BE665742A - - Google Patents

Description

  

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  Continuous filament yarns, method and apparatus for their manufacture,
The present invention relates to yarns containing one or more continuous filaments of polymeric material, and to a method and apparatus for making such yarns.



   The filaments of polymeric material are most preferably made as continuous yarns by wet, dry or melt spinning processes. These conventionally made continuous filaments are essentially straight with regularity. In yarns from these continuous filaments these qualities facilitate the settling of adjacent filaments and the yarn has a relatively dense and compact structure.

   This compactness results in several undesirable properties of these continuous filament yarns, for example low covering power, low power.

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   thermal desolation, a low degree of volume and a fairly cold feel which reduce the interest of their advantageous characteristics such as, for example, their often excellent tenacity.

   In contrast, with continuous filament yarns those originating from staple fibers have relatively reduced mechanical strength but better covering power, better thermal insulating power and better bulk and softer feel, and these properties are generally attributed to. the presence in these yarns of fibers of irregular length and numerous discontinuities.



   During the last ten years or so much research has given rise to a large number of publications, including patent applications, to obtain some of the desirable qualities of a staple fiber yarn spun in a yarn. filamentary continuous filament, and numerous methods and devices have been proposed for modifying a continuous filamentary yarn and achieving this goal.



   These modified continuous filament yarns are typically made by processes in which a bundle of filaments is treated to creep, curl, or otherwise disperse individual filaments contained in that bundle and this operation is not normally performed properly. fully integrated with the extrusion process and the manufacture of continuous filaments constituting the yarn.



   One reason which can be put forward to justify this phenomenon is the high linear speed of the extruded filaments which is of the order of 1200 meters / minute in the case of polyamide or polyester filaments. This high speed makes it difficult to process the moving filaments properly. Another reason has to do with the nature of many freshly spun filaments which, due to their low molecular orientation, generally have low tenacity and are therefore unsuitable for many textile applications.

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   In the patent of June 10, 1965 of the Applicant entitled "Yarns of pulymeric material, methods and apparatus for their manufacture", has been described and claimed, inter alia, a method for making new continuous filament yarns from one or more filaments. continuous, a process fully integrated with the extrusion and formation of the constituent filament or continuous filaments.



   In this process, one or more freshly spun continuous filaments are passed over a rotating body preferably tapering towards one end such that an approximately tubular sleeve comprising a series of interconnected layers is formed around it. the surface of the body, the sleeve is continuously withdrawn from the body * in the direction of its axis of rotation, preferably at its thinned end, and the yarn obtained is collected in a regular manner. The speed at which the sleeve is withdrawn from the rotating body must not only be less than the peripheral speed of the body but also its speed of rotation to allow the introduction of a twist in the wire.



   Each layer in the sleeve formed around the surface of the rotating body comprises two helices of opposite pitch connected in series and when the sleeve is withdrawn from the surface of the body the two helices connected in one layer collapse in a direction. tion and are simultaneously elongated in the direction of removal, thus forming a long loop of complex structure. Therefore, the yarn which comes from the sleeve comprises a multiplicity of loops extending essentially axially the majority of which are contained on at least a part of their longevity in another loop, because the sleeve is removed in a regular and gradual manner, the layers separate

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 both of the surfaced in the order in which they were assembled there.

   This arrangement of the axially extending loops is a factor which gives the yarns their excellent bulk characteristics. However, in addition to this nest of axially extending loops, the yarn still contains a varying number of generally shorter loops which emerge from the nest of aligned loops and often protrude outwardly in radial directions. These shorter, radially protruding loops are considered to be derived primarily from loosely wound helix turns when *. that they are present in the sleeve and which, under the influence of the centrifugal force coming from the rotation of the body, are projected outwards by flowing from its surface.

   These loops which project radially are often so numerous that they give the wire a distinct peripheral zone and a hairy or downy appearance.



   The presence in the yarn of these radially projecting loops, particularly when they are present in relatively large number, confers on the yarn certain undesirable characteristics. For example, yarns containing a relatively large number of such radially protruding loops have an irregular surface with a fringed outline and some lack of uniformity in cross section. In addition, fabrics obtained from these threads have a certain tendency to pilling and may have a "catch" feel which can be attributed to the loops which catch in the fingers.



   While it was possible to reduce the extent to which these radially protruding loops appear, while still retaining the arrangement of axially extending interconnected loops, thereby providing a desirably high bulk, the utility of continuous filament yarns. would be correspondingly increased.

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   An object of the present invention is to provide a continuous filamentary yarn which comprises a multiplicity of interconnected loops extending essentially axially which, without being subjected to treatment after its formation, contains a reduced number of loops which protrude radially and have in cross-section a uniformity greater than that of the continuous filament yarns obtained by the process described and claimed in the aforementioned patent.



   The reduction in the number of loops which protrude radially in the yarns of the invention is generally apparent to the eye and to the touch and it is possible to determine the actual number of loops which protrude radially in the two types of yarns. yarn and therefore express the reduction in absolute terms. However, it will be noted that because of the fineness of the loops and their number, particularly in one type of yarn, the direct determination of the actual number of loops which protrude radially is a tedious operation which takes a great deal of time. and which cannot be used for quick and convenient measurement of long stretches of wire. A very simple and convenient way to determine the number of loops that protrude radially in a given wire is to measure the air lock of the wire.

   Thus, although it is known that the air braking of a yarn is a complex phenomenon influenced by many variable factors, besides the number of loops which protrude radially, the Applicant has discovered that, as long as an appropriate correction is made to compensate for the effect of the denier, the air braking of a yarn provides a sure indication of the number of loops which are protruding radially.



   In the description and claims the number of radially protruding loops is expressed by means of the air braking factor of the yarn in which they are present.

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   Therefore, the present invention provides a continuous filamentary yarn which comprises a multiplicity of interconnected loops which are arranged substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the yarn, characterized in that the yarn has an air brake factor. as defined herein at least 7.5.



   The yarn is further characterized by having a volume factor of not less than 1.3 and a twist factor of at least 3/4.



   The continuous filament of the present invention may consist almost entirely of an array of interconnected loops which are aligned substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the structure, with a majority of loops contained for at least part of their length to inside another loop. Alternatively, the wire may comprise a relatively compact network of axially extending, interconnected loops the majority of which are contained for at least part of their length within another loop and a number of loops generally. shorter ones which emerge from the relatively compact network and which are wound around it to form a discontinuous sheath.



   Although the number of radially protruding loops is very small in the yarn of the present invention compared to the yarns obtained by the process described and claimed in the aforementioned patent, these loops are generally still present although their number is never sufficient to give the wire an air braking factor of less than 1.5.



  Definitions
The air braking factor is derived from the measured air braking of the yarn by applying an appropriate correction to it for the observed increase in air braking with increasing denier, and is calculated by the following formula: '

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 Air braking factor = Measured air braking), 4 x denier
102
The air braking of a wire can be conveniently measured by feeding a section of the wire into a pendulum device and determining the number of oscillations that occur between two amplitudes on one side as it moves. swinging of the pendulum is damped.

   The pendulum consists of a 2 meter section of wire attached to one end with a 4 g weight attached to its opposite end. The pendulum is then set in motion with approximately the same momentum in each case and the number of times the pendulum swings to one side between an amplitude of 30 and 20 is determined. The more efficient the pendulum damping, the smaller the number of oscillations between the two amplitudes. The number of oscillations between the two amplitudes represents the measured air braking. volume factor.



   This factor is defined as the percentage change in the diameter of the wire when a given load is applied to it and it can be determined, conveniently using a conventional calibrated feeler gauge. In the description and the claims, the indicated volume factors are determined as follows:
Five turns of the wire are wound under a tension of
0.01 g per, denier around a flat plate 1 mm thick and 10 cm long, the loops of the winding being spaced at a distance of 2.5 mm. The plate is supported on the platen (3/4 inch in diameter) of a conventional calibrated feeler gauge, the loops of the wire being arranged symmetrically across the platen.

   The 3/4 inch (19mm) diameter top plate of the gauge is then lowered onto the wire under a 10g load and a gauge reading is taken at a stable value. This reading indicates the initial approximate thickness.

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 As to the yarn, the low weight has little effect on the yarn except that it flattens any surface smoothness but is necessary to obtain a reading.



   The load is then increased to 50 g and a reading of the gauge again is taken when stable. The percent decrease in diameter which results from the application of the 50 g load is determined by the two readings on the feeler gauge. This percentage reduction is related to the volume of voids present in the wire and is therefore an indication of its volume because the more voids there are in the wire, the greater the decrease in diameter during the application. cation of the 50 g charge.

   The percentage decrease in diameter is relatively high for the bulky yarns of the present invention which have a complex structure, and it is far less for continuous filament yarns, in which the individual filaments are tightly packed and in which they are formed. there is, therefore, little void volume.



   Torsion factor
This factor is defined (see for example "Textile Terms and Definitions", 4th edition, published by the Textile Institute, Manchester) as the actual twist divided by the square root of the cotton number. The ratio of cotton number to yarn denier is well known and a denier value can be easily converted to a corresponding cotton number.



   The present invention further provides a process for making a continuous filamentary filament wherein a continuous filament is formed by extruding a polymeric material, passing the continuous filament thus formed to a rotating body around the surface of which the filament. filament is wound up and whose peripheral speed is sufficient to apply tension to the filament, and to thin this filament as it passes through the body, the filament is communicated during its passage

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 towards the body a reciprocating motion which has the effect of winding the filament around the body in the form of a sleeve, the sleeve is continuously withdrawn from the surface of the rotating body at a speed which is lower than the peripheral speed of the body , we ,

   the sleeve is turned over and the wire thus formed is collected in a regular manner.



   The sleeve may be turned over simultaneously with its removal from the body surface or subsequent to such removal. However, it is very convenient to turn the sleeve more or less simultaneously with its removal from the body and this can be done by moving the sleeve along the surface of the body so that its direction of forward movement is essentially parallel to the sleeve. the axis of rotation of the body and then, when the sleeve leaves the surface of the body, pulling it in the opposite direction through a passage contained within the body.



   The generally quite short loops which normally protrude outward from the main mass of the sleeve and which are caused by the centrifugal force due to the rotation of the body are transferred by the overturning of the periphery. internally and, therefore, the resulting yarn has a more regular and smooth surface, a more attractive feel, greater uniformity in cross-section and reduced air lock compared to yarn derived from a sleeve which does not did not return like a glove.



   The speed at which the sleeve is withdrawn from the rotating body must be less than the peripheral speed of the body to allow the sleeve to accumulate therein. Further, the introduction of a twist which is necessary for stabilization and firming of the resulting yarn implies that the removal speed must always be lower than the rotational speed of the body.



     Normally, in the practice of the method of the invention,

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 as the rotary body advantageously has fairly small dimensions, the peripheral speed is lower than the speed of rotation and, in this case, the peripheral speed sets an upper limit for the speed of removal. When the peripheral speed exceeds the speed of rotation, it is the latter which sets an upper limit for the removal speed. vemant.



   Although the formation of a bulky continuous filament from a single filament is an advantageous point of the process of the invention, and the use of a single filament may be desirable economically or to provide a yarn which has a desired final denier, many more than one filament can simultaneously pass to the rotating body and be joined directly to form a continuous filament yarn.



