BRPI1106499A2 - IMPROVEMENTS IN ARMED CONCRETE STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS OR OTHER MATERIAL THROUGH HIGH PRECISION MODULAR AND INTEGRAL COFRAGES - Google Patents

Abstract

IMPROVEMENTS IN CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS FOR ARMED CONCRETE STRUCTURES OR OTHER MATERIAL THROUGH HIGH PRECISION MODULAR AND INTEGRAL COFRAGES. Improvements in the construction systems of reinforced concrete structures or other material through high precision modular and integral formwork; of the type of systems that use standardized panels preparing integral formwork where reinforcement is placed and various installations form the formwork on a cement slab with the participation of a marking and laying template, where the cement slab is made by means of a mold based modular parts whose faces form a straight and square dihedral for corners whose parts are fixed by means of centering clamps having angular reinforcements for the attachment of stabilizers and anchors, these tabs being provided for centering the marking and placement template. Wall fixtures are also used for the placement of partitions and walls, with all their facilities, and new means and panels for certain building solutions.

Description

Object of the invention "Objectives of the invention" Improvements in the systems for the construction of reinforced concrete or other high-precision modular structures

The present invention relates to improvements, improvements and

Modifications to the construction systems of reinforced concrete structures or other solidifying material by means of high precision modular and integral formwork, described in the previous patent is P9401135 by the same author, where the basic principles of this formula for industrialized construction are set forth.

To demarcate and describe the novel aspects that fall within the scope of the construction of the present invention and to explain their operation within the sequential process to which they belong, reference is made to certain elements, parts and procedures of the previous patent (ESP9401135). Background

The traditional construction based on the construction of a steel structure, concrete or load walls, exterior walls and interior partitions based on masonry and arrangement of installations with cutting, covering and subsequent coating (plaster or plastering or tile application) results. hardworking, and requires skilled labor to achieve good finishes. Other systems such as the use of gypsum board partitions accelerate construction and improve finishes, but are expensive and obtain fragile and unsatisfactory partitions.

To remedy these drawbacks it is known from patent 9401135 of the same applicant as the present application that the use of panels with a maximum tolerance of tenths of a millimeter and extreme surface quality was used to form an integral trench mold or shape, walls and structures or integral buildings, forms in which the reinforcement is placed, anchorages and various installations and others to, once the concrete has been poured and cured, and the removal of the form will obtain such precision in the structure that would be achieved. The application of a posteriori coatings is unnecessary and in addition to

would need to make cuts.

Said formwork is made up of reinforced panels and provided with a perimeter nail along its contour with matching holes to realize a fast and accurate union with the cooperation of staples or self-centering means, e.g. Also provided in the panels are holes for the insertion of spacers that cooperate to maintain the distance between faced panels of the formwork and resist the pressures to which they are subjected to pour concrete and before its curing. One embodiment of said orifice comprised the making of semicircular notches in the outline of the panels so that the full circle was formed when facing the notch with that corresponding to the adjacent panel.

The patent 9401135 also comprised the possibility of inserting into the formwork and before pouring the curable material, thermal and / or acoustic insulating portions that would be embedded in the finished walls, with the general placement of the formwork over a cement slab terminated by marking and placement template that facilitated panel placement without

adjust or retouch.

The aforementioned patent also comprised the use of

auxiliary means such as telescopic beams or stabilizers for

execution of exterior walls.

However, this patent had some limitations that

are covered with the improvements proposed in the present invention.

Description of the Invention The improvements of the invention are optimally suited for the realization of high precision integral formwork for the construction of various buildings in an industrialized manner.

According to the invention, the improvements mainly comprise the use of a high precision mold for the realization of the cement slab.

Another major improvement is the use of wall templates for the placement of partitions and walls, with all their installations.

Finally, the improvements also include the use of improved means for the construction of details, such as the overlapping of walls and others, as well as the use of certain special tools for the management of the different panels and other elements that compose it, as well as introduction of new types of special purpose panels, for example for forming blind frames and the like. Brief Description of Drawings

For a better understanding of the invention, the following figures are included in chronological order according to the procedure of operation with the improvements of the invention, where:

Figure 1 is a plan view of a complete assembled cement formwork;

Figures 2 and 3 show respective details of figure 1.

Figure 4 is a view of Figure 1 showing the marking and placement template before pouring the concrete.

Figure 5 is a perspective detail of the attachment of two bodies of the marking and placement template by self-centering clamps.

Figure 6 shows the same figure 4 where all the installations, reticular slab reinforcement, wall starting rods and slab insulation have been placed and centered.

Figure 7 is a sectioned sectional elevation of Figure

previous.

Figure 8 is a general view of a wide area of the cement slab formwork, without the marking and laying template and with all the necessary elements already situated for the concrete slab fabrication.

Figure 9 shows a view of figure 8 after concreting, and after repositioning the marking and placement template to verify correct placement and to signal the placement of the parts that will guide the placement of the wall templates.

Figure 10 is a view illustrating the placement of said pieces.

Figure 11 shows the concrete slab with the placed pieces, emergent installations and reinforcements for the wall walls and interior partitions.

Figure 12 is a view of the slab formwork in the case of stepped slabs.

Figure 13 is a perspective view of the stepped slab.

finished.

Figure 14 shows an overview of the placement of the

wall template, indicating the situation of doors and windows, electrical boxes and exits of sanitation pipes and the situation, including the steps of the stairs inside the house.

Figure 15 shows a plan view of the cement slab embodied with the wall template placed, where the double reinforcement and insulation for wall walls and the simple reinforcement for interior partitions are appreciated.

Figure 16 is the same view as figure 14 where the mounting of the reinforcement is appreciated. Figure 17 shows a perspective detail of a second stage of the mounting of the jig elements prior to the assembly of the mold, and in which it highlights the placement of the insulation in the perimeter walls of the house respecting the hollows indicated in the jig itself for doors, windows and all necessary facilities.

Figure 18 shows a perspective detail of a side of the wall template with the insulation of the perimeter wall, the double reinforcement and the permanent separators that secure the assembly.

Figure 19 is a detail showing a separator shown in the previous figure and placed over the reinforcement and insulation of the wall.

Figure 20 is a perspective view of a wall template showing the pre-laid water and electricity installations prior to concreting, and the prediction of the status of the corresponding mechanisms.

Figure 21 is a perspective overview of a floor plan of a house with all the general electrical and sanitary facilities pre-placed therein.

Figure 22 shows a basic modular rectangular panel for assembling and forming the complete mold.

Figures 23 and 24 represent respective rectangular wedge and back wedge panels to facilitate the start of formwork removal.

Figures 25 and 26 illustrate views of the inner and outer squares for the mold respectively.

Figure 27 shows in perspective a tapered separator with its corresponding locking clip;

Fig. 28 is a sectional side view showing the use of the tapered separator of Fig. 27. Fig. 29 is a perspective view of using the tapered separator of Fig. 27.

