BE419772A - - Google Patents

Description

       

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  METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR COVERING METAL MATERIALS, AND COVERED OBJECTS.



   The invention relates to an improved method for coating a metallic article or object with iron or steel, and although it is capable of other applications, it is specially provided for carrying out the galvanization of such an object.



   The invention also includes apparatuses which lend themselves to the practical and efficient exercise of the method.



   The invention further comprises the reopened metal objects created as a result of the exercise of the improved method, the main object of the invention being to produce similar objects which are considerably improved over similar objects. comparisons made previously, as well as reducing the costs of manufacturing objects with the same covering weight.



   Galvanized articles or materials are desirable in such a large number of general uses and demands for particular uses, that it is practically impossible to provide or provide a galvanized coating which can provide the best possible results.

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 With this in mind, it is an object of the invention to provide a galvanized article, or a covering for articles or materials capable of practical and extensive uses, in the whole field of application. such a galvanized product, and the apparatus suitable for being used as an aid in the exercise of the method.



   These characteristics have more or less to do with the particular use or application of the material or device in view, and as those skilled in the art% will readily appreciate the strength and effects, this Disclosure of the characteristics of the galvanized article of the invention, generally, could be limited to the consideration of a typical or specific article, such as for example a galvanized wire.



   A galvanized wire - and as the discussion says that
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 following will apply to many other, galvanized objects - is quite universally applicable and, depending on the special preparation of the galvanized coating, will perform more or less well under special conditions which depend on the use, for example in jobs where the galvanized wire may encounter an atmosphere, a salt mist, or be immersed in salt, or where this wire may be subjected to intense heat, the most satisfactory results are achieved when the coating contains a significant iron content, But in many other cases the presence of a similar noticeable content is disadvantageous and, in fact, the removal in substance of the iron is desirable, as in telephone wires , telegraph, etc.

   In yet other cases, such as laundry baskets, utensil handles, or indeed household uses, where a shiny appearance is aesthetically desirable, a significant iron content is desirable to some extent because it has the effect of dulling the appearance. Still tarnishing is often the result of oxides taken up in the bath by the wire, or created after removal of the wire-out of the bath, so that among other things for this reason it is desirable to avoid to the greatest extent possible the presence of oxides in the cover-

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 However, still other reasons being that oxides in the covering create difficulties from the point of view of bending, twisting or shaping of the wire,

   in which case the covering cracks or flakes when the oxides have altered the thickness of the overlays, etc. Also, in pressing or stamping and shaping operations, it is desirable to remove the iron content in the exposed outer portion of the liner so that the liner is relatively soft and ductile, and to remove. oxides so that during stamping or pressing operations, reopening particles do not turn into dust or break up, accumulating on dies or punches or other parts or mechanical instruments,
Therefore, to give the widest range of uses for galvanized wire, while the improved wire of the invention, is practicable and useful in the more limited field,

   such as saline environments, as in ice cream factories, or in hot environments, as in stoves or ovens, it nevertheless behaves in a more perfect way than in other fields of ice. application where a significant iron content in the covering is neither required nor considered, so that it can be said that the tangible characteristics of the galvanized wire of the invention are: one degree more high ductility, due to low iron content, and convenient removal of oxides and other harmful constituents; the ability to fold or twist, such as folding back on itself, without cracking, chipping, or detachment of the cover;

   a higher degree of electrical conductivity, due to the absence of any significant amount of iron in the outer portion of the zinc coating; an extraordinary shine and a pleasant color (blue-white) closely resembling the luster or luster of natural zinc; a stronger or denser zinc coating than those previously achieved, resulting in part from the practical removal

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 tick of the oxides of a substantial outer part of the zinc body constituting the covering and part of the method of applying the reopening, as will be defined below;

   a uniform, continuous, non-porous covering free from voids, streaks, or cavernous or discontinuous expanses, resulting from the practical elimination of oxides and other noxious substances and which - voids or gaps or surface interruptions - in or on the covering lend themselves to the enlargement of the surface exposed to atmospheric corrosion and the like;

   greater density as well as smoothness and ductility of the cover resulting from the relatively pure nature of the main body of the cover, lending itself to the manufacture of trellises and the like in which folding, winding and twisting of the threads play a preponderant role in the manufacture, and in the manufacture of barbed wire in which similar conditions exist, as well as in the manufacture of door springs, bed springs, coat hooks or clothes racks, and other miscellaneous products which require yarn not only having a shiny surface appearance,

   but also whose zinc coating itself must be soft or tender and pliable to lend itself to mechanical operations without clogging the punches and parts of the machine and where in use there can be no cracking or chipping of the covering, and which will withstand severe atmospheric conditions when the covered object is used outdoors; and, the uniformity in thickness of the strong or dense coating applied to the wire, resulting from the absence of oxides, etc., because the oxides mixed with the coating cause a change in the viscosity or fluidity of the zinc. , which causes unequal spreading of the zinc giving spots or spots of strong and thin in zones, these spots or spots being fragile and cracking and flaking during bending or deformation.



   A galvanized article is illustrated in the accompanying drawings and the drawing is made to show the base product, such

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 a wire) a strip, plate or fragment of an article or device, and the cover and its components as applied to the base product.



   This illustration (fig.l) is a cross-sectional representation, transverse or longitudinal, (such sections have in substance the same aspeot) enlarged approximately a thousand times compared to the normal structure in which the section is made.



   This section represents a galvanized article or object created by the improved method, and which possesses all of the structural characteristics listed above for the galvanized wire example. It will be noted that the basic product called "object of iron or wood", is representative of an object which has been covered, regardless of its shape, contour, or destination, the illustration although having been taken on a thread, being also suitable for other materials and articles to which reference has been made,
The covering, considered as a whole is called "covering" and comprises the entire entire mass which attaches in an adherent manner to the base.

   The overlay although forming an integral whole, is divided into relatively localized areas of substantially pure and relatively impure zinc zones, and as combined the overlay is of substantial thickness or what may be called a strong overlay of a dense nature with a smooth outer surface, the surface and the body of the covering being free of voids. The different areas of the covering are respectively called "pure zinc", and "zino-iron alloy and crystals". A comparison of these areas shows that the "zinc-iron alloy and crystal" area is very small compared to the developed and predominant area of pure zinc.



   From the physical structure of the object thus described, and having the various characteristics previously defined, coming from this physical structure ,. including the shiny blue-white or natural zinc external appearance, we will now turn to the special consideration of the method followed to create the new galvanized object.

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   Although it has been recognized that it is desirable to avoid oxides and harmful substances which would naturally be created or accumulate on galvanized products of the kind with which it is / treated here, it has also been realized. takes into account that it is very difficult, if not impossible to eliminate them, because prior to the present conception the practice seems to have been (apparently based on the supposition that it was necessary) to leave the object immersed in the a bath of molten zinc for an appreciable period of time to allow build-up of the desired overlap thickness.

   Accordingly, especially where it is desired that the article or object have a high coverage, this practice of allowing the object to remain submerged for a relatively long period of time necessarily adds or results in the concomitant disadvantage of. extend the period during which the iron content will increase. '
Unlike the above, the Applicant has found that when a so-called "strong" coverage is desired on the object, the period of immersion time of the object in the bath must be reduced and the object withdrawn, after having immersed it relatively quickly, compared to the usual practices in which the displacement or movement of the object covered, after leaving the molten bath, is accomplished in an upward direction, and,

   therefore the slower the movement, the more the cover will occasionally flow and return to or into the bath, thereby reducing the thickness of the cover.



   According to the invention, a rapid lifting or ascending movement of the covered object when it leaves the bath will cause it and substantially all of its covering up to the point of subsequent treatment to "fix" the said object. recovery before there has been a substantial opportunity to flow from or below the object, or indeed to materially alter the proportion of the overlap and the object .



   In this way it became easy to predetermine the thickness of the desired overlap in any given case and to assemble it.

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 surer the univer- sity of the recovery. By passing the object rapidly through the bath, the possibility of formation of zinc-iron alloy and crystals is reduced to such an extent that the iron content becomes negligible. The iron content in the coating of zinc, especially the outer surface (s) thereof, compared to the location of the zinc-iron alloy and crystals in the vicinity of the object to which the zinc coating is applied is an objection factor.



   Thus, the first operation of the method is suitably referred to as the operation of immersing the object in the bath of molten zinc, by immersing and removing the object rapidly from this bath, as compared to the prior art; or, defining this operation by approximate data, the applicant has found that in satisfactory cases the immersion may last for about 5 seconds, although favorable results may be obtained in even less time, namely about 3 seconds, or else, in certain cases, in a time possibly a little longer than 5 seconds, each time as opposed to the best industrial method of hot-dip galvanizing of which the applicant is aware and in which, for example ,

   attempts to achieve an eight tenth of an ounce coverage on # 14 yarn requires approximately 20 to 30 seconds, while in the practice of the invention the indicated short or reduced immersion results in coverage on said wire from six tenths of an ounce to one and a half ounces, the comparison being per square foot (9.29 dm2) of area in each case.



   Of course also as an incident of this relatively short duration imnersion, the resulting iron content of the overlap is reduced to the absolute minimum, and localized, i.e., specifically defined concentrated in an area remote from the outer portions. or comparatively pure zinc, of the overlay.



   To illustrate still further, and considering the economy in operation, it has been observed in the exercise of the perfected method that a zinc pot approximately 1.80 meters long responds

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 to all requirements, compared to pots working under similar conditions and for the same class or kind of work having from 6 to 9 meters in length, This results in a saving of fuel costs and a reduction in the quantity of oxides of zinc and strawberry as well as savings in plant space, equipment and thermal insulation, all of which are vital and essential factors in production costs.