   As the denier of the continuous filamentary filament increases with the number of filaments constituting it, there is an upper limit to the number of filaments which can be assembled to form a yarn acceptable for normal textile applications.



   For most applications, the number of filaments passing simultaneously to the rotating body does not exceed 50, although this number may vary to some extent depending on the actual denier of the filaments.



   The invention also provides an apparatus for making a wire which comprises a device for extruding a poly material. mother form one or more continuous filaments, a reciprocating mechanism placed at a distance away from the extrusion device and intended to impart reciprocation to the filament, a body arranged to rotate with a speed device high enough to apply tension to the filament and assemble the filament around its surface in the form of a sleeve, and a device for removing the sleeve.

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 chon slower than the peripheral speed of the rotating body,

   a device for turning the mancho simultaneously with its removal from the surface or after its removal and a device for collecting the yarn thus obtained.



   In a practical form of the apparatus according to the invention, the rotating body contains an axially extending passage and the sleeve is turned over by pulling it through this passage in a direction opposite to the direction of movement towards. the front of the sleeve as it moves along the surface of the rotating body during removal. The same device that acts on the sleeve to remove it from the body surface can be used to pull it through the passageway. extending axially and may further serve to collect the wire which is formed.



   The term "continuous filaments" used in the present context and in the claims denotes filaments which have an indefinite length and which, in the practice of the process of the invention, are continuously formed by extrusion from a source of polymeric material. . The term does not include short fibers commonly referred to as "staple fibers".



   In one embodiment of the invention, the continuous filaments are extruded through the orifices of a spinneret from a source of polymeric material and one or more of the continuous filaments pass along a substantially defined path. most often downwards, until they are almost completely solidified, can be directed by a reciprocating mechanism on a rotating body around which the filaments are wound in the form of a sleeve comprising a certain number of superimposed and interconnected propellers.



   The sleeve is continuously moved along the surface of the rotating body so that the direction of its forward movement is substantially parallel to the axis of the sleeve.

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 rotation and more or less simultaneously with its separation from the surface of the body, its direction of forward movement is reversed and it is pulled through an axially extending passage ... contained in the rotating body .

   The reversal of the direction of travel thus obtained reverses the sleeve and causes the loops which project outwardly from the main mass of the sleeve, when assembled around the rotating body, to pass inside the sleeve. structure that is pulled through the passage .., wise. The removal of the sleeve from the surface of the body and its pulling through the passage is conveniently effected by a constant speed winding device which operates at a speed lower than the peripheral speed of the body and which collects the formed wire from the body. sleeve which is pulled through 'this device.

   The sleeve which is continuously developed by the supply of the filaments passing towards the rotating body is also continuously unwound from the surface of the body in a gradual and regular fashion so that it can be regarded as one. momentary assembly of coiled filaments.



   The rotating body can have different shapes but it is preferable that its profile is such that it tapers in the direction that the sleeve is removed, which facilitates the removal of the sleeve as a cohesive integrated structure. important to give the wire some of its essential characteristics, Particularly suitable rotating bodies are. those which have a shape described by a rectilinear generator. Examples are conical or frustoconical or essentially cylindrical bodies. As regards cylindrical shaped bodies, particularly good results have been obtained with a cylindrical body which tapers slightly (angle of about 5) towards the end where the sleeve is removed.



   Bodies of essentially hemispherical or para-

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 bolique can also be used in the process of the invention.



   The body can be constructed from metal, plastic, ceramic or any other suitable material.



   Advantageously, the body comprises a one-piece shaft with it, which may be hollow, to connect it to a suitable drive device.



   The passage, when provided in the body to facilitate turning essential to the sleeve, is preferably disposed axially within the body, i.e. it extends through the body into the body. the plane of its axis. The passage should have a diameter large enough to accommodate the sleeve which is pulled through the passage.



   The peripheral speed, that is, the speed of the surface of the rotating body around which the filament is wound in the form of superimposed and interconnected helices, should be of an order of magnitude such that the body imparts tension As the filament moves towards it, the application of tension to the filament by the rotating body thins it over the distance between the face of the spinneret and the point where the filament is almost fully solidified.

     Further, under the force imposed by the rotating body, the filament is accelerated as it approaches the body. Hence, the spinning speed of the filament which is the speed of the filament at a point where its solidification is practically completed and where its thinning with reduction of filament denier has practically ceased depends directly on the peripheral speed of the rotating body. Therefore, the spinning speed of the filament can be directly and efficiently adjusted.



   Filaments of certain polymeric materials, particularly filaments derived from synthetic organic polymeric materials such as, for example, polyamides, polyesters, polyhydrocarbons, polyurethanes, polycarbonates, etc., are

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 macromulecularly oriented as well as thinned and accelerated by the rotating body. The degree of orientation developed in freshly spun filaments is related to the speed of peripheral rotation in that the orientation is more effective the higher the speed is up to some variable limit.

   Therefore, when using synthetic organic polymeric materials in the invention, the spinning and drawing can be performed in one operation and the yarn formed from the sleeve withdrawn from the rotating body contains drawn continuous filaments.



   The effect of different peripheral speeds on the amin-. slowing, acceleration and possibly the macromolecular orientation of the filaments passing towards the body will be described in detail in one of the passages of the brief, but it can be indicated at this stage that internal peripheral speeds of 2100 meters per minute are generally associated. to yarns whose properties are relatively lower than those obtained by using bodies rotating at a higher speed and the spinning speed of the filaments is also low, which results in a productivity generally leaving to be desired.



   As to the reciprocating mechanism, any device can be used which can impart to the moving filament a reciprocating motion accelerating the filaments along the length of the rotating body in a series of superimposed and interconnected helices. Particularly suitable reciprocating mechanisms are those in which the filament passes through a wire guide contained in a reciprocating bar to which reciprocating motion is imparted by mechanical, hydraulic, electromagnetic or other means. .



   The advantageously high peripheral speeds of the rotating body impose a lower limit on the speed of the movement.

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 alternative method to obtain satisfactory results of the process and the formation of a yarn having good properties.



  This lower limit of the reciprocating motion varies widely depending on a number of variable factors including, in particular, the peripheral speed of the rotating body. It is preferred to use high reciprocating speeds over the speeds normally used to wind up continuous filaments in a continuous filament spinning machine. In the latter role, the speed of the reciprocating motion generally hardly exceeds 500 cycles per minute.

   In contrast, the reciprocating motion speeds that the invention has to create for the process to operate smoothly and to obtain a wire of maximum utility,. are generally greater than 600 cycles per minute and preferably 1000 cycles per minute when the reciprocating mechanisms are used in conjunction with rotary bodies having peripheral speeds between 2100 and 600 meters per minute. '
Slightly lower reciprocating speeds are acceptable when the peripheral speed of the rotating body is less than 2100 meters per minute.



   The invention will be clearly understood by referring to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figures 1A and B are different schematic representations of the same apparatus useful in practicing the invention;
Figs. 2-4 are perspective views of differently shaped bodies which can be used as a rotating body in the apparatus of Fig. 1; Fig.5 shows a plan of a reciprocating mechanism which may be used in the apparatus of Fig.l;
Fig. 6 is another reciprocating mechanism which

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 can be used in the apparatus of Fig.1; .



     Fig.? is a schematic representation of the shape of a filament wound in a layer around the rotating body;
Fig.8 is a developed view of the form of Fig.7; ,
Fig. 9-10 are schematic and idealized views illustrating the structure of the sleeve that forms around the rotating body and the relationship between the different layers of it on the body and as the sleeve is removed and turned over. by being pulled through an axially extending passageway in the body;
Fig. 11 is a schematic view illustrating in detail and in a more or less idealized fashion the ratio between two layers of the sleeve in the region where the sleeve detaches from the rotating body and is inverted;

   
Fig. 12 is a schematic view similar to FIG. 11 but showing how the layers constituting the sleeve can be changed under working conditions and the effect of overturning on the layers when they are removed. The view shown is closer to the structure which is actually that existing in the sleeve; Fig. 13 is a schematic view on a much larger scale of part of the loop strand coming from the sleeve after it has been detached from the rotating body and illustrates the relationship between the various loops constituting this drill bit and the structure individual loops;

   
Fig. 14 is a schematic view similar to FIG. 13 but on a reduced scale and shows how the various loops act together to produce a more complex and compact structure than that shown in the previous figure;
Fig. 15 is a photograph of a model of a certain length of wire made in accordance with the invention observed under the ordinary microscope;

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Fig. 16 is a photograph of a model of a certain length of wire obtained by the method described and claimed in the aforementioned patent when viewed under an ordinary microscope and is included for comparison;

   
Fig. 17-19 are photomicrographs at 10 times magnification of certain lengths of wire produced according to the process according to the process indicated in the various examples which follow, and,
Fig. 20 is a graph showing how the air braking measured as described herein increases with the denier of the yarn and this figure also allows a comparison between the air braking of yarns according to the invention, of staple fiber yarns. correspondingly spun yarns and yarns obtained by the process described and claimed in the aforementioned patent.



   Referring to Figs 1A and B, fresh continuous filament spun denotes pa :. the reference numeral 20 is extruded through an orifice (not shown) in a die 21, in air at room temperature. The extruded filament after cooling and solidifying during its downward passage through air is wound around the continuous surface of a body 22 which has the shape of a truncated cone. Body 22 contains an axially extending passage 23 which is formed by drilling a 1/2 inch (13 mm) diameter hole through the body from the nose to the widest part in the plane of its longitudinal axis. .



   The body also contains an integral hollow shaft 24 which is connected to a suitable drive mechanism (not shown) which rotates the body. The peripheral speed, that is to say the speed of the surface of the rotating body, which will be called in the following description, a spinning wheel, is high enough to apply a tension to the filament and, therefore, to 'thinned during its passage' between the die and the spinning wheel.

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   The continuous filament in its downward motion passes through the yarn guide (not shown) of a reciprocating mechanism generally designated by the reference numeral 25 placed at a small distance above the surface of the wire. spinning wheel. The reciprocating mechanism communicates a reciprocating motion to the moving filament in a plane normal to the mean direction of movement of the filament and parallel to the longitudinal axis of the spinning wheel 22.



   As a result of the reciprocating motion imparted to the filament, it is wound on the surface of the impeller from one end to the other in the form of a series of interconnected helices which accumulate in a thinned tubular sleeve 26. The sleeve which develops by winding the continuously advancing filament is gradually removed, from the inclined surface of the impeller, and then across passage 23, under the effect of the imposed force by a conventional winding device.



   Reversing the direction of forward movement which occurs more or less simultaneously with the removal of the sleeve from the surface of the impeller causes the sleeve to turn over. Thanks to the turning of the sleeve, the loops of relatively short length which protrude outward from the main mass of the sleeve when it is on the impeller and which are formed mainly by the action of centrifugal force on the towers Loosely wound helices are transferred from the periphery to the interior.



   Removal of the sleeve from the surface of the impeller and its downward movement in the passage is associated not only with its overturning but also with its collapse as it ceases to be supported by the surface of the impeller, and its elongation. under the influence of the tensile force exerted by the winding device in the axial direction. The sum of these effects provides a strand 27 of interconnected loops which comprises a mass of relatively long loops of complex structure which surround a thin strip of generally shorter single loops which are located along the major axis of the loop. wick or

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 parallel to this axis and the elements of which penetrate into the branches of the more complex outer loops.

