CA1045222A - Aluminum alloy composite electrical conductor - Google Patents
Aluminum alloy composite electrical conductorInfo
- Publication number
- CA1045222A CA1045222A CA232,566A CA232566A CA1045222A CA 1045222 A CA1045222 A CA 1045222A CA 232566 A CA232566 A CA 232566A CA 1045222 A CA1045222 A CA 1045222A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- aluminum
- aluminum alloy
- per cent
- weight per
- electrical conductor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B5/00—Non-insulated conductors or conductive bodies characterised by their form
- H01B5/08—Several wires or the like stranded in the form of a rope
- H01B5/10—Several wires or the like stranded in the form of a rope stranded around a space, insulating material, or dissimilar conducting material
- H01B5/102—Several wires or the like stranded in the form of a rope stranded around a space, insulating material, or dissimilar conducting material stranded around a high tensile strength core
- H01B5/104—Several wires or the like stranded in the form of a rope stranded around a space, insulating material, or dissimilar conducting material stranded around a high tensile strength core composed of metallic wires, e.g. steel wires
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/02—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of metals or alloys
- H01B1/023—Alloys based on aluminium
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
The disclosed composite conductor has a steel component for supporting the weight of an annealed aluminum alloy -- steel composite overhead electrical conductor. Annealing the high strength aluminum alloy component improves service performance of the conductor by providing for sustained operation at high conductor temperatures without detriment to the mechanical properties thereof. The aluminum alloy component is specially formulated to have a tensile strength in the annealed condition which is substantially equivalent to the tensile strength of hard drawn EC aluminum. Consequently, the conductor of this invention has the strength of prior art cables having hard drawn aluminum components, while at the same time yielding high temperature operating characteristics of prior art cables having annealed aluminum components.
The disclosed composite conductor has a steel component for supporting the weight of an annealed aluminum alloy -- steel composite overhead electrical conductor. Annealing the high strength aluminum alloy component improves service performance of the conductor by providing for sustained operation at high conductor temperatures without detriment to the mechanical properties thereof. The aluminum alloy component is specially formulated to have a tensile strength in the annealed condition which is substantially equivalent to the tensile strength of hard drawn EC aluminum. Consequently, the conductor of this invention has the strength of prior art cables having hard drawn aluminum components, while at the same time yielding high temperature operating characteristics of prior art cables having annealed aluminum components.
Description
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BACKGROUND OF THE I~VENTION
The principle of using aluminum upon steel as an over-head conductor has been widely used in recognition of the high conductivity of the former and the high strength of the latter.
The designation by which this type of conductor is usually known in technical and trade literature is "ACSR" for Aluminum Conductor, -`~
Steel Reinforced. The industry-recognized manufacturing speci-fication for conventional ACSR is ASTM Specification B 232, "Standard Specification for Aluminum Conductors, Concentric-Lay-Stranded Steel Reinforced (ACSR)." The principle is also employed ~ -with the type conductor described by Edwards (U.S. Pat. No.
3,378,631).
Aluminum and aluminum-steel overhead conductors are traditionally made in tempers that provide a tensile strength as high as commercially feasible. Normally overhead lines are designed to utilize this strength to the greatest practical-degree, ~
therefore the operating stresses upon the aluminum component of ` `
these conductors are substantial. The temper and the magnitude of operating stresses relate directly to the problem of loss of strength at high operating temperatures and long-time creep. For example, when wires of different metals, such as steel and EC-Hl9 aluminum, are pulled in unison, as they are in a composite stranded conductor, the metal having the least ductility will be the first to break. In conventional composite conductors wherein aluminum is the current carrying metal, such as ACSR, aluminum wires have the least ductility and fail at an extension as low as one percent. For this reason, strength in the steel core of ACSR beyond one percent extension is not useful for rating the strength of the conductor.
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When conventional ACSR composite conductors (having a hard drawn EC aluminum component) are strung-in overhead between spaced ports the amount of sag in the cable at installa-tion is calculated by taking into consideration the tensile strengths and elongations of both the steel core and the aluminum component. However, at elevated temperatures the hard drawn alumimum component will begin to anneal, thereby gaining elonga-tion and losing strength, consequently causing the steel core to carry a greater percentage of the load. This will cause an increase in the amount of sag of the cable beyond the amount of sag at installation. Because the amount of sag in an overhead cable is not permitted to exceed a predetermined maximum, it should be apparent that conventional ACSR type cable cannot be utilized at temperatures beyond that which causes unacceptable -annealing of the aluminum component.
U.S. Patent No. 3813481 represents one attempt to over-come the foregoing problems with ACSR type cable. The conductor described in U.S. Patent No~ 3813481 consists of a fully-annealed aluminum component supported by a steel core. Because the aluminum is fully annealed, it has increased elongation charac-teristics and thus the cable can be utilized at higher operating temperatures than ACSR conductors. At installation the aluminum component is elongated beyond its yield point such that the steel core carries substantially the entire load of the composite con-ductor. Inasmuch as the sag at installation is calculated solely on the basis of the tensile strength and elongation of the steel core, there will be no further sag at elevated operating tempera-tures because the steel core is already carrying the entire load at installation.
However, because the aluminum component does not :
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contribute to the load-carrying capability of the composite conductor in the aforementioned prior art cable, the steel must be of a greater cross-sectional dimension than conventional ACSR cable in order to make up for the lack of load-carrying capability of the aluminum. This increased cross-section of the composite conductor has presented problems in joining the cable at conventional connectors which are sized to accept the smaller cross-sectional dimensions of ACSR conductors. On the other hand, if the steel cross-section is maintained the same as in conven-tional cable, then the ultimate tensile strength of the cable is reduced as compared with that of conventional cable.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In view of the foregoing, it should be apparent that there is still a need in the cable-making art for an effective cable which will operate at high temperatures while maintaining its strength and sag and tension properties. Accordingly, there has been provided in accordance with this invention a novel composite conductor wherein the aluminum component is formulated from an aluminum alloy which has a high tensile strength in the annealed condition which is equivalent to the tensile strength of EC hard drawn. Consequently, the aluminum component can carry a portion of the load which permits:
1. The use of less steel and consequently more aluminum in a cross-section equivalent to the cross-sectional dimension of the aforementioned prior art U.S. Patent No. 3813481, and therefore a greater current-carrying capability than said prior art cable; or .. . . . . . . .
BACKGROUND OF THE I~VENTION
The principle of using aluminum upon steel as an over-head conductor has been widely used in recognition of the high conductivity of the former and the high strength of the latter.
