CA1115338A - Method and apparatus for operating radiant devices - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for operating radiant devicesInfo
- Publication number
- CA1115338A CA1115338A CA306,727A CA306727A CA1115338A CA 1115338 A CA1115338 A CA 1115338A CA 306727 A CA306727 A CA 306727A CA 1115338 A CA1115338 A CA 1115338A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- voltage
- radiant energy
- energy device
- value
- rated
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B39/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for operating incandescent light sources
- H05B39/04—Controlling
- H05B39/08—Controlling by shifting phase of trigger voltage applied to gas-filled controlling tubes also in controlled semiconductor devices
Abstract
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR OPERATING RADIANT DEVICES
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A method and apparatus for saving energy in operating a radiant device by a pulsating voltage. A portion of each pulse is cut away. The discontinuous voltage obtained is supplied to the radiant device. The rated voltage of the radiant device is of the same order as the true effective value of the discontinuous voltage.
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A method and apparatus for saving energy in operating a radiant device by a pulsating voltage. A portion of each pulse is cut away. The discontinuous voltage obtained is supplied to the radiant device. The rated voltage of the radiant device is of the same order as the true effective value of the discontinuous voltage.
Description
1533t~
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus of savin~ energy in operating radiant devices.
More particularly the invention relates to a method and apparatus of saving energy in operating such radiant devices wherein the radiation is produced by heating a solid body and/or by gas discharge by means of a voltage source supplying a sinusoidal A.C. voltage or a substan-tially uniformly pulsating D.C. voltage.
The invention is primarily but not exclusively intended for power-saving in the lighting field.
Lighting of different forms accounts for an important part of the total consumptio,n of electric power. Accordingly it is of great interest to be able to reduce the power consumption in the lighting field. One example of such power saving is e.g. the use of fluorescent tubes instead of common bulbs,because the tubes are less energy-consuming.
However, due to certain properties of the fluorescent tube, this is less attractive in many connections; Moreover, i.t is known that e.g. a 125 V bulb provides a higher light yield at the same power consumption than a corresponding 220 V bulb. In order to take advantage of this the normal line voltage of 220 V can be stepped down to 127 V so that 127 V bulbs can be u~ed in connection with the 220 V mains but this involves relatively high initial expenses in relation to the power saving achieved as well as power losses in the transformer.
It is a primary object of this invention to provide a new and improved method of operating radiant devices which provides an increase of the radiation yield of the ' ' . ' , 33~
radiant device, the power consumption thus being reduced.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a new and improved method of considerably saving energy in operating radiant devices, which can easily be used when connecting any radiant device for example to the common mains.
It is a still further object of the invention to provide a new and improved method of the kind referred to ~hich can be worked by using inexpensive and simple appar-atus.
Further object of the invention is to provide an ..
apparatus for work~ng the method, which can be constructed of standard components and is well suited to be integrated wi.th lighting devices of conventional constructions and types.
Additional objects and advantages.of the invention in part will be set forth in the description which follows and in part be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations parti-cularly pointed out in the appended claims.
. To achieve the foregoing objects and in accordance with.the purpose of the invention, as embodied and broadly described herein,;.the invention provides a novel method of saving energy in operating radiant devices and particu-larly radiant devices producing a visible light for lighting 1~1533~3 purposes, such as bulbs, fluorescent tubes etc of the kind referred to initially, which is characterized in that in order to increase the radiation yield and thus decrease the power consumption a predetermined constant portion of each half period of said A.C. voltage or each period of said D.C. voltage, respectively, is cut away and that the discontinuous voltage thus obtained is supplied to a radiant device the rated voltage of which is of the same order as the true effective value of the discontinuous operating voltage, e.g. the rated voltage - 5%- ,~
The top value of the discontinuous operating voltage then will be larger than the top value of a continuous voltage ~ -of the same effective value. When the (lower) discontinuous operating voltage obtained is supplied e.g. to a bulb having a rated voltage of the same order as the effective value of the operating voltage the bulb will emit, during the short time when it is under the relatively high top voltage, a larger light flow than the maximum light flow supplied thereby in "normal" operation at the rated voltage. It has surprisingly been found that the human eye due to the inertia thereof to a considerably greater extent than can be indicated by means of a conventional luxmeter perceives the "discontinuous" light not only as continuous but also as substantially more intense than the light obtained at normal operation. Thus, it will be possible to obtain in this way the same intensity of illumi-nation at a considerably red~ced power consumption which ,.
will be illustrated in more detail below.