   Soft. The impeller rotation element introduces a torsion into the drill bit driven along the axis of rotation. The introduction of torsion. begins in the region where the bit departs from the surface of the rod and descends along the bit a varying distance often until a torsion barrier is encountered. The ceramic guide ring 28 through which the wick 27 passes constitutes such a barrier and it is observed that in most cases the twist is almost entirely communicated before the passage of the wick through this barrier: The wire 29 thus obtained is wound in the form of a winding with thinned ends on a known winding apparatus using a reciprocating mechanism (not shown).



   As illustrated, the wire is placed on a spool 30, the surface of which is driven by a roller 31 to form a winding. of wire 32.



   The speed of the wire-take-off spool which practically regulates the speed at which the sleeve is helped out of the impeller 22 is always well below the speed of rotation of the impeller. This speed is always kept constant during a determined operation and in relation to the speed of rotation of the impeller according to the desired characteristics for the wire. for example the degree of twist.



   The spinning wheel around which the filament is wound in the form of a sleeve and which applies tension to the filament, thus continually elongating it at a speed greater than the extrusion speed, is generally shaped so as to s 'to slim in the. sense that the sleeve is removed so that it can be removed regularly as a cohesive and integral structure.



   Figs. 2-4 are perspective representations of impellers successfully used in practice in the invention in the apparatus of FIG. 1.



   Each of the spinning wheels has a lightweight hollow construction with a continuous surface and is executed from high-grade aluminum alloy.

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 tenacity.



   The one piece hollow shaft with the impeller serves to connect it to a suitable driving device; advantageously an electric motor, which turns it,
The frustoconical spinning wheel of FIG. 2 has the following dimensions:
 EMI20.1
 
 <tb> Diameter <SEP> maximum: <SEP> 3 <SEP> 1/4 <SEP> inches <SEP> (82.5 <SEP> mm)
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> Diameter <SEP> minimum <SEP>: <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1/4 <SEP> inch <SEP> (32 <SEP> mm)
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> Length <SEP> on <SEP> long <SEP> of <SEP> axis: <SEP>: .3 <SEP> 1/8 <SEP> inches <SEP> (79.5 <SEP> mm)
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> Angle.de <SEP> declination:

    <SEP> ' <SEP> 19
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> Angle <SEP> of <SEP> declination <SEP> 19 <SEP> inch <SEP> (13
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> Diameter <SEP> internal <SEP> passage <SEP> 1/2 <SEP> inch <SEP> (13 <SEP> mm)
 <tb>
 <tb> The <SEP> spinning wheel <SEP> in <SEP> shape <SEP> of <SEP> ball <SEP> of <SEP> rifle <SEP> of <SEP> the <SEP> Fig. <SEP> 3
 <tb>
 has the following dimensions:
 EMI20.2
 
 <tb> Diameter <SEP> maximum: <SEP> 3 <SEP> inches <SEP> (76 <SEP> mm)
 <tb>
 <tb> Diameter <SEP> minimum: <SEP> ' <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1/8 <SEP> inch (28.5 <SEP> mm)
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> Length <SEP> on <SEP> long <SEP> of <SEP> axis: <SEP> 2 <SEP> inches <SEP> (51 <SEP> mm)
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> Angle <SEP> of <SEP> declination:

    <SEP> 3
 <tb>
 <tb> Diameter <SEP> internal <SEP> of <SEP> passage <SEP> 1/2 <SEP> inch <SEP> (13 <SEP> mm)
 <tb> The <SEP> spinning wheel <SEP> essentially <SEP> cylindrical <SEP> slightly <SEP> coni-
 <tb>
 than in FIG. 4 has the following dimensions:
 EMI20.3
 
 <tb> Diameter <SEP> maximum: <SEP> 2..7 / 8 <SEP> inches <SEP> (73 <SEP> mm)
 <tb>
 <tb> Diameter <SEP> minimum: <SEP> 2 <SEP> 5/8 <SEP> inches <SEP> (66.5 <SEP> mm)
 <tb>
 <tb> Length <SEP> on <SEP> long <SEP> of <SEP> line: <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1/2 <SEP> inch <SEP> (38 <SEP> mm)
 <tb>
 <tb> Angle <SEP> of <SEP> declination:

    <SEP> 4
 <tb> Diameter <SEP> internal <SEP> of <SEP> passage, <SEP> 1/2 <SEP> inch <SEP> (13 <SEP> mm)
 <tb> The location <SEP> of <SEP> spinning wheel <SEP> by <SEP> report <SEP> to <SEP> the <SEP> sector <SEP> is not
 <tb>
 not critical and the process can operate with the impeller on the same vertical line as the die or offset from the die
In terms of distance from the spinneret, the spinning wheel should be placed beyond the point where the descending filament has practically solidified, otherwise the filament may break into staple fibers when:

  comes into contact with the spinning wheel and when several filaments are attracted to the spinning wheel, the filaments. adjacent ones can weld together because the cooling time

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 is insufficient. 'In the particular case of filaments derived from melt-spun polymers, for example synthetic organic polymers such as polyamides, polyesters, polyhydrocarbons, etc., the impeller should be placed beyond the .a region along the length of the extruded filament where the solidifying filament is in a state of transition between the solid state and the liquid state.

   The thinning of the filament is carried out mainly in this region because the force imposed by the spinning wheel goes up along the filament and localizes the thinning in this region. In this transition region, the filament can be seen to accelerate and stretch as it moves lengthwise at high speed. The ideal location for the spinning wheel is determined by simple experiments in which its position is changed until it thins the filaments well but does not squeeze or weld them.



   In the case of polyhexamethylene adipamide filaments, téré. polyethylene 'and polypropylene phthalate, the spinning wheel can be placed anywhere between 18 inches (450 mm) and 10 feet' (3m) below the face of the die *
When using filaments from synthetic organic polymers such as the polymers listed above, the peripheral speed of the impeller is high enough to macromolecularly orient the filaments as well as to thin them.



   The peripheral speed necessary to thin and orient the filaments to the desired extent, speed in relation to the constructive characteristics of the impeller, its dimensions and its speed of rotation, varies according to the spun polymer and the processing conditions such as the viscosity of the poly- mother to output, in other words the melt viscosity at the time of extrusion, the extrusion speed and the linear distance between the die face and the rouot.



   Regarding polyhexamethylene filaments

  <Desc / Clms Page number 22>

 adipamide, polyethylene polypropylene terephthalate, a reasonable degree of macromolecular orientation as evidenced by measurements of birefringence and properties such as toughness. and extensibility can be achieved at peripheral speeds in excess of 2100mmeters per minute. Peripheral speeds
Less than 2100 meters per minute results in filaments of low tenacity and of limited utility.

   The tenacity of the filaments can be improved by stretching the yarns which contain them, but since this requires an additional operation, it is preferred to use higher peripheral speeds and collect the yarns. elements drawn in the form of wire. At more than 2100 meters per minute,. the peripheral speed can be increased until excessive filament breakage occurs. The maximum peripheral speed that can be used without excessive filament breakage :, is primarily determined by the extrusion speed. When excessive die breakage occurs for a given peripheral speed, it can be reduced and this peripheral speed made possible by using higher extrusion speeds.



   The well-developed macromolecular orientation resulting from the high peripheral velocities is associated with a reduction in filament denier and therefore a compromise between orientation and filament denier must be achieved. like polyhexamethylene adipamide, polyethylene terephthalate and polypropylene, peripheral speeds of 2,700 to 6,000 mefs per minute give filament deniers of between 1.2 and 6 mainly depending on the extrusion speed. Since filaments which have a denier less than 1 are not very useful, this reduction in denier also places an upper limit on the peripheral speed! spinning wheel,, '.



   Higher peripheral speeds of the impeller, essential for satisfactory operation of the

  <Desc / Clms Page number 23>

 A process which uses as the source of filaments macromolecularly orientable synthetic organic polymers melt spun, also advantageously used with other polymeric materials. This is because of the equivalence between the peripheral speed and the spinning speed.



   Therefore, high peripheral speeds are associated with higher productivity and economically favorable process conditions.



   As the peripheral speed of the spinning wheel is determined by its dimensions, in particular its diameter in the region where. the filament is brought around the impeller and its rotational speed, a peripheral speed can be achieved either by rotating a relatively small impeller at a relatively high speed or by rotating a large impeller more slowly.



   Consider for example the spinning wheel shown in FIG. 4. At a rotational speed of 20,000 revolutions per minute, its peripheral speed at the edge where its diameter is 2 7/8 inches (73 mm) is about 4,500 meters per minute. Equivalent peripheral speed can be obtained by using an impeller of ..., similar cylindrical shape but having a diameter of 6 inches (150mm) by rotating it at 9500 revolutions per minute. The use of a relatively large impeller to achieve a high peripheral speed causes some difficulties.

   For example, since the length of the axially extending segments, yarn is directly related to the length of the filaments wound around the spinning wheel in a single reciprocating motion, the yarn which originates from the unwound sleeve. A large spinning wheel (large length and / or large diameter) tends to contain long loops which has a detrimental effect on the structure of the wire and its properties. In addition, difficulties may be encountered when attempting to remove the penguin from the spinning wheel on a regular and progressive basis. In addition, a large body has a lower burst rate and occupies a larger portion

  <Desc / Clms Page number 24>

 limited space below a spinning cell than a smaller, spinning wheel.



   For these and other reasons, it is preferable to achieve the desired high peripheral speeds by rotating a relatively small impeller at high speed. The use of high rotational speeds for the impeller is also advantageous in a manner which will be described in more detail hereinafter from the point of view of the necessary introduction of the twist into the bit of loops from the loop. sleeve removed from the spinning wheel.



   To make clear the expression "relatively small spinning wheel", the dimensions of the spinning wheels shown in Figures 2 to 4 are given below.



   The rotation of these wheels at 18,000 revolutions per minute gives peripheral speeds of rotation at the edge of 4,587,
4,239 and 4,071 meters per minute, respectively, sufficient when melt spun synthetic organic polymers are processed to achieve a useful degree of macromolecular orientation.



   These spinning wheels are suitable for accumulating in the form of a sleeve up to 25 filaments having deniers up to 6 and the sleeve can be easily removed from the impeller in a regular and gradual fashion.



   The upper limit of impeller dimensions compatible with the smooth and gradual removal of the sleeve and the formation of the most satisfactory wire depends on factors such as the profile of the impeller, the speed of rotation and the speed of the reciprocating motion, but in in the case of large diameter spinning wheels, there is a greater tendency for the wire to snag from the sleeve jerkily during its training;

   this tear-off leads to the formation of a buttoned yarn of irregular denier and therefore of limited utility and also leads to frequent breakage of the filaments with interruption of the process.

  <Desc / Clms Page number 25>

 as already mentioned, the descending filament is guided through a reciprocating mechanism which drives the filament in a reciprocating motion so as to spread it on the surface of the spinning wheel in the form of a sleeve comprising a series of superimposed and interconnected propellers, a reciprocating mechanism being placed a short distance above the spinning wheel.

   If it is placed too far from the spinning wheel, the reciprocating device loses a certain degree of its effectiveness and spreads the filament less well on the surface of the spinning wheel, while if it is too close to the spinning wheel, it is necessary to may encounter difficulties when trying to thread the wire through the device.

