by hermetically sealable closure 7 and is also provided with duct 8 to be connected to a source of reduced pressure (not shown). A pair o~
electrodes 9 are mounted on opposite sides of tube 2, which is formed of electrically non-conductive material such as glass, and are adapted to be connected to a source of high frequency alternating electric currents (not show~nj by leads 10. Melting tube 2, electrodes 9,the lower part of hopper l and the~upper part of receiver 3 are surrounded by sleeve l1 and the space between the sleeve and the;tube, hopper and receiver, is~adapted~to be connected to a source of hot air (not shown~.
The bottom end of tube 2 is provided with butterfly valve 12 and condu1t 4 is provided with valve 13. Tank 5 is provided with outlet conduit l4 which is controlled by valve 15.
-.. . : :
In operation a gelatin water plasticizeT moxture is introduced into the apparatus, valve~12 being closed, via opening 6 in hopper l. -:
; Closure~7 is then closed and hot air is passed through the spacè
betw~en~sleeve 11~and tube 2 and~ cuum lS applied~via duct 8. ~High~
frequency a1ternating cùrrent is applied to electrodes 9 and as the~mixture : . . ;. ; ~:
~13S90~i in tube 2 melts, valve 12 is opened (valve 13 being closed) to allowthe melt to enter receiver 3. The degree of opening of valve 12 is controlled so as to allow for a steady flow of melt into receiver 3 with a corresponding flow of mixture to be me:Lted into tube 2. When all the mixture has been melted and passed through tube 2 into receiver 3, duct 8 is disconnected from vacuum to allow the pressure in the apparatus to return to atmospheric and then the melt in receiver 3 is allowed to enter vessel 5 by opening valve 13.
' ~ , , :: . , .
: ~ , : .' .
,~.:, : , ,, , ; - , . i, ,,. . ~ ',',:, .: i. ;:;, '; ' . ' ' "
. ~ '.
Gne important use of gelatin is m the manufacture of soft elastic gelatin capsules which are used to put up measured amounts of liquids or semi-solids, for example suspensions or salutions of medicinal materials for oral administration. The manufacture of .
such capsules is a well established technique and broadly consists in forming two films of plasticized aqueous gelatin and passing these over the surfaces of each of a pair of cylindrical rolls provided with corresponding cavities to define dies for the capsules to be formed and bringing the two~films of gelatin into contact at the nip of the rolls whilst introducing the desired liquid into the cavities, and recovering the thus formed capsules.; The~films~of gelatin are~formed fr~m ~ ;~
a so-called~"melt" basically comprising~a warm aqueous~solution of gelatin also containing a~plasticizer whi:ch~ls~generally~a polyhydric ; alcohol such as glycerol or sorbitol, especiall~the former. This melt is, before being~brought~into contact wlth~thé rolls,~maintained at a~temperature~of about~65C,~and~is formed into a solld film of gelatin upon~the~rolls~by cool mg of the rolls.
- ; The~melt is commonly~prepared~by forming a mixture oE gelatin, ~ ;water and~plasticizer, in~the desired anounts,~;and then heating ~ ~ ;
it, generally to a temperature of~about~80C~, and commonly~
~s~o~
~~ - 2 -under reduced pressure, or a time sufficient to form a homcgeneous melt. On an industrial scale the melt is commonly prepared in batches of the order of 400 to 600 pounds in weight and, as a result, heating times of the order of from 4 to 6 hours are required to S produce a satisfactory homogeneous melt.
It is believed that this relatively long period of heating may lead to some thermal degradation of the gelatin thereby reducing its inherent physical properties and possibly leading to problems in the capsules formed therefrom.
lo It has now been found, in accordance with the present invention, that heating of a mixture of gelatin, water and plasticizer to form a melt suitable for making soft elastic gelatin capsules - may be effected by subjecting the melt to the effects of a high frequency alternating electric field and that by this method the mixture may be rapidly heated to the des1red temperatures to form a homogeneous meIt.
Accordingly~one embodiment of the present invention provides a method for the production~of a liquid melt comprising gelatin and water which comprises passing a mixture of solid gelatin and water through an elongate tube whilst subjecting the mixture to the action of a high frequency alternating e1ectric f1eld to heat the mixture and convert ~ `
it into a liquid melt.
The star~ing mixture of the gelatin and water will also usually contain a llquld p1astic1zer;~for the~gelatin,~for example 25~ a po~yhydric alcohol such as glycerol or~sorbitol, and this will : ~ , ~ . , ~L3~
suitably be present in the mixture in amounts of from 10 to 50~0 by ~eight, preferably from 20 to 40~ by weight and especially about 33~ by weight, based on the weight of the gelatin. The water in the mixture is suitably present in amounts such that it forms from 30 to 60% by weight of the mixture.