Figure 30 is a perspective view of a tapered-end tapered wall separator variant with its corresponding threaded lock washer.

Fig. 31 is a sectional side view showing the use of the separator of Fig. 30.

Figures 32, 33 and 34 show in perspective respective tools according to the invention for assembling, disassembling and adjusting the panels.

Figure 35 is a perspective view of the telescopic forklift for placing and disassembling the ceiling configuration panels and the high wall zones.

Figure 36 is a perspective view of a triangular crane support for the movement and displacement of wall panel assemblies.

Fig. 37 is a detail of the respective platelets of the carrier shown in the previous figure.

Figure 38 is a perspective view of a door and other hollow mold separating mechanism. Figure 39 is a sectional elevation view of a

Modular formwork of a house with exterior cantileveres showing three types of securing beams.

Figure 40 is a height-adjustable ladder designed for working on steps. Figure 41 is a perspective view of a modular lid.

to configure the hollow drum of a blind.

Fig. 42 is a perspective view of a modular shutter guide cover provided in the system;

Figure 43 is a perspective view of a modular window recess cover also provided in the system.

Fig. 44 is a perspective view of a mold formed by modular panels preforming an interior monolithic ladder.

Figure 45 is a perspective view of a monolithic exterior staircase of a house with a second floor under construction with the mold.

Fig. 46 is a perspective view of an area of a wall formwork where caps are used for the ends of the continuous perimeter walls with which to achieve their continuity.

Figure 47 shows a detail elevation of figure

previous.

Figure 48 illustrates in perspective a detail of the result of using the caps of the previous figure on a ceiling and a wall.

Figure 49 is a perspective overview of a complete assembled mold, aided by appropriate alignment studs.

Fig. 50 shows a perspective overview of a set of single-family houses, the tallest still partially shaped, in which the walkways appear according to the invention.

Figure 51 shows a sectional elevation detail of the walkway placement in a lower finished wall to form an upper wall to be constructed.

Fig. 52 is two perspective details showing two distinct views of the walkway folding cross member referred to in the previous figure.

Fig. 53 represents two perspective details of corner pieces arranged in different orientation joining the railings of the safety walkways. Fig. 54 is a perspective detail of part of a safety walkway, which comprises the corner piece of the previous figure and a support piece for handrails at the end of the catwalks.

Fig. 55 shows a bottom perspective detail of the support part of the previous figure.

Figure 56 shows a detail of the vertical placement of mounting and displacement rails and safety walkways for height constructions.

Figure 57 is a perspective view of a sloped roof type single-family home formwork showing constructive details that can be incorporated into the mold, such as chimneys, railings, cantileveres and extensions.

Fig. 58 is a perspective overview of a two-story single-family house, fully realized resulting in an integral and monolithic structure with the above details.

Figure 59 presents a perspective overview of a terraced house construction line whose top plans are at different stages of the construction process thus showing the working sequence: one in the initial phase with reinforcement for perimeter walls, the other in the intermediate phase. with complete modular formwork assembled and the most advanced, ever materialized and completely removed from the formwork.

Figures 60 and 61 show in perspective respective variants of a juxtaposed double wall separator. Fig. 62 is a sectional elevation detail of the use

of the two types of double wall separators shown in figures 60 and 61.

Fig. 63 is a perspective overview showing overlapping mechanisms for the outer walls of adjoining houses. Fig. 64 is a plan view of the continuous overlapping mechanisms of outer walls as shown in Figs. 63 and 62.

Fig. 65 is a perspective view of a template and its use to make a cementing strip for a wall, wall or partition.

Fig. 66 shows a detail of the template of the previous figure.

Fig. 67 shows the same perspective view of Fig. 65 already embodied and once the configuration template has been removed.

Fig. 68 is a perspective view of a low wall and column wall mold mounted on the cement strip described in the previous figures.

Fig. 69 shows a perspective of the front wall, formed by low wall and column, already embodied.

Fig. 70 is a perspective view of another possible variant of the cementless slab wall formwork in which stabilizers with reinforcing boards and alignment studs at different heights in the mold are used.

Fig. 71 shows an elevation of a typical telescopic stabilizer whose function is to reinforce and subject the wall mold to different heights.

Fig. 72 shows the wall shown in Fig. 70 already formed and removed from the mold that formed it. Description of a practical embodiment of the invention

The improvements of the invention apply to the formwork technique with high precision modular panels, which are generally mounted on an on-site cement slab, forged fittings or other structures (garages, attics, etc.). Cement formwork is therefore the first phase of the construction sequence, and for this purpose two essential elements are employed: cement formwork and marking and laying template.

Figure 1 shows in plan the cement formwork (1), which can adopt different shapes, thicknesses and dimensions depending on the architectural project. This formwork consists of straight simple standard modular pieces (3) for the straight segments and square (4) for the corners. These parts have a general straight dihedral constitution with angular reinforcements (6) to which stabilizers (2) and anchors (11) are attached that consolidate the level and solid support to the ground. The temporal union between parts (3) and (4) is performed by self-centering clamps (9) similar to those described in ES 9401135 (although alternative designs and shapes may be adopted as required) passing through oblong holes (8) provided on perimeter platelets (7) of these parts.

Parts 3 and 4 also have tabs (5) emerged superiorly for self-centering a marking template and placement (12) of the building distribution.

The detail of figure 3 shows the joining of the stabilizers (2) to the structural angular reinforcements (6) of the parts (3) and (4) by means of typical safety fasteners (10), as well as the use of the anchors (11), all this to consolidate the placement of parts (2) and (3), achieving a strong and self-aligning formwork, simple and mechanized assembly and disassembly and which has an essential feature, the high precision for the manufacture of a slab of proper cementation.

After the cement slab formwork is assembled and anchored, the following element which is introduced into the construction sequence according to the invention is the marking and laying template (12), which is placed on the formwork (1) as shown in 4 represents self-centering thanks to the adjustment tabs (5). The placement template is similar in structure to that described in patent ES9401135, when it is configured by means of frames or sections attached with rods (13) for greater rigidity, but with the novelty that these frames are fixed to each other by means of self-centering clamps. (9) that pass through the corresponding holes, as shown in Figure 5, achieving greater agility and accuracy regarding the demarcation and centering of the different elements that make up the cement slab.

Figure 6 shows the same view as figure 4, where all elements of the house plan or structure to be built with complete precision have been included by avoiding manual alignments, making placement a mechanized task where all elements are indicated: location, size and thickness of the perimeter walls (14) and interior partitions (15) of the house, the position of doors (16) and windows (17) as well as the outlets of pipes (18) by means of unrepresented centers and of molds for tanks (19), making the connections between these sanitation elements. The reinforcement (20) and reinforcement or breaker rods (21) are also arranged, as well as the insulating material (22) for the slab before pouring the concrete, as shown in figure 17, where the pipes (18) appear. ) connected to the cisterns (19) and collector (23) of them to the exterior. After filling the cement formwork with liquid concrete or other material of similar characteristics, the cement slab itself will be cured within this mold, which will form a compact and monolithic lock with all the above elements integrated in it.