   The optimum location for the reciprocating mechanism is determined by moving it away from the spinning wheel until threading can be done without difficulty When working with reciprocating mechanisms of the type in which the filament passes through a wire guide contained in a reciprocating bar controlled by a mechanical, hydraulic, electromagnetic or other device and that the spinning wheel shown in FIGS. 2-4, the optimum distance is between 25 and 150 mm. above the spinning wheel and. most often 37 to 100 mm .. above him.



   For a particularly satisfactory implementation of the process of the invention, it is desirable that the reciprocating mechanism has a high reciprocating speed compared to the reciprocating speeds commonly used for the reciprocating. Winding continuous filaments into windings on a continuous filament spinning machine. A reciprocating device which can move the filament back and forth along the spinning wheel at high speed and which is suitable for the apparatus of the
Fig. 1 is shown in plan in FIG. 5,,.



   Referring to this figure, the reciprocating mechanism comprises a thin metal bar 33, one end of which 34 is. clamped onto the end of a U-shaped iron block 35 and the other end 36 carries a lightweight two-pronged filament guide 37

  <Desc / Clms Page number 26>

 executed in ceramic fingers 1.6 mm in diameter and 13 mm. length. The iron block 35 serves as a core for an electromagnet generally designated by the reference numeral 38 and its part 39 is surrounded by a metal wire forming a coil 40 which is connected by a variable transformer to a source ('not shown) furnace .... netting 50 cycles of alternating current per second.

   A rectifier! silicon diode 41 is connected in series with the winding of
The electromagnet so as to allow only half a current of two cycles to pass. The flux induced in the iron core 35 communicates a reciprocating motion to the bar 33 which is balanced to move forward and backward at the desired rate of 50 cycles per second by adjusting its free length. .



   The reciprocating movement is sinusoidal with an amplitude (top to top) of approximately 38 mm.



   Fig. 6 shows another high speed reciprocating mechanism which is mechanical rather than electrical and which may be used in the apparatus of FIG. 1.



   In its essential form, this reciprocating mechanism comprises a device for transforming the rotary motion of a connecting rod into a reotilinear motion, the latter being applied to a reciprocating bar by a joint and using . a fork 'to eliminate the irregularity of movement common to all ordinary linkage devices. Referring to this figure, the filament passing to the impeller passes through a ceramic wire guide 42 attached to one end of a reciprocating bar 43 of light steel tubing which pivots at its other end on a support 44. The reciprocating bar is also fixed to a bar 45 by a pin 46 which can move in a longitudinal slot 47 of the reciprocating bar.

   It emerges from the examination of the figure that if one animates of a forward movement. native to bar 45, a similar movement is communicated to the bar back and forth. To obtain this reciprocating movement, the

  <Desc / Clms Page number 27>

 bar 45 is fixed to a transverse head 48, in which is formed a slot 49 where a block 50 slides. The block is connected by a pin 51 to a connecting rod 52 attached to one end of an axis 53 which rotates at a uniform speed under the influence of an electric motor controlled by a variac transformer (not shown). Thus, thanks to this rotary linkage, a continuous reciprocating movement is transmitted by the bar to the reciprocating bar which moves back and forth in an arc.

   Due to its simplicity, this reciprocating mechanism is reliable in operation and capable of achieving reciprocating speeds of up to 100 cycles per second.



  The movement is essentially sinusoidal and its speed can be easily modified and the amplitude adjusted, the latter depending on the length of the spinning wheel on which the filament is wound.



   In operation, the reciprocating bar in the mechanisms shown in Figs. 5 and 6 is placed in a horizontal plane essentially perpendicular to the major axis of the spinning wheel so that the filament passing through the thread guide is driven in a reciprocating motion along the length of the spinning wheel.



   Reciprocating mechanisms other than the two mechanisms shown can be used and it is not necessary that the reciprocating motion be imparted to the filament as it passes through a yarn guide contained in a movable bar. For example, the reciprocating mechanism can be pneumatic, with the filament passing through a device where it is subjected to a transverse air jet. The direction of which is rapidly and continuously reversed.



   A similar effect can be obtained eleotrostatically by passing the filament between two plates whose polarity is rapidly and continuously reversed.



   As the reciprocating mechanism imparts axial movement to the filament and due to the rotary motion of the impeller, the filament winds around the impeller in a series of helices.

  <Desc / Clms Page number 28>

 interconnected and superimposed which form an approximately tubular sleeve around the impeller,
Fig. 7 is a schematic representation of the configuration adopted by a filament wound around the impeller in a complete reciprocating cycle. Initially, the filament advances along the spinning wheel in a direction in the form of a right-hand helix 54.

   At point X, which corresponds to the far right end of the reciprocating cycle, there is a reversal of the direction of movement of the filament along the impeller and a second helix
55, in this case a .. left helix, which covers the first is formed. The two helices contain the same number of turns, and have the same length which corresponds approximately to the amplitude of the reciprocating motion. The structure resulting from a single full reciprocating motion comprises the two inter propellers.

   oonneotées and superimposed 54 and 55 de.not contrary although generated in the same direction of rotation. This double helical structure constitutes a layer of the sleeve which accumulates on the impeller and for ease of description the term "layer" will be used to denote the double helical structure formed by a full reciprocating movement.



   A layer projected onto a flat surface as in the developed plane of FIG. 8 describes a series of chained curves the configuration of which is similar to certain types of "lissajou figures" known in mathematics. The configuration of the filament in a layer is reflected in the structure of segments extending in the direction of the axis of the yarn as will be explained in detail later.



   The characteristic structure of the wire of the invention 'and the properties which it possesses depend on the formation on the impeller of a transient assembly in the form of a sleeve made up of a large number of layers each originating from one, only reciprocating movement of the regular and progressive removal of the sleeve of the impeller, and its turning over in a controlled manner.

  <Desc / Clms Page number 29>

 



   When using the high peripheral speeds advantageous for the impeller, the formation of this sleeve, assuming the usual reduced removal speed, depends on a high speed of the reciprocating movement of the spinning mechanism. alternative event.



   In addition, the helix angle in the layer is determined by the peripheral speed of the impeller, the profile of the impeller and the speed of the reciprocating motion of the reciprocating mechanism and a high reciprocating speed. comes results in a relatively large helix angle. When using the reciprocating mechanism of FIG. 6 with a reciprocating speed of
80 cycles per second and the impeller of FIG.

   4 with a peripheral speed of 4,500 meters per minute, the filaments at the intermediate point of the to-and-fro intersect at an angle of 18,
A high value for the helix angle increases the frictional interconnection between successive layers and between the two helices of the same layer and aligns the terms of the helix in positions more suitable for removal. .



   The minimum reciprocating speed compatible with the formation of a satisfactory wire and the smooth operation of the process depends on the constructional characteristics of the impeller, its dimensions, its peripheral speed, the speed at which the sleeve is removed from the spinning wheel and other similar variable factors.

   With regard to the reciprocating mechanism of Figs. 5 and 6 when used with the spinning wheels shown in Figs. 2-4 and other spinning wheels of similar dimensions operating at peripheral speeds of between 1,500 and 6,000 meters per minute, the sleeve being removed at a speed of up to 500 feet (150 m) per minute. back and forth motion may vary over a wide range greater than
600 cycles per minute and preferably greater than 1000 cycles

  <Desc / Clms Page number 30>

 per minute. Reciprocating speeds of less than 600 cycles per minute are associated with frequent breakage in the process and provide buttoned yarn of irregular denier and therefore of limited utility.

   With peripheral speeds lower than
7000 feet (2100 m) per minute the reciprocating speed can be less than 600 cycles per minute to a corresponding extent and still provide a reasonably uniform wire with good properties.



   To get the desired wire from the roughly tubular sleeve that forms around the impeller, it is necessary. first of all to gradually remove the layers from the inside of the sleeve and then to turn the layers upside down like a glove in a controlled way. along the inclined surface of the impeller and then along the passage provided in the impeller, The layers inside the sleeve are usually removed in the order in which they were assembled around the impeller. However, as a result of the interaction due to friction and as a result of the coherence between the adjacent layers attributable to the high reciprocating speeds used,

   a tensile force is exerted by a given layer as it travels over successive layers so that the entire sleeve descends along the inclined surface of the impeller and moves along the passage as of a one-piece structure.



   During the reversal of the direction of forward movement caused by this sequence of operations, the layers are turned over and as the sleeve moves as a one-piece structure, this reversal is carried out in a controlled manner. The sleeve is essentially a transient assembly since it continuously develops by depositing additional layers on its exterior surface and is simultaneously and continuously reduced by removing layers from its interior surface.

   When diaper removal has started and

  <Desc / Clms Page number 31>

 Under the condition of maintaining a constant winding speed, a state of equilibrium is reached between the accumulation of layers in the sleeve and their removal in the form of a strand of loops.

   The sleeve present on the spinning wheel after the start of the in. layer lifting comprises a number of layers arranged in superposition but with successive layers offset from each other,
Figs. 9 and 10 represent schematically and idealized the relationship between the successive chained layers on the spinning wheel and illustrate the phenomena which occur during the removal of the wheel sleeve from its turning and collapse into a wick of loops when he moves in the passage.



   In the schematic section of FIG. 9, a layer 56 which has just been deposited covers the layer 57 deposited immediately before but which in the time interval since its formation has descended along the inclined surface of the impeller under the tensile force exerted. by layer 58 which has completely detached from the surface of the impeller.



   The front end of the layer 57 is attracted to move along the passage under the tensile stress exerted by the layer 59 which has moved completely away from the surface of the impeller and, due to the reversal to the movement towards the front, which occurs more or less simultaneously with the spreading movement of the surface, has been reversed. The relatively short loops, none of which are shown but which are always present in any layer and which protrude from it outwards when this is on the surface of the spinning wheel, are brought back, due to the turning over, inside the strand of curls.



   In the cross section of FIG. 9, the sleeve in which only two layers have been shown is a tegulated structure with the interconnected layers arranged one on top of the other.

  <Desc / Clms Page number 32>

   -the other Nais with a shift between the layers. As each layer comprises two interconnected and superimposed propellers generated around the impeller serving as the frame, the actual structure of the sleeve more closely resembles that shown in side view in FIG. 10, each layer being contained over a variable part of its length in the layer assembled immediately after and to which it is chained.



   Thus, the layer 27 is contained over a part of its length in the layer 56, the two layers being driven by the continuation of a helix constituting the layer 57 in the form of one of the opposite direction helices of the layer 56.



   Likewise, couch 59 is contained over part of its length in diaper 58. An arrangement of the type shown in Figs. 9 and 10 ensures a good frictional interaction between the superimposed layers which facilitates the detachment of the sleeve in the form of an integral structure maintaining offset ratios between the successive layers and its inversion in a controlled manner.



   The absence of the support offered by the spinning wheel each time a layer deviates from it causes the collapse of the helices connected in series which constitute it. At the same time, the helices in the layer elongate in the axial direction under the force exerted by the tensile action of the winding device. The sum of this axial elongation and the collapse of the propellers provides. a structure comprising two branches, each derived from a helix constituting the layer; which are intertwined and therefore stabilized because the branches intersect at a varying number of points along their length.



   A structure of this general type will be referred to in the remainder of the description as complex loops to distinguish it from loops which are generally shorter, generally less complex which, by turning the sleeve over, are brought back from the sleeve.