The cut-away or blackout of a portion of each half period of the A.C. voltage or each period of the uniformly pulsating D .C. voltage can be performed by means of an appara-tus which is characterized in that it comprises conducting means connecting the radiant device to said voltage source and an electronic clipping circuit in said conducting means, which is arranged to cut away a predetermined and constant portion of each ~alf period of the A.C. voltage or each period of the D.C. voltage, respectively t from said voltage source and to supply continuously, as operating voltage, the dis-continuous voltage thus obtained to the radiant device the rated voltage of which is of the same order as the true effective value of the discontinuous operating voltage, the radiation yield being increased hereby.
Several clipping circuits can be connected individually one to each radiation source or one clipping circuit can serve several radiation ~ources. Such clipping circuits are known per se and can be based for example on thyratrons or preferably siliccn controlled rectifiers. For cutting away the leading portion of each half period of an A.C. voltage there is preferably used e.g. a circuit comprising a so-called "triac"
(a semi-conductor component which principally consists of two oppositely directed silicon controlled rectifiers~ or silicon controlled rectifiers arranged in an analogue manner, or thyratrons. Other components/circuits having an analogue - .
11~5331~
function can of course also be used for cutting the pulsating voltage. Considering the very small size of particularly such a semi-conductor circuit it can easily be arranged for example in lighting devices preferably in a lamp holder or the like.
However, as will be understood the clipping circuit can be connected at any place between the voltage and radiation sources. A semi-conductor circuit having the function described ~ ;
above can be produced at very low costs.
How large a portion of each voltage wave to be cut away or blacked out is determined with due consideration of the actual voltage source, and the actual radiation source (i.e. the desired effective value), the desired top voltage etc. Principally, the voltage can be blacked out during any part of the oscillating process but it is preferred to cut away the leading or lagging portion of each half period of an A.C. voltage (alternatively period in case of a pulsating D.C.
voltage). For illustration it can be mentioned that there is obtained by cutting away slightly more than one half of each half period of a 50 c.p.s. sinusoidal A.C. voltage of 220 V
in this manner, an effective voltage of about 125 V and a top voltage of about 300 V during about 0.2 ms. of each half period.
As indicated above, the invention can be used also for other radiant devices than bulbs, and thus a corresponding power saving can be obtained in connection with e.g. radiant sources producing I.R. radiation, sodium lamps, mercury lamps, ..
33fl fluorescent tubes, haloyen lamps, and the like.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.
Of the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a basic diagram of a powersaving apparatus according to the invention;
FIGS. 2a and 2b illustrate an A.C. voltage portions of which have been cut away according to the invention;
FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate two alternative connections of the apparatus according to the invention;
FIG. 5 is an example of a silicon controlled recti-fier circuit for cutting away the leading portion of a sinus half wave; and FIG. 6 is an example of a silicon controlled rectifier circuit for cutting away the lagging portion of a sinus haLf wave.
Reference will now be made in detail to the present 2a preferred embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 illustrates the principle of a device accor~iny to the invention. A voltage source 3, for example the ma:ins of 220 V A.C., is connected through a clipping circuit 2 -to a radiant source 1 such as a 125 V bulb by conduits 4. The clipping circuit 2 is arranged such that it cuts away a suitable portion for example one half or more oE each ha-l r-6.
.
:
- :~
, 33~
wave of the applied sinusoidal A.C. voltage as is shown in Figure 2a (a portion of the leading half-wave is cut away) and 2b (a portion of the lagging half-wave is cut away3.
In Figures 3 and 4 there are shown two alternative possibilities of connecting the clipping circuit. Thus, in Figure 3 the voltage source 3 is connected over a central clipping circuit 2 to several radiant sources 1 (e.g. bulbs) by the conduits 4 while in Figure 4 the voltage source 3 is connected to the radiant sources 1 over several clipping circuits 2, one for each radiant source 1.
In Figure 5 there is shown an example of a connection o~ a silicon controlled rectifier circuit for obtaining a discontinuous A.C. voltage according to Figure 2a. The anode of a triac 5 is connected to one pole 3a of the A.C. voltage source 3 by a conduit 4a. The other pole 3b of the voltage source is connected by a conduit 4b to the radiant source 1 which is connected by a conduit 4c to the cathode input of said triac 5. The gate input of the triac 5 is connected by a diac 6 to the connection between a resistor 8 and a condensor 11 ~hich are connected in series between the condui~s 4a and 4c. A second circuit comprising a resistor 7 and a condensor 10 connected in series, is connected in parallel with the circuit 8, 10. A resistor 9 is connected between the circuits 7, 10 and 8, 11, the connection to each circuit being made between the resistor and condensor therein.
In Figure 6 there is disclosed an example of a possible connection of a silicon controlled rectifier circuit for obtaining a discontinuous A.C. ~oltage according to Figure 2b.