   Another advantage arising from this first operation of the method resides in the fact that it is thus allowed to work with a bath temperature appreciably lower than the temperature employed in the prior common practice referred to. In the latter case, the temperatures commonly used are around 455 - 482 .c. which were never significantly lowered, as it was assumed that in order to obtain the desired weight or thickness of overlap, low speed or time, and heat were taken into account to provide satisfactory results.

   The applicant has found that the development or formation of a zinc-iron alloy by operating according to this old process and by slow removal of the covered object, or prolongation of the immersion time, was more consequent, largely due to the development of iron-zinc alloys under the action of the heat which was employed. Due to this discovery and the fact that in the process of the application it is sought to avoid as much as possible this formation of zinc-iron alloy, it is possible to dispense with a significant degree of heat and it has been found that the Zinc bath can practically be at a temperature of about 426.- 447.c.

   In other words, the recovery of notable thickness or of a strong nature obtained and maintained by the short immersion time and the relatively rapid removal of the covered object is enabled by the use of a degree heat very close to the bath's melting point, Excessive heat beyond, or the increase in heat as employed in ancient practices, of about 39 C was unnecessary, resulted in heat loss, and , because of its influence

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 This in forming the zinc-iron alloy was detrimental to the end product intended for the practically universal use envisaged.



   This difference in the maximum temperatures followed in ancient practices and recognized by the applicant as sufficient, alone resulted in comparatively premature deterioration and, indeed, in the final destruction of the pots and equipment.



   The second operation of the method consists in releasing from, or avoiding contamination of the object covered by oxides or deleterious or noxious substances from the bath or floating on the bath in the region or zone of the exit of the covered object. of this bath, as indicated above, to avoid brittleness, chipping, pulverization, unevenness of the covering and its discoloration, usually resulting from accumulations of oxides arranged in various ways on or in the covering.

   It is desirable that the object covered at the point where it exits the bath be protected against any mass or accumulation of oxides which tend to occur or form on the surface of the bath, whether such mass or accumulation is created by exposure of the bath at certain points to the action of oxygen, or by elements assisting the introduction of the object into the bath, and either entrained by the object itself or taken up by the object on the surface of the bath and where oxides are likely to form due to air contact with said surface.

   The aim of the applicant is to avoid the entrainment of oxides or other deleterious or noxious materials or substances which from some source or for any cause may tend to combine or form into a kind of carpet in the region. or exit zone of the covered object as in all the galvanization processes which are known to it.



   In order to achieve this result, and for all practical purposes and purposes, the formation of such flotation mats or the equivalent is positively prevented; thus in the second operation of the process or method, the covered object is made to pass in and out of the material of the bath, from a point situated right inside the mass.

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 of the bath, or, otherwise defined, well below the surface on which oxides ordinarily accumulate and on which widely dispersed or more or less isolated oxides originating from the interior of the bath. frequently present or appear in the manner of an overturned snowstorm. Thus, no harmful effects can materially occur on the covered object removed from the bath,

   
Applicant has found that if the bath of material through which the covered object is lifted, or through which it passes, is kept in motion, the oxides have no opportunity to come together and form some sort of carpet on the surface of the bath, whether the oxides rise through the bath or whether they are formed on its surface by a possible access of air to said surface.

   This operation, involving the idea of movement, or circulation of the material of the bath to avoid the formation of a carpet of oxides to the point where the covered object leaves the bath will be appreciated immediately when it is said that when the portion or area of the bath with which the object covered is still or similar to still water, all the oxides which reach it or which form there will accumulate practically instantaneously and form a film or mat delimited by the outlet or discharge zone of the apparatus and through which the film or mat the covered object must pass when it leaves the bath.

   This simply means that, depending on the density or other characteristics of the film or mat, first of all, concentrated or condensed portions of the oxides will be transported upward or entrained with the covered object, with the consequence of l alteration of the covering in the many features previously noted in this specification, or the normally expected thickness of the covering on the object will be altered by friction or sweeping of the oxide film or mat and, as the overlap is influenced by this frictional or sweeping contact in an uncertain and non-uniform manner, this expected thickness of overlap on the object is reduced and made irregular,

   by preventing an object or product from being obtained as expected for accuracy as thickness and uniform density

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 forms, uniformity, absence of fragility in all its parts; the same is true of coloring.



   Thus, the second step of the method embraces the removal of the coated object from the molten zinc bath in such a manner as to avoid marked contact with and contamination of the coated object by oxides or other substances. harmful, particularly with regard to accumulations on the surface of the bath, in the region or zone of exit from the bath of the covered object, carried out by the immersion and passage of the covered object and again in coating through the bath of moving material, which results in promoting and providing a strong, dense, commercially pure zinc coating free of oxides and voids.



   But the above is not the only important feature which comprises the second step of the method, which step can be properly defined as comprising a double or compound action or effect. The movement of the material of the bath is referred to as constituting a phase of the action, positing the desirable function attributed to it. The other phase, and an important phase, resides in the specific nature or kind of movement of the material from the bath to the point of discharge or exit from the covered object. This movement takes place in the same direction as the movement to withdraw the covered object.

   The speed of this movement can of course be modified to meet the requirements or possibly satisfy the needs of given operations. It will clearly appear that this feature of the method will facilitate the maintenance of the desired thickness of the overlap on the surface. object, unlike the opposite or detrimental tendency of any washing, sprinkling, spraying, or sweeping action produced by currents flowing in a direction opposite to the movement of the covered object, and which will result in a tendency to wash, sweep, or brush part of the covering of the object, or a constant tendency to interfere with the covered object by opposing its moving movement.

   All these inoon-

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 are avoided if the movement of the material of the bath providing the final covering, according to the invention, takes place with or in the same direction as that of the object, because until the moment, when it finally leaves the bath, the covered object is covered again and the coverage increases appreciably by these movements in the same direction.

   Incidentally, it should be observed that this movement of the bath in the direction of movement of the covered object is also appreciably useful in overcoming the tendency of the object covering to flow down the latter towards the bath when. 'it leaves the latter, especially in cases where the covered object, immediately after leaving the bath, is brought in an upward direction of movement through or beyond one or more currents, formed mainly of material from the bath which discharge or flow towards the bath or, in other words, in the same direction as that following lacquer] :. gravity acts to influence the movement of the overlap on the object.

   A downward sweep of zino, which leaves a grooved surface in the zinc, produces an effect on the surface analogous to that of oak bark. These grooves which thus form on the covering surface will cause a variation of the thickness. overlap which will determine the cracking when the object is bent or deformed, resulting from uneven overlap.



   We now come to the third step of the method, which consists in using an oxygen-free atmosphere above and in contact with the surface (s) of the bath, in the vicinity of the exit point of the object covered with this bath, so as to prevent, as much as possible, the contact of air with the surface of the bath and the formation of oxides which can gather in a mat and be taken up or carried away by the covered object when it is removed of the bath, as well as surrounding the object covered when it leaves the bath to protect the latter from contact with air, and thereby preserve the covering in its intended or expected state for its setting or fixing, as will be discussed in the description of the fourth and last operation of the method.



   Incidentally to this covering of the surface of the bath and to

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 envelopment of the object covered by the oxygen-free atmosphere referred to, when, as preferable, this atmosphere is created by the introduction and confinement or confinement of relatively gas cold, the latter instantly, as the covered object emerges from the covering bath, begins to exert a cooling action on the covering, which action will be continued incidentally with the complete envelopment of the object in the atmosphere free of oxygen during the very short travel space (usually a matter of a few centimeters;

   in the case of a wire substantially in the region of 30 oms.) intermediate between the removal or complete release of the covered object from the bath and its presentation to the final setting or fixing operation of the method . Due to the small extent of this displacement interval, the coated wire, or the like, is susceptible or will only be subjected to very little vibrations, if any vibrations, which may tend to disturb the coating. with which it is provided;

   
In carrying out the third step of the method, now under consideration, and as an ancillary feature thereof, a seal is practically formed around the covered object, during its passage through the oxygen-free atmosphere. , by moving the covered object in the same general direction as that in which the gas of this oxygen-free atmosphere moves towards its discharge or outlet, and the gas and the gas are temporarily or simultaneously passed. 'covered object through a common discharge or outlet opening, whereby the gas introduced into the chamber for the oxygen-free atmosphere under pressure and due to its natural tendency to rise,

   will fill and pass through this opening surrounding the covered object moving with it through said exit opening. Thus, the admission of air into said processing chamber is normally prevented, and the object covered when it leaves the processing chamber is ready to be presented to the fixing or setting fluid in the same condition as intended. which results from the treatment of the object in the molten zinc bath and the absence of interference with this

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 object for any of its peculiarities, from the point where. it leaves the bath to its point of presentation to the fluid ensuring the setting or fixing of the covering, which has been discussed.



   Oe fluid ensuring the grip or the fixation, and its application to the covered object, constituting the fourth and last operation among the essential characteristics of the method of the invention, consists in subjecting the covered object, such as pre. served during its passage through the oxygen-free atmosphere, and as still protected when it emerges from the gas chamber, by the gases which surround it and which escape from this chamber, until treatment by project cooling water on the covered surface of the object, or on and around the treated exterior of objects such as wires or bands, as distinguished from plates, the projection of cooling water s 'effec. killing at.

   through the mass presents gases escaping in the tra = jet of the streams or jets projected of the said water.