  <Desc / Clms Page number 33>

 periphery inside the sleeve,
Figs. 11 and 12 show the structure of the layers $ assembled around the spinning wheel, the ratio between two layers and the turn-around of one of them which detaches from the spinning-wheel through the passage, its collapse and its simultaneous elongation in a loop which constitutes a loop extending in the direction of the axis of the yarn obtained.



   Referring to fig. 11, a layer 61 which has just been deposited comprises two propellers 62 and 63 spread over the length of the impeller, the left propeller 63 covering the right propeller 62 and the propellers being connected in series to the extreme left of the wheel. spinning wheel by the common cord 64 which constitutes the last part of the layer 61
Each of the connected @ contains 5 turns and 2 turns 65 and 66 at the front end of the first propeller 62 which are detached from the impeller under the influence of the tensile force exerted by the layer 68 deposited on the impeller immediately. before layer 61, '
Layer 61 is connected by its end 67 to layer 68.

   Layer 68, which likewise comprises two propellers connected in series with 5 turns, has completely detached from the surface of the impeller and has entered the passage except for the end which ends it.



  By detaching itself from the surface of the spinning wheel and passing through the passage layer 68 is turned upside down like a glove and as it loses the support of the surface of the spinning wheel it collapsed in its vertical, Simultaneously with its collapse , the layer elongates in the longitudinal direction, thus forming a long loop with intertwined branches due to the crossings of the branches which present themselves at the five nodal points (a - e) corresponding to the points of the initial layer where a helix a crossed each other.



   Fig. 11 is a very idealized representation of

  <Desc / Clms Page number 34>

 sleeve and serves only to illustrate the relationship between the successive layers and the phenomena which occur during their removal. Fig. 12 illustrates more precisely the shape of the layers on the surface of the impeller and the influence of the turning over on the structure of the wick of loops formed from the layers removed. Referring to this figure, the posterior end of layer 68 protrudes outwardly from the surface of the impeller in the form of a relatively short loop 69. This rela-. very short is obtained by the action of the centrifugal force produced by the rotation of the impeller on an individual coil loosely rolled from a helix of the layer 68.

   When the diaper is turned over, this loop 69 sits inside and occupies an approximately central position in the strand of loops and aligned substantially parallel to its major axis. Two such aligned loops which previously protruded outwardly from the surface of the spinning wheel are indicated by the reference numeral 70, this loop comprising the anterior end 67 of the layer 6i, and by the numeral of. reference 71, this loop preventing a turn of the outer helix of layer 68.



   Although Fig. 12 is probably closer than FIG. 11 of the actual structure of the sleeve and of the events which occur during its removal, such as' Figs, 9 to 11, it is more or less idealized because, in actual operation, the sleeve which accumulates autotir from the sleeve. spinning wheel normally contains much more. layers and, owing to their number, the fineness of the filaments and the speeds involved, it is impossible to determine with complete precision or to record the structure of the sleeve and the complex series of phenomena which, occur.

  <Desc / Clms Page number 35>

 



   However, high-speed photographs and experiments with models although they highlight the complexity confirm the essential validity of the analysis of the structure of the sleeve and the explanation of the phenomena which occur during its In particular, they confirm that a large number of layers accumulate on the impeller to form a sleeve, that there is a gradual and generally regular advancement of the sleeve which descends and falls from the spinning wheel, the layers moving approximately in the order in which they were deposited, but the whole assembly moves as a solid, coherent structure.



   High speed photographs and model experiments also confirm that, during the overturning which occurs more or less simultaneously with the separation between the layers and the surface of the spinning wheel, the loops protruding outwards are brought inside the structure and the helices that form the layers collapse and lengthen axially in long loops of complex structure.



   The removal of the sleeve in a regular and gradual fashion implies that the layers are arranged in this sleeve in superposition but with an offset and that it is the maintenance of this arrangement during the removal and after the removal and the. turning which gives the yarn its characteristic structure and some of its advantageous properties.



   Considering the rapidity of the events, a certain number of layers detach from the surface of the spinning wheel almost instantaneously but on the whole this shift ratio is maintained such that one obtains a wick of more or less interconnected loops axial, a large number of the loops being contained over a variable part of their length in another loop.



   Fig. 12, is a schematic view on a much larger scale of a small portion of a strand of loops from

  <Desc / Clms Page number 36>

 of a sleeve containing layers similar to the two layers shown with reference to FIG. 12,
The structure shown comprises a layer formed by a tangle of complex interconnected loops extending essentially along the axis of the wick which surrounds a central band composed of loops which are aligned parallel to the major axis of the structure, the branches of these loops merging into one or other of the branches of the complex loops,
A loop 72, the closed end 73 of which is on the extreme left,

  of the view extends along it to end at the end 74. A branch 75 of the loop, because it comes from a helix in the lower part of the diaper, extends a little more forward than the other branch 76 of the loop. The two branches of this complex loop are intertwined due to the crossing of the branches which occurs at the five nodes (a - e). This interlacing entangles the branches and thus stabilizes the complex bbucles and is attributed to the formation of the loop from a layer which comprises two superimposed helices connected in series and in opposite directions. The number of nodes present corresponds to the number of turns in each helix of the layer.



   The retention during removal and inversion and after removal and inversion of the offset overlap ratio between the layers of the sleeve is reflected in the structure of the loop strand. Thus, loop 72 is contained within another complex axial loop 79 originating from the immediately next layer in the sleeve and the two loops are interconnected at the front end 80 of loop 72. The branches of loop 79 are intertwined. similarly to those of loop 68.

   In addition) the loop 72 itself envelops another complex loop 81 whose closed end

  <Desc / Clms Page number 37>

 is approximately halfway through loop 72 This loop also contains another complex loop 82 of which only a part is shown. The general arrangement of this outer layer is that of a nest of interconnected loops; axial with complex structure.



   In this nest of loops are two loops 77 and
83 arranged along the axis of the bit in a more or less central position. Initially, ie when the layers are on the spinning wheel) these loops protrude outwards from the main mass but due to the turning over have been brought to. inside and are therefore embedded in the wick. The loop 77, the end 78 of which extends to the closed end 73 of the complex loop 72, originates from the intermediate turn of the outer helix of the layer in which the loop 72 found its origin. The branches of loop 77 merge in two places with branch 74 of the complex loop.

   The loop 83, a part of which towards its closed end 84 is contained in the loop 77, is derived from the part of a layer constituting the common chord between the constituent helices and, consequently, the branches of the loop are transformed into different branches of the complex loop 82.

   Both loops are shown with the twist introduced in them as well as in the complex loops, although for clarity the twist present in these loops has been removed, where the layers leave the surface of the spinning wheel,
Fig. 14 is a very large-scale schematic representation of the lock-of-loops shown in FIG. 13 when the bit has descended lower in the passage and has been firmed up giving it the desired degree of twisting. to form a stable wire. This figure, in which the reference numerals denote the same parts as in the previous figure, provides an indication of the complexity of the structure and the relationship between the different elements.

  <Desc / Clms Page number 38>

 



   The loops in the wick are seldom so uniformly arranged as shown in Figs. 13 and 14 because these loops are always displaced and entangled to a varying extent. In particular, after the. By strengthening the wick by the introduction of the twist, it is seldom possible due to the complexity of the structure to distinguish between the two types of loops which act on each other to form a relatively compact axial loop set. Despite this efficiency, the set of loops is bulky due to its complex structure containing many voids between the branches of the many loops.



   Despite the complexities of the structure, the configurations adopted by the loops shown in F'ig. 13 and 14 are presented with sufficient regularity that random cuts along the length of the wire contain approximately the same number of filaments.



   The number of filaments in the cross section is the ratio of the peripheral speed of the impeller to the linear speed at which the sleeve is removed, multiplied by the number of filaments passing over the impeller. For example, if the peripheral speed of the spinning wheel is 10,000 feet per minute and the sleeve is removed at a linear air speed of + 250 feet per minute, (1 foot = 30cm) we will have, assuming that a single filament is directed onto the spinning wheel, 10,000/250 or about 40 filaments at any point on the wick.



   A number of strand filaments may not be limited to the distinct arrangement formed by the interconnected axial loops but may escape part of their length. The number of these loops is always less than in a loop coming from a sleeve which is removed from the impeller along its axis of rotation and which is not returned.



   As the sleeve comes off the spinning wheel and goes down

  <Desc / Clms Page number 39>

 in the passage, a twist is introduced therein and this twist condenses the strand of loops formed from the sleeve to obtain a bulky thread.



   The introduction of the twist is a result of the rotation of the impeller with respect to the linear movement of the bit of loops and results from the fact that at some stage of the removal of the impeller the layers inside the sleeve are located partly on the spinning wheel and partly in the loop strand which has moved away from it under the influence of the winding device. One end thus being retained in the wick which is itself held by the winding device, the other end rotates with the impeller and, therefore, a twist is introduced into the wick. This introduced twist descends into the mechanism until it meets a torsion barrier.



   Fig. 15, as indicated above, is a photograph of a model which in fact reproduces the structure of a short length of wire obtained according to the invention and observed under the microscope.



   The wire comprises a relatively compact core 91 around which a number of relatively short loops 92 are wound in a varying number of helix turns, thereby forming a thin, discontinuous sheath 93. The wire contains only a few radially protruding loops. .



     The core 91 comprises a series of interconnected loops aligned essentially parallel to the major axis of the. wire but these loops are twisted together in more or less regular helices with a helix angle of about 70.



   Random cross sections along the length of the wire indicate an approximately constant number of filaments in the core. The number of filaments found is related to the linear speed (E) at which the filaments arrive on the spinning wheel, their number (N) and the linear speed (W) at which the

  <Desc / Clms Page number 40>

 loops are removed from the spinning wheel, The number can be found by multiplying the ratio 1 x N. Cross sections often reveal in addition to parallel filaments which represent the branches of the loop the curved end of one or more loops.



   Many loops inside the core, due to the gradual and regular removal of the mahchon from the spinning wheel, are arranged such that they are tucked over at least part of their length in another loop, forming thus a nest of loops advancing generally along the wire. The loops inside the nest are stabilized by the intertwining of the branches that constitute them. In addition to this nest of loops, there is also the presence of a certain number of loops which are placed more or less in the center of the core and essentially parallel to its major axis. These loops arranged in the center come from loops which, when the sleeve was on the spinning wheel, protruded outwards from the latter.

   It should be noted that, due to the complexity of the Structure of the core, it is rarely possible to distinguish between the two types of loops that compose it, although their presence can be deduced by observation at the time of the formation of the wire. . In addition, the axial arrangement of the loops within the core is more complex than the above description indicates and, in particular, there is considerable entanglement between adjacent loops which can deform the core. nest of interconnected loops while maintaining the overall arrangement of the nest.

   The overall representation is that of an arrangement of interconnected loops each containing a segment aligned essentially parallel to the major axis but twisted helically in that direction.



   The loops 92 which are wound around the core to form a discontinuous sheath 93 probably originate from loops protruding outwardly from the initial sleeve which have not.

  <Desc / Clms Page number 41>

 been brought from the periphery to the inside during the turning of the sleeve.



   The yarn shown in Fig. 15 has a structure characteristic of many yarns obtained according to the invention. However, although some loops always protrude from the core and wrap around it, they do not necessarily have to be as numerous as in the structure shown in FIG. 15, and the sheath may be so continuous that it largely loses the appearance of a sheath.