In the circuit disclosed in Figure 6 the triac 5 of Figure S is !~
replaced by a silicon controlled rectifier 5'. Furthermore, the circuit is supplemented with a rectifier bridge 15 for full wave rectifying and a transistor circuit. The rectifier bridge 15 comprising four diodes is connected between the voltage source 3 and the rest of the circuit such that the conduit 4a is connected to the negative pole of the rectifier bridge 15 and the conduit 4c is connected over a resistor 12 to the positive pole of the rectifier bridge 15. A transistor 17 is connected with the emitter thereof to the cathode of the silicon controlled rectifier 5' and with the base thereof over a resistor 13 and a diode 16 to the anode of the silicon controlled rectifier 5' a resistor 14 moreover being connected between the emitter and base of the transistor 17. The radiant source 1 is connected between the collector of the transistor 17 and the positive pole of the rectifier bridge 15.
At a test which illustrates the considerable power saving that can be obtained by the method and the apparatus, respectively, according to the invention the power consumption and the lighting intensity were first measured for a number Of bulbs having different rated powers at 220 V sinusoidal voltage (50 c.p.s.) of the mains. Then, a silicon controlled rectifier circuit (a so-called "dimer") according to Figure 5 was connected between the voltage souxce and a number of bulbs the same measurements then being made. For the silicon con-trolled rectifier circuit or "dimer" the following values applied for the different components:
~0 ~i ~
33~3 Triac 5: Type 40669; 400 V, 8 A, gate 1.25 V, 15mA
Diac 6: Type 40512 Condensors 10 and 11: 0.1 ~F
Resistor 7: 100 k Resistor 9: 120 k ~
The resistor 8 was constructed as a combination of two separate resistors connected in series one re istor being fixed (4.7 kJL) and one being adjustable (470 k~L). The adjustable resistor was set to provide an effective value of 125 V (corresponding to a blackout of the voltage pulse over slightly more than one half of each half period and a top voltage of about 300 V). The power was measured by means of a wattmeter and the light intensity was measured by mean$ of a luxmeter. The distance from bulb to luxmeter was 220 mm.
The test results are shown in the table below.
Conventional operation with continuous voltage Bulb Effective Current Resistance Light Power voltage (mA) (Kohm) intensity (W) (V sinus) (Lux) 15W ball frosted 220 63 3.492 410 14 25 W frosted 220 100 2.200 490 22 40W frosted 220 173 1.271 850 38 60W frosted 220 264 0.833 1400 58 75W clear 220 309 0.712 2000 68 lOOW frosted 220 427 0.515 3200 94 _ g _ 33~
Operation according to the invention with discontinuous voltage. ` ` `
Bulb Effective Current Resistance Light Power voltage (mA) (Kohm) intensity (W) ~V sinus) (Lux) 25W frosted 125 176 0.710 520 22 40W frosted 125 320 0.390 1550 40 75W clear 125 576 0.217 3450 72 From the table it can be seen for example that with a 40 W 125-130 ~ bulb operated at 125 V according to the invention there is obtained a higher light intensity than with a 60 W
220-230 V bulb connected directly to the line voltage. By arranging the lighting according to the invention, i.e. for example by replacing 220-230 V bulbs by 125-130 V bulbs with a lower rated power and by connecting a clipping circuit having the function described above between the bulb(s) and the mains or other voltage source there can be obtained an unchanged light intensity at a considerably reduced power consumption.
To the value~ of the light intensity obtained by means of the luxmeter there has been added 15% for an indication error. An indication error of this order is obtained with a luxmeter when a discontinuous voltage i8 supplied to the bulb in accordance with the invention. This indication error was found in the following manner.
A test person was allowed to watch through an opening in a screen a white cardboard panel angled at 90 and arranged with the angle tip towards the watcher such that each half of the cardboard panel formed an angle of 45 to the viewing .
331~
direction. The light from a 220 V bulb connected to 220 V
sinusoidal A.C. voltage, 50 c.p.s. of the mains was directed towards one half of the cardboard panel at an angle of 45 while the light from a 125 V bulb in a corresponding manner was projected towards the other half of the panel. An adjustable clipping cixcuit of the silicon controlled rectifier type as described above was connec~ed to the 125 V lamp and by means thereof the test person adjusted the voltage supplied to the 125 V bulb such that the same light intensity was perceived from the two halves of the cardboard panel. The adjusted ~oltage was recorded after each adjustment by means of a digital voltmeter indicating the true effective value of a discontinuous A.C. voltage. Ten test persons made totally 150 adjustments in the manner described above, the average voltage value obtained being 117.3 V. Then, the light intensity of the 125 V bulb was measured at this effective voltage by means of a luxmeter at a distance of 300 mm and was found to be 1100 lux. ~he corresponding value for the 220 V bulb connected to the mains was found to be 1300 lux. Thus, the luxmeter showed a value about 18% lower than the light intensity per-ceived by the human eye.