   The result of this fourth step of the method is that the cover is hardened and fixed or, as is technically known in the art, "cooled", with virtually no opportunity for the cover to be. subjected to contact, contaminated, or altered by oxygen, or by an abrasive or other action, 'of other bodies, during the movement of the covered object.



   In addition to the object obtained by the exercise of the method, facilitated by the use of a suitable machine, studied for these purposes, it is illustrated in the drawings, not only the preferred embodiment of the covering mechanism, but also various other practical embodiments of the invention, common in features important to, each and all of these embodiments.



   In these drawings:
Fig.l is a partial and schematic cross section showing an overlap; Fig. 2 shows a vertical section of the preferred apparatus for

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 carry out the galvanizing method producing the object in fig. 1; Fig.S is a detail section obtained along line 3-3 of Fig.2;
Fig. 4 is a vertical sectional view of a modified form of the outlet for the object leaving the zinc pot or crucible, provided directly with means directly associated therewith for creating a current of the zinc, as distinguished from the relatively distant means of the embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIG. 2;

     Fig.5 is a section taken through another embodiment of the invention, in which the means for forcing or generating the current of the bath, as employed in those of the embodiments illustrated in Figures 2 and 4 have been omitted. , and instead reliance is placed on a natural flow of material, together with suitable means, to facilitate the desired operation.



   Referring more specifically to the drawings, and first of all with reference to the preferred form of the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 2, reference numeral 6 denotes a zinc pot or crucible of any conventional or preferred type, Usually made of iron, the essential difference between the pot or crucible used by the applicant, more particularly in the strong covering of wire, compared to those of the prior art, being in the greatly reduced length of the pot or crucible because, as as noted above, the suitable length of pot or crucible in the present case may be in the region of six feet, compared to the current practice of using, for similar purposes, pots or crucibles having a length of about 6 to 9 m.



   The molten zinc bath is designated by 7; its normal level is indicated in 8.



   9 denotes, by way of a suitable example, the thread which enters and leaves the bath, to form the covering therein. The means and the method of treating the wire will now be described.



   A tank 11, partially immersed in the molten zinc bath 7,

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 is supported on the wall of the pot or crucible in any manner deemed suitable, such as, for example, by means of brackets or posts 10 which can either be bolted to or releasably rest on the walls of the pot or crucible (which does not necessarily have to be illustrated in detail). This tray It comprises a bottom part 12, intermediate between its ends, which forms with the partitions 13 and the sides 14, a compartment or chamber.



  15 centrally placed. The side walls of the tray II extend outwardly in opposite directions from the intermediate portion just discussed, to form, in the case of the extension designated by 16, an inlet compartment for the wire to be treated, said compartment being open at its bottom and closed at the end by the wall 17 bridging or connecting the extended portions of the side walls 14, and provide, in the case of. extension designated by 18, a bottom outlet compartment or = -vert for the covered wire, this compartment being closed at its end by a wall 19 bridging or connecting the extensions of the side walls 14, the same as in the case of the wall 17 at the other end of the tank.



   The extension 16 comprises a tubular inlet 20 (of straight, circular or rectangular section, which will obviously depend on the yarn or yarns to be treated) placed at a certain inclination, in tangential alignment with the periphery of 'a guide roller or drum 21 mounted at a significant depth in the zinc pot or crucible, and around which the wire 9 passes and then extends upward in a substantially vertical direction to exit when covered with the pot or zinc crucible, it being understood that this roller or drum can rotate freely in a conventional manner, the feeding of the wire during its journey during which it is covered being obtained by a mechanism usually employed in this industry to pull the wire through. through the machine,

   in the directions shown by arrows 22.



   It is necessary to prevent, as far as possible, the formation

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 tion of oxide accumulations on the surface of the molten zinc bath, due to the detrimental effects thereof on the wire or other object introduced into and taken out of the bath, and incidental contact with oxides gathered in a mat , etc.

   This is particularly true for the outlet end of the bath, but in order to take advantage of the advantages which may result from this arrangement at the inlet end of the bath, provision has been made to introduce into the interior compartment at extension 16-20 an oxygen-free gas or atmosphere which will to a very great extent protect the molten zinc surface from contact with air, and which will also tend to prevent the penetration of moisture or moisture. air resulting from the entry movement of the wire drawn into the bath. Such gas distribution means are schematically illustrated at 23, and the gases contained in the compartment are schematically indicated at 24.



   Although the arrangement which has just been described is, as defined, useful for avoiding to a certain extent the formation of oxides on the surface of the bath and the entrainment of these, downwards, into the mass of the bath. bath, it has been found necessary to pay more attention to avoiding the formation or accumulation of oxides or other harmful substances at the discharge or outlet end of the bath. By discharge or outlet end is meant the point where the region of the bath through which the covered object is extracted from the bath.

   A means or arrangement suitable for this purpose, designed by the applicant, and which has been found to be satisfactory for the purposes envisaged, is that constituted by a pump 25, in this case of the type of a propellant, housed in a small casing or cylinder 26 at the bottom of the tank 11 and establishing an open or free communication between the interior of the tank and the molten zinc at a point situated notably below the level c of the zinc bath. The pump or propellant may function or be actuated in any suitable manner, such as for example by means of a motor, a controlled pulley, a

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 gear, or the like, 27, driving the shaft 28 of the propellant mounted so as to rotate in any practical way, such as for example with the aid of bearings 29 fixed to the uprights 10.

   It is expected that, in the operation of the apparatus, this pump will cause the zinc to rise from the lower or relatively pure portion of its mass - which means the portion protected from accumulation due to flotation. superficial, including oxides, etc. - up to approximately the level 30 of the tank 11, in order to provide a significant load height or pressure contributing to pushing a part of the contents of the tank towards the outside and upwards, through the passage 31 inclined in correspondence, bearing from the end wall 13 of the intermediate compartment of the tank, located at that of the ends of this compartment which is remote from the opposite wall immediately adjacent to the pump 25.

   The operation of the pump, although intended to mainly discharge a part of the molten zinc upwards and outwards, through the passage 31, in order to obtain the results envisaged in the use of the devices and arrangements as described. up to now, will feed or be able to feed, at will, the intermediate compartment of the tank 11 with a sufficient quantity of molten zinc so that part of it passes into and outside a trap 32 located at the end entrance to the bath.

   The purpose of this arrangement is twofold: first, to determine movement or agitation of the zinc at the inlet surface of the pot or crucible, thereby helping to prevent the build-up of carpet oxides which may attach to and be conveyed into the bath by the wire which enters it, and secondly to prevent any oxides which may form on the exposed upper surface of the zinc in the intermediate compartment of the tank 11, from passing through the trap door and back into the bath, this last function, that is to say that which consists in preventing the escape of oxides from the surface of the zinc into the intermediate compartment, is fulfilled in a similar manner by taking the zinc which passes through the passage inclined towards the outside and the top,

   

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 or tank 11 substantially at the bottom of the tank. Although the departure of the zinc from the intermediate compartment of the tank 11 through the hatch and passage 31 (which will be more fully defined with regard to the latter) determines, in many cases, an overflow sufficient to maintain the level. desired in the compartment, auxiliary overflow passages 33 are provided in the side walls 14, through which the excess molten zinc can escape and return to the main bath or mass of molten material outside the confines of the tank. and its extensions.



   The flow of zinc in the passage inclined towards the outside and the top, 31, from the intermediate compartment 15 of the tank
It is determined by the pressure which results from the difference in level between the normal level 30 of molten zinc in the compartment 15 of the pan and the overflow 34 at the upper end of the outward and upward sloping passage 31. .

   This overflow 34 is a common point of discharge not only of zinc which is returned upward through passage 31, but also of any zinc which is entrained or caused to flow or pass upward through a passage. elongated vertical screen 35 (advantageously of rectangular cross section or similar to that of a box for housing a series of wires) open at its lower end and closed by side and end walls, or of a shape similar to that of a tube, whereby relatively pure zinc from a low or lower point in the pot or crucible can pass or flow upwards into this screen and be carried by the zinc discharged up and out through the passage 31, at the same height,

     hence the combined or amalgamated mass of zinc will flow over the top or overflow end 34 of the device. The opposite ends of screen 35 are shown to flare outward (although this is not necessary). The lower portion of the screen is much longer than its upper portion, and plunges correspondingly to a greater depth in the zinc bath than said upper portion protrudes upward above the screen. normal bath level,

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 so that in the lower portion of the screen the resistance of the bath material to its downward displacement relative to the main mass of the bath,

   will help ensure movement of the material from the bath up and out at the upper end of the screen. In the mind of the applicant, this screen 35 has a conformation and dimensions which generally adapt to the object or objects covered, in particular wires, which pass through it, but it also has dimensions such that no contact is made. occurs with the said object or objects covered, so that they can pass through it freely in their path from the covering bath until the next phase of the operation performed on the covered object.

   The normal level of molten zinc in the extension 18 being, as defined, substantially at the line designated by 8, it will be understood that when the covered object rises through the screen 35, it will be perfectly protected. against any intimate contact or association with any accumulations of materials - oxides or the like * which may form on the surface of the zinc bath, so that in this regard the covered object will not be contaminated.



   The objective pursued is, of course, to prevent contact of air with the zinc in this outlet or discharge extension, and for this purpose means are provided for introducing therein under pressure what has been called an atmosphere or an oxygen-free gas, or a non-oxidizing gas, introduced or discharged into the chamber as indicated by the arrows, and surrounding and covering or enveloping the exposed portions of the passage 31 and of the screen 35 and the zinc overflow at the discharge opening or mouth
34 of this screen.