   Fig. 16 provided by way of comparison is a photograph of a segment of a wire produced according to the process described and claimed in the aforementioned patent application where the sleeve assembled around the impeller is removed along the axis of rotation and is not returned. The wire comprises a relatively compact core and a large peripheral region comprising a large number of radially projecting loops. These radial loops give the yarn a well-marked fluffy or hairy appearance. In the yarns of the present invention, most of these radial loops, due to the turning over at the sleeve, are embedded within the yarn.

   The smaller number of radial loops in the cords of the invention results in a higher value of the air braking factor which is always at least 7.5.



   This high value arises from the reduced damping of a pendulum containing the yarn and, therefore, the relatively high value determined for the number of oscillations between an ampli- tude of 30 and 20. The reduction in the number of these loops gives the yarn a smoother and more uniform appearance and makes its use, for example, by weaving or knitting looms, easier because the yarn has less tendency to catch in the parts of the machines and fabrics formed therefrom have less tendency to pilling. , '
An essential characteristic of the wire shown in

  <Desc / Clms Page number 42>

 Fig, 15, like all the other yarns of the invention, is its volume, that is to say the relative volume occupied by a determined weight.

   This volume is the result not only of the easily visible loops which envelop the soul or protrude outwards, but also of the structure of the core in which loops of complex structure and comparable to cut fibers of a yarn are nestled into each other by entangling. Due to their bulky nature, the threads have excellent hiding power and the fabrics made from them are warm. The surface of the threads, although more regular than the thread shown in FIG.



  16 is still irregular and this irregularity gives them a feel similar to that of yarns formed from comparable staple fibers:
As the twist introduced into the loop strand is a function of the rotational movement of the impeller with respect to the linear speed with which the bundle is driven by the winding device, it is determined by the operating conditions of the apparatus.

   Thus, for example, if the filaments pass over the spinning wheel at a speed of 10,000 feet (3,000 m) per minute and the sleeve formed thereon then rotates at 15,000 feet (4-500 m) per minute per rotation of the spinning wheel at this speed, before being removed and returned at a speed of 250 feet (75 meters) per minute, the rate of twist introduced is 15,000 revolutions per inch or 5 revolutions per inch (25 mm).



    250x12
Therefore, the degree of twist introduced which gives the wire the necessary consistency and stability can be easily and effectively adjusted. The optimum twist for obtaining the best properties in the yarn depends on its denier and the relationship between these two parameters is expressed concisely by the twist factor.



   The most satisfactory yarns of the invention have a twist factor of between 3/4 and 10 and most often

  <Desc / Clms Page number 43>

 between 1 and 4. The direction of the introduced torsion depends on the direction of rotation of the impeller.



   At very low twist rates, the yarn can be drawn to a lower denier by conventional means.



     The apparatus described with reference to FIG. 1 is technically a false-twist apparatus since neither the spinneret nor the winding on which the wire is wound revolve around the axis of the wire and yet the coiled wire must be regarded as having a true twist. is certain that it is virtually impossible to remove an appreciable degree of twist from the yarn by application of tension thereto, and that the yarn is a stable product which can be wound into a conventional coil and retained indefinitely.



   The invention will be illustrated by the specific examples which follow which cannot limit the scope.



   In these examples, the expression “corresponding yarn” denotes a yarn obtained by a process similar to the process of the invention but without the turning of the sleeve.



   EXAMPLE 1.-
Polyhexamethylene adipamide having a relative viscosity of 35 was extruded through orifices with a diameter of 0.009. inch (0.225 mm) through die 13 at a measured spinneret temperature of 273 ° C and a flow rate of 0.05 lb.hours per orifice.



   One of these filaments passes through the filament guide into the sinusoidal reciprocating mechanism shown in Fig. 5 which operates at the rate of 50 cycles per second and at an amplitude of 1.5 inches (38 mm). then is wound around the frustoconical spinning wheel, the dimensions of which are the same as those of the spinning wheel in Fig.'2. The spinning wheel which is driven by an electric motor at a speed of 18,000 revolutions per minute, which gives it a peripheral speed of 9,200 feet (2,750 m) per minute is placed

  <Desc / Clms Page number 44>

 26 pbuces (650 mm) below the face of the die and 2 inches (50 min)

   below the reciprocating mechanism. The filament is wound around the spinning wheel in the form of a succession of layers, each of which in this particular example has the shape shown in Fig. 7, that is to say ie two propellers connected in series wound in opposite directions a length of 1.5 inches (38 mm) from the surface of the impeller, one covering the other. Each propeller contains
3 turns of filament so that 6 turns are arranged for a full back and forth motion.

   The diameter of the Conical tubular sleeve obtained is 2.5 inches (63 mm) in its widest part and 1.9 inches (48 mm) in its narrowest part,
Although the peripheral speed of the roet varies as the filament travels the 38 mm of its length from edge to edge, it has been found that the last and the birefringence of the filament which has traveled this path remain practically constant. at all points along its length.



   The absence of cyclical variations in denier and birefringence of the filaments wound on the impeller is probably due to the fact that the fluctuations from maximum to minimum peripheral speed along the impeller occur so rapidly that they are canceled out by the inherent elasticity of the filament used and do not affect the thinning or orientation which is mainly localized in the region where the filament is in a highly transient plastic state. The measures of bire-. fringence show that the filament wound on the spinning wheel is: rai-. soundly well oriented.



   A constant speed rewinder continuously removes the sleeve from the surface of the impeller and drives it through the 1/2 inch (13 mm) diameter axial passage within the impeller. More or less simultaneously with this abduction, '; the sleeve, from the ± said of the inversion, of the direction of advance, is turned over and, no longer being supported by the spinning wheel, collapses. The wick

  <Desc / Clms Page number 45>

 of loops thus obtained is twisted into a thread and, in this form, is wound up at 130 feet (39 m) per minute.



   The sleeve is removed from the spinning wheel and descends into the passage without the assistance of mechanical devices other than the winder.



   Yarn which exhibits 11.5 turns of twist per inch has the following properties;
 EMI45.1
 
 <tb> Denarius <SEP>. <SEP> 206 <SEP>
 <tb>
 <tb> Load <SEP> to <SEP> the <SEP> break <SEP> 300 <SEP> g
 <tb>
 <tb> Elongation <SEP> 30%
 <tb>
 
Braking factor in air 12
The individual filaments in the yarn present in the form of loops have a variable length of up to 18 inches (450mm) and a birefringence of 0.036 and a denier of 1.4.



   The importance of turning the sleeve like a thermowell and its influence on the resulting yarn is evidenced by the pleasant, regular and fine appearance and the soft feel of the yarn.



  These properties are better developed in the yarn than in the yarn obtained without turning over.



   The yarn which has the appearance of a twisted cotton yarn has good hiding power and can be easily dyed, and fabrics formed therefrom have a soft and pleasant feel and do not noticeably yellow when heat set. In
 EMI45.2
 in addition, they have excellent volume characteristics.



  EXAMPLE 2.-
Polyhexamethylene adipamide having an inherent viscosity of 0.882 (measured in a 90% phenol / water mixture at 25 C at a concentration of 0.5%) and containing 0.03% titanium oxide is extruded through orifices of 0.009 inch (0.225 mm) diameter of a die at a flow rate of 0.05 lb (22.5 g) per hour per orifice at a die temperature measured at the die of 273 C in ambient air at 20 C.

  <Desc / Clms Page number 46>

 



   One of the polyhexamethylene adipamide filaments passes in a generally downward path to a spinning wheel slightly offset from the die and at a distance of 38 inches (950 mm) from its face. The spinning wheel is profiled to resemble the bullet-shaped spinning wheel of FIG. 3 and its. dimensions are as follows:

   
 EMI46.1
 
 <tb> Diameter <SEP> maximum <SEP> 3.5 <SEP> inches <SEP> (88 <SEP> mm)
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> Diameter <SEP> minimum <SEP> 3/4 <SEP> inch <SEP> (19 <SEP> mm)
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> Length <SEP> axial <SEP> 2.5 <SEP> inches <SEP> (63 <SEP> mm)
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> Angle <SEP> of <SEP> declination <SEP> 40
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> Diameter <SEP> of <SEP> passage <SEP> axial <SEP> 1/2 <SEP> inch <SEP> (13 <SEP> mm)
 <tb>
 The spinning wheel is fixed by its shaft on an electric motor which drives it at 18,000 revolutions per minute, its peripheral speed being 2820 meters per minute. Before passing over the spinning wheel, the filament passes through the wire guide of the reciprocating bar of the reciprocating mechanism shown in Fig. 6 this bar has a hole,

   vant in a horizontal plane normal to a vertical plane passing through the longitudinal axis of the spinning wheel. The reciprocating mechanism is placed 2 inches (50 mm) above the surface of the impeller and operates at a frequency of 2000 cycles per minute and an amplitude of 1.5 inches (38 mm).



   Benfilage is carried out as follows.



   The filament after extrusion through the die and after having almost completely solidified is introduced into a conventional type suction nozzle and the momentum which is imparted to the filament has the effect of stretching it. The nozzle is then lowered to a position below the impeller rotating at its normal speed and the filament driven by the nozzle is fed through the yarn guide into the reciprocating bar which is at rest. The filament is then manually wound around The filament is then manually wound around the surface of the impeller, which breaks the filament above the suction nozzle and the reciprocating mechanism is simultaneously set in motion .

   Then the spinning wheel winds the filament

  <Desc / Clms Page number 47>

 on itself and under the action of the reciprocating mechanism an approximately tubular sleeve is drilled around the impeller, The periphery of the sleeve at its narrow end is drawn through the axial passage, Removal of the sleeve in this way can be achieved by pushing a metal wire in and through the passage, allowing the sleeve to condense around it, pulling the wire of the wick away from loops, and directing this wick to a device. winding.

   The winding device which rotates at 80 feet (24 m) per minute imparts almost constant tension to the sleeve and therefore a balance is quickly achieved between forming the sleeve on the impeller and removing it as a wick of loops. No mechanical device other than the winding device is required to remove the sleeve from the impeller. The twist is introduced into the lock of loops to condense it into a thread and give that thread the necessary cohesion and stability. The wire is then wound on a spool.



   Some of the properties of the wire which have been determined are listed below:
 EMI47.1
 
 <tb> Denarius <SEP> 167 <SEP> ' <SEP>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> Torsion (turns <SEP> by <SEP> inch) <SEP> 18.75
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> Factor <SEP> of <SEP> twist <SEP> 3.3
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> Tenacity <SEP> (g / denier) <SEP> 1.68 <SEP>,
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> Elongation <SEP> (%) <SEP> 70.9
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> Factor <SEP> of <SEP> braking <SEP> in <SEP> air ' <SEP> 10.1
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> Factor <SEP> of <SEP> volume <SEP> (%) <SEP> 3.2
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> Density Winding <SEP> <SEP> (g / cm3) <SEP> 0.88
 <tb>
 
The individual filaments of the yarn have an average denier of.



  1.5 and a birefringence of 0.038.