The designation by which this type of conductor is usually known in technical and trade literature is "ACSR" for Aluminum Conductor, -`~
Steel Reinforced. The industry-recognized manufacturing speci-fication for conventional ACSR is ASTM Specification B 232, "Standard Specification for Aluminum Conductors, Concentric-Lay-Stranded Steel Reinforced (ACSR)." The principle is also employed ~ -with the type conductor described by Edwards (U.S. Pat. No.
3,378,631).
Aluminum and aluminum-steel overhead conductors are traditionally made in tempers that provide a tensile strength as high as commercially feasible. Normally overhead lines are designed to utilize this strength to the greatest practical-degree, ~
therefore the operating stresses upon the aluminum component of ` `
these conductors are substantial. The temper and the magnitude of operating stresses relate directly to the problem of loss of strength at high operating temperatures and long-time creep. For example, when wires of different metals, such as steel and EC-Hl9 aluminum, are pulled in unison, as they are in a composite stranded conductor, the metal having the least ductility will be the first to break. In conventional composite conductors wherein aluminum is the current carrying metal, such as ACSR, aluminum wires have the least ductility and fail at an extension as low as one percent. For this reason, strength in the steel core of ACSR beyond one percent extension is not useful for rating the strength of the conductor.
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When conventional ACSR composite conductors (having a hard drawn EC aluminum component) are strung-in overhead between spaced ports the amount of sag in the cable at installa-tion is calculated by taking into consideration the tensile strengths and elongations of both the steel core and the aluminum component. However, at elevated temperatures the hard drawn alumimum component will begin to anneal, thereby gaining elonga-tion and losing strength, consequently causing the steel core to carry a greater percentage of the load. This will cause an increase in the amount of sag of the cable beyond the amount of sag at installation. Because the amount of sag in an overhead cable is not permitted to exceed a predetermined maximum, it should be apparent that conventional ACSR type cable cannot be utilized at temperatures beyond that which causes unacceptable -annealing of the aluminum component.
U.S. Patent No. 3813481 represents one attempt to over-come the foregoing problems with ACSR type cable. The conductor described in U.S. Patent No~ 3813481 consists of a fully-annealed aluminum component supported by a steel core. Because the aluminum is fully annealed, it has increased elongation charac-teristics and thus the cable can be utilized at higher operating temperatures than ACSR conductors. At installation the aluminum component is elongated beyond its yield point such that the steel core carries substantially the entire load of the composite con-ductor. Inasmuch as the sag at installation is calculated solely on the basis of the tensile strength and elongation of the steel core, there will be no further sag at elevated operating tempera-tures because the steel core is already carrying the entire load at installation.
However, because the aluminum component does not :
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contribute to the load-carrying capability of the composite conductor in the aforementioned prior art cable, the steel must be of a greater cross-sectional dimension than conventional ACSR cable in order to make up for the lack of load-carrying capability of the aluminum. This increased cross-section of the composite conductor has presented problems in joining the cable at conventional connectors which are sized to accept the smaller cross-sectional dimensions of ACSR conductors. On the other hand, if the steel cross-section is maintained the same as in conven-tional cable, then the ultimate tensile strength of the cable is reduced as compared with that of conventional cable.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In view of the foregoing, it should be apparent that there is still a need in the cable-making art for an effective cable which will operate at high temperatures while maintaining its strength and sag and tension properties. Accordingly, there has been provided in accordance with this invention a novel composite conductor wherein the aluminum component is formulated from an aluminum alloy which has a high tensile strength in the annealed condition which is equivalent to the tensile strength of EC hard drawn. Consequently, the aluminum component can carry a portion of the load which permits:
1. The use of less steel and consequently more aluminum in a cross-section equivalent to the cross-sectional dimension of the aforementioned prior art U.S. Patent No. 3813481, and therefore a greater current-carrying capability than said prior art cable; or .. . . . . . . .
2. The same steel cross-sectional dimension as in the priol art cable while achieving a higher operating temperature than conventional EC ACSR cable.
At the same time, the annealed aluminum component of the instant invention has greater elongation than the aluminum component in conventional ACSR cable and will thus continue to carry a portion of the load at elevated temperatures, thereby mitigating the tendency to increase the sag in the cable as occurs with conventional ACSR composite conductors at elevated tempera-tures where the hard drawn aluminum component loses its strength.
In its broadest aspect, therefore, the instant invention is directed to an electrical conductor for an overhead power line comprising a steel core and an aluminum component stranded about the core having an electrical conductivity of at least 61% IACS, said aluminum component being in an at least partially annealed condition; characterized in that said at least partially annealed aluminum component is an aluminum alloy having yield strength and elongation characteristics when at least partially annealed such that the aluminum component will act as a load-carrying element when the conductor is strung-in between spaced supports and tensioned in excess of tensile loads beyond which the annealed aluminum components of prior art composite conductors exceed their yield point, thus achieving improved qualities of fatigue re-sistance as compared with prior art at least partially annealed aluminum components which are adapted to carry none of the load under comparable tensile stresses, while at the same time pre-venting sag in the conductor at elevated temperatures.
More particularly, the aluminum alloy component of this invention has a yield strength of from 13,000 PSI for an elonga-~, . . . .. . .. .
1~45ZZ2 tion of 5~ when partially annealed to a yield strength of at least 8500 PSI for an elongation of 15~ when fully annealed.
In one embodiment of the invention the aluminum alloy component consists essentially of from 0.30 to 0.95 weight percent iron; from 0.01 to 0.15 weight percent silicon; and the remainder aluminum with associated trace elements not exceeding 0.05 weight percent.
In a second embodiment of the invention the aluminum alloy component consists essentially of from 0.20 to 2.00 weight cobalt; from 0.10 to 1.30 weight percent iron; from 0.0001 to 1.00 weight percent magnesium; from 0 to 1.75 weight percent of at least one additional alloying element selected from the group consisting of: nickel, copper, silicon, zirconium, niolium, tantalum, yttrium, scandium,thorium, carbon, rare earth metals;
and the remainder aluminum with associated trace elements.
In a third embodiment of the invention the aluminum alloy component consists essentially of from 0.20 to 1.60 weight percent nickel; from 0.30 to 1.30 weight percent iron; and the remainder aluminum with associated trace elements.