   This oxygen-free atmosphere, while fulfilling its function as a seal, will prevent the access of air to the surface of the zinc bath, but it cannot, of course, prevent the oxides which in other respects may reach or be formed in the bath to reach the surface of the bath in the discharge extension 18.

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  But, as noted previously, the protruding upper portion of the screen 35 largely safeguards the covered object from any engagement with the oxides which may reach the surface of the bath in said extension in the manner just described. 'be defined.



   It is hardly necessary to mention this, but it will be understood that marked advantages are inherent in the movement of the molten zinc, in an upward direction through the passage 31 and the screen 35, in the same direction of movement as that of. the evacuation or discharge of the covered object, upwards, through the said screen At certain times, the overflow of the zinc, from the screen, can be increased, and at other times reduced, depending on the conditions of the particular work or work being performed, but it has been found that satisfactory results can be obtained by very little overflow or continuous movement of the liquid out of the screen 35.

   This flow or movement is sufficient to prevent accumulations or mass formation of the oxides on the zinc in the screen, and will correspondingly prevent the harmful actions of these oxides with respect to the covered object. going through and out of said screen. As the direction of movement of the zinc in the screen is the same as that of the movement of the covered object during unloading, any interposed action, whatever it may be, on the covered object, for example by washing, is also avoided. , sweeping or friction opposite to the direction of movement of the object at a phase of said movement where the overlap is naturally in its softest condition.

   It has been found that by subjecting a freshly covered yarn, for example to a washing jet or spray, this jet or spray has a disadvantageous effect on the covering of the yarn, by forming grooves or cavities therein or by making it uneven by displacement. of material, etc., and this is particularly the case where the ejection or flow of the current or jet against the covering takes place in a direction which is opposite to or opposite to the direction of movement of the object carrying the covering. -

 <Desc / Clms Page number 22>

 really.

   Of course, in an apparatus such as that illustrated in Fig. 2, in which the covered object moves in a vertical direction, the force of gravity tends to influence the effect of the soft covering, and its is noticeably more marked where washing. brushing, sweeping, or rubbing action occurs in the direction of and adds to this force of gravity.



  All of these drawbacks are overcome or avoided in the present apparatus and the present method.



   It was probably noticed in the examination of the drawing (fig. 2) that the effect of closing the compartment of the extension 18, this last one is provided with a cover 37 established with a flange or conditioned gasket rim to come and stand in a gorge filled with sand.



   In describing the process and method, in a preceding part of this specification it has been pointed out that it is desirable to produce a covered article, such as a yarn, in a manner which will provide a predetermined uniform result, including no. only the smoothness and brightness of the overlap surface, but also the desired depth or thickness of the overlap, because where from.

   Strong overlaps are desired, it is important that such overlays do not vary in their thickness, as, for example, when the surface has been swept, in accordance with previous practice, or washed, or brushed, or, in fact , a treatment, after immersion, by / dement or any device disturbing or determining the abrasion of the covering, as for example by scratching it or by making the surface corrugated, that is to say thick in certain places and thin in d 'other places.

     Taking these factors into account, it will be further understood that in employing the apparatus disclosed herein, any possibility that a jet or stream - even of the zinc bath material - has been eliminated. itself - is thrown, delivered or formed against or on the covered object in a movement opposite or contrary to the movement of this object and which, by its action of rolling or mechanical reduction on the covering, prevents the obtaining thickness

 <Desc / Clms Page number 23>

 uniform and regular coverage constituting one of the objects of the present invention.



   Also, in the description of the method, the phase of the discovery or invention involving the rapid passage of the object through the zinc coating bath has been set forth with some development, and the comparison has been illustrated. between the time used in the method of the invention and that of industrial practice in similar covering operations, or in other words, the approximate difference between the period of three to five seconds which is used in the method of covering. the invention and that of 20 to 30 seconds employed in general practice. In the course of this discussion also reference has been made to the discovery of the applicant concerning the preparation of the zinc-iron alloy according to the old practice and to its elimination according to the practice of the invention.

   Applicant's theory is) as defined, that when (as in the apparatus of fig. 2) the covered object is driven or conveyed in a vertical direction or in a direction tending towards the vertical, a slow movement or 'allows the overlay to drip or flow onto / the treated object, whereas, in proportion to the increase or acceleration of movement, the covered object will carry with it exactly that in addition to the overlay and, provided that the recovery is suitably fixed or frozen with promptness, much better results than previously are realized or attained.

   In the evacuation or discharge of the covered object from the zinc pot into and through the screen 35, it will be noted that everything is favorable to the rapid movement of the object because, even up to the discharge. Ge or final discharge from the screen, the covering material is applied in the direction of the discharge or discharge movement. This means that until exiting the screen no contradictory influence was encountered to alter the results of the recovery operation.

   Immediately after the covered object, as formed in the appropriate manner shown, is vented or discharged, that object is surrounded with the help of the atmosphere.

 <Desc / Clms Page number 24>

 oxygen-free sphere discussed above and as, as defined. this atmosphere is preferably made up of relatively cold gas, it will begin by instantly cooling the covering on the object and plays its role in preventing or prevent flow or displacement of the cover as well as the more important role of wrapping and forming a seal around the covered object opposing any contact with air or foreign substances or devices.

   This is achieved by providing the dome, chamber, or vertical extension 38 in free or open communication with, and extending upward a relatively small distance (of about 45 cms) from the top wall of the compartment. extension 18, such that substantially throughout the movement of the covered object from its point of exit from screen 36 to the main cooling or intake device, which will be described, the The covered object moves freely through an unobstructed and uncontaminated area, protected from the action of air or harmful substances or devices, which constitutes the third phase or operation of the method as defined.



   The dome or extension 38 is closed at the top as shown at 39, except as regards a slit or opening, as the case may be, through which the thread (s) or other products escape or pass towards the active zone. of the fourth phase or operation of the method, immediately above the closed summit 39.

   It should be observed here that the non-oxidizing gas. introduced through the conduit 36 is preferably under pressure and that this gas will ascend through the dome or extension 38, completely surrounding the covered object which passes through it, and will exit at the top 39 through the opening or slit in question and denoted by 40, the gas exiting through the relatively small aperture at the top forming an effective or efficient seal against the entry of air into the dome or extension 38 and, of course, simultaneously preventing the admission of air. air to the compartment of the underlying extension 18.

   The gas coming out of the dome or

 <Desc / Clms Page number 25>

 extension 38 ', although it has every opportunity to relax when it leaves the opening in the apex 39, however has sufficient volume to extend or flow upwards in the immediate vicinity of the 'covered object which leaves the dome or extension 38, to continue its protective action on the covering, that is to say insofar as there is a question of exposure of the covered object to any marked harmful effect of the covering. 'air.



  This prolongation of use or use of the protective influence of the gas is made possible by the very close proximity of the cooling and gripping or fixing devices, to the outlet of the top of the dome or extension. 38. These cooling and gripping means essentially comprise jets or blades or layers of water delivered by one or more nozzles 41 from a pressure chamber 42 of a casing or water casing. 43 supported at the upper ends of the uprights or extension 10, the water box comprising an overflow or dam 44 and a final outlet duct 45. The pressure chamber 42 receives its water in a direct current, by a pipe of power 46 from any main or source 47.



   Water projected onto or against or around the covered object, as indicated by arrows 48, is generally directed transversely to the covered object, and the arrangement is such that water will penetrate the covered object. film or gaseous layer accompanying / surrounding the object, when both leave the extension or dome 38, the water possibly reaching the covering and having direct contact and influence thereon to determine the grip and fix the covering in such a way that the latter is substantially perfect and preserved against any deterioration whatsoever, when the covered object is pulled up and around the guide roller 49.



   Instead of gas being released as it escapes through opening 40 in top 39 of dome or extension 38 and passes or flows upward along the sides of the object

 <Desc / Clms Page number 26>

 covered, in front of the cooling jets, it is also envisaged to burn this gas by igniting it at the opening or nozzle of the closed top, so that the flame propagates upwards and envelops 1 ': object' - covered , and is interposed between the latter and the cooling water jets. This flame will use the oxygen from its vicinity and therefore prevent any tendency for air to enter the dome or to come into significant contact with the covered object.



   It will be appreciated that, if desired, the pressurized water chamber 42 may have compartments on both sides of the covered wire or article, so that the water jets can be sent in opposite directions to each other. others, but, in a particular way in the case of a wire, it has been found that the simple series of nozzles delivering or projecting water in one direction is sufficient. The top of the dome or extension 38 is inclined upward and inward from the opposite sides towards the outlet opening 40, to scatter the cooling water which may fall on this top and direct it. in opposite directions, for discharge into either of the discharge conduits or drains 50.

   When the finished object passes around the guide roller 49, it is subjected to the action of a certain quantity of additional cooling water to obtain the final grip, thanks to one or more nozzles 51 also receiving their water supply. of the main pipe or source 47, and directing it on the top of the roller 49 and on the wire (s) which pass around it, this water 6 'flowing downward on the vertical strands of the wires outside the water box 43, possibly finding its way to one or the other of the fraine 50, and also passing, with the finished wire, on and around the guide roller 49 in the interior of the water box 45 in which is mounted a rotating drum 52 so as to immerse in and consequently drive the wire covered in the water of the box 43,

   from where the object (\ fil) finally cold and carrying a covering having taken, is drawn towards the blocks or the coils of emma-

 <Desc / Clms Page number 27>

 waste.