   The yarn of which a photomicrograph is shown in Fig, 17 is reminiscent, by its appearance and its feel, of a yarn spun from

  <Desc / Clms Page number 48>

 chopped fibers $ of polyhexamethylene adipamide and its volume, expressed by the volume mover, is greater. Photomicrograph shows that the yarn contains a number of radial loops but that the number of such loops is much larger in the corresponding yarn. This can be ascertained by sight and touch and by measuring the braking in 1 $ air. The braking in air of the corresponding yarn is much greater than that of the yarn of Example 6 and the braking factor is 1.63.



  EXAMPLES 3 to 6. -
Using the apparatus of Example 2, operating at the same speed, yarns are prepared from several filaments derived from the same polyhexamethylene adipamide used in this example. The number of filaments passed over the spinning wheel in each case and some the properties of the yarns obtained are indicated in the table,

  <Desc / Clms Page number 49>

 
 EMI49.1
 ' BOARD "."
 EMI49.2
 
 <tb> Exem- <SEP> Number <SEP> of <SEP> Deniers <SEP> Properties <SEP> of <SEP> thread <SEP> Properties <SEP> of <SEP> filament
 <tb>
 
 EMI49.3
 ple filaments ... .¯ '¯ ¯¯. ¯.
 EMI49.4
 
 <tb>



  Torsion <SEP> Factor <SEP> Tenacity <SEP> Elongation <SEP> Factor <SEP> Deniers <SEP> Birefringence
 <tb> towers <SEP> of <SEP> g / denier <SEP> of
 <tb> by <SEP> twist <SEP> volume <SEP>% <SEP>
 <tb> inch
 <tb>
 
 EMI49.5
 bzz 3 2 296 18. 75,. 4.4 ¯ 1.13 61. lu 5.4 1.3 0.039
 EMI49.6
 
 <tb> 642 <SEP> 18.75 <SEP> 6. <SEP> 5 <SEP> 1. <SEP> 19 <SEP> 84.2. <SEP> 3. <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1.1 <SEP> 0.037
 <tb> 5 <SEP> 6 <SEP> 947 <SEP> 18.75 <SEP> 8.14 <SEP> 1.16 <SEP> 87. <SEP> 3 <SEP> 3.5 ' <SEP> 1.3 <SEP> ¯ <SEP> ¯ <SEP> 0.038
 <tb>
 
 EMI49.7
 z - .., 8 1223 18.75 8.92 0. 64 86.1 bzz.2 1.4 0.039

  <Desc / Clms Page number 50>

 
Notes on Table I EXAMPLE 3. -
The yarn has the feel of a staple polyhexmaethlene adipamide staple yarn and can be woven to provide a warm fabric.

   The braking factor in air of the corresponding wire is 1.21.



  EXAMPLE 4. -
Fig. 18 is a photomicrograph of a piece. of this thread. Under the microscope, the wire consists of a relatively compact core and a discontinuous sheath formed of numerous generally short loops wound around the core. A number of radial loops are also found there, some of which are visible in the photomicrograph, but the number of these loops is much less than in the corresponding yarn. Due to the less number of loops protruding radially, the wire has a smoother, finer appearance and less braking in air (hence a higher value of the braking factor. The braking factor in the air). 'air pbur the corresponding wire is 2.2.4 compared to 67 for the wire of the invention.



    EXAMPLE 5.-
The yarn in this example looks like a soft cotton yarn, has good hiding power, and can be made into fabrics with a warm, soft feel. The air brake factor for the corresponding wire is 1.33, EXAMPLE '6.-
A photomicrograph of a piece of this yarn is shown in Fig, 19. Again, the yarn contains fewer radial loops than the corresponding yarn, which results in the values obtained for the braking factor in the yarn. 'air.



   The corresponding wire has an air braking factor of 31.35 while the wire of Example 6 has an air braking factor of 34.

  <Desc / Clms Page number 51>

 



   Fig. 20 shows in graphical form the difference between the braking in air of the yarns of the invention and the braking in air of the corresponding yarns and also shows the effect of the increase in denier on the braking. in the air.



   Braking in air is measured as described above by mounting a certain length of wire in a pendulum and setting the pendulum in motion, The number or fraction of oscillations that occur between an amplitude of 30 and 20 is appropriately determined. The number represents the braking in the measured air. This number is then plotted on a graph to compare it to the denier of the yarn,
The three points along curve A are obtained for the yarns of Examples 4, 5 and 6 respectively, while the three points along curve B are obtained for the corresponding yarns.



   The lower number of radial loops in the yarns of Example 4-6 (curve A) compared to the corresponding yarns (curve B) gives them less air braking and, consequently, a higher value for the number of oscillations between the two amplitudes. The wires in curve A have a higher value for measured air braking because this parameter is expressed here as the number of oscillations but they actually have lower actual air braking.



   The broken line between curves A and B indicates the division in terms of braking in air measured between the wires of the invention and the corresponding wires obtained under identical manufacturing conditions but by removing the sleeve assembled on the following spinning wheel- its axis of rotation, in one direction,. without returning it. Yarns having a braking in air measured in the upper region of the graph have air braking factors of 7.5 or more.



   Point C on the graph is the measured air braking of a yarn of chopped polyethylene terephthalate fibers

  <Desc / Clms Page number 52>

 of 208 denier. The braking factor in the air for this yarn as well as for many other staple fiber yarns is greater than the value of 7.5 and these yarns are equivalent in this respect to the yarns of the invention.

   Points D and E represent the measured air braking of a 159 denier continuous polyethylene terephthalate filament and a 192 denier continuous polypropylene filament, respectively. Since the surface of these filaments is smooth with very few protruding elements, the braking in measured air is high, that is, the braking in actual air is low as a result of the 'reduced damping.



   EXAMPLE 7.-
The apparatus of Example 2 is used to prepare threads composed of filaments of polyethylene terephthalate,
Important dimensions and distance are the same as in this example.



   It is extruded into filaments at a temperature of 280-
290 C, polyethylene terephthalate having an inherent viscosity of 0.675 (measured in orthochlorophenol at 25 C, at a concentration of 0.8%) and containing 0.3% titanium dioxide as a delustrant.

   Three of the polyethylene terephthalate filaments are directed by the reciprocating mechanism operating at 2000 cycles per minute and which has an amplitude of 1.5 inches (38 mm) on the impeller rotating at 24,000 rpm. The sleeve formed on the impeller which consists of a large number of interconnected propellers arranged in superimposed layers is continuously detached from the impeller by a winding device at constant speed along its axis and collapses and is simultaneously. lengthened in the direction of the axis to form a lock of loops,
This lock of loops is twisted into a thread and in this form is wound up at the speed of 36 meters / minute.
The yarn thus obtained has the following properties.

   

  <Desc / Clms Page number 53>

 
 EMI53.1
 
 <tb>



  Denier <SEP> 29.5
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> Twist <SEP> (turns / inch) <SEP> 16
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> Factor <SEP> of <SEP> twist <SEP> 1.28
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> Tenacity <SEP> (g / denier) <SEP> 1.01
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> Elongation <SEP> (%) <SEP> 104 <SEP> '
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> Factor <SEP> of <SEP> braking <SEP> in <SEP> air <SEP> 9.7
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> Factor <SEP> of <SEP> volume <SEP> (%) <SEP> 4.7
 <tb>
 
The individual filaments of the yarn have a denier of 1.22 and a birefringence of 0.139.



  EXAMPLES 8 to 11.-
Using the apparatus of Example 2, yarns were prepared from the various spunable polymers in the form shown in Table II which also mentions the important conditions of manufacture and some of the properties of the yarn. . i
All of the polymers contain 0.3% titanium oxide as a delustrant, and the inherent viscosities of the polymers are measured in the same manner as for the polyhexamethylene adipamide of Example 2.



   Notes on Table II EXAMPLE 8.-
The yarn is more scintillating because its constituent filaments are trilobed. The corresponding yarn has a braking factor in air of 3.0.



  EXAMPLES9 and 10.-
The yarns have the feel of a yarn formed from equivalent staple fibers and having a comparable volume. The corresponding wires have air braking factors of 3.10 and 1.88 respectively.



  EXAMPLE 11. -
The composite polyamide filament is composed of equal proportions by weight of polyhexamethylene adipamide for one of the constituents and of an 80/20 random copolymer of polyhexa-

  <Desc / Clms Page number 54>

 methylene adipamide and polyopsilon caprolactam for the other .constituent ;, The two constituents are arranged side by side along the entire length of the filaments.

  <Desc / Clms Page number 55>

 



    TABLE 2.
 EMI55.1
 
 <tb>



  Exem- <SEP> Polymer <SEP> Conditions <SEP> of <SEP> Shape <SEP> Number <SEP> Frequn- <SEP> Hurry <SEP> Hurry <SEP> Properties <SEP> of <SEP> thread <SEP> Properties <SEP> of
 <tb> ple <SEP> spinning <SEP> of <SEP> of <SEP> this <SEP> of <SEP> se <SEP> p- <SEP> of <SEP> meet <SEP> filament
 <tb> fila- <SEP> fila- <SEP> move- <SEP> riph- <SEP> dump
 <tb> lying <SEP> lie <SEP> lie <SEP> of <SEP> rique <SEP> feet /
 <tb> go-and- <SEP> of <SEP> minute
 <tb> comes <SEP> spinning wheel
 <tb>
 
 EMI55.2
 V1sto2 Tem- 'v3tes = cycles / feet /' Denier Fàc- Ténâ- Allon - 'fac':

   fac- 'Den: ter Biréi'ri1
 EMI55.3
 
 <tb> sity <SEP> pera- <SEP> se <SEP> minute- <SEP> minute <SEP> tor <SEP> cited <SEP> gement <SEP> tor <SEP> tor <SEP> gency.
 <tb> intrin <SEP> ture <SEP> book $ / <SEP> of <SEP> g / de- <SEP> of <SEP> or
 <tb> squeeze <SEP> of <SEP> time <SEP> tor- <SEP> deny <SEP> frei-volufila- <SEP> orifi- <SEP> sion <SEP> swimming <SEP> me
 <tb> @ <SEP> ture <SEP> this <SEP> in
 <tb> C <SEP>.

    <SEP> air
 <tb> 8 <SEP> Polyhe- <SEP> 0.982 <SEP> 290 <SEP> 0.05 <SEP> Sort- <SEP> 4 <SEP> 2,000 <SEP> 9,200 <SEP> 80 <SEP> 590 <SEP> 6.0 <SEP> 0.64 <SEP> 64.5 <SEP> 29.8 <SEP> 4.6 <SEP> 3.5 <SEP> 0.036
 <tb> xamethy- <SEP> lobed
 <tb> lene <SEP> adipamide
 <tb> 9 <SEP> Polyepsi- <SEP> 0.810 <SEP> 270 <SEP> 0.06 <SEP> Circu- <SEP> 3 <SEP> 2,000 <SEP> 9,200 <SEP> 80 <SEP> 455 <SEP> 5.4 <SEP> 1.12 <SEP> 58.5 <SEP> 20 <SEP> 3.2 <SEP> 1.6 <SEP> 0.037
 <tb> lon <SEP> capro- <SEP> lai-
 <tb> ¯¯¯¯¯lactam <SEP> re
 <tb> 10 <SEP> Polyhe- <SEP> 0.851 <SEP> 280 <SEP> 0.06 <SEP> Circu- <SEP> 5 <SEP> 2,000 <SEP> 9,200 <SEP> 80 <SEP> 718 <SEP> 7.1 <SEP> 1,2 <SEP> 92.7 <SEP> 20.5 <SEP> 4.4 <SEP> 1.4 <SEP> 0.036
 <tb> xamethy- <SEP>.