Figure 8 shows a perspective view of figure 7 once the marking and placement template has been removed and before pouring the concrete. One can appreciate the formwork itself (1) and all the integrated elements from the exact references of said template: lattice reinforcements (20), reinforcement or breaker rods (21), sanitary pipes (18) and molds for sanitation tanks (19).

The next step in the construction sequence after removal of the laying template is to pour the appropriate concrete material into said formwork (1) to obtain a flat cement slab. After filling, as shown in Fig. 9, a concrete slab (24) is obtained on which the marking and positioning template (12) is replaced and re-centered thanks to the adjusting tabs (5). With the replacement of the template (12) it is possible to verify the correct location of each of the elements previously indicated.

Subsequently, as shown in figures 10 and 11, the "U" sizing plates (25) are attached to the concrete slab (24) at the points indicated by the template profiles (12). These "U" pieces of anvil (25) determine the situation, centering and thickness of the perimeter walls and interior partitions of the house or building to be made, and subsequently the mold or formwork based on high precision modular panels supported. against them. Figure 11 also shows the elements of the slab integrated at previous stages, such as the hollow cistern (19), the electrical (39) and water (40) or the reinforcement rods for the walls ( 21).

In case of unevenness on the ground, stepped slabs (24) can be made as shown in Figure 12, the solution proposed in this figure being understood as non-limiting. In this case modular panels 28 are used, of varying height according to the needs, which support directly on the ground and are fixed to each other by means of double brackets (27a) and self-centering clamps (9) and which are aligned thanks to the placement of joists. patterns (27) supported by corbels (26) attached to the brackets (27a) at both the top and bottom. To help in the lower alignment, stops (30) can be used complementary. In this case, stabilizers (2) are also employed which may have varying dimensions and heights according to each case.

After pouring the concrete material and removing the formwork, the standard slab (24) is shown as shown in figure 13 and integrates all the elements that were planned and located using the corresponding marking and placement template. The rest of the construction process will be carried out following the same principles as those described for the flat slab.

Once the cement slab is manufactured, a wall template (31) is assembled, which is a novelty with respect to the patent ES 9401135, since it favors, without the need for any measurement, the placement and centering of all walls and partitions of the house, as well as their own elements, such as lattice reinforcement, insulation, electrical and sanitary installations, situation of interior doors, windows and stairs and other elements that can be foreseen.

Said wall template (31), as shown in figure 14, is composed of different bodies that are joined together by self-centering clamps (9) and safety connectors (35), and once mounted on the cement slab. (24) and supported against the sizing or "u" stop plates (25), accurately determines the complete skeleton of the house to be constructed. The bodies of this template consist of square section tubings having equidistant circular transverse perforations (32) which mark the positions for placing the wall separators which will cooperate in the assembly of the formwork modules in a similar manner to the patent ES9401135. Similarly, jig (31) serves to precisely align what perimeter walls and partitions will be, to specify their different thicknesses and locations, to accurately determine the predicted spaces for electrical boxes (33), drain outlets, and pipelines. (18), doors (16) and windows (17), etc., delimiting them and locating them in the exact places that will correspond exactly with centerers enabled in the formwork panels. Likewise, the precept (31) specifies how far the reinforcement of the walls should be placed so that the concrete covering of these can have the centimeters of thickness established by the rules in force at each moment and place, besides being able to foresee, in the very body of the reinforcement. walls, the situation of other elements such as the interior staircase of the house (34) where necessary.

Next, it fits into the wall template (31) reinforcements

r

lattices (20) therefor with the care that their rods do not coincide either vertically or horizontally with the transverse holes (32) for the passage of the tabs (51) holding the formwork or mold panels. Neither will the armatures traverse the holes provided for doors (16), windows (17), electrical boxes (33), pipe outlets (18) or other uses. Lashing reinforcements 37 will be employed to consolidate reinforcement placement, all of these features appearing in Figures 15 and 16.

Figure 17 shows the following passage of the sequence that consists of placing the insulation (36) in the perimeter walls following the references marked by the wall template (31). The placement will be carried out centered between the multiple reticular reinforcements (20) which have the outer walls and which are supported by separator-fixation plates (38) which may have the necessary shapes and dimensions for each case, for example of angular section and with grooves forming a kind of armature comb, as shown in Figure 19. Insulation (36) will be pierced conveniently through the through holes (32) of the wall template tubing (31) to determine and verify the passage free for the tapered wall separators that will be mounted next with the mold All elements described: reinforcement (20), insulation (36), platelets (38) and reinforcements (37) will be embedded in the cured concrete giving the proper insulation properties. and resistance to the wall or built wall.

Figure 18 shows a more detailed perspective in which all the elements referred to in figure 17 are appreciated.

As shown in figure 19, once placed, the platelets (38) bend so that their contact surface with the outer face of the wall is minimal and the possibility of oxidation to contact with air is eliminated, working these platelets as structural elements that solidify both parts of the wall to both sides of the insulation, giving it load-bearing qualities.

As shown in Figures 21 and 21, the construction process proceeds by mounting the electrical installations (39) and plumbing (40) in the skeleton of the walls, and then locating the electrical boxes (33) with some flexibility to be able to be later centered. placing the mold, and securing the plumbing and sanitation pipes (23), as well as the electrical conduits (39) to the reinforcements in such a way that they do not prevent the fluid passage of concrete during the subsequent molding process. The outlets of the pipes 23 are left open to the outside so that they can later be centered in spaces provided in the mold, all equidistant and of the same dimensions as those of the wall template itself. This same performance is performed with any other type of installation, such as telephony, telecommunications or similar. This wall placement allows duplicate and highly mechanized assemblies, easily verifiable, and making only the necessary connections.

The next phase of the construction process is the assembly of the mold or complete formwork of the house or construction phase that is to be carried out.

The complete formwork or formwork is made up of modular panels of varying sizes, shapes and dimensions that allow total versatility in the design and execution of the work. Their general constitution is similar to that of the panels of the patent ES9401135, with some modifications, and some new types of panels in some cases, which will complement and expand their possibilities.

Figures 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26 represent the standard panels shown in figures 1 to 6 of ES9401135, corresponding respectively to a standard straight panel (28), wedge panels (44) and back wedge (45) which facilitate the beginning of the formwork removal, an inner square panel (47) and another outer square panel (49). These panels are basically the same as those described in the patent ES9401135, that is, with side plates (48) having oblong holes (8) and ribs (43) on their inner face, peripheral semicircular notches (41), and being able to adopt panels 47 and 49 the precise angles, and with the particularity that in addition to oblong holes (8) their perimeter platelets also include centering circular holes (29), which facilitates mutual alignment and leveling between the panels. It is also contemplated according to the invention that the stiffeners 43 can be reduced in weight by means of perforations with oblong holes for their better manipulation by the worker.