When determining the temperature of the incandescent filament by means of a pyrometer it has been found that the temperature of a 125 V bulb i8 about 20% higher when the bulb is connected to 125 V sinus and non-sinus A.C. voltage compared with a 220 V bulb having the same rated power and connected to the mains. As mentioned already above, the .
111533~
method according to the invention therefore could be used for the same power saving purpose also with other types of radiant sources such as sources producing I . R.
radiation as well as sodium lamps, mercury lamps, fluor-S escent tubes, halogen lamps, etc.
The invent~on is not, of co~rse, limited to the specific em~odiments described above and shown in the drawings. ~lany var~ations and modifications are possible within the scope of the generic inventive concept. It should be stressed specifically that the invention is not, of course, limited to the voltage and frequency ranges specifically stated.
12.
.
' ~' ~' ' -.
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus of savin~ energy in operating radiant devices.
More particularly the invention relates to a method and apparatus of saving energy in operating such radiant devices wherein the radiation is produced by heating a solid body and/or by gas discharge by means of a voltage source supplying a sinusoidal A.C. voltage or a substan-tially uniformly pulsating D.C. voltage.
The invention is primarily but not exclusively intended for power-saving in the lighting field.
Lighting of different forms accounts for an important part of the total consumptio,n of electric power. Accordingly it is of great interest to be able to reduce the power consumption in the lighting field. One example of such power saving is e.g. the use of fluorescent tubes instead of common bulbs,because the tubes are less energy-consuming.
However, due to certain properties of the fluorescent tube, this is less attractive in many connections; Moreover, i.t is known that e.g. a 125 V bulb provides a higher light yield at the same power consumption than a corresponding 220 V bulb. In order to take advantage of this the normal line voltage of 220 V can be stepped down to 127 V so that 127 V bulbs can be u~ed in connection with the 220 V mains but this involves relatively high initial expenses in relation to the power saving achieved as well as power losses in the transformer.
It is a primary object of this invention to provide a new and improved method of operating radiant devices which provides an increase of the radiation yield of the ' ' . ' , 33~
radiant device, the power consumption thus being reduced.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a new and improved method of considerably saving energy in operating radiant devices, which can easily be used when connecting any radiant device for example to the common mains.
It is a still further object of the invention to provide a new and improved method of the kind referred to ~hich can be worked by using inexpensive and simple appar-atus.
Further object of the invention is to provide an ..
apparatus for work~ng the method, which can be constructed of standard components and is well suited to be integrated wi.th lighting devices of conventional constructions and types.
Additional objects and advantages.of the invention in part will be set forth in the description which follows and in part be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations parti-cularly pointed out in the appended claims.
. To achieve the foregoing objects and in accordance with.the purpose of the invention, as embodied and broadly described herein,;.the invention provides a novel method of saving energy in operating radiant devices and particu-larly radiant devices producing a visible light for lighting 1~1533~3 purposes, such as bulbs, fluorescent tubes etc of the kind referred to initially, which is characterized in that in order to increase the radiation yield and thus decrease the power consumption a predetermined constant portion of each half period of said A.C. voltage or each period of said D.C. voltage, respectively, is cut away and that the discontinuous voltage thus obtained is supplied to a radiant device the rated voltage of which is of the same order as the true effective value of the discontinuous operating voltage, e.g. the rated voltage - 5%- ,~
The top value of the discontinuous operating voltage then will be larger than the top value of a continuous voltage ~ -of the same effective value. When the (lower) discontinuous operating voltage obtained is supplied e.g. to a bulb having a rated voltage of the same order as the effective value of the operating voltage the bulb will emit, during the short time when it is under the relatively high top voltage, a larger light flow than the maximum light flow supplied thereby in "normal" operation at the rated voltage. It has surprisingly been found that the human eye due to the inertia thereof to a considerably greater extent than can be indicated by means of a conventional luxmeter perceives the "discontinuous" light not only as continuous but also as substantially more intense than the light obtained at normal operation. Thus, it will be possible to obtain in this way the same intensity of illumi-nation at a considerably red~ced power consumption which ,.
will be illustrated in more detail below.
The cut-away or blackout of a portion of each half period of the A.C. voltage or each period of the uniformly pulsating D .C. voltage can be performed by means of an appara-tus which is characterized in that it comprises conducting means connecting the radiant device to said voltage source and an electronic clipping circuit in said conducting means, which is arranged to cut away a predetermined and constant portion of each ~alf period of the A.C. voltage or each period of the D.C. voltage, respectively t from said voltage source and to supply continuously, as operating voltage, the dis-continuous voltage thus obtained to the radiant device the rated voltage of which is of the same order as the true effective value of the discontinuous operating voltage, the radiation yield being increased hereby.