   It is possible to omit the intermediate tank 11, and the extension 16 through which the object to be treated passes in its path in the zino bath, this also comprising the deletion of the immediately associated elements, and their operation, including the mounting or housing of the pump 25 in the / tank, the communication of the passage 31 with the tank, the trap 32, the gas supply 23, etc., the resulting apparatus, in some cases, being capable of being substantially reduced in size and simplified in other ways. An example of this kind is shown in Fig. 4, and another in Fig. 5, it being understood that all the other, portions of the apparatus, not redrawn in these particular views, remain as they are. substantially disclosed in Figure 2 or for equivalents substituted therein.

   What has just been said relates more specifically to the retention of the gas dome, like 38, (fig. 2), the closing of the top of it, as in
39, to form or provide the outlet opening, as at 40, - with a view to the free passage or combustion of the gases therein, the cooling or intake apparatus in the immediate vicinity of the matching zone of the object covered and gas or flame of the zone, etc., or as previously gleaned by examining the form of apparatus illustrated in fig. 2.



   In the light of the explanations which have just been given, and first of all with particular reference to FIG. 4, it will be noted that 53 represents a compartment immersed in the metal bath 54, the normal level of which is indicated at 55, and having an open bottom 56, the same as the extensions 16 and 18 of Fig. 2, to allow normal bath material to rise into the compartment.

   The compartment has a supply 57 for non-oxidizing gas suitable for filling unoccupied spaces within the compartment and above the normal level of the bath, said spaces opening into and extending into. correspondingly the oxygen-free atmosphere of the domed portion 58, broken off in the figure and, as defined, intended for

 <Desc / Clms Page number 28>

 possess the shape and function of the domed portion 38 of Fig. 2.



   As an element corresponding to the screen 36 of FIG. 2, there is provided in the considered embodiment of the invention (FIG. 4) a similar screen 59, it being understood that all these screens are tubular or transversely elongated, or of any other hollow section in relation to the shape and arrangement of the objects which are covered and which are intended to pass through and to be protected by the screen. Screen 59 also projects downward, through compartment 53, and, for the major portion of its length, into and below the normal line of bath 55; it extends at its upper end into the oxygen-free space of the compartment.

   On one side of the screen 59 there is provided a casing, preferably partly tubular, which constitutes a pump chamber 60 open at its lower end 61, suitably following a common line at the lower open end of the screen. Screen 59, whereby both screen 59 and casing 60 will receive some of the bath material in a relatively pure state, from a relatively low point in the bath.

   The wall 62 of the casing 60 tilts upwards and transforms into a discharge or outlet mouth of the screen 59, the partition or intermediate wall 63 between the screen and the casing 62 ending at a short distance from the upper end of the screen, in order to provide a passage 64 between the interior of the screen and the casing. 65 designates a propellant or pump housed at the inlet in the casing 60, conditioned to hearth driven by the shaft 66 mechanically connected to a source of motive force such as a belt and a pulley, gears, a motor , etc., (not shown).



   Normally the bath material will extend upward into the screen 59 approximately to the normal bath level 65 or the top edge of the bulkhead 63, and the pump 66, when in operation, will discharge the material from the bath. bath which, in a similar way, has penetrated into the envelope and which will be drawn into the envelope by the pump and drawn upwards into this

 <Desc / Clms Page number 29>

 envelope, exiting through passage 64 in the screen, and through the upper discharge end of this screen, where this material will flow and return to the main mass of the bath, the movement of the material from the bath. bath entraining and moving upwards the material of the bath in the screen to maintain a more or less important current of the material of the combined bath, in the screen and in the envelope,

   in an upward direction and out of these organs, in order to eliminate the opportunity for oxides which form to accumulate on the surface of the bath material, at the discharge mouth of the screen, where they would be likely to be entrained with the coated material ascending through the screen. In this case, the movement of the part of the material of the bath flowing from the screen being, as before, in the general direction of the withdrawal movement of the covered object, presents all the advantages attributable to such an operation and to similar arrangement as explained previously.



   Referring to Figure 5, the compartment is shown at 67, submerged and opening at 68 in the molten bath 69, at a point substantially below the level 70 of the bath. The compartment comprises means 71 for supplying the non-oxidizing gas in the space which remains free of the compartment 67, partly on the normal surface of the molten bath therein, 72 representing the dome or extension of the free atmosphere. oxygen as indicated with reference to the arrangements defined above.

   In this case, the greater part of the bottom of the compartment is closed as at 73, and the end walls 74, as well as the internal side walls 75, together with the external side or delimiting walls 76 comprising / a container disposed at a significant depth in the molten bath, permitted by the abnormal length of the outer wall 72, compared to the depth of the extensions 16 and 18 of Figure 2, or of the compartment 53 of Figure 4. The relatively bottom of the container which has just been defined, in the molten bath, is intended to meet the purpose which will be indicated.

   The screen in this case is designated

 <Desc / Clms Page number 30>

 by 77et opens through the bottom 73 of the container for the admission and the upward passage, through this screen, of a part of the relatively pure zinc obtained at this depth in the bath.

   The upper end of the screen, that is to say the portion forming the discharge of the latter, ends at a point situated substantially below the normal bath line 70, so that one always has available sufficient force on the bath material to move it upward through the screen and beyond into the vessel, thereby obtaining a continuous flow or current and avoiding any still or still state of the bath material in the screen, which would allow ascending oxides to accumulate and form into a mat, allowing the oxides thus united to agio like a broom to seriously reduce the amount of overlap on the object who crosses them,

   or to attach and be drawn with the covered object as it passes through this apis, thus giving rise to the objections noted in the discussion of the general objects of the invention.



   To prevent the unnecessary build-up of bath material in the container, and so that the level of this material in the container is always maintained well below the overflow level 78 of the screen, an outlet 79 located at the bottom is provided. a point adjacent to the base of the container, in free communication with a pump (not shown), which, at an appropriate speed, and either continuously or at intervals, will suck excess material from the container and return it to the bath.



   Due to the equality and uniformity of the coating, a large number of articles can be manufactured without making use of lubricants, since the coating is of equal and uniformity such that it does not need to be lubricated, the result being that the necessity of cleaning the covered articles after manufacture is avoided.



   A great advantage obtained by producing coated objects free of oxides and surrounded and protected by an oxygen-free atmosphere until the moment of presentation of the covered object

 <Desc / Clms Page number 31>

   to the cooling agent intended to ensure the setting or to fix the covering, is that the luster or the natural blue-white appearance of the molten zinc is retained and maintained in the object finally completed.



   The absence of air in the gas dome prevents the cover from becoming thick and of varying viscosity (which would occur if it were contaminated with air), as well as a lack of uniformity in the final product , this viscosity or thickening resulting from contact of air with the covering before the latter has set or has been fixed.



   In the galvanization of a highly carburized wire (cable or rod or bridge cable) by ordinary methods, a large part of the tensile strength is lost, while thanks to the method of the invention one does not note only small reductions in tensile strength, due to the short immersion of the object in the zinc bath, the low temperature of the zinc bath, the immediate cooling of the object when 'he leaves the bath and the speed of movement of the object through the bath.



     The treatment which is given to the article prevents annealing of that article, thus largely retaining its initial strength.



   The screen 35 of Fig. 2, screen 59 of Fig. 4, and screen 77 of Fig. 5 are not as extensive as the gas chamber, thus allowing zinc to flow over the sides, to flow around the ends and into the tub.



   The flow of the bath, under the pressure of the pump, can be regulated to some extent by increasing or decreasing the speed of the pump.



   The gas that is used to create an oxygen-free atmosphere is natural gas or lighting gas. Other gases can be used +


    

Claims (1)