Another innovation introduced by the invention to the mold panels is the incorporation of corner quarter-shaped slots (42) which when assembling a four-panel corner encounter materialize the necessary through-holes of the tabs (51) which tie the molds together. confronted panels. In the patent ES9401135 these holes materialized only by peripheral semicircular recesses (41), but not at the corners, whereby molding defects could occur in the corners of the panels where concrete pressure is critical.

The joining of the modular panels to assemble the complete mold is accomplished, besides by means of the conical separators (51), fixing the perimeter plates (48) of the panels with the others through their equidistant perforations by means of self-centering clamps (9) or others. Alternative design but identical function, or by other means, which may consist of screws for example in the case of a set of fixed panels, such as those of the outer walls to be assembled and disassembled in unison.

Figure 27 shows a type of conical wall separator 51 used in accordance with the invention. Its general constitution is very similar to that of the ES9401135 patent separators, with a slightly tapered rod (53) that facilitates extraction once the concrete has cured, a double frusto-conical head (55) in whose second lap the locking clip is fixed (52). ) during the mold assembly process, but with the special novelty that a double handle (54) is enabled instead of a washer for its placement, adjustment and removal, which facilitates these labors.

As shown in Figures 28 and 29 the spacers pass through the circular holes formed by the slots 41 and 42 without tripping over the armatures 20, tying the panels a predetermined, fixed distance, achieving a homogeneous wall thickness.

An unprecedented variant embodiment of the tabs shown in FIGS. 30 and 31 has a threaded end (57) which allows the exact distance between panels (28) to be precisely adjusted in cooperation with a threaded washer (61). This variant of the separator also has at one end a circular head (58) provided with an adjusting stop (59) with the corresponding panel (28), to which head in this case a double handle of asymmetrical ends (58) is attached. 60) which facilitates its handling.

In addition, the object system of the present invention comprises a series of proprietary tools designed to enable and facilitate assembly and disassembly of the complete mold. They are described below.

32 represents one of these tools: the centering hook (62) consisting of an enlarged bar having a flattened end (63) with grooves (64) and the other rounded and tipped end (65). This tool mainly serves to level vertically and horizontally adjoining modular panels in the mold assembly by acting on their platelet holes. Either end will be employed depending on the space available to maneuver and the needs of each case. Once leveled the panels will be fixed by the appropriate self-centering means already described.

Figure 33 shows, in two positions, another of these tools: a multipurpose lever (66) consisting of a sufficiently wide bar with two distinct ends, one of which has a structure formed by a side cylindrical pivot (67), a small step or support (68), a slit (69) with an angled wall inside and rear round stops (70), while the other end is formed by an expansion having a straight slot (69a) wider than the described above, and by two rear pivots (71), and, appearing near this expansion, a rear bead (72) which will constitute a fulcrum at the time of use. This lever is used to perform tasks such as the vertical and horizontal leveling of adjoining panels, for subsequent fixing with the appropriate self-centering means, in cases where greater force is required than the centering hook allows; and to facilitate the placement of the tapered wall separators since it allows stretching of their ends to later fix the solidarity locking clip; enable the placement and removal of self-centering clamps for fixing the panels; and facilitating the release of the perimeter platelets of two adjoining panels during the disassembly process once the complete molding is completed.

Figure 34 shows another tool (73) consisting of a suitable length bar that acts as a mold lever with one of its wedge-shaped ends (74) and which has a central groove (69b), while the other The end also ends with another wedge (74) equivalent to the former but placed in an inverted shape and which, in addition to the central groove (69), has two cylindrical pivots (75) prominently located on the sides thereof. The functions of this lever (73) are, in addition to its primary use as a lever for lifting the modular panels in contact with the slab when disassembly is required, the same as those described for the multipurpose lever providing this tool with more force by its design and its size.

Figure 35 shows another tool consisting of a device for speeding up the assembly, disassembly and general handling sequence of modular panels, especially in high walled areas and ceilings, and which consists of a wheeled carriage (76) ( 77) at its front and two support legs (78) at its rear, and will move by holding it by two rear handles (79). The trolley has a tilt support (80), in the form of a net frame, on which the panels (28) are fixed on hooks (81) specifically designed for this purpose, and said panels can adopt any angle of inclination depending on the needs. of each case.

This trolley (76) reaches varying heights thanks to a side crank attached to a pulley system (82) with two lifelines (85) extending the two telescopic bodies (83) contained within the fixed body ( 84) which is located in the lower part. Another advantage of the trolley 76 is that it incorporates into its structure sleepers 86, which perform the function of steps, and two rests 87, which, in addition to reinforcing said structure, are used as an alternative ladder for that the worker can lift and handle the tilt support 80 and operations therewith.

Figure 36 shows an auxiliary means for the movement of exterior walls complete with crane. It consists of a triangular crane support (88), whose particularity is based on the double crosshead structure of the paired hook (89), which is best appreciated in figure 37, where one of the positions, in this case vertical, appears in which Said hook (89) allows the panels (28) to be grasped by their adjoining plates (7), securing said fastening with two typical safety pins (10). Said hook (89) is made up of two U-shaped equal plates joined together by one part leaving the four ends of the U-plates separated such that they create a double space between them, both the front and the side of the forming a double groove (90), spaces which allow the easy insertion and securing of the perimeter plates (7) of the panels (28) in both vertical and horizontal position.

Fig. 38 shows another mounting tool consisting of a door or space separating mechanism (91). This element makes it possible to fix and maintain at a suitable distance the lower panels that form these elements, so that the high pressures that the mold undergoes during the curing of the concrete inside, especially in the lower part, do not displace them and create deformities in the structure. concrete achieved. The separator (91) has a central spindle (92) provided with two adjusting stops (93) that allow, without measurement, to establish the intermediate measure of interest in each case by extending or contracting an internal movable telescopic body (83a) into or out of the fixed body (84a). Said separator is fixed to the mold by self-centering clamps (9) through the oblong holes (8) disposed in their respective clamping end plates (94), which are subjected to the holes confronted and corresponding to those of the perimeter plates (7) of the panels. mold (28) that configure the space of the doors themselves.