Several clipping circuits can be connected individually one to each radiation source or one clipping circuit can serve several radiation ~ources. Such clipping circuits are known per se and can be based for example on thyratrons or preferably siliccn controlled rectifiers. For cutting away the leading portion of each half period of an A.C. voltage there is preferably used e.g. a circuit comprising a so-called "triac"
(a semi-conductor component which principally consists of two oppositely directed silicon controlled rectifiers~ or silicon controlled rectifiers arranged in an analogue manner, or thyratrons. Other components/circuits having an analogue - .
11~5331~
function can of course also be used for cutting the pulsating voltage. Considering the very small size of particularly such a semi-conductor circuit it can easily be arranged for example in lighting devices preferably in a lamp holder or the like.
However, as will be understood the clipping circuit can be connected at any place between the voltage and radiation sources. A semi-conductor circuit having the function described ~ ;
above can be produced at very low costs.
How large a portion of each voltage wave to be cut away or blacked out is determined with due consideration of the actual voltage source, and the actual radiation source (i.e. the desired effective value), the desired top voltage etc. Principally, the voltage can be blacked out during any part of the oscillating process but it is preferred to cut away the leading or lagging portion of each half period of an A.C. voltage (alternatively period in case of a pulsating D.C.
voltage). For illustration it can be mentioned that there is obtained by cutting away slightly more than one half of each half period of a 50 c.p.s. sinusoidal A.C. voltage of 220 V
in this manner, an effective voltage of about 125 V and a top voltage of about 300 V during about 0.2 ms. of each half period.
As indicated above, the invention can be used also for other radiant devices than bulbs, and thus a corresponding power saving can be obtained in connection with e.g. radiant sources producing I.R. radiation, sodium lamps, mercury lamps, ..
33fl fluorescent tubes, haloyen lamps, and the like.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.
Of the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a basic diagram of a powersaving apparatus according to the invention;
FIGS. 2a and 2b illustrate an A.C. voltage portions of which have been cut away according to the invention;
FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate two alternative connections of the apparatus according to the invention;
FIG. 5 is an example of a silicon controlled recti-fier circuit for cutting away the leading portion of a sinus half wave; and FIG. 6 is an example of a silicon controlled rectifier circuit for cutting away the lagging portion of a sinus haLf wave.
Reference will now be made in detail to the present 2a preferred embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 illustrates the principle of a device accor~iny to the invention. A voltage source 3, for example the ma:ins of 220 V A.C., is connected through a clipping circuit 2 -to a radiant source 1 such as a 125 V bulb by conduits 4. The clipping circuit 2 is arranged such that it cuts away a suitable portion for example one half or more oE each ha-l r-6.
.
:
- :~
, 33~
wave of the applied sinusoidal A.C. voltage as is shown in Figure 2a (a portion of the leading half-wave is cut away) and 2b (a portion of the lagging half-wave is cut away3.
In Figures 3 and 4 there are shown two alternative possibilities of connecting the clipping circuit. Thus, in Figure 3 the voltage source 3 is connected over a central clipping circuit 2 to several radiant sources 1 (e.g. bulbs) by the conduits 4 while in Figure 4 the voltage source 3 is connected to the radiant sources 1 over several clipping circuits 2, one for each radiant source 1.
In Figure 5 there is shown an example of a connection o~ a silicon controlled rectifier circuit for obtaining a discontinuous A.C. voltage according to Figure 2a. The anode of a triac 5 is connected to one pole 3a of the A.C. voltage source 3 by a conduit 4a. The other pole 3b of the voltage source is connected by a conduit 4b to the radiant source 1 which is connected by a conduit 4c to the cathode input of said triac 5. The gate input of the triac 5 is connected by a diac 6 to the connection between a resistor 8 and a condensor 11 ~hich are connected in series between the condui~s 4a and 4c. A second circuit comprising a resistor 7 and a condensor 10 connected in series, is connected in parallel with the circuit 8, 10. A resistor 9 is connected between the circuits 7, 10 and 8, 11, the connection to each circuit being made between the resistor and condensor therein.
In Figure 6 there is disclosed an example of a possible connection of a silicon controlled rectifier circuit for obtaining a discontinuous A.C. ~oltage according to Figure 2b.
In the circuit disclosed in Figure 6 the triac 5 of Figure S is !~
replaced by a silicon controlled rectifier 5'. Furthermore, the circuit is supplemented with a rectifier bridge 15 for full wave rectifying and a transistor circuit. The rectifier bridge 15 comprising four diodes is connected between the voltage source 3 and the rest of the circuit such that the conduit 4a is connected to the negative pole of the rectifier bridge 15 and the conduit 4c is connected over a resistor 12 to the positive pole of the rectifier bridge 15. A transistor 17 is connected with the emitter thereof to the cathode of the silicon controlled rectifier 5' and with the base thereof over a resistor 13 and a diode 16 to the anode of the silicon controlled rectifier 5' a resistor 14 moreover being connected between the emitter and base of the transistor 17. The radiant source 1 is connected between the collector of the transistor 17 and the positive pole of the rectifier bridge 15.