CLAIMS EMI32.1 1.- The method for galvanizing an object, which consists in immersing the object in a bath of molten zinc, in determining the movement q '4 t of a part of said bath, and in extracting the object covered with the bath through the movable part of the bath and in the general direction of movement of that bath. 2. - The method of reopening an object with a metal, which consists in immersing this object in a suitable bath of molten covering metal, in determining the movement of part of said bath, and in extracting the object covered with the bath through the movable part of the bath and in the general direction of movement of the bath. 3.- The method for galvanizing an object, which consists in immersing this object in a bath of molten zinc, in determining a flow movement of a part of said bath to prevent the formation of an oxide mat. the surface of said flowing part of the bath, and extracting the covered object from the bath through the flowing part of the bath and in the general direction of movement of this bath. 4.- The method for galvanizing an object, which consists in immersing the object in a bath of molten zinc, in determining the movement of a part of said bath, in extracting the covered object from the bath through a part movable of the bath and in the general direction of movement of this bath, and to cool the covering when removing the bath from the covered object. 5.- The method for galvanizing an object, which consists in immersing the object in a bath of molten zinc, in determining the movement of a part of said bath, in extracting the covered object from the bath through the part movable of the bath and in the general direction of movement of this bath, to cool the covering when removing the covered object from the bath, and to protect the covered object from contact with air when it leaves the bath and until the coating is cooled. <Desc / Clms Page number 33> 6. = The method for galvanizing an object, which consists of immersing the object in a bath of molten zinc, determining the movement of a part of said bath, extracting the covered object from the bath through the part movable of this bath and in the general direction of movement of the bath, to cool the covering when removing the covered object from the bath, and to protect the covered object from contact with air when it leaves the bath and up to 'as its covering is cooled, enveloping the covered object in an oxygen-free atmosphere. 7, - The method for galvanizing an object, which consists in immersing the object in a bath of molten zinc, in determining the movement of a part of said bath, in extracting the covered object from the bath through the part movable of the bath and in the general direction of movement of the latter, to cool the covering when the covered object is removed from the bath, and to protect the covered object from contact with air, and from contacts abrasives, when the covered object leaves the bath and until its covering is cooled, by enveloping the covered object in an oxygen-free atmosphere, and by providing the covered object free passage through this atmosphere. EMI33.1 8 <"- The method of galvanizing an object, which consists of immersing this object in a bath of molten zinc, and relatively quickly removing the covered object from the bath before the formation of s, n ¯ 1 any significant amount of zinc-iron alloy in the major portion of the outer part of the zinc coating, so as to leave it substantially pure, and to locate the constituents of, iron in a narrow area bordering the surface normal of the object. 9. = The method of galvanizing an object, which consists of immersing this object in a bath of molten zinc, extracting the covered object from the bath after its immersion in the latter for a period of approximately three to six seconds, to secure therein the desired cover material while preventing the formation of any substantial amount of zinc-iron alloy throughout the major portion of the outer portion of the zinc cover, <Desc / Clms Page number 34> so as to leave it substantially pure, and to locate them. constituents of iron in a narrow area bordering the normal surface of the object. 10.- The method for galvanizing an object, which consists in immersing this object in a bath of molten zinc, in extracting the covered object from the bath after its immersion in the latter for a period of about three to six seconds in order to take up the desired amount of coating material, while the formation of any appreciable amount of zinc-iron alloy is avoided in the major portion of the entire outer portion of the zinc coating, so to leave this substantially pure, and by locating the iron constituents in a narrow zone bordering on the normal surface of the object, the removal of the covered object from the bath being effected by rapid ascent of the object in a oxygen-free atmosphere, with a view to precooling the covering and protecting it from contact with air, and to immediately subject the coated body to a final cooling and setting treatment of the covering before any significant exposure of this object to the coating. 'air. 11.- The method for galvanizing an object, which consists in immersing this object in a bath of molten zinc, in relatively rapidly extracting the covered object from the bath before formation of any appreciable quantity of zinc-iron alloy in most of the entire outer portion of the zinc coating, so as to leave it substantially pure, and locating the iron constituents in a narrow area bordering the normal surface of the object, removal of the coated object of the bath being carried out by a rapid rise of this object in an atmosphere free of oxygen, with a view to precooling the covering and protecting it from contact with air, and immediately subjecting the coated object to a final cooling and curing treatment of the coating before any significant exposure to air of that object. 12.- The method for galvanizing an object, which consists in immersing this object in a bath of molten zinc, in relatively quickly removing the covered object from the bath before formation of <Desc / Clms Page number 35> any significant amount of zinc-iron alloy in the major portion of the entire outer part of the zinc coating, so as to leave it substantially pure;, and locating the iron constituents in a narrow area bordering the normal surface object, and cooling the cover before it has had any significant exposure to air. 13.- The method for galvanizing an object, which consists of immersing the object in a bath of molten zinc, determining the movement of part of said bath, and removing the covered object from the bath through the movable portion of this bath and in the general direction of its movement, the immersion of the covered object in the zinc bath being of relatively short duration and ending before the formation of any appreciable quantity of zinc-iron alloy in the major portion of the entire exterior of the covering, in order to leave it substantially pure, and by locating the iron constituents in a narrow zone bordering the normal surface of the object. 14.- The method for galvanizing an object, which consists in immersing this object in a bath of molten zinc, in determining a movement of a portion of said bath in order to prevent the formation of a carpet of oxides on the surface of said flowing portion of the bath, and removing the covered object from the bath through the portion of the flowable bath and in the general direction of movement of that portion, the immersion of the coated object in the zinc bath being of relatively short duration and ending before the formation of any significant amount of zinc-iron alloy in the major portion of the entire outer portion of the zinc coating, in order to leaving it substantially pure, and locating the iron constituents in a narrow zone bordering the normal surface of the object. 15.- The method for galvanizing an object, which consists of immersing the object in a molten bath with zinc, determining a movement of a portion of said bath, and extracting the covered object from the bath through the portion movable of the bath and in the general direction of movement <Desc / Clms Page number 36> of the latter, and in cooling the covering on removal of the covered object from the bath, the immersion of the covered object in the zinc bath being of relatively short duration, and ending before the formation of any significant amount of zinc-iron alloy, in the major portion of the entire external part of the zinc coating, in order to leave it substantially pure, and by locating the iron constituents in a narrow zone bordering the normal surface of the 'object. 16.- The method for galvanizing an object, which consists in immersing the object in a bath of molten zinc, in determining a movement of a portion of said bath, in extracting the covered object from the bath through the portion movable of the bath and in the general direction of movement of the latter, the immersion of the covered object in the zinc bath being of relatively short duration and ending before the formation of any significant quantity of zinc-iron alloy in the major portion of the entire external part of the zinc coating, in order to leave it substantially pure, and by locating the iron constituents in a narrow zone bordering the normal surface of the object. 17.- The method for galvanizing an object, which consists in immersing the object in a bath of molten zinc, in determining a movement of a portion of said bath, in extracting the covered object from the bath through the portion movable of the bath and in the general direction of movement of the latter, to cool the covering on removal of the covered object from the bath, and to protect the covered object from contact with air when it leaves the bath and up to when its covering is cooled, enveloping the covered object in an oxygen-free atmosphere, the immersion of the covered object in the zinc bath being of relatively short duration and ending before the formation of any significant amount of zinc-iron alloy in the major portion of the entire external part of the zinc coating, in order to leave it substantially pure, and locating the iron constituents in a narrow area bordering the normal surface of the object. <Desc / Clms Page number 37> 18. = The method for galvanizing an object, which consists in immersing the object in a bath of molten zinc, in determining the movement of a portion of said bath, in extracting the covered object from the bath. through the movable portion of the bath and in the general direction of movement of the latter, to cool the cover upon removal of the covered object from the bath, and to protect the covered object from contact with air and abrasive contact foreigners, when the covered object leaves the bath and until its recovery is cooled, by enveloping the covered object in an oxygen-free atmosphere and allowing the free passage of the covered object through this atmosphere, the immersion of the covered object in the zinc bath being of relatively short duration and ending before the formation of any significant amount of zinc-iron alloy in the major portion of the entire outer part of the zinc coating, in order to leave this sensi. completely pure, and locating the iron constituents in a narrow area bordering the normal surface of the object. 19.- The method of galvanizing an object, -which consists of immersing this object in a bath of molten zinc, and removing the covered object from the zinc bath after it has been immersed there for a period of about three at six seconds, so as to take the desired coating material while avoiding the formation of any appreciable amount of zinc-iron alloy in the whole of the major portion of the zinc coating, in order to leave this sensitive - could be achieved by locating the iron constituents in a narrow area bordering the normal surface of the object. 20.- The method of galvanizing an object, which consists in immersing this object in a bath of molten zinc, and removing the covered object from the bath after it has been immersed therein for a period of approximately three to six seconds, so as to set up the desired coating material while avoiding the formation of any significant amount of zinc-iron alloy throughout the major portion of the zinc coating to leave it substantially pure , and locating the iron constituents in a narrow area nearby. <Desc / Clms Page number 38> ning the normal surface of the object, the removal of the covered object from the bath being effected by a rapid ascent of this object in the bath and in an atmosphere free of oxygen, to precool the covering and protect it. the action of the air, after and immediately subject 1 covered object to a final cooling and setting treatment before any significant exposure to air of this object. 21.- The method of galvanizing an object, which consists of applying molten covering material to it, protecting the covering while, relatively, it is not yet in its "set" state, by introducing the 'covered object, immediately after application of the covering, in a protective chamber filled with non-oxidizing gas, to cause the covered object to exit said chamber while allowing gas to escape into an adjacent situation to the extracted object, and finally to fix the cover to the exit of the covered object from said chamber, and to burn the gas escaping from the chamber in a situation adjacent to the extracted covered object and in the vicinity of the area where the final "catch" takes place, so as to avoid any tendency for air to enter the chamber in the discharge region of the covered object and associated gas and also to protect the covered object from any significant exposure to air prior to final setting recovery. 22.- The method of galvanizing an object, which consists in applying molten covering material to it, -protecting the covering while, relatively, it is not yet in its "set" state, by introducing the covered object, immediately after application of the coating, in a protective chamber filled with non-oxidizing gas, to cause the covered object to exit said chamber while the gas is allowed to escape into an adjacent situation to the extracted covered object, and to burn the gas escaping from the chamber to prevent any tendency for air to enter the chamber. <Desc / Clms Page number 39> 23.