Fig. 39 shows three different types of beams (96, 97 and 98) for fixing the interior and cantilevered ceiling panels (28). In each case, these beams support alignment studs 27b which rest on a U-shaped upper support 95 provided by the beams themselves. The beam (96) was described in patent ES9401135, proposing the invention the other two that do not support the cement slab (24);

consisting one of them in a straight frame beam (97) composed of three tubular bodies, two fixed (100), one lower and one upper, and one telescopic extendable (99) with respect to the upper fixed body, which adjusts to the height by means of a safety pin (10). The lower body of this beam has a crosshead structure (103), slots and safety dowels similar to that described in Fig. 36 for securing to the plates (7) of the panels. In addition, the beam (97) also has a threaded and counter-threaded rod with a handle (101) that relates both bodies (100) and allows extension and adjustment of the beam.

The other cantilever beam (98) is of angular structure, and its function is the same as that of the beam (97), but its lower body is angular and reinforced by a triangular plate (104), in this case lacking the body. Telescopic boom, as it is designed to be used in lower shoulder cantilevers, where the straight beam type (97) would have no room for the handle to rotate (101). Complementarily to operate in the assembly and

disassembly of the mold in general, the system provides special ladders 117 suitable for working on discontinuous steps shown in Fig. 40, whose rear legs are formed by two square or rectangular section type bodies, one fixed (84b) and the other telescopic (83b) which is introduced into the foregoing thereby achieving the desired height, both bodies of through holes (32a) being provided. The fixation of these bodies is carried out by means of typical safety fasteners (10) which insert into said holes (32a) when they coincide in their position.

Also contemplated by the invention is the design of new panels to solve certain cases in the mold without requiring any further specialized work.

In this sense, Figure 41 represents a set of panels (106) and (107) for shaping a shutter box, which consist of two adjoining halves with the protrusion (105) corresponding to the frame to be molded and their sides thus arranged oblique. correspondingly to facilitate demoulding. These panels join the mold assembly with self-centering clamps through the well-known oblong (8) and round centering holes (29). Figure 42 presents another new modular part that

consists of a lid (108) of general rectangular structure provided with a central longitudinal rib (109), capable of forming the louver guide, and having oblong holes (8) and circular centering holes (29) for attachment to the rest of the mold through self-centering clamps. The lid (108) has a lower stepping (110) that allows it to fit perfectly into the part on which it rests, consisting of a window recess cover (111).

Said lid (111) is shown in Fig. 43, and comprises a step-shaped bent rectangular plate (112) and conveniently inclined to allow rainwater to slide, including said mounting holes (8) and (29).

Some solutions for the construction of stairs according to the invention are shown in figures 44 and 45, corresponding to fig. 44 to an interior staircase 113 and fig. 45 to an outer stairway (115), where the step boards are joined from above by means of clamps 9 and simple fixing and reinforcing brackets (114).

Figure 45 shows an exterior stairway 115 for an apartment building, where a concrete floor plan and a formwork tall plan appear. All panels (28) and modular parts that make up the exterior staircase can have any geometry and design. For the formation of a complete ladder molding which will materialize in unison with the corresponding service core or house, as considered, typical safety walkways 116 may be used complementary to the mold which will be described below.

The improvements of the present invention also allow the modular construction of continuous walls overlapping each other so that there is no interruption between them except that, according to the prevailing constructional rules of the place, they are necessary to predict the expansion of the main joints.

Thus, Fig. 46 is a set of contiguous perimeter wall overlapping elements consisting of three continuous wall caps (118) that allow the passage of the double reticular reinforcement (20) disposed within the mold (56); unlike patent ES9401135, which did not provide for the passage of these rods. The covers are fixed to each other by reinforcing brackets (119), and by means of these, thanks to self-centering clamps (9) in any of their variants, to the modular panels (28) that make up the perimeter wall. In this way it is possible to mount another mold in continuation of the previously cured structure by sharing with it the reticular reinforcements (20), which makes it possible to follow a line of constructions joined together precisely with clean and practically invisible joints.

Figure 47 shows in more detail the same set of three lids (118). Reinforcement brackets cooperate in providing adequate strength to withstand the pressures due to the weight of the concrete prior to its curing, coinciding in length with the thickness of the wall. In the case of continuous interior partitions the mechanism would be the same except that a set of two lids would be provided because the reinforcements in these cases are usually simple and not double. Figure 48 shows the way in which, after removing the formwork, the walls and ceilings of the building are located, where the passage of the lattice reinforcements (20) to the exterior of the concrete structure is appreciated so that, later, it can be assembled. another formwork that shares these interior reinforcements that allow the joining of contiguous bodies to create houses or other aligned and overlapping constructions.

According to the entire sequential phased procedure described so far, Fig. 49 illustrates a perspective of a typical complete mold (120). In addition to all the elements already specified above, there are also two alignment studs (27) which attach to the mold as a whole by means of clamping fingers (26) and which stiffen and reinforce the mold for its concretion and then facilitate the movement of the mold. assembly by crane during disassembly. There is also a door separator (91) and roof caps (121) which close the building interiors superiorly for complete concreting of the complete structure. In the case of construction of more than one level, the intermediate slabs would be formed with lids of this type, and the corresponding reinforcement should be included. The construction process of the tall plants will be carried out following the same steps of the sequence already described: marking and placement template and its processes, wall template and its processes and mold assembly and concreting.

Therefore the height building can be carried out in phases from bottom to top. Fig. 50 is an overview of the mounting of a high floor mold (120) on a typical floor plan already realized (145). Safety walkways 116 also forming part of the invention may be used in such cases.

Figure 51 shows a detailed section of the walkway (116) showing non-slip platforms (122) subjected by trapezoidal supports (124) to horizontal rails or double profiles (125) fixed to the concrete at the required height in each case. Fastening of the rails (125) to the walls (130) is accomplished by bolts (127) with a U-shaped head (128) which prevent them from being bent or displaced within the rails (125) and holding the walkway. as a whole to the wall of the immediately lower floor already realized, taking advantage of the circular holes left in the concrete by the tapered wall separators when being removed and threaded locking washers (61). The overlap of the mold panels (28) with the already realized lower wall (130) is maintained by a folding cross-member (131) which is detailed in the following figure.

The fixing of the walkway 116 is adjustable in height regardless of the height of said circular wall holes. For this purpose, flanges (126) are provided by means of safety dowels (10) to through holes (32) available for this purpose in the trapezoidal supports (124), which allows the walkway to move with respect to the rails (125). For stabilization of the whole assembly an adjustment stop (129) is provided in the lower part of the trapezoidal support bracket (124), which rests against the concrete wall itself (130).

Figure 52 illustrates two perspectives from a different point of view of one of said folding sleepers (131), which, as shown in the previous figure, fits into the floor or main platform (122) of the safety walkway itself within it. by means of the longitudinal hinge (132). Said cross member, when in horizontal position, supports the modular panel by means of a longitudinal tubular part (134) of its front face. To remove the crossmember, it has a small bent pin (135) that allows the lever to easily lift it.

The walkway is complemented with handrails (136), the corner construction of which is shown in figure 53, which are fixed to projected beams (123) of the supports (116).