At a test which illustrates the considerable power saving that can be obtained by the method and the apparatus, respectively, according to the invention the power consumption and the lighting intensity were first measured for a number Of bulbs having different rated powers at 220 V sinusoidal voltage (50 c.p.s.) of the mains. Then, a silicon controlled rectifier circuit (a so-called "dimer") according to Figure 5 was connected between the voltage souxce and a number of bulbs the same measurements then being made. For the silicon con-trolled rectifier circuit or "dimer" the following values applied for the different components:
~0 ~i ~
33~3 Triac 5: Type 40669; 400 V, 8 A, gate 1.25 V, 15mA
Diac 6: Type 40512 Condensors 10 and 11: 0.1 ~F
Resistor 7: 100 k Resistor 9: 120 k ~
The resistor 8 was constructed as a combination of two separate resistors connected in series one re istor being fixed (4.7 kJL) and one being adjustable (470 k~L). The adjustable resistor was set to provide an effective value of 125 V (corresponding to a blackout of the voltage pulse over slightly more than one half of each half period and a top voltage of about 300 V). The power was measured by means of a wattmeter and the light intensity was measured by mean$ of a luxmeter. The distance from bulb to luxmeter was 220 mm.
The test results are shown in the table below.
Conventional operation with continuous voltage Bulb Effective Current Resistance Light Power voltage (mA) (Kohm) intensity (W) (V sinus) (Lux) 15W ball frosted 220 63 3.492 410 14 25 W frosted 220 100 2.200 490 22 40W frosted 220 173 1.271 850 38 60W frosted 220 264 0.833 1400 58 75W clear 220 309 0.712 2000 68 lOOW frosted 220 427 0.515 3200 94 _ g _ 33~
Operation according to the invention with discontinuous voltage. ` ` `
Bulb Effective Current Resistance Light Power voltage (mA) (Kohm) intensity (W) ~V sinus) (Lux) 25W frosted 125 176 0.710 520 22 40W frosted 125 320 0.390 1550 40 75W clear 125 576 0.217 3450 72 From the table it can be seen for example that with a 40 W 125-130 ~ bulb operated at 125 V according to the invention there is obtained a higher light intensity than with a 60 W
220-230 V bulb connected directly to the line voltage. By arranging the lighting according to the invention, i.e. for example by replacing 220-230 V bulbs by 125-130 V bulbs with a lower rated power and by connecting a clipping circuit having the function described above between the bulb(s) and the mains or other voltage source there can be obtained an unchanged light intensity at a considerably reduced power consumption.
To the value~ of the light intensity obtained by means of the luxmeter there has been added 15% for an indication error. An indication error of this order is obtained with a luxmeter when a discontinuous voltage i8 supplied to the bulb in accordance with the invention. This indication error was found in the following manner.
A test person was allowed to watch through an opening in a screen a white cardboard panel angled at 90 and arranged with the angle tip towards the watcher such that each half of the cardboard panel formed an angle of 45 to the viewing .
331~
direction. The light from a 220 V bulb connected to 220 V
sinusoidal A.C. voltage, 50 c.p.s. of the mains was directed towards one half of the cardboard panel at an angle of 45 while the light from a 125 V bulb in a corresponding manner was projected towards the other half of the panel. An adjustable clipping cixcuit of the silicon controlled rectifier type as described above was connec~ed to the 125 V lamp and by means thereof the test person adjusted the voltage supplied to the 125 V bulb such that the same light intensity was perceived from the two halves of the cardboard panel. The adjusted ~oltage was recorded after each adjustment by means of a digital voltmeter indicating the true effective value of a discontinuous A.C. voltage. Ten test persons made totally 150 adjustments in the manner described above, the average voltage value obtained being 117.3 V. Then, the light intensity of the 125 V bulb was measured at this effective voltage by means of a luxmeter at a distance of 300 mm and was found to be 1100 lux. ~he corresponding value for the 220 V bulb connected to the mains was found to be 1300 lux. Thus, the luxmeter showed a value about 18% lower than the light intensity per-ceived by the human eye.
When determining the temperature of the incandescent filament by means of a pyrometer it has been found that the temperature of a 125 V bulb i8 about 20% higher when the bulb is connected to 125 V sinus and non-sinus A.C. voltage compared with a 220 V bulb having the same rated power and connected to the mains. As mentioned already above, the .