The composite multistrand electrical conductor of this invention is particularly adaptable and useful in those environ-ments where a conductor of composite construction not only must have overall characteristics of relatively high electrical con-ductivity ~ut at the same time a relatively high strength to weight ratio, a relatively high strength to operating temperature ~;~
ratio, and a relatively high current carrying capacity. These ~ -and other objects, features and advantages of the present ~ ~
invention become more apparent in a review of the following speci- -fication when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which are shown for purposes of illustration only.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE_DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 is a transverse cross-sectional view of a steel supported aluminum alloy overhead conductor comprising a sheath of aluminum wires helically stranded over a core of stranded steel wires.
Fig. 2 is a transverse cross-sectional view of a steel supported aluminum alloy overhead conductor comprising a seamless tube of aluminum alloy provided about a core of stranded steel wires;
Fig. 3 is a transverse cross-sectional view of a steel supported aluminum alloy overhead conductor comprising a welded seam tube of aluminum alloy provided about a core of stranded steel wires;
Fig. 4 is a transverse cross-sectional view of a steel supported aluminum alloy overhead conductor comprising a sheath of keystone-sectioned aluminum alloy strips about a core of stranded steel wires;
Fig. 5 is a transverse cross-sectional view of a steel supported aluminum alloy overhead conductor comprising a sheath of flat, round-edged aluminum alloy strips helically stranded about a core of stranded steel wires.
Following a practice which is common in the wire and cable industry, the entire article of the invention is referred to herein as a "conductor" even though the aluminum alloy portion thereof would in a strictly technical sense be more accurately designated the conductor. ~;^
Unless otherwise indicated or obvious from the context, absolute valves of dimensions given herein are for illustrative purposes only, to enable a more concise discussion of the preferred embodiments.
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With reference to FIG. I, there is depicted a steel supported aluminum alloy overhead conductor 10 comprising a stranded steel core 12 and an electrically conductive helically stranded aluminum alloy component 14 received over the core 12.
In the instance depicted, the aluminum alloy component is in the form of two superimposed layers 16 and 18 of helically wound layers of aluminum alloy wires 20.
The steel core 12 may be of any desired kind but is preferably made of stranded steel wires. They may, for example, be identical in composition and fabrication to the cores used in stranded ACSR conductors; see AS~M B 232 "Aluminum Conductors, Steel Reinforced, Concentric-Lay Stranded (ACSR)," B 341 "Aluminum-Coated (Aluminized) Steel Core Wire for Aluminum Conductors, Steel Reinforced (ACSR)," B 502 "Aluminum-Clad Steel Reinforced (ACSR-/AW)" and B 498 "Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Core Wire for Aluminum Conductors, Steel Reinforced (ACSR)."
As illustrated, the steel core 12 consists of seven 0.1360 diameter steel strands 22 helically stranded to produce a core having an O.D. of 0.4080 inch.
Aluminum alloy wires 20 are then either partially annealed to half-hard temper or fully annealed, and then stranded directly upon the core 12 to form the conductor of the present invention. As can be seen by examining Table I, below, the conductors X, Y and Z of the present invention, while having a ~ .
slig~tly lower average tensile strength and yield strength when compared to EC-H-l9 aluminum, their tensile strenths and yield strengths exceed those of prior art annealed aluminum steel composite conductors by more than 200 percent. Moreover, the aluminum alloy wires 20 of the present invention have an elonga-tion sufficient to offer the advantages of less sag and higher operating temperatures.
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1045;~Z2 When annealed aluminum alloy wires are used, the rated strength of ACSR type conductors is calculated differently than if hard drawn wires are used. This is because the elongation of the hard drawn aluminum wires (on the order of 2 percent) is sub-stantially less than that of the steel wires (on the order of 5 percent), whereas the elongation of annealed aluminum alloy wires is substantially greater than the elongation of steel. With hard drawn aluminum wires having low elongation, the rated strength of a conductor is calculated on the basis of the full strength of the aluminum wires plus the strength of the steel at only 1 percent elongation. With the annealed aluminum alloy wires having greater elongation and high strength the full strength of the steel wires can be used for calculating the rated strength, thereby providing a conductor of higher strength which can with-stand sustained operation at 150 to 200C without substantial decrease in its mechanical properties.
In one embodiment of the present invention, identified in Table I as Alloy X, the aluminum component 14 of the overhead conductor 10 is preferably fabricated from an aluminum alloy which consists essentially of from about 0.30 to about 0.95 `
percent iron, 0.01 to about 0.15 percent silicon, 0.0001 to about 0.05 percent of trace elements selected from the group consisting essentially of vanadium, copper, manganese, magnesium, boron and titanium. In the preferred form of this embodiment the aluminum alloy component 14 of overhead conductor 10, the iron to silicon ratio must be at least 1.99:1 or greater and is preferably 8:1 or greater. In the most preferred form after annealing aluminum alloy component 14, iron alumnate inclusions are formed therein, a majority of these iron alumnate inclusions have a particle size less than 2,000 angstrom units when measured in a direction . . .
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perpendicular to the longitudinal axes of said inclusions. These inclusions are substantially evenly distributed throughout the aluminum alloy component 14.
In a second embodiment of the present invention,identi-fied in TAsLE I as Alloy Y, the aluminum component 14 of the overhead conductor 10 is preferably fabricated from an aluminum alloy which consists essentially of from about 0.20 to about 2.00 percent cobalt, about 0.1 to about 1.3 percent iron, about 0.001 to about 1.00 percent magnesium and up to about 1.75 percent of an additional alloying element selected from a group consisting of: nickel, copper, silicon, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, yttrium, scandium, thorium, carbon, rare earth metals and mixtures of two or more of the foregoing,the remainder being aluminum with associated trace elements.
In a third embodiment of the present invention, identi-fied in TABLE I as alloy Z, the aluminum component of overhead conductor 10 is preferably fabricated from an aluminum alloy which consists essentially of nickel, iron, other optional alloying elements and aluminum. It has been found that suitable results are obtained when nickel is present in a weight percentage of from about 0.20 percent to about 1.60 percent. Superior results are obtained when nickel is present in a weight percentage of from 0.50 percent to about 1.00 percent and particularly superior and preferred results are obtained where nickel is present in a weight percentage of from about 0.60 to about 0.80 percent.
Suitable results are obtained with iron present in amounts of from about 0.30 percent to about 1.30 percent.
Superior results are obtained when iron is present in amounts of from about 0.40 percent to about 0.80 percent and pa~ticularly superior and preferred results are obtained when iron is present in amounts of from about 0.45 percent to about 0.65 percent.