The smaller sides of the platform (122) are also closed by handrails supported by L-shaped support auxiliary parts (137) which join the reinforcing crosspieces (138) of the lower part of said platform by, as is most clearly appreciated. in figures 54 and 55.

Figure 56 shows the arrangement of safety walkways 116 in case of height constructions. The component elements in this case are similar to those already described in the previous figures, with the particularity that the arrangement of the rails 125 and lifting mechanisms will be vertical for the displacement of the walkways in height.

By way of illustrative and non-limiting reference, the following describes different modular pieces suitable for forming various architectural elements of a house. Figure 57 illustrates several of these elements.

structure of a chimney (139) centrally opened by a pipe within it; the mold corresponding to the perimeter parapet area (140) forming a small wall in the upper construction zone secured by the typical tapered spacers and upper platelets (144) which reinforce and help to maintain exact distances; the lintel (142) situated above the window; as well as a small decorative cantilever (141) on the front. In order to prevent the pouring concrete material from flowing and overflowing, the parapet formwork includes brake pieces 143, which are more or less wide depending on the height of the parapet itself. Figure 58 shows an overview of a type of home.

plants already completed (145) (in the state of "gray work"), with all the details previously configured in the mold, such as, for example, the chimney (139), the parapets (140), window lintels (142) and the upper cantilever of the house (141) plus doors and windows and all the facilities integrated in the house itself. This gray work applies the finishes: floors, tiles, woodwork, painting and placement of apparatus and mechanisms.

Figure 59 presents, by way of summary, a phased construction of single-family terraced houses, where most of the construction sequence described so far is observed, with the floor plan finished for the gray work, and in the high plan three states different from the construction sequence: a skeleton of reticular reinforcement (20) located according to the previous indications of the corresponding templates already known, a complete mold (120) assembled for its concreting and, lastly, already laid tall plants (145) and with removed formwork . On the concrete floor plans also appear the walkways (116).

For the construction of terraced houses, such as those of the previous figure, the invention provides suitable means for overlapping walls that allow the complete adjustment of a complete mold next to a structure already realized without losing the alignment of the walls and perimeter partitions. , both internal and external, nor their verticality and plumb. Said means consist, on the one hand, of double parallel wall separators (146), and on the other, longitudinal overlapping mechanisms of molds for external walls.

Fig. 60 shows in detail the separator (146), which comprises an extreme grasp washer (147), the opposite extreme double tapered head (55) for locking clip hook (53), while its rod is of adequate length. to cover the double wall and has a first frusto-conical segment (52) and a second cylindrical segment (148) adjacent to the frusto-conical head (55).

Fig. 61 shows a variant of the anterior separator, having the same conical-cylindrical structure on the rod (52 and 148) but with threaded tip (57) and lock washer (61) also threaded for adjusting the traction, just as The use of this type of separators appears in the section shown in Figure 62, where it is appreciated that the cylindrical part 148 is inserted into the holes generated in the cured gray work by removing the separators used in its manufacture and the notches. (41) of the formwork panels (28) of the new wall to be fabricated, and its frusto-conical segment (52) being in the area to be concreted to facilitate its extraction once the new wall is cured.

The longitudinal overlapping of perimeter walls is shown in Figures 63 and 64, consisting of the overlapping means (149) that fix and align the panels (28) of the wall to be constructed with the executed wall (130), in an enlarged section section. "U" (152) perforated at its base with oblong holes, which has at one end of a separating stop (153) of equal length as the width of the wings (48) of the modular panels (28) forming the mold so that the overlap between this and the concrete wall (130) is made without slack. Said piece is complemented by a threaded tie (150) that passes through the oblong holes of the same and the circular holes of the concrete wall generated after the removal of the separators, and is fixed to the inside by a threaded locking washer (61).

Figures 65 to 72 show the application of the invention to the construction of cemented walls and pillar structures such as fences, partitions and the like. In a first case a cementing strip (160) can be made, for which a template (154) consisting of a double profile (156) can be used which can be adapted for the manufacture of the strips in terrain with steps or unevenness. similar to that specified for house cement slabs (see figures 12 and 13). The template (154) is seated on the ground (155) previously excavated and prepared, and secured thereto by the appropriate anchors (11) introduced by the side plate holes (157). In order to reinforce this fixation and maintain the transverse interdistance, joint angles (119) fixed by self-centering clamps (9) to ends (293) of the profiles (156) are used. To support the pillars of the wall or room, excavations (158) are carried out on the ground, which will house the reinforcements (20) that are joined by upper stirrups (159).

After concreting the strip (160), the reinforcement (20) as well as reinforcing rods (21) for the wall are embedded, as shown in Fig. 67.

For the finished strip, the formwork can already be applied by means of the panels (28), providing the hollows for the electrical boxes (33), water meters (161), and other necessary installations, obtaining, after pouring and curing the concrete. Figures 68 and 69 show the formwork and the gray work of the finished wall (163). It may also include elements such as interior profiles with textures, beveled shapes, ornaments or even hollows for later placement of pipes or bars for nets.

According to the invention, one can also build walls that sit directly on the ground, as shown in figures 70-72. Telescopic stabilizers (164) with reinforcing boards (166) are employed for this purpose and the alignment studs (27) may be used for the mold, which are subjected to the molding of the wall itself by normal corbels (26) for the upper and inverted ones. inferior.

The principles and functionality of the stabilizer (164) are similar to those of the stabilizer described in ES9401135, but with the feature that it has a cylindrical telescopic body (99) which slides and secures within another fixed body (100) by means of a (10) as well as an adjustable foot, which allows for better stabilization of walls and different heights, further enhancing stabilization by means of reinforcing boards (166) situated on the supports (165).

In summary, the novel procedures and means described in the present invention allow the industrialization of construction without architectural limitations by adapting mold design to the design to be carried out, without any limitation as to the shapes, dimensions or structures to which it refers.

All elements, tools, instruments, procedures

of the object system of the invention, are focused on the achievement of an orderly and rationally organized constructive sequence, divided into logical phases and that properly combined, mechanize the construction and propose a multiplicity of advantages over traditional building systems and other systems. of known partial formwork.