- The method to galvanize a. object, which consists in passing said object through an oxygen-free atmosphere occupying a chamber partially covering a bath of molten zinc, whereby part of the surface of the bath, and the object which penetrates in the latter, are covered and surrounded by said atmosphere, to pass the object of said atmosphere into said bath, to determine a movement of a portion of said bath, and to extract the covered object from the bath through the movable portion of the bath and in an oxygen-free atmosphere, prior to subsequent treatment. 24.- In an apparatus of the nature described, in. combination, a bath of molten material, means for determining a movement of a portion of said bath, and devices for introducing the object to be covered into the bath, and for extracting the covered object through the movable portion of the bath in the general direction of movement of the latter. 25.- In an apparatus of the nature described, in combination, a bath of molten metal, means for determining the immersion of the object to be covered in said bath, and means for preserving the object coated with harmful materials floating on this bath, including a screen extending at its lower end to a significant depth in the bath, in order to receive a portion of the bath made of relatively pure metal compared to the surface part of the bath, said screen being conditioned to allow the passage of the covered object, and means for determining the exit movement of the material from the bath, from the screen, in the direction of movement of the covered object. 26.- In an apparatus of the nature described, in combination, a bath of molten metal, means for determining the immersion of the object to be covered in said bath, and means for preserving the object covered with harmful materials floating on this bath, including a screen extending at its lower end to a significant depth in the bath, in order to receive a portion of the bath made of relatively pure metal compared to the surface part of the bath, the said screen being <Desc / Clms Page number 40> conditioned to allow the passage of the covered object therein, and the arrangement of the organs and parts being such that the material of the bath moves out into the screen in the direction of movement of the covered object. EMI40.1 27.- In an apparatus of the nature described, in combination, a bath of molten metal, means for determining the immersion of the object to be covered in said bath, means for preserving the object covered with floating noxious matter on the bath, including an extended screen, at its lower end, to a significant depth in the bath in order to receive a portion of the bath made of relatively pure metal compared to the surface part of the bath, the said screen being conditioned ZIXPZZZM iBBXXOByBN. to allow the passage of the covered object therein, and this means comprising a passage and - extending upwards and outwards, leading from the material of the bath - into the upper end of the screen, and means to force the. bath material at. moving through this passage, into and out of the screen, and dragging and moving the bath material simultaneously in the screen. 28 .. In an apparatus of the nature described, in combination, a bath of molten metal, means for determining the immersion of the object to be covered in said bath, means for preserving the object covered with materials. harmful elements floating on the bath, including a screen extended at its lower end to a significant depth in the bath, to receive a portion of the bath made of relatively pure metal compared to the surface part of the bath, said screen being conditioned to allowing the covered object to pass through it, this means comprising a passage leading from the material of the bath to the upper part of the screen and allowing a much larger part of the screen to hang down and be immersed in the molten bath, and of the bath means for forcing material to move through said passage, in and out of the screen, while preventing the accumulation of foreign matter in or on the bath material, in the screen. <Desc / Clms Page number 41> 29.- In an apparatus of the nature described, in combination, a bath of molten metal, means for determining the immersion of the object to be covered in said bath, means for preserving the object covered with harmful materials floating on the bath, including a screen extended at its lower end to a significant depth in the bath, to receive a portion of the bath made up of relatively pure metal compared to the surface part of the bath, the said screen being conditioned to allow the covered object to pass through it, this means comprising a passage directed upwards and outwards, leading from the material of the bath into the upper end of the screen, and means for obliging to the material of the bath to move through the said passage, in and out of the screen, and entraining and moving material from the bath simultaneously in the screen, these means comprising a tank and means for pushing material out of the bath, taken at a relatively low point in the bath, in said tank, and causing this material to rise to a level significantly higher than the normal level of the bath, the passage directed upwards and outward extending from a low point in the tank up to the screen, and the discharge of this screen being disposed at a point located above said normal level of the bath, in the tank. 30.- In an apparatus of the nature described, in combination, a bath of molten metal, means for determining the immersion of the object to be covered in said bath, means for preserving the object covered with noxious floating material on the bath, comprising a screen extended at its lower end to a significant depth in the bath, to receive a portion of the bath made of relatively pure metal compared to the surface part of the bath, said screen being conditioned to allow to the covered object to pass through it, this means comprising a passage leading from the material of the bath to the upper part of the screen, and allowing a much longer part of the screen to hang down and to be submerged <Desc / Clms Page number 42> from the bath in the molten bath, and means for causing material to move through said passage, into and out of the screen, which prevents the accumulation of foreign matter in or on the bath material in the screen , these means comprising a tank and means for pushing material from the bath into said opening and causing this material to rise in the tank to a level appreciably higher than the normal level of the bath, the passage s extending from a low point in the tank to the screen, and the screen discharge being disposed above said normal bath level and below the level of the bath material in the tank. 31.- In an apparatus of the nature described, in combination, a bath of molten metal, means for determining the immersion of the object to be covered in said bath, means for preserving the object covered with noxious floating material on the bath, comprising a screen, extended at its lower end to a significant depth in the bath, in order to receive a portion of the bath made up of relatively pure metal compared to the surface part of the bath, the said screen being conditioned. to allow the covered object to pass through it, this means comprising a passage directed upwards and outwards, leading from the material of the bath into the upper end of the screen, and means for forcing material of the bath to move through said passage, in and out of the screen, and entraining and displacing material from the bath, simultaneously, in the screen, these means comprising a housing joining the screen, during to a significant depth in the bath and in free communication at its upper end with the upper part of the screen, and a pump, disposed in the housing, for discharging material from the bath upwards, through and out of the upper end of the screen. 32.- In an apparatus of the nature described, in combination, a bath of molten metal, means for determining the immersion of the object to be covered in said bath, and means for preserving the object covered with harmful materials floating on the bath, y <Desc / Clms Page number 43> including a screen, extended at its lower end to a significant depth in the bath, to receive a portion of the bath consisting of relatively pure metal compared to the surface part of the bath, said screen being conditioned to allow the object covered to pass through it, and this means comprising a passage directed upwards and outwards, leading from the material of the bath into the upper end of the screen, and means for causing the material of the bath to move at through the said passage, in and out of the screen, and driving and moving the material of the bath, simultaneously, in the screen, these means comprising a housing through the bottom of which the screen opens towards or to the bath, and whose wall extends upwards to a level significantly above the top / end of the screen, the latter being well below the normal level of the bath. 63.- In an apparatus of the nature described, in combination, a bath of molten metal, means for determining the immersion of the object to be covered in said bath, and means for preserving the object covered with harmful materials floating on the bath, comprising a screen, extended at its lower end to a significant depth in the bath in order to receive a portion of the bath consisting of relatively pure metal compared to the surface part of the bath, said screen being conditioned to allow to the covered object to pass through it, and this means comprising a passage directed upwards and outwards, leading from the material of the bath to the upper end of the screen, means for forcing the ma - part of the bath to move through the said passage, in and out of the screen, and entraining and moving the material of the bath simultaneously in the screen, these means comprising a housing through the bottom of which the said screen opens towards and to the bath and whose wall extends upwards to a notably level beyond the upper discharge end of the screen, the latter being placed well below the normal level of the bath, <Desc / Clms Page number 44> and means for extracting material from the bath projecting from the screen into said housing. 34.- In an apparatus of the nature described, in combination, a bath of molten metal, means for determining the immersion of the object to be covered in said bath, and means for preserving the object covered with harmful materials floating on the bath, comprising a screen, extended at its lower end to a significant depth in the bath in order to receive a portion of the bath made up of relatively pure metal compared to the surface part of the bath, said screen being conditioned to allow the covered object to pass through it, and this means comprising a passage directed upwards and outwards, leading from the material of the bath to the upper end of the screen, means for forcing bath material to move through said passage, into and out of the screen, and entraining and moving the bath material, simultaneously, in the screen, these means comprising a housing , through the bottom of which said screen opens towards or to the bath, and the wall of which extends upwards to a level notably beyond the upper discharge end of the screen, the latter being disposed well below the normal level of the bath, and means for extracting the material from the bath flowing over the screen into the housing, and returning said material to the bath. 35.- In an apparatus of the class described, in combination, a bath of molten material, a compartment open to this bath and comprising a notable space, partly above the normal level of the bath, a screen extending to its lower end, in the bath and in said space in the compartment, means for determining a movement of the material from the bath exiting through the open end of the screen, whereby this material will be returned to the bath, means for determining the immersion of the object to be covered in the bath and the withdrawal of the covered object, see the top, through the screen and the material of the bath therein, and means to fill the said space in the compartment of a <Desc / Clms Page number 45> oxygen-free atmosphere surrounding the screen, the material of the bath overflowing from the screen and the covered object emerging from the screen or extracted from it. 36, - In an apparatus of the class described, in combination, a bath of molten material, a compartment open to this bath and comprising a notable space partly above the normal level of the bath, a screen extending at its end lower, in the bath and, at its upper end, outside the bath and in said space of the compartment, means for determining the movement of the material of the bath, exiting through the open end of the screen, whereby this material will be returned to the bath, means for determining the immersion of the object to be covered in the bath and the withdrawal of the covered object, upwards, through the screen and the material of the bath which s 'finds therein means for filling the said space of the compartment with an oxygen-free atmosphere surrounding the screen, the material of the bath overflowing from the screen and the covered object emerging from or extracted from the screen, a dome above the compartment, which forms an extension of the oxygen-free atmospheric space, the said dome comprising an outlet for the covered object. 37.