    <SEP> laire
 <tb> lene <SEP> suberamide <SEP> C
 <tb>
 
 EMI55.4
 Vnfila- o'8i 290 o, 06 cī 3 2,000 9,200 80 '406 52 o, 96' Ç, 4 26,6 3,5 1,9 '0 03 11 A fila- p88 290 OiO6 Circu- 3 2,000 9,200 80 406 5.2 0.96 4le4 26.6 3.5 1.9 0.03
 EMI55.5
 
 <tb> lying <SEP> of <SEP> ' <SEP> laire
 <tb> polyes- <SEP> laire
 <tb> teramide
 <tb>
 <tb>
 

  <Desc / Clms Page number 56>

   EXAMPLE 1? ..-
 EMI56.1
 A filament of polyheameth1) adipamide made as in Example 2 is made into a yarn using the apparatus of this Example.

   The impeller rotates at a constant speed of 18,000 revolutions per minute and the sleeve formed thereon is withdrawn along the axis of rotation and wound into a wire at a speed of 80 feet (24 m) per minute. the operation,, the frequency of the reciprocating movement is reduced in successive stages by modifying the speed of rotation of the motor entered!,.

   ning the crankshaft and the effect of the different reciprocating speeds on the process and the yarn obtained is determined, The conclusions are summarized in Table III below, T A B L E A @ III
 EMI56.2
 
 <tb> Frequency <SEP> of <SEP> Process <SEP> Nature <SEP> of <SEP> thread
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> movement <SEP> of
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> back and forth
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>.

    <SEP> Cycles /
 <tb>
 
 EMI56.3
 'timer ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯- ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
 EMI56.4
 
 <tb> 4500 <SEP> Operation Regular <SEP> <SEP> - <SEP> Good <SEP> regularity
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> kidnapping <SEP> satisfactory <SEP> with <SEP> little <SEP> of <SEP> bou-
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> from <SEP> sleeve <SEP> of <SEP> way <SEP> regular <SEP> keys <SEP> exceeding
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> free <SEP> and Progressive <SEP> <SEP> radially
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> 3500 <SEP> same <SEP> Again Regular <SEP> <SEP> and
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> with <SEP> little <SEP> of <SEP> loops
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> exceeding <SEP> radial-
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> lying
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> 2500 <SEP> same <SEP> same
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> 1000 <SEP> Abduction <SEP> by <SEP> jerks <SEP> The <SEP> thread <SEP>

  begin <SEP> to
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> and <SEP> kidnapping <SEP> less Regular <SEP> <SEP> Take <SEP> a <SEP> aspect <SEP> of
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>. <SEP> a <SEP> thread <SEP> a <SEP> buttons,
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> much less
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> regular-
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> 650 <SEP> Jolts <SEP> very <SEP> frequent <SEP> and <SEP> Wire <SEP> presenting <SEP> of
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> operation <SEP> continuous <SEP> many <SEP> buttons
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> difficult <SEP>. <SEP> and <SEP> (futility <SEP> limited
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> by <SEP> continued <SEP> of <SEP> sound
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb>
 <tb> irregularity
 <tb>
 
Many types of filaments are suitable for the yarn of the invention and the method described has been successfully applied to obtain bulky continuous filament yarns.

   from a wide variety of polymeric materials, For example, suitable filaments are prepared from polyamides forming

  <Desc / Clms Page number 57>

 fibers such as polyhexamethylene adipamide, poly-
 EMI57.1
 epsilon caprolactbze and 1, poly-omega-aminoundécanoqust polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate, cellulose derivatives such as cellulose acetate or triacetate, polyacrylic compounds, vinyl polymers, vinylidene polymers, polyurethanes, polyhydrocarbons, etc. Composite filaments and filaments from mixtures of polymeric materials can also be used.



   It is preferred to use among these polymers those which are spinnable in the molten state and which are stretched during spinning and during the same operation which serves to attract them towards the rotating body.



   Although the apparatus and method of the invention is suitable for filaments having a normal cross section, such as those obtained when a circular orifice spinneret is used for spinning, filaments having a non-circular cross section are suitable. also, for example, the tri-lobed polyhexamethylene filaments of Example 10, and can impart desirable properties to the tissues formed therefrom.



   An acceptable yarn having good bulk characteristics can be derived from a single filament, although much more filaments, generally not exceeding 50, can also be used. ,
It follows from the foregoing that the advantages of the invention are numerous. Bulky yarns and fabrics made from them tend to possess the properties including feel, hiding power and warmth normally associated with structures formed from staple fiber yarns. In addition, the properties inherent in the material forming the continuous filaments are found in the products obtained, for example the characteristics of wear resistance, toughness and imputrescibility.

  <Desc / Clms Page number 58>

 associated, for example, with polyamide yarns and fabrics.

   The yarns can be easily handled in conventional textile looms and have been woven and knitted to provide useful fabrics. The fabrics, due to the volume of the threads which constitute them, are warm and have good covering power.



   The bulky yarn is manufactured in a simple and economical manner by a process which requires only extremely simple apparatus and which integrates completely with the spinning of the continuous filaments from a source of raw material.



   The process uses extremely fine denier continuous filaments to produce a much larger denier bulk yarn containing many filaments in its cross section and the bulk of which is inherent in the structure and is stable during subsequent treatment of the yarns. to transform them into fabrics without the need to heat-fix them.



   The terms air brake actuator "," volume factor and "torsion factor" used in the claims have been defined above.



    CLAIMS 1.- Continuous filament yarn comprising a large number of interconnected loops arranged essentially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the yarn, characterized in that the yarn has a braking factor in air of at least 7.5 , a volume factor of at least 1.3 and a twist factor of at least 3/4.

 

Claims (1)

2.- Continuous filament yarn according to claim 1, characterized in that many interconnected loops are contained at least over a part of their length in another loop. 3.- Continuous filament yarn according to claim <Desc / Clms Page number 59> 1 or 2, characterized in that the interconnected axially extending loops form a relatively compact core and a number of generally shorter loops protruding from the core wrap around it, 4, - : it continuous filament according to claim 3 characterized in that a discontinuous sheath is formed around the core by the loops wound around it. 5. - -t'il continuous filament according to one or other of the preceding claims, characterized in that the wire is formed of a filament composed of a synthetic organic polymer. 6. - Continuous filament yarn according to either of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the yarn contains up to 50 filaments composed of a synthetic organic polymer, 7. Contins filament yarn according to claims 5 or 6, characterized in that the synthetic organic polymer is a polyamide, polyester, polyhydrocarbon, polyurethane or polycarbonate. 8. - Continuous filament yarn, subatantly as described and shown with reference to FIG. 15 of the accompanying drawings. 9. Continuous filament yarn, substantially as described and shown with reference to either of the foregoing examples and to either of Figures 17 to 19 of the accompanying drawings. 10.- A method of manufacturing a thread, characterized in that a continuous filament is formed by extrusion of a polymer material, the continuous filament thus formed is passed to a rotating body around which the filament is wound, the peripheral speed of this body being sufficient to apply a tension to the continuous filament directed on it and to thin it, one communicates to the filament during its passage towards the body a reciprocating movement which moves the filament back and forth. <Desc / Clms Page number 60> Along the body to form a sleeve, the sleeve is continuously removed from the surface of the rotating body at a speed less than the peripheral speed of the body, the sleeve is turned over and the yarn thus formed is collected in such a manner. regular. 11. A method according to claim 10, characterized in that the sleeve is returned essentially at the same time as it is removed from the rotating body. 12. A method according to claim 10 or 11, characterized in that the turning of the sleeve is effected by moving the sleeve along the surface of the rotating body so that the direction of its advance is essentially parallel to the axis of rotation body, then as the sleeve leaves the body surface, pulling it in the opposite direction in a passageway inside the body. 13. A method according to either of claims 10 to 12, characterized in that the rotating body has a peripheral speed which is not less than 7000 pieas (2100 m) per minute. 14.- A method according to any of claims 10 to 13, characterized in that the reciprocating movement moves the filament back and forth along the body at a rate of at least 600 cycles per second. . 15. - A method according to either of claims 10 to 14, characterized in that the rotating body macromolecularly orients the continuous filament in addition to applying tension thereto. , 16. A method according to claim 15, characterized in that the continuous filament comes from a synthetic polymer. 17. A method according to either of claims 10 to 16, characterized in that up to 50 filaments are simultaneously passed to the rotating body. 18.- Manufacturing process of a filamentary filament <Desc / Clms Page number 61> continuous, in substance as described with reference to Example 12 and shown in Figs. 1A and 1B. 19. A process for making a continuous filamentary filament, substantially as described. 20, - Apparatus for making a conti filamentary filament. naked, characterized in that it comprises a device for extruding a polymeric material into one or more continuous filaments, a reciprocating mechanism placed at a certain distance from the extrusion device and imparting a reciprocating motion to the filament , a body rotating with a peripheral speed high enough to apply tension to the filament and assemble the filament around its surface as a. sleeve, a device for removing the sleeve from the surface of the body at a speed less than its peripheral speed, a device for turning the sleeve upside down at the same time as it is removed from the surface or after it has been removed of the surface, and a dispo. sitif to collect the wire thus formed. 21. Apparatus for the manufacture of a continuous filamentary filament according to claim 20, characterized in that the rotating body contains an axial passage. 22. Apparatus for the manufacture of a continuous filamentary filament, characterized in that it comprises a device for extruding a polymeric material into one or more continuous filaments, a reciprocating mechanism placed at a certain distance from the device. extrusion and serving to impart a reciprocating motion to the filament, a body containing an axial passage, this body being arranged to rotate with a peripheral speed sufficiently high to apply tension to the filament and assemble the filament around its surface in the form of a sleeve, and a device for removing the sleeve from the body surface at a speed, less than the peripheral speed <Desc / Clms Page number 62> of this to attract the removed sleeve into the passage of the body, thus turning this sleeve over, and to collect the wire thus formed. 23. - Apparatus according to either of claims 20 to 22, characterized in that the rotating body is substantially similar in shape to one or the other of the bodies shown. in Figs. 2 to 4 of the accompanying drawings, 24. Apparatus according to claim 23, characterized in that the rotating body has dimensions which are practically similar to gluing of one or the other of the bodies of FIGS. 2 to 4 of the accompanying drawings. 25.- Apparatus according to one or the other of the claims. tions 20 to 24, characterized in that the body rotates at a peripheral speed of at least 7000 feet (2loom) per minute - 26. - Apparatus according to either of claims 20 to 25, characterized in that the reciprocating mechanism comprises a reciprocating bar containing a wire guide to which an alternating motion is communicated by a dispo-. mechanical, hydraulic, electromagnetic or other effect. 27.- Apparatus according to claim 26, characterized in that the reciprocating mechanism is substantially as described and shown with reference to FIG. 5 or 6 of the accompanying drawings. 28, - Apparatus according to claims 26 or 27, characterized in that the reciprocating mechanism operates at a frequency of at least 600 cycles per minute. 29. - Apparatus for the manufacture of a continuous filamentary wire, - substance as described and shown with reference to FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings. 30. - Continuous filament yarn obtained by a process according to any one of claims 10 to 19 and / or using the apparatus according to any one of claims 20 to 29.