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The aluminum content of the aluminum alloy component 14 may vary from about 97.00 peraent to about 99.50 percent by weight with superior results being obtained when the aluminum content varies between about 97.80 percent and about 99.20 percent by weight. Since the percentages for maximum and minimum aluminum do not correspond with the maximums and minimums for the alloying elements, it should be apparent that suitable results are not obtained if the maximum amounts of all alloying elements are used.
If commercial aluminum is employed in preparing the aluminum alloy component 14 of the present condùctor 10, it is preferred that the aluminum, prior to addition of the recited alloying elements, contain no more than about 0.10 percent total impuri-ties.
Optionally the present aluminum alloy component 14 may contain an additional alloying element or group of alloying elements. The total concentration of the optional alloying elements may be up to about 2.00 percent by weight, preferably from about 0.10 percent to about 1.50 percent by weight is used.
Particularly superior and preferred results are obtained when -from about 0.10 to about 1.00 percent by weight of total addi-tional alloying elements is employed.
Superior results are obtained when the additional alloying elements shown in TABLE II are used.
TABLE II
ELEMENT PERCENT BY WEIGHT
Magnesium 0.001 to 1.00 Cobalt 0.001 to 1.00 Copper 0.05 to 1.00 Silicon 0.05 to 1.00 , ... . . . ,, . . ~ .
.. .: , ~. . : - , .
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TABLE II (Cont.) ELEMENT PERCENT BY WEIGHT
Zirconium 0.01 to 1.00 Niobium 0.01 to 2.00 Tantalum 0.01 to 2.00 Yttrium 0.01 to 1.00 Scandium 0.01 to 1.00 Thorium 0.01 to 1.00 Rare Earth Metals 0.01 to 2.00 Carbon 0.01 to 1.00 Preferred results are obtained when either cobalt or magnesium is used as the additional alloying element. Suitable results are obtained when either magnesium or cobalt is used in amounts of from about 0.001 to about 1.00 percent by weight with superior results being obtained when from about 0.025 to about 0.50 percent of either cobalt or magnesium is used. Particularly preferred results are obtained when from about 0.03 to about 0.10 percent by weight of either cobalt or magnesium is used.
The rare earth metals may be present either individually within the range shown in TABLE II or as either a partial or ;
total group, the total amount present as a group being within the range shown for rare earth metals in TABLE II.
It should be understood that the additional alloying elements may be present either individually or as a group of two or more elements. It should be understood, however, that if two or more of the additional alloying elements are employed, the total concentration of additional alloying elements should not exceed about 2.00 percent by weight.
Referring now to FIG 2, there is shown a steel sup-ported aluminum alloy overhead conductor 30 which includes steel core 12 as described above in relation to FIG. 1, and a tubular - . : - ~ .
~ . .
1~45Z22 aluminum alloy component 32 extruded in an integral condition over the core. The extrusion operation is performed at tempera-tures which leaves the aluminum alloy component 32 in annealed condition having the properties required for purposes of the present invention.
Referring to FIG. 3, there is shown an alternative to the construction depicted in FIG. 2 in that a steel supported aluminum alloy overhead conductor 42 is provided with a tubular aluminum alloy component 40 by wrapping a single broad strip 44 of electrically conductive annealed aluminum alloy about the steel core 12 and welding its formerly laterally opposite edges to one another at 46 utilizing conventional welding equipment and techniques.
Aluminum alloy strands of other-than-circular cross- ~;~
sectional shape may be employed. By way of illustration (FIG. 4) there may be used, upon a 7 X 0.1489 inch helically stranded steel core 12 having an outer diameter of 0.4467 inch, a tube of electrically conductive annealed aluminum alloy 27 having an inside diameter at its fabrication of 0.4467 inch and consisting of 10 trapezoidally shaped wires 29 having a thickness of 0.20 inch.
In FIG. 5, the first inner layer of the tubular aluminum alloy conductor is provided by three helically stranded, round-edge aluminum alloy strips each 0.1 inch thick and approximately 0.4 inch wide, this layer having an internal diameter of 0.399 inch at the time of fabrication, and an external diameter of 0.599 inch. The second, outer layer of the tubular aluminum alloy conductor is helically stranded immediately upon the first, in an opposite helical sense, and consists of four, round-edge alumimum alloy strips each 0.1 inch thick and approximately 0.4 inch wide, . .-, . . . .. : , ~
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this layer having an internal diameter of 0.599 inch at the time of manufacture, and an external diameter of 0.799 inch. In each instance, the strips of aluminum alloy are curved about the longitudinal axis of the tubular aluminum conductor so that each is accurate as seen in transverse cross-section.
The strips 20 are of electrically conductive aluminum alloy and fully annealled before stranding. The layer 16 could be formed from a greater or a lesser number of strips 20.
In summary, the electrically conductive aluminum alloy may have preferred weight ranges for composition elements within the ranges earlier disclosed, wherein a preferred weight range for iron is 0.55 to 0.65 weight per cent; and that of silicon 0.01 to 0.7 weight per cent; and that of ~-aluminum 99.10 to 99.40 weight per cent with of course ;
associate trace elements; alternatively the conductor may be further characterized in that the aluminum alloy compon-ent includes substantially that evenly distributed iron aluminate inclusions with particulate size of less than about two thousand angstrom units. In another variation of the pre~erred form the electric conductor may consist of 0.55 to 0.95 weight per cent cobalt and from 0.10 to 0.30 weight per cent of iron while the remainder volume of the conductor is aluminum with associated trace elements;
alternatively the remainder of the volume of the conductor may be aluminum with associated trace elements wherein the the aluminum component is fully annealled and tempered and has a yield strength of at least 10,000 p.s.i. for an elongation of 15~ in 10 inches.
Further the aluminum aloide component in another .~
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embodiment has substantially evenly distributed cobalt aluminate inclusions of a particle size less than 2 microns in length and less than 1/2 microns in width. Further ~;
where the aluminum aloide component contains silicon its preferred weight range may be from 0.01 to 0.07 weight per cent of the composition of the aluminum alloy.
It should be apparent, integral or welded tubes, -wire and strip may all alternatively be used in the fabrication of the conductor in accordance with the ~ ~
invention disclosed herein. The particular mode which ~ -would be preferably at any given point in time would be the one that could most economically be produced at the time of manufacture or meet other considerations of design prejudice.
While present preferred embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it will ~ -.
be understood that the invention is not limited thereto but may be otherwise embodied and practised without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention concept herein disclosed.
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At the same time, the annealed aluminum component of the instant invention has greater elongation than the aluminum component in conventional ACSR cable and will thus continue to carry a portion of the load at elevated temperatures, thereby mitigating the tendency to increase the sag in the cable as occurs with conventional ACSR composite conductors at elevated tempera-tures where the hard drawn aluminum component loses its strength.