111533~
method according to the invention therefore could be used for the same power saving purpose also with other types of radiant sources such as sources producing I . R.
radiation as well as sodium lamps, mercury lamps, fluor-S escent tubes, halogen lamps, etc.
The invent~on is not, of co~rse, limited to the specific em~odiments described above and shown in the drawings. ~lany var~ations and modifications are possible within the scope of the generic inventive concept. It should be stressed specifically that the invention is not, of course, limited to the voltage and frequency ranges specifically stated.
12.
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' ~' ~' ' -.
Claims (13)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A method of providing radiant energy in a manner to increase the radiation perceived thereby reducing the energy consumed comprising the steps of:
providing a standard power source producing a pulsating voltage at a first rated value;
selecting a radiant energy device rated at a second voltage value substantially smaller than said first rated value of said pulsating voltage;
supplying pulsating voltage from said standard power source to a voltage conversion circuit having an output;
applying approximately one-half of each pulse supplied to said voltage conversion circuit to said output thereof to establish a discontinuous operating voltage whose peak values are similar to those of the voltage supplied to said voltage conversion circuit and whose effective value substantially corresponds to said second voltage value at which said radiant energy device is rated; and connecting said radiant energy device to said output of said voltage conversion circuit to apply said discontinuous voltage thereto whereby peak values of voltage are applied to said radiant energy device which substantially exceed said second voltage value while said effective value of said discontinuous voltage substantially corresponds to said second voltage value at which said radiant energy device is rated, and said radiant energy device producing a greater intensity of radiant energy for the same input of power than a radiant energy device having a voltage rating corresponding to said standard power source.
providing a standard power source producing a pulsating voltage at a first rated value;
selecting a radiant energy device rated at a second voltage value substantially smaller than said first rated value of said pulsating voltage;
supplying pulsating voltage from said standard power source to a voltage conversion circuit having an output;
applying approximately one-half of each pulse supplied to said voltage conversion circuit to said output thereof to establish a discontinuous operating voltage whose peak values are similar to those of the voltage supplied to said voltage conversion circuit and whose effective value substantially corresponds to said second voltage value at which said radiant energy device is rated; and connecting said radiant energy device to said output of said voltage conversion circuit to apply said discontinuous voltage thereto whereby peak values of voltage are applied to said radiant energy device which substantially exceed said second voltage value while said effective value of said discontinuous voltage substantially corresponds to said second voltage value at which said radiant energy device is rated, and said radiant energy device producing a greater intensity of radiant energy for the same input of power than a radiant energy device having a voltage rating corresponding to said standard power source.
2. The method according to Claim 1 wherein said pulsating voltage of said standard power source takes the form of a sinusoidal A.C. voltage having alternate half-cycles of opposite polarity and each pulse supplied to said voltage conversion circuit corresponding to a succeeding half-cycle of said A.C. voltage.
3. The method according to Claim 1 wherein said pulsating voltage of said standard power source takes the form of a pulsed D.C. supply.
4. The method according to Claim 1 wherein slightly less than one-half of each pulse supplied to said voltage conversion circuit is applied to the output thereof.
5. The method according to Claim 2 wherein said standard power source selected has a rating of 220-240 V and said effective value of said discontinuous operating voltage is 110-130 V.
6. The method according to either of Claims 2 and 3 wherein the steps of applying approximately one-half of each pulse supplied to said voltage conver-sion circuit to the output thereof is carried out by applying approximately the leading half of each pulse received to said output to produce said discontinuous operating voltage.
7. The method according to either of Claims 2 and 3 wherein the step of applying approximately one-half of each pulse supplied to said voltage conversion circuit to the output thereof is carried out by applying approximately the lagging half of each pulse received to said output to produce said discontinuous operating voltage.
8. The method according to either of Claims 1 and 2, wherein said radiant energy device selected emits radiation within the visable spectrum.
9. The method according to either of Claims 3 and 4, wherein said radiant energy device selected emits radiation within the visable spectrum.
10. The method according to Claim 5, wherein said radiant energy device selected emits radiation within the visable spectrum.
11. Apparatus for increasing radiation provided as a function of energy consumed comprising:
means for applying pulsating voltage at a first rated value from a standard supply;
a radiant energy device rated at a second voltage value substantially smaller than said first rated value of said pulsating voltage; and voltage conversion means for receiving pulses from said means for applying and supplying approximately one-half of each pulse received to said radiant energy device, said voltage conversion means producing a discontinuous operating voltage for said radiant energy device having peak values similar to those of the pulses received but having a shortened duration and a resulting effective value substantially corresponding to said second voltage value at which said radiant energy device is rated, said radiant energy device rated at said second voltage being responsive to said discontinuous operating voltage having peak values substantially exceeding said second voltage value and said resulting effective value substantially corresponding to said second voltage value to produce radiant energy having a greater intensity for the same power input than a radiant energy device having a voltage rating corresponding to said first rated value.