- In an apparatus of the class described, in combination, a bath of molten material, a compartment open to the bath and having a notable space, partly above the normal level of the bath, a screen extending, to its lower end, in the bath and, at its upper end, outside the bath and in said space of the compartment, means for determining a movement of the material of the bath at the outlet through the open end of the screen, by means of to which this material will be returned to the bath, means for determining the immersion of the object to be covered in the bath and the withdrawal of the covered object, upwards, through the screen and the material of the bath which s 'therein, means for filling said space in the compartment with an oxygen-free atmosphere surrounding the screen, the material of the bath overflowing from this screen and the covered object emerging or removed from the screen, a dome above <Desc / Clms Page number 46> of the compartment, which forms an extension of the oxygen-free atmosphere space, said dome comprising a common outlet for the covered object and the gas. 38. In an apparatus of the class described, in combination, a bath of molten material, a compartment open to this bath and having a notable space, partly above the normal level of the bath, a screen extending to its lower end in the bath and, at its upper end, outside the bath and in said space of the compartment, means for determining a movement of the material from the bath, leaving the open end of the bath. screen, whereby this material will be returned to the bath, means for determining the immersion of the object to be covered in the bath and the withdrawal of the covered object, upwards, through the screen and the material of the bath therein, means for filling said space of the compartment with an oxygen-free atmosphere surrounding the screen, the material of the bath overflowing from the screen and the covered object emerging or removed from the screen, a dome above the compartment, forming an extension of the oxygen-free atmosphere space, the said dome comprising an outlet common for the covered object and gas, said outlet constituting a burner end or nozzle, in the vicinity of which the gas can be burned with oxygen surrounding this outlet. 39. In an apparatus of the class described, in combination, a bath of molten material, a compartment open to this bath and having a significant extent, partly above the normal level of the bath, a screen extending to its lower end in the bath and, at its upper end, in dbhora of the bath and in said space of the compartment, means for determining a movement of the material of the bath at the outlet through the open end of the screen, thanks to which this material will be brought back to the bath, means for determining the immersion of the object to be covered in the bath, and the withdrawal of the covered object, upwards, through the screen and the material of the bath which s 'therein, means for filling said space of the compartment with an oxygen-free atmosphere surrounding the screen, the material of the bath overflowing the screen and the covered object <Desc / Clms Page number 47> green emerging, or removed, from the screen, a dome above the compartment, forming an extension of the oxygen-free space, the said dome having a common outlet for the covered object and gas, and means, adjacent to the dome, for treating the covering, in order to "fix" the latter. 40.- In an apparatus of the class described, in combination, a bath of molten material, a compartment open to this bath and having a notable space, partly above the normal level of the bath, a screen extending to its lower end in the bath and, at its upper end, outside the bath and in said space of the compartment, means for determining the movement of the material of the bath, exiting through the open end of the screen, thanks to to which this material will be returned to the bath, means for determining the immersion of the object to be covered in the bath and the withdrawal of the covered object, upwards, through the screen and the material of the bath which s 'therein, means for filling said space of the compartment with an oxygen-free atmosphere surrounding the screen, the material of the bath overflowing from the screen and the covered object emerging or removed from the screen, a dome above the compartment, which forms an extension of the oxygen-free space, the said dome having a common outlet for the covered object and gas, and said outlet constituting a burner end or nozzle in the vicinity of which the gas can be burned with approximately oxygen, ning said outlet, and means, adjacent to the exit of the dome, to treat the covering in order to "fix" the latter. 41. In an apparatus of the class described, in combination, a bath of molten material, a compartment open to this bath and presenting a notable space, partly above the normal level of the bath, a screen extending into the bath at its lower end and, at its upper end, outside the bath and in said space of the compartment, means for determining a movement of the material of the bath at the outlet through the open end of the screen, by virtue of which this material will be returned to the bath, means for determining the immersion in the bath of the object to be covered and the withdrawal of the object <Desc / Clms Page number 48> covered, upwards, through the screen and the material of the bath therein, with means for filling said space of the compartment with an oxygen-free atmosphere surrounding the screen, the material of the bath overflowing from the screen and the covered object emerging or removed from the screen, a dome above the compartment, which forms an extension of the oxygen-free atmosphere space, the so-called dome coma 'carrying a common outlet for the covered object and gas, and means, adjacent to the outlet of the dome, for treating the covering in order to fix it or ensure its grip, the arrangement and the functional relations between the oxygen-free spaces in the communicating compartment, and the dome, the outlet of the latter,. and the adjacent means for ensuring the engagement of the covering, being such as from the moment when the object enters the screen and until the moment it has passed through the screen, the compartment, the dome, the exit of the dome and beyond from the means of treatment, the said covered object has in front of it a free passage, not comprising any obstructions, nor practically any friction, sweeping, detrimental washing, or abrasion by foreign substances or objects, and is protected from contact or air contamination during all travel. 42. In an apparatus of the class described, in combination, a bath of molten material, a compartment open to this bath and presenting a notable space, partly above the normal level of the bath, a screen extending into the bath at its lower end and at its upper end, outside the bath and in said space of the compartment, means for determining a movement of the material from the bath leaving the open end of the screen, by means of to which this material is returned to the bath, means for determining the immersion in the bath of the object to be covered and the withdrawal of the covered object, upwards, through the screen and the material of the bath therein, means for filling said space in the compartment with an oxygen-free atmosphere surrounding the screen, the material of the bath overflowing from the screen and the covered object emerging or removed from the screen, a dome above the compartment, which <Desc / Clms Page number 49> forms an extension of the oxygen-free atmosphere space, said dome comprising a common outlet for the covered object and gas, and said outlet forming a burner end or nozzle in the vicinity of which the gas can be burned with oxygen surrounding said outlet, and means, adjacent to said outlet of the dome, for treating the covering in order to fix or determine the uptake of the latter, the arrangement and the functional relations between them. oxygen-free spaces in the communicating compartment and the dome, the outlet of the latter, and the adjoining means determining the setting of the covering, being such that from the moment when the covered object enters the screen, and until the moment when it has passed through the screen and the compartment, the dome, the exit of the dome, and beyond. means of treatment, said covered object has in front of it a free passage, not comprising any obstructions. It is protected from contact or contamination by air during its entire movement, or practically from rubbing, sweeping, damaging washing, or abrasion by foreign substances or objects. EMI49.1 4.- An iron or steel object, provided with a relatively strong or thick zinc coating, applied by hot-dip galvanizing, the said coating comprising a minimum quantity of cons ¯Rot5U1'ne- ...... iron, the latter being concentrated in a relatively minor or reduced extent of the coating immediately adjacent to the object, and comprising substantially or nearly pure zinc in ...... a relatively major extent of the coating. 44.- An article of iron or steel, provided with a coating of relatively strong or thick zinc and substantially free of oxides, applied by hot-dip galvanizing, the said coating comprising a minimum quantity of iron constituent, the latter being concentrated in a relatively minor or reduced extent of the coating immediately adjacent to the object, and comprising substantially or nearly pure zinc in a relatively major extent of the coating. 45.- An object of iron or steel, with a strong covering <Desc / Clms Page number 50> or thick, unswept, zino, applied by hot-dip galvanization, this coating comprising only the amount of zinc-iron alloy and zinc-iron crystals generated during the immersion in and rapid removal of the object from the coating bath, said zinc-iron alloy and zinc-iron crystals being concentrated in a relatively small extent of the coating, immediately surrounding the object distributed, and / in a relatively major extent of the zinc coating, in which widely scattered and imperceptible traces of iron are inevitably present. 46. A galvanized article, the covering of which has a relatively strong or thick facing or coating of relatively pure zinc, uniform, dense, substantially or substantially free of oxide and zinc-iron alloy or zinc crystals- iron, characterized by a resulting exterior appearance which is brilliant blue-white (of natural zinc), and possessing a corresponding high degree of ductility and electrical conductivity, and a relatively thin layer of relatively impure zinc, immediately covering or directly the object, the said layer comprising the zinc-iron alloy and zinc-iron crystals, and the said zinc-iron alloy and zinc-iron crystals representing only what is inevitable in the immersion of the 'object in a hot zinc bath to apply the coating 47. = A galvanized object, which has been coated by hot dip galvanizing, and which has a relatively strong or thick facing or coating of relatively pure zinc, uniform, dense, substantially or substantially free of voids and free of oxides and zinc-iron alloys or zinc-iron crystals, characterized by a resulting external appearance which is brilliant blue-white (of natural zinc), and possessing a corresponding high degree of ductility and electrical conductivity, and a relatively thin layer of relatively impure zinc, immediately covering or directly the object, said layer comprising the zinc-iron alloy and zinc-iron crystals occurring in an approximate proportion of between one and two percent of the mass constituting the entire covering. <Desc / Clms Page number 51> 48. An article of iron or steel, having a relatively strong or thick, dense zinc coating, applied by hot-dip galvanizing, the said coating being substantially, or in substance, free of oxides, of uniform thickness, and having a smooth outer surface, having the luster of natural zinc, and having a minimum of iron component, the latter being concentrated in a relatively minor or reduced extent of the covering, immediately adjacent to the object, and , in a relatively major extent of coverage, zinc substantially, or substantially pure 49. An article of iron or steel, having a coating of relatively strong or thick, dense zinc, applied by hot-dip galvanizing, this coating being substantially, or in substance, free of oxides and comprising only a minimum of iron constituent, so as to be ductile and to withstand bending and deformation without cracking, chipping or dusting, the iron component being concentrated in a relatively minor or reduced extent of the covering immediately adjacent to the object and in a relatively major, the coating comprising substantially, or substantially pure zinc. 50. A galvanized product comprising a basic member of iron or steel, and on this basis a uniform or smooth covering, dense, of significant thickness, said covering comprising throughout the major portion of its thickness a body formed of sensitive zinc = ment, or in substance, pure, free of voids, and the remaining portion of the thickness of the covering being adherent to the base and different from this major portion of the covering by the location of the zinc-iron alloy inherent, resulting from the heat treatment in conjunction with the application of the cover on the base. 51.- The method for covering an iron or steel object with metal, which consists of immersing the object in a molten bath, returning the covered object to a non-oxidizing gaseous atmosphere, passing it through a certain quantity of molten bath material, exposed to said atmosphere and kept in motion in order to prevent the accumulation of oxides, scum and <Desc / Clms Page number 52> other harmful matter floating on the surface through which the covered object emerges from the bath. 52. An article of iron or steel comprising a coating of relatively strong or thick zinc and substantially free of oxides, this coating comprising a minimum of the iron constituent, the latter being concentrated in a relatively minor extent, or reduced, of the covering immediately adjacent to the object and, to a relatively major extent, the covering comprising substantially, or substantially pure zinc, the outer surface of the covering being even or smooth and void-free and the combined covering being in substance non-porous throughout its extent.