In its broadest aspect, therefore, the instant invention is directed to an electrical conductor for an overhead power line comprising a steel core and an aluminum component stranded about the core having an electrical conductivity of at least 61% IACS, said aluminum component being in an at least partially annealed condition; characterized in that said at least partially annealed aluminum component is an aluminum alloy having yield strength and elongation characteristics when at least partially annealed such that the aluminum component will act as a load-carrying element when the conductor is strung-in between spaced supports and tensioned in excess of tensile loads beyond which the annealed aluminum components of prior art composite conductors exceed their yield point, thus achieving improved qualities of fatigue re-sistance as compared with prior art at least partially annealed aluminum components which are adapted to carry none of the load under comparable tensile stresses, while at the same time pre-venting sag in the conductor at elevated temperatures.
More particularly, the aluminum alloy component of this invention has a yield strength of from 13,000 PSI for an elonga-~, . . . .. . .. .
1~45ZZ2 tion of 5~ when partially annealed to a yield strength of at least 8500 PSI for an elongation of 15~ when fully annealed.
In one embodiment of the invention the aluminum alloy component consists essentially of from 0.30 to 0.95 weight percent iron; from 0.01 to 0.15 weight percent silicon; and the remainder aluminum with associated trace elements not exceeding 0.05 weight percent.
In a second embodiment of the invention the aluminum alloy component consists essentially of from 0.20 to 2.00 weight cobalt; from 0.10 to 1.30 weight percent iron; from 0.0001 to 1.00 weight percent magnesium; from 0 to 1.75 weight percent of at least one additional alloying element selected from the group consisting of: nickel, copper, silicon, zirconium, niolium, tantalum, yttrium, scandium,thorium, carbon, rare earth metals;
and the remainder aluminum with associated trace elements.
In a third embodiment of the invention the aluminum alloy component consists essentially of from 0.20 to 1.60 weight percent nickel; from 0.30 to 1.30 weight percent iron; and the remainder aluminum with associated trace elements.
The composite multistrand electrical conductor of this invention is particularly adaptable and useful in those environ-ments where a conductor of composite construction not only must have overall characteristics of relatively high electrical con-ductivity ~ut at the same time a relatively high strength to weight ratio, a relatively high strength to operating temperature ~;~
ratio, and a relatively high current carrying capacity. These ~ -and other objects, features and advantages of the present ~ ~
invention become more apparent in a review of the following speci- -fication when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which are shown for purposes of illustration only.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE_DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 is a transverse cross-sectional view of a steel supported aluminum alloy overhead conductor comprising a sheath of aluminum wires helically stranded over a core of stranded steel wires.
Fig. 2 is a transverse cross-sectional view of a steel supported aluminum alloy overhead conductor comprising a seamless tube of aluminum alloy provided about a core of stranded steel wires;
Fig. 3 is a transverse cross-sectional view of a steel supported aluminum alloy overhead conductor comprising a welded seam tube of aluminum alloy provided about a core of stranded steel wires;
Fig. 4 is a transverse cross-sectional view of a steel supported aluminum alloy overhead conductor comprising a sheath of keystone-sectioned aluminum alloy strips about a core of stranded steel wires;
Fig. 5 is a transverse cross-sectional view of a steel supported aluminum alloy overhead conductor comprising a sheath of flat, round-edged aluminum alloy strips helically stranded about a core of stranded steel wires.
Following a practice which is common in the wire and cable industry, the entire article of the invention is referred to herein as a "conductor" even though the aluminum alloy portion thereof would in a strictly technical sense be more accurately designated the conductor. ~;^
Unless otherwise indicated or obvious from the context, absolute valves of dimensions given herein are for illustrative purposes only, to enable a more concise discussion of the preferred embodiments.
1(~45ZZZ:
With reference to FIG. I, there is depicted a steel supported aluminum alloy overhead conductor 10 comprising a stranded steel core 12 and an electrically conductive helically stranded aluminum alloy component 14 received over the core 12.
In the instance depicted, the aluminum alloy component is in the form of two superimposed layers 16 and 18 of helically wound layers of aluminum alloy wires 20.
The steel core 12 may be of any desired kind but is preferably made of stranded steel wires. They may, for example, be identical in composition and fabrication to the cores used in stranded ACSR conductors; see AS~M B 232 "Aluminum Conductors, Steel Reinforced, Concentric-Lay Stranded (ACSR)," B 341 "Aluminum-Coated (Aluminized) Steel Core Wire for Aluminum Conductors, Steel Reinforced (ACSR)," B 502 "Aluminum-Clad Steel Reinforced (ACSR-/AW)" and B 498 "Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Core Wire for Aluminum Conductors, Steel Reinforced (ACSR)."
As illustrated, the steel core 12 consists of seven 0.1360 diameter steel strands 22 helically stranded to produce a core having an O.D. of 0.4080 inch.
Aluminum alloy wires 20 are then either partially annealed to half-hard temper or fully annealed, and then stranded directly upon the core 12 to form the conductor of the present invention. As can be seen by examining Table I, below, the conductors X, Y and Z of the present invention, while having a ~ .
slig~tly lower average tensile strength and yield strength when compared to EC-H-l9 aluminum, their tensile strenths and yield strengths exceed those of prior art annealed aluminum steel composite conductors by more than 200 percent. Moreover, the aluminum alloy wires 20 of the present invention have an elonga-tion sufficient to offer the advantages of less sag and higher operating temperatures.
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1045;~Z2 When annealed aluminum alloy wires are used, the rated strength of ACSR type conductors is calculated differently than if hard drawn wires are used. This is because the elongation of the hard drawn aluminum wires (on the order of 2 percent) is sub-stantially less than that of the steel wires (on the order of 5 percent), whereas the elongation of annealed aluminum alloy wires is substantially greater than the elongation of steel. With hard drawn aluminum wires having low elongation, the rated strength of a conductor is calculated on the basis of the full strength of the aluminum wires plus the strength of the steel at only 1 percent elongation. With the annealed aluminum alloy wires having greater elongation and high strength the full strength of the steel wires can be used for calculating the rated strength, thereby providing a conductor of higher strength which can with-stand sustained operation at 150 to 200C without substantial decrease in its mechanical properties.