The elongate tube through which the mixture of gelatin, water and, optionally, plasticizer, is passed is suitably o circular cross-section and should be formed of material capable of withstanding the temperature encountered in the melting of the mixture, generally of the order of 75 to 90C, and more preferably in the range 80 to 85~. The alternating electric field to which the mixture is subjected whilst passing through the tube may, for example, be one generated between a pair of electrodes, sultably of plate form, mounted on opposite sides of the tube and connected to a high frequency source of alternating electric current. Alternatively, the field may be applied from coils surrounding the tube. In these two cases the tube~itself should be formed of electrically non-conductive material such as glass or ceramics. Alternatively the tube itself may be formed of electrically conductive material and serve as one elctrode generally an earthed electrode) for providing the alternating electric field, the other electrode taking the form of à rod passing along the centre of the tube. As~;mdicated above, the field should be a high frequency fleld, for example ofradio or microwave freqwency-..
Gon~eniently the tube will be~arranged generally v~rtically so - -that the mixture may be introduced into~the~top of the condult ; ~ ~
be melted whilst passing through the conduit, and flow out of the bottom ~ :
:
: ~ : : . - : . :--~4 .:
of the tube under the action of gravity. In order to control the rate of flow of melt from the bottom of the tube, a valve (such as mushroom valve) is conveniently placed at the lower end of the tube.
In order to reduce the possibility of any water vapour caused by heating of the mixture or melt from rising up the tube and condensing o~ the incoming mixture it may be convenient to heat the melting tube itself and this may be achieved, or example9 by passing hot air around the tube.
In order to produce a homogeneous melt it is desirable that the heating of the mixture to form the melt be carried out under reduced pressure to avoid the entrainment of air in the melt.
This may be achieved for example by having a supply hopper (for the gelatin/water mixture) connected to a receiving vessel or ~he melt by ~ means of the tube, the whole system being provided with means for reducing the pressure thereon and the melt~being removed iD batches from the receiving vessel. Alternatively the melt~may~be removed from , :
~ the receiving vessel by means of a suitable pump either continuously ~ ~ .
~ or batchwise. ~ ~ ~
,: . : .
The process of the invention may be employed to make the initial melt for an encapsulating process starting ~rom fresh raw materials~or may be~used~to reprocess scrap material produced in the encapsulating~;process. In the first case the starting mixture may simply be prepared~by thoroughly mixing gelatin, water and plasticizer m the deslred am unts.
~ 1~3Si~3104~
When producing gelatin capsules in the manner described above, scrap gelatin is obtained in the form of sheets from which the desired capsules have been punched out and this scrap is commonly referred to, on account of its appearance, as 'net'.
The scrap net contains gelatin, water and plasticizer in the required amounts and hence the starting mixture used in the process of the invention can comprise particulate scrap net. This particltlate scrap net may be produced by grinding the scrap ne't, e.g. to a particle size o from 3 to 8 mesh, and then washing the ground net,e.g. with petroleum and drying the ground net.
, The mixture used to form the melts may also contain minor amounts of other additives commonly employed in the production of melts for the formation of soft gelatin capsules, for example opacifiers, preservatives and dyestuffs. Alternatively these may be~incorporatéd in the melt ater .15' ~ormation thereof in accordance with~the invention.
~ - , ; The process~of the invention involves a heating time, to form the ~; ~ melt, of minutes rather'than~hours'and this,~it will be appreciated, markedly reduces the liklihood of~ thermal deterioration of the melt. Further, the ; process of the invention may be used'to prepare melt for direct'supply, - ;
.~
p~ssibly via a small~holding~tank, to an encàpsulating machine, thereby again minimising the~time~for which the melt is held at elevated~ ~
emperature.~ ~urther,~the process~of the invention~makes~it possible to reuse the scrap 'net'~ produced in an encapsulation process. ~
~ , , ~135~0~
., , In order that the invention may be well understood reference will be made to the accompanying drawing which is a diagram~atic section through apparatus for carrying out the process of the invention.
As shown in the drawing, apparatus for melting a gelatin/water/
plasticizer mixture comprises a hopper l connected via a melting tube 2 to a receiving chamber 3 which is in hlrn connected to a conduit 4 to vessel 5.
Hopper l is provided, in its top, with opening 6 closeable by hermetically sealable closure 7 and is also provided with duct 8 to be connected to a source of reduced pressure (not shown). A pair o~
electrodes 9 are mounted on opposite sides of tube 2, which is formed of electrically non-conductive material such as glass, and are adapted to be connected to a source of high frequency alternating electric currents (not show~nj by leads 10. Melting tube 2, electrodes 9,the lower part of hopper l and the~upper part of receiver 3 are surrounded by sleeve l1 and the space between the sleeve and the;tube, hopper and receiver, is~adapted~to be connected to a source of hot air (not shown~.
The bottom end of tube 2 is provided with butterfly valve 12 and condu1t 4 is provided with valve 13. Tank 5 is provided with outlet conduit l4 which is controlled by valve 15.