Claims (39)

1. Improvements in systems for the construction of reinforced concrete structures or other material by means of high precision modular and integral formwork using panels of standard shapes and dimensions, within tolerances of less than one millimeter and high quality surface finish, preparing integral formwork of the building where, besides the reinforcement, several installations are placed; said panels incorporating perimeter studs provided with oblong holes for their mutual union by self-centering clamps, as well as holes in their sine, or notches on their sides intended to generate holes when being assembled, provided that said holes are aligned with the two confronted panels for the passage of spacers or conical separators with locking retains that cooperate to maintain their interdistance and may also include insulating portions that will be integrated in the finished wall; some special panels have been provided, including wedge and back panels that facilitate the beginning of the formwork removal, others in square to materialize the formwork corners; and also implementing auxiliary means for assembling and disassembling the formwork; formwork on a prior cement slab with the participation of a marking and laying template used also prior to the concreting of said cement slab for the placement of the installations that are embedded or under it such as cisterns and sanitation ducts ; characterized by the fact that the cement slab (24) is made with the participation of a formwork based on modular pieces (3) and (4) whose faces form a straight dihedral, and square to the corners, being fixed between by self-centering clamps (9) passing through oblong holes (8) of side platelets (7), and having angular reinforcements (6) to which stabilizers (2) and anchors (11) are attached; while the parts (3) and (4) have upper emergent tabs (5) for self-centering the marking and placing template (12). Improvements according to claim 1, wherein the marking and placing template (12) may consist of several separate bodies reinforced by tie rods, characterized in that said bodies are joined by self-centering clamps (9); the jig incorporating also centers for marking the outlets of pipes, drains and the like. Improvements according to Claim 1, characterized in that, for the preparation of stepped cement slabs, modular panels of the appropriate height are supported directly on the ground and secured by double brackets (27a) and self-centering clamps (9) supported by in turn said double brackets by stabilizers (2) graduated in height; upper alignment studs (27) may be used in corbels (26) which can be attached to the oblong holes of the double brackets, or lower ones secured by stops (30). Improvements according to claim 1, characterized in that they include the use of a wall template (31) which aligns walls and partitions and locates in them all elements such as doors and windows and has two appropriate centering points. electrical boxes, outlets for pipes and drains, as well as indicator profiles for interior stair treads and other elements; said wall template being fixed adjusted against U-shaped stop plates (25) placed on the cement slab. Improvements according to claims 1 and 4, characterized in that the wall template (31) is preferably based on different bodies joined together by self-centering clamps (9) and safety connectors (35); said bodies being constituted by square section tubing with transverse perforations (32) coinciding in position with the holes provided in the panels to allow passage of spacers or tapered separators (51) or (146). Improvements according to Claims 1, 4 and 5, characterized in that over the wall template (31) are reinforced (20), where appropriate insulating portions (36), so that the rods of said reinforcements do not match the perforations (32) of the jig, and making holes in the insulation at the positions of said perforations to facilitate the passage of the tabs (51) or (146). Improvements according to claims 1, 4, 5 and 6, wherein the separators consist of a slightly frusto-conical rod (53), a double frusto-conical head (55) with locking collar collar (52) and an extreme washer opposite; characterized in that said separators incorporate a double end handle (54) in place of the washer. Improvements according to Claim 7, characterized in that a variant of the separator replaces the double frusto-conical end with a threaded end (57) which, in cooperation with a threaded washer (61), allows the distance between panels to be precisely adjusted. . Improvements according to claim 7, characterized in that a variant of the juxtaposed double-wall separator (146) comprises a first frusto-conical segment (52) adjacent to the extreme washer (147) and an adjacent second cylindrical segment (148) to the double frusto-conical head (55), the rod being long enough to encompass the thickness of the double wall. Improvements according to claim 9, characterized in that a variant of the juxtaposed double-wall separator (146) replaces the double frusto-conical tip with a threaded tip (57) with threaded washer (61) allowing for exact adjustment of the panel. Improvements according to Claim 6, characterized in that the reinforcement of the reinforcement (20) to the wall template (31) is consolidated by reinforcements (37). Improvements according to Claims 6 and 11, characterized in that in perimeter walls multiple formwork reinforcements (20) are provided by means of reinforcements (37) and spacer-fasteners (38), which are provided with the same. bends to be embedded in the concrete, which work as a structural element, providing the insulation (36) centering between the reinforcements (20). Improvements according to Claim 12, characterized in that the platelets (38) preferably have angled section and grooves, forming a kind of comb where the reinforcements (20) are supported. Improvements according to claim 1, wherein the panels incorporate into their perimeter pins (48) oblong holes (8), characterized in that said pins also incorporate round holes (29). Improvements according to claim 1, wherein the panels incorporate notches (41) on their sides to form through-holes of the separators; characterized in that the panels may also incorporate quarter-circle notches (42) in their corners for the same purpose. Improvements according to the preceding claims, characterized in that they include a centering hook (62) formed by a flat-ended rod (63) with grooves (64) and the other rounded-ended end (65) for the leveling of adjoining panels. Improvements according to the preceding claims, characterized in that they include a multi-purpose lever (66) having two ends, one having a lateral cylindrical pivot (67), a small step or support gap (68); a groove (69) with an interior sloping wall and rear round stops (70), while the other end is formed by an expansion having a straight groove (69) with two rear pivots (71) and near them a rear bead ( 72) also for centering and leveling adjoining panels and for facilitating the placement of tapered separators, the placement and removal of self-centering clamps, and to facilitate removal of the formwork. Improvements according to the preceding claims, characterized in that they include a mold lever (73) consisting of a bar provided at one end of it with a wedge (74) with a central groove (69), and at its end. opposite end of another equivalent wedge (74) upside down and provided with two spare side cylindrical pivots (75) for lifting panels in contact with the cement slab and other uses. Improvements according to the preceding claims, characterized in that they include a trolley (76) with front wheels (77) and rear support legs (78) with rear handles (79) for displacement; has a tiltable support (80) in the form of a tangled frame for fixing the panels (28) to hooks (81); the support (80) is mounted on a telescopic mast based on a fixed body (84) and two telescopic bodies (83) by means of a crank driven pulley system (82); The trolley's structure incorporates steps (86) and pillows (87), all for work of placing and removing the formwork at heights. Improvements according to the preceding claims, characterized in that they include a crane support (88) provided with a double hook (89) of the panels by its platelets, each hook (89) consisting of two U-shaped equal plates, joined together by one part and leaving the ends of the separate U-plates forming a double groove (90) for perpendicular entry of the platelets of the panels, and their fixing by means of safety dowels (10) . Improvements according to the preceding claims, characterized in that they include a separating mechanism (91) for doors or other spaces with the object of maintaining the distance between formwork panels in this type of spans resisting the pressure due to the weight of the material. of concrete; said mechanism being constituted by a central spindle (92) provided with adjusting stops (93), a telescopic body (83a) and a fixed one (84a) that allow the adjustable extension of fastening plates (94) with oblong holes (8). ) which attach to the panels closing these gaps by means of self-centering clamps (9). Improvements according to the preceding claims, which include beams for securing panels by beam (27b) of ceiling and cantilever formwork panels, characterized in that said beams consist of three tubular bodies, two of them upper and lower. lower parts (100) and straight ones