In one embodiment of the present invention, identified in Table I as Alloy X, the aluminum component 14 of the overhead conductor 10 is preferably fabricated from an aluminum alloy which consists essentially of from about 0.30 to about 0.95 `
percent iron, 0.01 to about 0.15 percent silicon, 0.0001 to about 0.05 percent of trace elements selected from the group consisting essentially of vanadium, copper, manganese, magnesium, boron and titanium. In the preferred form of this embodiment the aluminum alloy component 14 of overhead conductor 10, the iron to silicon ratio must be at least 1.99:1 or greater and is preferably 8:1 or greater. In the most preferred form after annealing aluminum alloy component 14, iron alumnate inclusions are formed therein, a majority of these iron alumnate inclusions have a particle size less than 2,000 angstrom units when measured in a direction . . .
, . ' . , 1~45ZZZ
perpendicular to the longitudinal axes of said inclusions. These inclusions are substantially evenly distributed throughout the aluminum alloy component 14.
In a second embodiment of the present invention,identi-fied in TAsLE I as Alloy Y, the aluminum component 14 of the overhead conductor 10 is preferably fabricated from an aluminum alloy which consists essentially of from about 0.20 to about 2.00 percent cobalt, about 0.1 to about 1.3 percent iron, about 0.001 to about 1.00 percent magnesium and up to about 1.75 percent of an additional alloying element selected from a group consisting of: nickel, copper, silicon, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, yttrium, scandium, thorium, carbon, rare earth metals and mixtures of two or more of the foregoing,the remainder being aluminum with associated trace elements.
In a third embodiment of the present invention, identi-fied in TABLE I as alloy Z, the aluminum component of overhead conductor 10 is preferably fabricated from an aluminum alloy which consists essentially of nickel, iron, other optional alloying elements and aluminum. It has been found that suitable results are obtained when nickel is present in a weight percentage of from about 0.20 percent to about 1.60 percent. Superior results are obtained when nickel is present in a weight percentage of from 0.50 percent to about 1.00 percent and particularly superior and preferred results are obtained where nickel is present in a weight percentage of from about 0.60 to about 0.80 percent.
Suitable results are obtained with iron present in amounts of from about 0.30 percent to about 1.30 percent.
Superior results are obtained when iron is present in amounts of from about 0.40 percent to about 0.80 percent and pa~ticularly superior and preferred results are obtained when iron is present in amounts of from about 0.45 percent to about 0.65 percent.
.~.... . . ... . . . .
... . . . ...
1~45ZZZ .:
The aluminum content of the aluminum alloy component 14 may vary from about 97.00 peraent to about 99.50 percent by weight with superior results being obtained when the aluminum content varies between about 97.80 percent and about 99.20 percent by weight. Since the percentages for maximum and minimum aluminum do not correspond with the maximums and minimums for the alloying elements, it should be apparent that suitable results are not obtained if the maximum amounts of all alloying elements are used.
If commercial aluminum is employed in preparing the aluminum alloy component 14 of the present condùctor 10, it is preferred that the aluminum, prior to addition of the recited alloying elements, contain no more than about 0.10 percent total impuri-ties.
Optionally the present aluminum alloy component 14 may contain an additional alloying element or group of alloying elements. The total concentration of the optional alloying elements may be up to about 2.00 percent by weight, preferably from about 0.10 percent to about 1.50 percent by weight is used.
Particularly superior and preferred results are obtained when -from about 0.10 to about 1.00 percent by weight of total addi-tional alloying elements is employed.
Superior results are obtained when the additional alloying elements shown in TABLE II are used.
TABLE II
ELEMENT PERCENT BY WEIGHT
Magnesium 0.001 to 1.00 Cobalt 0.001 to 1.00 Copper 0.05 to 1.00 Silicon 0.05 to 1.00 , ... . . . ,, . . ~ .
.. .: , ~. . : - , .
. - ~::: .
TABLE II (Cont.) ELEMENT PERCENT BY WEIGHT
Zirconium 0.01 to 1.00 Niobium 0.01 to 2.00 Tantalum 0.01 to 2.00 Yttrium 0.01 to 1.00 Scandium 0.01 to 1.00 Thorium 0.01 to 1.00 Rare Earth Metals 0.01 to 2.00 Carbon 0.01 to 1.00 Preferred results are obtained when either cobalt or magnesium is used as the additional alloying element. Suitable results are obtained when either magnesium or cobalt is used in amounts of from about 0.001 to about 1.00 percent by weight with superior results being obtained when from about 0.025 to about 0.50 percent of either cobalt or magnesium is used. Particularly preferred results are obtained when from about 0.03 to about 0.10 percent by weight of either cobalt or magnesium is used.
The rare earth metals may be present either individually within the range shown in TABLE II or as either a partial or ;
total group, the total amount present as a group being within the range shown for rare earth metals in TABLE II.
It should be understood that the additional alloying elements may be present either individually or as a group of two or more elements. It should be understood, however, that if two or more of the additional alloying elements are employed, the total concentration of additional alloying elements should not exceed about 2.00 percent by weight.
Referring now to FIG 2, there is shown a steel sup-ported aluminum alloy overhead conductor 30 which includes steel core 12 as described above in relation to FIG. 1, and a tubular - . : - ~ .
~ . .
1~45Z22 aluminum alloy component 32 extruded in an integral condition over the core. The extrusion operation is performed at tempera-tures which leaves the aluminum alloy component 32 in annealed condition having the properties required for purposes of the present invention.
Referring to FIG. 3, there is shown an alternative to the construction depicted in FIG. 2 in that a steel supported aluminum alloy overhead conductor 42 is provided with a tubular aluminum alloy component 40 by wrapping a single broad strip 44 of electrically conductive annealed aluminum alloy about the steel core 12 and welding its formerly laterally opposite edges to one another at 46 utilizing conventional welding equipment and techniques.
Aluminum alloy strands of other-than-circular cross- ~;~
sectional shape may be employed. By way of illustration (FIG. 4) there may be used, upon a 7 X 0.1489 inch helically stranded steel core 12 having an outer diameter of 0.4467 inch, a tube of electrically conductive annealed aluminum alloy 27 having an inside diameter at its fabrication of 0.4467 inch and consisting of 10 trapezoidally shaped wires 29 having a thickness of 0.20 inch.
In FIG. 5, the first inner layer of the tubular aluminum alloy conductor is provided by three helically stranded, round-edge aluminum alloy strips each 0.1 inch thick and approximately 0.4 inch wide, this layer having an internal diameter of 0.399 inch at the time of fabrication, and an external diameter of 0.599 inch. The second, outer layer of the tubular aluminum alloy conductor is helically stranded immediately upon the first, in an opposite helical sense, and consists of four, round-edge alumimum alloy strips each 0.1 inch thick and approximately 0.4 inch wide, . .-, . . . .. : , ~
1~45Z2Z
this layer having an internal diameter of 0.599 inch at the time of manufacture, and an external diameter of 0.799 inch. In each instance, the strips of aluminum alloy are curved about the longitudinal axis of the tubular aluminum conductor so that each is accurate as seen in transverse cross-section.
The strips 20 are of electrically conductive aluminum alloy and fully annealled before stranding. The layer 16 could be formed from a greater or a lesser number of strips 20.
In summary, the electrically conductive aluminum alloy may have preferred weight ranges for composition elements within the ranges earlier disclosed, wherein a preferred weight range for iron is 0.55 to 0.65 weight per cent; and that of silicon 0.01 to 0.7 weight per cent; and that of ~-aluminum 99.10 to 99.40 weight per cent with of course ;
associate trace elements; alternatively the conductor may be further characterized in that the aluminum alloy compon-ent includes substantially that evenly distributed iron aluminate inclusions with particulate size of less than about two thousand angstrom units. In another variation of the pre~erred form the electric conductor may consist of 0.55 to 0.95 weight per cent cobalt and from 0.10 to 0.30 weight per cent of iron while the remainder volume of the conductor is aluminum with associated trace elements;
alternatively the remainder of the volume of the conductor may be aluminum with associated trace elements wherein the the aluminum component is fully annealled and tempered and has a yield strength of at least 10,000 p.s.i. for an elongation of 15~ in 10 inches.
Further the aluminum aloide component in another .~
1~4SZ2Z
embodiment has substantially evenly distributed cobalt aluminate inclusions of a particle size less than 2 microns in length and less than 1/2 microns in width. Further ~;
where the aluminum aloide component contains silicon its preferred weight range may be from 0.01 to 0.07 weight per cent of the composition of the aluminum alloy.
It should be apparent, integral or welded tubes, -wire and strip may all alternatively be used in the fabrication of the conductor in accordance with the ~ ~
invention disclosed herein. The particular mode which ~ -would be preferably at any given point in time would be the one that could most economically be produced at the time of manufacture or meet other considerations of design prejudice.
While present preferred embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it will ~ -.
be understood that the invention is not limited thereto but may be otherwise embodied and practised without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention concept herein disclosed.
C
. . .- . : .-.. . ~ - ~" -.
Claims (16)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. An electrical conductor for an overhead power line comprising a steel core and an aluminum component stranded about the core having an electrical conductivity of at least 61% IACS, said aluminum component being in an at least partially annealed condition; characterized in that said at least partially annealed aluminum component is an aluminum alloy having a yield strength of from 13,000 PSI
for an elongation of 5% when partially annealed to a yield strength of at least 8500 PSI for an elongation of 15% when fully annealed whereby said aluminum component will act as a load-carrying element when the conductor is strung-in be-tween spaced supports and tensioned in excess of 8500 PSI, thus achieving improved qualities of fatigue resistance as compared with prior art at least partially annealed aluminum components which are adapted to carry none of the load under comparable tensile stresses, while at the same time preventing sag in the conductor at elevated temperatures.
for an elongation of 5% when partially annealed to a yield strength of at least 8500 PSI for an elongation of 15% when fully annealed whereby said aluminum component will act as a load-carrying element when the conductor is strung-in be-tween spaced supports and tensioned in excess of 8500 PSI, thus achieving improved qualities of fatigue resistance as compared with prior art at least partially annealed aluminum components which are adapted to carry none of the load under comparable tensile stresses, while at the same time preventing sag in the conductor at elevated temperatures.
2. An electrical conductor according to claim 1, further characterized in that said aluminum alloy component consists essentially of from 0.30 to 0.95 weight percent iron;
from 0.01 to 0.15 weight percent silicon; and the remainder aluminum with associated trace elements not exceeding 0.05 weight percent.
from 0.01 to 0.15 weight percent silicon; and the remainder aluminum with associated trace elements not exceeding 0.05 weight percent.
3. An electrical conductor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aluminum alloy component is in a fully annealed condition of temper.
4. An electrical conductor according to claim 1, wherein the aluminum alloy component is in a half-hard con-dition of temper.
5. An electrical conductor according to claim 1, further characterized in that said aluminum alloy component consists essentially of from 0.20 to 2.00 weight percent cobalt; from 0.10 to 1.30 weight per cent iron; from 0.001 to 1.00 weight per cent magnesium; from 0 to 1.75 weight per cent of at least one additional alloying element selected from the group consisting of: nickel, copper, silicon, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, yttrium, scandium, thorium, carbon, rare earth metals; and the remainder aluminum with associated trace elements.
6. An electrical conductor as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in a preferred form in that said aluminum alloy component consists essentially of from 0.55 to 0.65 weight per cent iron; from 0.01 to 0.7 weight per cent silicon; and from 99.10 to 99.44 weight per cent aluminum with associated trace elements and further characterized in that the aluminum alloy component includes substantially evenly distributed iron aluminate inclusions about particulate size less than 2000 angstrom units.
7. An electrical conductor as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in a preferred form in that said aluminum alloy component consists essentially of from 0.55 to 0.65 weight per cent iron; from 0.01 to 0.07 weight per cent silicon; and from 99.10 to 99.44 weight per cent aluminum with associated trace elements.
8. An electrical conductor as claimed in claim 1 or 5, characterized in a preferred form in that said aluminum alloy component consists of from 0.55 to 0.95 weight per cent cobalt; from 0.10 to 0.30 weight per cent iron; and the remainder aluminum with associated trace elements.
9. An electrical conductor as claimed in claim 5, further characterized in that the aluminum alloy component includes substantially evenly distributed cobalt aluminate inclusions of a particle size less than 2 microns in length and less than 1/2 microns in width.
10. An electrical conductor as claimed in claim 9, further characterized in that said aluminum alloy component is in a fully annealled condition of temper and has a yield strength of at least 10,000 p.s.i. for an elongation of 15% in 10 inches.
11. An electrical conductor as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3 characterized in a preferred form in that the aluminum alloy component is a fully annealled condition of temper and has a yield strength of at least 10,000 p.s.i. for an elongation of 15% in 10 inches and is essentially of from 0.55 to 0.65 weight per cent iron; from 0.01 to 0.07 weight per cent silicon; and from 99.10 to 99.44 weight per cent aluminum with associated trace elements.
12. An electrical conductor as claimed in claim 1 or 5, characterized in a preferred form in that said aluminum alloy component consists of 0.55 to 0.95 weight per cent cobalt; from 0.10 to 0.30 weight per cent iron; and the remainder aluminum with associated trace element wherein the aluminum component is in a fully annealled condition of temper and has yield strength of at least 10,000 p.s.i.
for an elongation of 15% in 10 inches.
for an elongation of 15% in 10 inches.
13. An electrical conductor according to claim 1, further characterized in that said aluminum alloy component consists essentially of from 0.20 to 1.60 weight per cent nickel; from 0.30 to 1.30 weight per cent iron; and the remainder aluminum with associated trace elements.
14. An electrical conductor according to claim 1, further characterized in that said aluminum alloy component consists essentially of from 0.40 to 0.8 weight per cent iron; from 0.50 to 1.00 weight per cent nickel; and the remainder aluminum with associated trace elements.
15. An electrical conductor as claimed in claim 13, further characterized in that said aluminum alloy com-ponent is in a fully annealled condition of temper and has a yield strength of at least 12,000 p.s.i. for an elongation of 15% in 10 inches.
16. Use of an electrical conductor, as defined in claim 1, 2 or 3, strung-in between spaced supports; characterized in that the permissible sage at installations is calculated by taking into consideration the tensile strength of the aluminum component in addition to the tensile strength of the steel core.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US49393474A | 1974-08-01 | 1974-08-01 | |
| US49394374A | 1974-08-01 | 1974-08-01 | |
| US49394574A | 1974-08-01 | 1974-08-01 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1045222A true CA1045222A (en) | 1978-12-26 |
Family
ID=27413963
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA232,566A Expired CA1045222A (en) | 1974-08-01 | 1975-07-30 | Aluminum alloy composite electrical conductor |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5712484B2 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU504339B2 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR7504911A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1045222A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2533138A1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES439919A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2280955A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1469916A (en) |
| IN (1) | IN155541B (en) |
| NO (2) | NO146166C (en) |
| SE (2) | SE7508488L (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102965550A (en) * | 2012-12-06 | 2013-03-13 | 中南大学 | High-strength high-conduction heat resistance aluminium conductor material and preparation method thereof |
Families Citing this family (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HU175895B (en) * | 1977-08-19 | 1980-11-28 | December 4 Drotmuevek | Steel-cored aluminium cable, mainly for carriying electric power and method to make such a cable |
| DE3033117C2 (en) * | 1980-09-03 | 1986-07-10 | Brown, Boveri & Cie Ag, 6800 Mannheim | Electrochemical storage cell |
| GB2138199A (en) * | 1983-03-09 | 1984-10-17 | Icore Int Ltd | An electrical cable |
| IT1183375B (en) * | 1984-02-24 | 1987-10-22 | Hitachi Ltd | SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE INCLUDING A BALL, CONDUCTING WIRES AND EXTERNAL CONDUCTING PORTIONS ARE CONNECTED TO THE BALL THROUGH SUCH CONDUCTING WIRES |
| EP0257904A3 (en) * | 1986-08-20 | 1989-06-21 | Alcan International Limited | Contact conductor for electric vehicles |
| JPH0538085U (en) * | 1991-03-25 | 1993-05-21 | 株式会社日東 | Gutter block |
| ES2274682B1 (en) * | 2005-02-09 | 2008-04-16 | Inversiones Aranaz, S.A. | ELECTRIC CABLE FOR HIGH VOLTAGE LINES, REDUCED DILATATION COEFFICIENT. |
| US20100059249A1 (en) * | 2008-09-09 | 2010-03-11 | Powers Wilber F | Enhanced Strength Conductor |
| CN102751007B (en) * | 2011-04-19 | 2015-02-18 | 辽宁塑力电线电缆有限公司 | Special cable for buggy ladle |
| CN103695736B (en) * | 2013-12-20 | 2016-04-27 | 广西博士海意信息科技有限公司 | Cable aluminium alloy conductor and preparation method thereof |
| CN107305795A (en) * | 2016-04-20 | 2017-10-31 | 无锡市苏南电缆有限公司 | One kind layering aluminium alloy cable |
| CN107305796A (en) * | 2016-04-20 | 2017-10-31 | 无锡市苏南电缆有限公司 | A kind of Novel layered aluminium alloy cable |
-
1975
- 1975-07-21 NO NO752583A patent/NO146166C/en unknown
- 1975-07-21 IN IN1422/CAL/75A patent/IN155541B/en unknown
- 1975-07-23 AU AU83324/75A patent/AU504339B2/en not_active Expired
- 1975-07-24 DE DE19752533138 patent/DE2533138A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1975-07-25 SE SE7508488A patent/SE7508488L/en unknown
- 1975-07-30 CA CA232,566A patent/CA1045222A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-07-31 FR FR7523900A patent/FR2280955A1/en active Granted
- 1975-07-31 BR BR7504911*A patent/BR7504911A/en unknown
- 1975-08-01 JP JP9324975A patent/JPS5712484B2/ja not_active Expired
- 1975-08-01 GB GB3230175A patent/GB1469916A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-08-01 ES ES439919A patent/ES439919A1/en not_active Expired
-
1978
- 1978-12-28 SE SE7813376A patent/SE7813376L/en unknown
-
1980
- 1980-01-25 NO NO800175A patent/NO800175L/en unknown
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102965550A (en) * | 2012-12-06 | 2013-03-13 | 中南大学 | High-strength high-conduction heat resistance aluminium conductor material and preparation method thereof |
| CN102965550B (en) * | 2012-12-06 | 2014-08-06 | 中南大学 | High-strength high-conduction heat resistance aluminium conductor material and preparation method thereof |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS5138080A (en) | 1976-03-30 |
| ES439919A1 (en) | 1977-05-16 |
| BR7504911A (en) | 1976-08-03 |
| FR2280955A1 (en) | 1976-02-27 |
| AU504339B2 (en) | 1979-10-11 |
| AU8332475A (en) | 1977-01-27 |
| DE2533138A1 (en) | 1976-02-19 |
| JPS5712484B2 (en) | 1982-03-11 |
| FR2280955B1 (en) | 1977-12-16 |
| SE7508488L (en) | 1976-02-02 |
| NO146166B (en) | 1982-05-03 |
| SE7813376L (en) | 1978-12-28 |
| NO146166C (en) | 1982-08-11 |
| GB1469916A (en) | 1977-04-06 |
| IN155541B (en) | 1985-02-16 |
| NO800175L (en) | 1976-02-03 |
| NO752583L (en) | 1976-02-03 |
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