means for applying pulsating voltage at a first rated value from a standard supply;
a radiant energy device rated at a second voltage value substantially smaller than said first rated value of said pulsating voltage; and voltage conversion means for receiving pulses from said means for applying and supplying approximately one-half of each pulse received to said radiant energy device, said voltage conversion means producing a discontinuous operating voltage for said radiant energy device having peak values similar to those of the pulses received but having a shortened duration and a resulting effective value substantially corresponding to said second voltage value at which said radiant energy device is rated, said radiant energy device rated at said second voltage being responsive to said discontinuous operating voltage having peak values substantially exceeding said second voltage value and said resulting effective value substantially corresponding to said second voltage value to produce radiant energy having a greater intensity for the same power input than a radiant energy device having a voltage rating corresponding to said first rated value.
12. The apparatus according to Claim 11 wherein said voltage conversion means includes at least one silicon controlled rectifier.
13. The apparatus according to Claim 12 wherein said voltage conversion means includes a triac having a diac connected to a triggering electrode thereof.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| SE7707771-7 | 1977-07-05 | ||
| SE7707771A SE7707771L (en) | 1977-07-05 | 1977-07-05 | METHOD OF POWERING RADIATION-GENERATING DEVICES AND DEVICE FOR IMPLEMENTING THE KIT |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1115338A true CA1115338A (en) | 1981-12-29 |
Family
ID=20331787
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA306,727A Expired CA1115338A (en) | 1977-07-05 | 1978-07-04 | Method and apparatus for operating radiant devices |
Country Status (14)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5456269A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU522642B2 (en) |
| BE (1) | BE868756A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1115338A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2829178A1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK303878A (en) |
| FI (1) | FI782153A (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2397123A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2000920B (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1097812B (en) |
| LU (1) | LU79919A1 (en) |
| NL (1) | NL7807075A (en) |
| NO (1) | NO782324L (en) |
| SE (1) | SE7707771L (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2120869A (en) * | 1982-05-04 | 1983-12-07 | Gen Electric | Controlling the output level of an electrical power supply |
| GB8412699D0 (en) * | 1984-05-18 | 1984-06-27 | Gen Electric Co Plc | Load supply circuit and lamp module |
| DE3806909A1 (en) * | 1988-03-03 | 1989-09-07 | Beme Electronic Gmbh | SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1381876A (en) * | 1971-07-30 | 1975-01-29 | Rca Corp | Switching circuits for controlling the supply of power to a load |
| GB1460006A (en) * | 1973-04-03 | 1976-12-31 | Moores G E | Variable brightness lamp |
| GB1445186A (en) * | 1973-12-06 | 1976-08-04 | Home Automation Ltd | Choke |
-
1977
- 1977-07-05 SE SE7707771A patent/SE7707771L/en unknown
-
1978
- 1978-06-30 NL NL7807075A patent/NL7807075A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1978-07-03 DE DE19782829178 patent/DE2829178A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1978-07-04 IT IT25301/78A patent/IT1097812B/en active
- 1978-07-04 FI FI782153A patent/FI782153A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1978-07-04 NO NO782324A patent/NO782324L/en unknown
- 1978-07-04 GB GB7828758A patent/GB2000920B/en not_active Expired
- 1978-07-04 AU AU37744/78A patent/AU522642B2/en not_active Expired
- 1978-07-04 LU LU79919A patent/LU79919A1/xx unknown
- 1978-07-04 CA CA306,727A patent/CA1115338A/en not_active Expired
- 1978-07-05 FR FR7820060A patent/FR2397123A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1978-07-05 JP JP8247678A patent/JPS5456269A/en active Pending
- 1978-07-05 DK DK783038A patent/DK303878A/en unknown
- 1978-07-05 BE BE189083A patent/BE868756A/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2000920B (en) | 1982-07-28 |
| GB2000920A (en) | 1979-01-17 |
| FR2397123A1 (en) | 1979-02-02 |
| AU3774478A (en) | 1980-01-10 |
| DE2829178A1 (en) | 1979-02-01 |
| NO782324L (en) | 1979-01-08 |
| IT1097812B (en) | 1985-08-31 |
| JPS5456269A (en) | 1979-05-07 |
| LU79919A1 (en) | 1978-12-07 |
| AU522642B2 (en) | 1982-06-17 |
| SE7707771L (en) | 1979-01-06 |
| BE868756A (en) | 1978-11-03 |
| IT7825301A0 (en) | 1978-07-04 |
| FI782153A (en) | 1979-01-06 |
| DK303878A (en) | 1979-01-06 |
| NL7807075A (en) | 1979-01-09 |
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| MKEX | Expiry |