connected by a counter-threaded handle (101) for their extension adjustment, and another extendable telescopic (99) by means of a safety pin (10) with respect to the upper one, the lower tubular body (100) having a double crosshead (103) for its lateral attachment to the plates (7) of the panels without bottom support. Improvements according to the preceding claims, including beams for securing panels by beam (27) of ceiling and cantilever formwork panels, characterized in that said beams consist of two fixed tubular bodies (100) the upper one being straight and the lower one being angular, with a reinforcement (104) being related by a counter-threaded handle (101) for its extension adjustment; the lower tubular body (100) having a double crosshead (103) for its lateral attachment to the plates (7) of the panels without lower support. Improvements according to the preceding claims, characterized in that they include special ladders (117) for placement on other ladders, the rear legs of which are telescopic based on fixed bodies (84b) and telescopic (83b) lockable by handles. safety (10). Improvements according to the preceding claims, characterized in that they include special panels for molding shutter frames, consisting of two adjoining halves (106) and (107) with the protrusion (105) corresponding to the molding of the frame and provided with. of the bolts with holes (8) and (29) for their fixation, with the sides of agreement of both oblique and corresponding halves for easy demoulding. Improvements according to the preceding claims, characterized in that they include a special type of panel consisting of a rectangular lid (108) provided with a central longitudinal rib (109) for shaping a louver guide provided with the corresponding ones. fixing holes (8) and (29) and a lower step (110) to fit the window recess panel or lid (111), which in turn comprises a folded rectangular plate with fixing holes (8) ) and (29) forming a step (112), and conveniently inclined for water evacuation. Improvements according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the stair forming formwork panels are joined by means of clamps (9) and fixing and reinforcing brackets (114). Improvements according to the preceding claims, characterized in that they include an overlapping element of adjacent walls, consisting of lids (118), which define spaces between them for the passage of the reinforcement (20) and which are interconnected with each other. by means of reinforcing brackets (119) and by means of these to the panels that form the wall with the cooperation of self-centering clamps (9), all with the purpose of allowing the reinforcement to be shared with the wall in continuation; including the perimeter wall overlay element three lids (118) with two spaces for the passage of two armatures, and the inner wall overlay element for the lids (118) with a single reinforcement space for these walls. Improvements according to the preceding claims, characterized in that for longitudinal overlapping of a perimeter wall in continuation of another embodiment (145) comprises the use of flared U-section pieces (152) perforated at its base with holes with an separating stop (153) at one of its ends of equal length as the width of the perimeter pins of the backlash panels, complementing the pieces (152) with threaded rods (150) passing through the oblong holes and holes in the finished wall generated by the spacers and held by the corresponding threaded washer (61). Improvements according to claims 9 and 10, characterized in that the formwork for the construction of a wall juxtaposed with another constructed with the cooperation of the corresponding separators comprises the insertion of its cylindrical segment (148) into any of the holes in the wall. finished wall, its trunked section (52) being in the zone to be concreted to facilitate its extraction and cooperating in the interdistanced support of the corresponding formwork panel. Improvements according to the preceding claims, characterized in that they include the assembly of alignment panels (27) of mold panels by means of corbels, which also allow manipulation of the panel assembly. Improvements according to the preceding claims, which include safety bridges (116) for working at heights, characterized in that some of said bridges serve to form the formwork for higher plants from an already completed lower plant, and are comprised of brackets (124) slidable to double rails (125), one of the rails being slidingly attached to the finished wall (130) and the other rail to the support (124), being fixed to the rails (125) by means of screws (127) with a U-shaped head (128) running along the corresponding rail, projecting from that head the screw rod which in the case of fixing to the wall (130) goes through any of the holes generated by the tabs. tapered to be fixed by a threaded washer (61), and in the case of attachment to the bracket (124) it is secured to a flange (126) secured by safety dowels (10) to through holes (3 2) of the support (125), which allows its adjustment in height, having provided in the lower part of the support (124) an abutment (129) supporting the wall (130); having on the supports (124) non-slip platforms (122) which have in their front part folding sleepers (131) adjusting against the formwork forming panels of the upper floor; mounting the brackets (124) the corresponding handrail (136); and closing the side ends (122) of the catwalks by handrails (136) supported by L-shaped support auxiliary pieces (137) which join to reinforcing crosspieces (138) at the bottom of the platforms. Improvements according to Claim 32, characterized in that the folding crossmembers (131) are hinged by a longitudinal hinge (132) to the corresponding platform, having an unfolding pin (135) and a front tubular part ( 134) to support the formwork panels. Improvements according to claims 32 and 33, characterized in that the rails (125) can be mounted horizontally or vertically, which allows respectively horizontal or vertical displacement of the catwalks (116). Improvements according to the preceding claims, characterized in that a pipe is formed for forming the chimney formwork (139). Improvements according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the parapet formwork includes upper platelets (144) for maintaining the exact width and lower wings (143) which prevent overflowing of the concrete material during filling. Improvements according to the preceding claims applied to the construction of cementing walls, characterized in that a template (154) is used to make a support strip, said template consisting of a double profile (156) adaptable. by means of uneven bags in its case, and fixed to the ground by means of anchorages (11) introduced by the side plate holes (157), implementing joint angles (119) to maintain the transverse interdistance, being integrated in the cured strip the pillar reinforcements (20) as well as reinforcing rods (21) for the wall, and performing the formwork for the wall on the strip providing the corresponding hollows for installations. Improvements according to the preceding claims, in which cementless walls can be made with the participation of stabilizers (164) with reinforcement planks (166) mounted on supports (165) and alignment studs (27), characterized in that the outriggers comprise a cylindrical telescopic body that slides within a fixed one (100) and engages via a dowel (10), also implementing an adjustable foot that improves stabilization. 39. Improvements in the construction systems of reinforced concrete structures or other material by means of high precision modular and integral formwork according to all the preceding claims, characterized by the fact that the construction procedure has the following phases: a) assembly formwork for building the cement slab b) placement of the cement slab insulation and lattice reinforcement, as well as the planned sanitation networks c) placement of the marking template and adjusted placement on the cementing formwork itself for locating and centering from the required sanitation and electrical installations outputs and welding of the reinforcement or starter rods to the slab reticulated reinforcement. d) removal of the marking template and placement and concreting of the interior of the formwork for the manufacture of the cement slab with all the planned facilities integrated in it. e) repositioning the marking template and placing it on the concrete slab to verify the placement and fixing of the stop U-pieces (25) at the points marked by said template sizing plates. (f) extraction of the marking and laying template, removal of the cement slab formwork and placement of the wall template, supported against the U-pieces (25). g) mounting the reticular wall reinforcement, installation network and wall insulation and fixing the whole set by means of the fixing-separating plates. h) removal of the wall template leaving the complete inner net or skeleton of the walls properly situated. i) assembly of the complete mold by joining the modular panels by self-centering clamps or similar means and wall separators; locating the electrical boxes, pipe outlets and other installations in the centering of the panels provided for such purpose. j) monolithic and integral concreting of the mold, obtaining a construction in "gray work", with all the elements and installations integrated in it.