-.. . : :
In operation a gelatin water plasticizeT moxture is introduced into the apparatus, valve~12 being closed, via opening 6 in hopper l. -:
; Closure~7 is then closed and hot air is passed through the spacè
betw~en~sleeve 11~and tube 2 and~ cuum lS applied~via duct 8. ~High~
frequency a1ternating cùrrent is applied to electrodes 9 and as the~mixture : . . ;. ; ~:
~13S90~i in tube 2 melts, valve 12 is opened (valve 13 being closed) to allowthe melt to enter receiver 3. The degree of opening of valve 12 is controlled so as to allow for a steady flow of melt into receiver 3 with a corresponding flow of mixture to be me:Lted into tube 2. When all the mixture has been melted and passed through tube 2 into receiver 3, duct 8 is disconnected from vacuum to allow the pressure in the apparatus to return to atmospheric and then the melt in receiver 3 is allowed to enter vessel 5 by opening valve 13.
' ~ , , :: . , .
: ~ , : .' .
,~.:, : , ,, , ; - , . i, ,,. . ~ ',',:, .: i. ;:;, '; ' . ' ' "
Claims (15)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A method for the production of a liquid melt comprising gelatin and water which comprises passing a mixture of solid gelatin and water through an elongate tube whilst subjecting the mixture to the action of a high frequency alternating electric field to heat the mixture and convert it into a liquid melt.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which the mixture of water and gelatin also contains a plasticizer for the gelatin.
3. A method as claimed in claim 2 in which the plasticizer is a polyhydric alcohol.
4. A method as claimed in claim 3 in which the plasticizer is glycol or sorbitol.
5. A method as claimed in claim 2 in which the mixture contains from 10 to 50% by weight, based on the weight of gelatin, of plasticizer.
6. A method as claimed in claim 5 in which the mixture contains from 20 to 40% by weight, based on the weight of gelatin, of plasticizer.
7. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which the water forms from 30 to 60% by weight of the mixture.
8. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which the mixture of gelatin and water comprises ground scrap 'net' gelatin obtained in the manufacture of gelatin capsules.
9. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which the mixture is melted at a temperature of from 75 to 90°C.
10. A method as claimed in claim 9 in which the mixture is melted at a temperature of from 80 to 85°C.
11. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which the elongate tube is formed of electrically non- conductive material and the high frequency electric field, to which the mixture is subjected whilst passing through the tube, is one generated between a pair of electrodes mounted on opposite sides of the tube and connected to a high frequency source of alternating current or one generated from coils surrounding the tube.
12. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which the elongate tube is formed of electrically conductive material and the high frequency field is generated between the tube as one electrode and a rod passing through the centre of the tube as other electrode.
13. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which the tube is vertical and the rate of flow of the mixture through the tube is controlled by means of a valve located at the lower end of the tube.
14. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which the tube is heated to reduce the possibility of water vapour condensing on the incoming mixture.
15. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which the melting is carried out under reduced pressure.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB7926227 | 1979-07-27 | ||
| GB7926227A GB2060643A (en) | 1979-07-27 | 1979-07-27 | Processing of gelatin |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1135904A true CA1135904A (en) | 1982-11-23 |
Family
ID=10506819
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000357002A Expired CA1135904A (en) | 1979-07-27 | 1980-07-25 | Process of gelatin |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5681363A (en) |
| AR (1) | AR222238A1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU6083880A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1135904A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3028500A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2462464A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2060643A (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1131773B (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4428927A (en) * | 1981-05-11 | 1984-01-31 | R. P. Scherer Corporation | Masticatory soft elastic gelatin capsules and method for the manufacture thereof |
| US11004801B2 (en) | 2019-08-28 | 2021-05-11 | Amkor Technology Singapore Holding Pte. Ltd. | Semiconductor devices and methods of manufacturing semiconductor devices |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL282446A (en) * | 1900-01-01 | |||
| US2870062A (en) * | 1956-04-27 | 1959-01-20 | Scherer Corp R P | Gelatin composition for capsules |
-
1979
- 1979-07-27 GB GB7926227A patent/GB2060643A/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1980
- 1980-07-25 AR AR281926A patent/AR222238A1/en active
- 1980-07-25 FR FR8016440A patent/FR2462464A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1980-07-25 IT IT23725/80A patent/IT1131773B/en active
- 1980-07-25 CA CA000357002A patent/CA1135904A/en not_active Expired
- 1980-07-26 DE DE19803028500 patent/DE3028500A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1980-07-28 JP JP10351080A patent/JPS5681363A/en active Granted
- 1980-07-28 AU AU60838/80A patent/AU6083880A/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE3028500A1 (en) | 1981-04-09 |
| GB2060643A (en) | 1981-05-07 |
| JPS5681363A (en) | 1981-07-03 |
| FR2462464A1 (en) | 1981-02-13 |
| AU6083880A (en) | 1981-01-29 |
| IT8023725A0 (en) | 1980-07-25 |
| JPS5725571B2 (en) | 1982-05-31 |
| AR222238A1 (en) | 1981-04-30 |
| IT1131773B (en) | 1986-06-25 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |