AU8238087A

AU8238087A - Sulphurised alkaline earth metal hydrocarbyl phenates, the production and use thereof

Info

Publication number: AU8238087A
Application number: AU82380/87A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Charles Cane; John Crawford; Sean Patrick O'connor
Original assignee: Lubrizol Adibis Holdings UK Ltd
Current assignee: Lubrizol Adibis Holdings UK Ltd
Priority date: 1986-11-29
Filing date: 1987-11-26
Publication date: 1988-06-16
Anticipated expiration: 2007-11-26
Also published as: CN87108239A; CA1305696C; SG101092G; FI883503A0; ES2051751T3; EP0273588B2; DE3781118D1; NO883348L; CN87108344A; FI93654C; DE3781118T2; DK419888D0; IN172581B; JPH0631384B2; ZA878939B; IN169547B; DE3781126T3; DK419788A; CA1305697C; FI883502A0

Abstract

An additive concentrate suitable for incorporation into a finished lubricating oil composition, the additive concentrate comprising: (a) a lubricating oil, (b) a lubricating oil soluble sulphurised alkaline earth metal hydrocarbyl phenate modified by incorporation of from greater than 2 to 35% by weight based on the weight of the composition of either (i) at least one carboxylic acid having the formula:- R - @@ - COOH (I) wherein R is a C10 to C24 alkyl or alkenyl group and R<1> is either hydrogen, as C1 to C4 alkyl group or a -CH2-COOH group, or an anhydride, acid chloride or ester thereof or (ii) a di- or polycarboxylic acid containing from 36 to 100 carbon atoms or an anhydride, acid chloride or ester thereof, the composition having a TBN greater than 300.

Description

SULPHURISED ALKALINE EARTH METAL HYDROCARBYL PHENATES. THEIR PRODUCTION AND USE THEREOF

The present invention relates in general to sulphurised alkaline earth metal hydrocarbyl phenates, their production and use thereof as lubricating oil additives. In particular the present invention relates to sulphurised alkaline earth metal hydrocarbyl phenate-containing compositions having a high total base number (TBN) and an acceptable viscosity and to their production from sulphurised alkaline earth metal hydrocarbyl phenates having lower TBNs .

In the internal combustion engine, by-products from the combustion chamber often blow by the piston and admix with the lubricating oil. Many of these by-products form acidic materials within the lubricating oil. This is particularly marked in diesel engines operating on low-grade fuels of high sulphur content wherein corrosive acids are produced by combustion. The acids thereby incorporated in the lubricating oil can include sulphur acids produced by oxidation of sulphur, hydrohalic acids derived from halogen lead scavengers in the fuel and nitrogen acids produced by the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen within the combustion chamber. Such acids cause deposition of sludge and corrosion of the bearings and engine parts leading to rapid wear and early breakdown of the engine.

One class of compounds generally employed to neutralise the acidic materials and disperse sludge within the lubricating oil are the sulphurised metal alkyl phenates, wherein the metal is an alkaline earth metal such as calcium, magnesium or barium. Both "normal" and "overbased" sulphurised alkaline earth metal alkyl phenates have been employed. The term "overbased" is used to describe those sulphurised alkaline earth metal alkyl phenates in which the ratio of the number of equivalents of the alkaline earth metal moiety to the number of equivalents of the phenol moiety is greater than one, and is usually greater than 1.2 and may be as high as 4.5 or greater. In contrast, the equivalent ratio of alkaline earth metal moiety to phenol moiety in "normal" alkaline earth metal alkyl phenates is one. Thus, the "overbased" material contains greater than 20% in excess of the alkaline earth metal present in the corresponding "normal" material. For this reason "overbased" sulphurised alkaline earth metal alkyl phenates have a greater capability for neutralising acidic matter than do the corresponding "normal" alkaline earth metal alkyl phenates. The prior art teaches many methods for preparing both "normal" and "overbased" sulphurised metal alkyl phenates. One such method for preparing "overbased" sulphurised alkyl phenates generally referred to as the "single lime addition" process comprises reacting an alkyl phenol, in the presence of lubricating oil, sulphur, a hydroxylic compound and excess alkaline earth metal hydroxide (above the stoichiometric proportion required to neutralise the alkyl phenol), to form an intermediate product, followed by carbonation, a heading distillation (to remove unreacted hydroxylic compound) and filtration. The production of intermediate product is accompanied by a marked increase in viscosity while the subsequent carbonation reduces the viscosity to a relatively low level. The increase in viscosity accompanying the formation of the intermediate product is undesirable because the reaction mixture becomes difficult to agitate to the detriment of subsequent reactions. Whilst this increase in viscosity may be controlled to an. acceptable level by incorporation of less alkaline earth metal hydroxide in the reaction, the overbased alkyl phenate product necessarily possesses a reduced neutralisation capacity. In order to achieve a high neutralisation capacity product and at the same time control the viscosity of the intermediate product within acceptable limits, the alkaline earth metal hydroxide may be added in two, (generally referred to as the "double lime addition" process) or three separate reaction steps, with sequential carbonation steps. However, this method involves relatively long batch times. Another alternative is to use viscosity depressants, such as tridecanol, 2-ethylhexanol, or similar boiling range hydroxylic solvent, in the production of the intermediate product but such an expedient increases the raw material cost of the process. The highest total base number (TBN), as measured in mg KOH/g, consistent with an acceptable viscosity, generally achievable by prior art processes is about 300, though generally prior art TBNs are in the range from 200-300. It would clearly be a desirable objective to produce sulphurised alkaline earth metal alkyl phenate compositions having a high TBN that is a TBN greater than 300, and preferably greater than 350. It would also be a desirable objective to produce such materials from sulphurised alkaline earth metal alkyl phenates having a lower TBN. To date it has not been found possible to achieve products of such high TBN because the use of larger concentrations of alkaline earth metal base leads to highly viscous products which, rather than being 'thinned' by subsequent carbonation attempts using excess carbon dioxide, are rendered insoluble. Ve have achieved these objectives and thereby achieved compositions having a TBN in excess of 300 and in some cases greater than 350 whilst retaining an acceptable viscosity, that is a viscosity of less than 1000 cSt, and avoiding insolubility by incorporating into a reaction mixture containing a sulphurised alkaline earth metal alkyl phenate at least one carboxylic acid or acid derivative thereof having at least 10 carbon atoms in the molecule.

The use of carboxylic acids in the production of sulphurised alkaline earth metal alkyl phenates is not new, see for example US-A-4049560 and EP-A-0094814.

US-A-4049560 describes the production of an overbased magnesium detergent by a process in which carbon dioxide is introduced into a reaction mixture which comprises: (a) 15-40 wt % of a sulphurised phenol or thiophenol containing one or more hydrocarbyl substituents, or a phenol or thiophenol containing one or more hydrocarbyl substituents, or said phenol or thiophenol containing one or more hydrocarbyl substituents together with sulphur,

(b) 5-15 wt % of an organic sulphonic acid, an organic sulphonate or an organic sulphate,

(c) 5-15 wt % of a glycol, a C₁ to C₅ monohydric alkanol or C₂ to C₄ alkoxy alkanol, (d) 2-15 wt % of a magnesium hydroxide or active magnesium oxide,

(e) at least 0.1 wt % of a C₁ to C₁₈ carboxylic acid, an anhydride thereof, or an ammonium, an amine salt, a Group I metal or a Group II metal salt of said C₁ to C₁₈ carboxylic acid, and

(f) at least 10% by weight of a diluent oil (including any present in components (a) and (b).

The amount of carboxylic acid (component (e)) is preferably in the range 0.5 to 2.02 by weight. The product prepared by this reaction is said to have a TBN of about 200 to 250, e.g. about 225. EP-A-0094814 discloses an additive concentrate for incorporation in a lubricating oil composition comprising lubricating oil, and from 10 to 90 wt % of an overbased alkaline earth metal hydrocarbyl sulphurised phenate which has been treated, either during or subsequent to the overbasing process, with from 0.1 to 10, preferably 2 to 6, wt % (based on the weight of additive concentrate) of an acid of the formula: (I) R (wherein R is a C₁₀ to C₂₄ unbranched alkyl or alkenyl group, and R¹ is hydrogen, a C₁ to C₄ alkyl group or a -CH₂-COOH group) or an anhydride or a salt thereof. The object of the invention of EP-A-0094814 is to overcome problems encountered with many additive concentrates containing overbased additives, namely lack of stability giving rise to sedimentation, and foaming problems. The problem of EP-A-0094814 is not that of producing phenates having a TBN of greater than 300 and indeed the phenates produced by the process of the invention, although overcoming the problems of stability and foaming, have TBN values of less than 300.

It can be concluded that the prior art in which carboxylic acids are employed does not address the problem of producing overbased sulphurised alkaline earth metal alkyl phenates having a TBN of greater than 300 and an acceptable viscosity.

Accordingly, in one aspect the present invention provides an additive concentrate suitable for incorporation into a finished lubricating oil composition, the additive concentrate comprising:

(a) a lubricating oil,

(b) a lubricating oil soluble sulphurised alkaline earth metal hydrocarbyl phenate modified by incorporation of from greater than 2 to 35% by weight based on the weight of the composition of either (i) at least one carboxylic acid having the formula:- (I) wherein R is a C₁₀ to C₂₄ alkyl or alkenyl group and R¹ is either hydrogen, a C₁ to C₄ alkyl group or a -CH₂-COOH group, or an anhydride, acid chloride or ester thereof or (ii) a di- or polycarboxylic acid containing from 36 to 100 carbon atoms or an anhydride, acid chloride or ester thereof, the composition having a TBN greater than 300. Component (a) of the composition is a lubricating oil. The lubricating oil may suitably be either an animal oil, a vegetable oil or a mineral oil. Suitably the lubricating oil may be a petroleum-derived lubricating oil, such as a naphthenic base, paraffin base or mixed base oil. Solvent neutral oils are particularly suitable. Alternatively, the lubricating oil may be a synthetic lubricating oil. Suitable synthetic lubricating oils include synthetic ester lubricating oils, which oils include diesters such as di-octyl adipate, di-octyl sebacate and tridecyladipate, or polymeric hydrocarbon lubricating oils, for example liquid polyisobutenes and poly-alpha olefins. The lubricating oil may suitably comprise from 10 to 90X, preferably from 10 to 70X, by weight of the composition.

Component (b) is a lubricating oil soluble sulphurised alkaline earth metal hydrocarbyl phenate modified by incorporation of from greater than 2 to 35% by weight based on the weight of the composition of either (i) or (ii). Suitably the alkaline earth metal may be strontium, calcium, magnesium or barium, preferably calcium, barium or magnesium, more preferably calcium.

The hydrocarbyl phenate moiety of the sulphurised alkaline earth metal hydrocarbyl phenate is preferably derived from at least one alkyl phenol. The alkyl groups of the alkyl phenol may be branched or unbranched. Suitable alkyl groups contain from 4 to 50, preferably from 9 to 28 carbon atoms. A particularly suitable alkyl phenol is the C₁₂-alkyl phenol obtained by alkylating phenol with propylene tetramer.

The sulphurised alkaline earth metal hydrocarbyl phenate is modified by incorporation of either (i) or (ii). As regards (i), this is at least one carboxylic acid having the formula (I) or an acid anhydride, acid chloride or ester thereof. Preferably R in the formula (I) is an unbranched alkyl or alkenyl group. Preferred acids of formula (I) are those wherein R is a C₁₀ to C₂₄, more preferably C₁₈ to C₂₄ straight chain alkyl groups and R¹ is hydrogen. Examples of suitable saturated carboxylic acids of formula (I) include capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid and lignoceric acid. Examples of suitable unsaturated acids of formula (I) include lauroleic acid, myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, gadoleic acid, erucic acid, ricinoleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid. Mixtures of acids may also be employed, for example rape top fatty acids. Particularly suitable mixtures of acids are those commercial grades containing a range of acids, including both saturated and unsaturated acids. Such mixtures may be obtained synthetically or may be derived from natural products, for example cotton oil, ground nut oil, coconut oil, linseed oil, palm kernel oil, olive oil, corn oil, palm oil, castor oil, soyabean oil, sunflower oil, herring oil, sardine oil and tallow. Sulphurised acids and acid mixtures may also be employed. Instead of, or in addition to, the carboxylic acid there may be used the acid anhydride, the acid chloride or the ester derivatives of the acid, preferably the acid anhydride. It is preferred however to use a carboxylic acid or a mixture of carboxylic acids. A preferred carboxylic acid of formula (I) is stearic acid.

Instead of, or in addition to (i), the sulphurised alkaline earth metal hydrocarbyl phenate may be modified by incorporation of (ii), which is a di- or polycarboxylic acid containing from 36 to 100 carbon atoms or an acid anhydride, acid chloride or ester derivative thereof, preferably an acid anhydride thereof. Preferably (ii) is a polyisobutene succinic acid or a polyisobutene succinic anhydride.

Preferably the carboxylic acid(s) having the formula (I), the di- or polycarboxylic acid, or the acid anhydride, acid chloride or ester thereof is incorporated in an amount from greater than 10% to 35%, more preferably from 12 to 20%, for example about 16% by weight based on the weight of the composition. An advantage of incorporating greater than 10% of the carboxylic acid or derivative thereof is generally a relativelylower concentrate viscosity. Suitably the alkaline earth metal may be present in the composition in an amount in the range from 10 to 20% by weight based on the weight of the composition.

Suitably sulphur may be present in the composition in an amount in the range from 1 to 6, preferably from 1.5 to 3% by weight based on the weight of the composition.

Suitably carbon dioxide may be present in the composition in an amount in the range from 5 to 20, preferably from 9 to 15% by weight based on the weight of the composition.

Preferably the TBN of the composition is greater than 350, more preferably greater than 400.

Suitably the composition may have a viscosity measured at 100ºC of less than 1000 cSt, preferably less than 750 cSt, more preferably less than 500 cSt.

In another aspect the present invention provides an additive concentrate suitable for incorporation into a finished lubricating oil which concentrate is obtainable by reacting at elevated temperature (A) a sulphurised alkaline earth metal hydrocarbyl phenate having a TBN less than that of the final additive concentrate, (B) an alkaline earth metal base added in either a single addition or in a plurality of additions at intermediate points during the reaction, (C) either a polyhydric alcohol having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, a di- or tri- (C₂ to C₄) glycol, an alkylene glycol alkyl ether or a polyalkylene glycol alkyl ether, (D) a lubricating oil, (E) carbon dioxide added subsequent to the, or each, addition of component (B), and (F) sufficient to provide from greater than 2 to 35% by weight based on the weight of the concentrate of either (i) a carboxylic acid having the formula (I) or an acid anhydride, acid chloride or ester thereof or (ii) a dior polycarboxylic acid containing from 36 to 100 carbon atoms or an acid anhydride, acid chloride or ester thereof, the weight ratio of components (A) to (F) being such as to produce a concentrate having a TBN greater than 300.

In yet another aspect the present invention provides a process for the production of an additive concentrate for incorporation into a finished lubricating oil which process comprises reacting at elevated temperature components (A) to (F) as hereinbefore described, the weight ratios of components (A) to (F) being such as to produce a concentrate having a TBN greater than 300.

The process of the invention is advantageous because it affords a method for up-grading low TBN products of the prior art or off-specification products into high TBN products having an acceptable viscosity. Moreover, because hydrogen sulphide is not evolved during operation of the process of the invention, in contrast to processes for producing sulphurised alkaline earth metal alkyl phenates involving the reaction of an alkyl phenol and sulphur, by the more conventional routes, the hydrogen sulphide disposal problem is avoided, thereby allowing manufacture in environmentally sensitive locations and the use of less sophisticated plant.

Component (A) of the reaction mixture is a sulphurised alkaline earth metal hydrocarbyl phenate having a TBN lower than that of the final product, i.e. generally less than 300. Any sulphurised alkaline earth metal hydrocarbyl phenate may be employed. The sulphurised alkaline earth metal hydrocarbyl phenate may be carbonated or non-carbonated. The alkaline earth metal moiety and the hydrocarbyl phenate moiety of the sulphurised alkaline earth metal hydrocarbyl phenate may suitably be as hereinbefore described. Methods for preparing sulphurised alkaline earth metal hydrocarbyl phenates are well known in the art. Alternatively, the precursors of a sulphurised alkaline earth metal hydrocarbyl phenate in the form of a non-sulphurised alkaline earth metal hydrocarbyl phenate and sulphur may be employed.

The alkaline earth metal base (component B) may suitably be an alkaline earth metal oxide or hydroxide, preferably the hydroxide. Calcium hydroxide may be added for example in the form of slaked lime. Preferred alkaline earth metals are calcium, magnesium and barium and more preferred is calcium. The alkaline earth metal base must be added in an amount relative to component (A) sufficient to produce a product having a TBN in excess of 300, preferably in excess of 350. This amount will depend on a number of factors including the nature of the sulphurised alkaline earth metal hydrocarbyl phenate. Typically, the weight ratio of component (B) to component (A) may suitably be in the range from 0.1 to 50, preferably from 0.2 to 5. The alkaline earth metal base (B) may be added in whole to the initial reactants, or in part to the initial reactants and the remainder in one or more portions at a subsequent stage or stages in the process. Preferably component (B) is added in a single addition to the initial reactants.

Component (C) is either a polyhydric alcohol having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, a di- or tri- (C₂ to C₄) glycol, an alkylene glycol alkyl ther or a polyalkylene glycol alkyl ether. Thepolyhydric alcohol may suitably be either a dihydric alcohol, for example ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, or a trihydric alcohol, for example glycerol. The di- or tri- (C₂ to C₄) glycol may suitably be either diethylene glycol or triethylene glycol. The alkylene glycol alkyl ether or polyalkylene glycol alkyl ether may suitably be of the formula:-

R (OR¹)_xOR² (II) wherein R is a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, R¹ is an alkylene group, R² is hydrogen or C₁ to C₆ alkyl and x is an integer in the range from 1 to 6. Suitable solvents having the formula (II) include the monomethyl or dimethyl ethers of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol or tetraethylene glycol. A particularly suitable solvent is methyl digol (CH₃OCH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂OH). Mixtures of glycols and glycol ethers of formula (II) may also be employed. Using a glycol or glycol ether of formula (II) as solvent it is preferred to use in combination therewith an inorganic halide, for example ammonium chloride, and a lower, i.e. C₁ to C₄, carboxylic acid, for example acetic acid. Preferably the component (C) is either ethylene glycol or methyl digol, the latter in combination with ammonium chloride and acetic acid. Component (D) is a lubricating oil as hereinbefore described with reference to the concentrate composition.

Component (E) is carbon dioxide, which may be added in the form of a gas or a solid, preferably in the form of a gas. In gaseous form it may suitably be blown through the reaction mixture. We have found that generally the amount of carbon dioxide incorporated increases with increasing concentrations of component (F). The carbon dioxide is preferably added subsequent to a single addition of component (B) at the conclusion of the reaction between component (A), (B), (C), (D) and (F). Component (F) is either a carboxylic acid of formula (I), a dior polycarboxylic acid containing from 36 to 100 carbon atoms, or an acid anhydride, an acid chloride or ester thereof as hereinbefore described with reference to the concentrate composition. The amount of the aforesaid required to provide from greater than 2 to 35% by weight based on the weight of the concentrate will be to a first approximation the amount derived in the concentrate. In calculating this amount allowance should be made for loss of water from carboxylic acids, for example.

The reaction may be performed in the presence of a diluent. Suitable diluents are liquids having a volatility consistent with operation of the process, i.e. having a volatility such that they are readily strippable from the reaction mixture at the conclusion of the reaction. Examples of suitable diluents include 2-ethyl hexanol, iso-octanol, iso-heptanol and tri-decanol. Further sulphur, that is sulphur additional to that already present by way of component (A), may be added to the reaction mixture. An advantage of adding further sulphur is that it increases the amount of sulphur in the concentrate, which may be desirable for certain applications. On the other hand sulphur addition leads to the evolution of hydrogen sulphide, thereby to some extent detracting from the advantage of the invention as hereinbefore mentioned.

Preferably the reaction is carried out in the presence of a further component which is a catalyst for the reaction. As catalyst there may be used an inorganic halide which may suitably be either a hydrogen halide, an ammonium halide or a metal halide. Suitably the metal moiety of the metal halide may be zinc, aluminium or an alkaline earth metal, preferably calcium. Of the halides, the chloride is preferred. Suitable catalysts include hydrogen chloride, calcium chloride, ammonium chloride, aluminium chloride and zinc chloride, preferably calcium chloride. Suitably the amount of catalyst employed may be up to 2.0% wt/wt.

Suitably the reaction of components (A) - (F) and also the carbonation reaction may be carried out at elevated temperatures in the range from 120 to 200, preferably from about 130 to 165ºC, though the actual temperatures chosen for the reaction of components (A) - (F) and the carbonation may differ if desired. The pressure may be atmospheric, subatmospheric or superatmospheric.

The concentrate may be recovered by conventional means, for example by distillative stripping of component (C) and diluent (if any).

Finally, it is preferred to filter the concentrate so-obtained. Generally, the process of the invention will produce a concentrate having an acceptable viscosity, that is a viscosity of less than 1000 cSt at 100ºC, and can produce concentrates having a viscosity less than 750 or 500 cSt at 100ºC. Moreover, the concentrates generally have desirable viscosity index properties. Such viscometric properties are advantageous because they facilitate processing (including filtration) of the concentrate. However, it is also possible to produce concentrates having a higher viscosity than 1000 cSt at 100ºC, generally at higher TBN levels. Filtration of such concentrates presents a problem, which may be overcome by adding a diluent prior to filtration and stripping the diluent off after filtration. Alternatively, or in addition, the concentrate may be diluted with lubricating oil and still retain a TBN in excess of 300, particularly if the TBN of the concentrate as produced is high, for example above 400.

In a final aspect the present invention provides a finished lubricating oil composition which composition comprises a lubricating oil and sufficient of the additive concentrate as hereinbefore described to provide a TBN in the range from 0.5 to 120.

Preferably the finished lubricating oil composition contains sufficient of the concentrate composition to provide a TBN in the range from 0.5 to 100.

The amount of concentrate composition present in the finished lubricating oil will depend on the nature of the final use. Thus, for marine lubricating oils the amount of concentrate composition present may suitably be sufficient to provide a TBN in the range from 9 to 100 and for automobile engine lubricating oils the amount may suitably be sufficient to provide a TBN in the range from 4 to 20.

The finished lubricating oil may also contain effective amounts of one or more other types of conventional lubricating oil additives, for example viscosity index improvers, anti-wear agents, antioxidants, dispersants, rust inhibitors, pour-point depressants, or the like, which may be incorporated into the finished lubricating oil composition either directly or through the intermediacy of the concentrate composition. In addition to their use as additives for incorporation into lubricating oil compositions, the concentrate compositions of the present invention may also find application as fuels additives.

The invention will now be further illustrated by reference to the following Examples. In all the Examples the term "TBN" is used. The TBN is the Total Base Number in mg KOH/g as measured by the method of ASTM D2896.

In all the Examples, except otherwise expressly stated, a commercially available sulphurised calcium alkyl phenate derived from a C₁₂ -alkyl phenol was employed. The phenate is supplied as a solution in lubricating oil, which forms from 36-40% w/w of the composition. The composition has a TBN of 250 and a composition as follows:- calcium (9.25% w/v), sulphur (3.25% w/w) and carbon dioxide (4.6% w/w). Where the "Charge" for any Example includes lubricating oil, this is additional to that already present in the phenate composition.

The viscosity was measured by the method of ASTM D445. Example 1

Up-grading of Sulphurised Calcium Alkyl Phenate Charge: Lubricating oil (57 g)

Sulphurised calcium alkyl phenate (206 g)

Lime (49 g)

Stearic acid (70 g) Calcium chloride ( 4 g)

2-ethyl hexanol (112 g) The charge was heated to 145-165ºC/700 mm Hg whilst adding 36 g ethylene glycol. It was then maintained for one hour at 165ºC/700 mg Hg. Carbon dioxide (50 g) was added at 165ºC over 1 hour. The product was cooled to 125ºC/700 mm Hg. Lime (33 g) was addºd. The temperature was raised to 165*C/700 mm Hg and held at this temperature for one hour. Carbon dioxide (25 g) was added at 165ºC over one hour. The product was then stripped at 200ºC/10 mm Hg. Finally the product was filtered. It was observed that the filtration rate was very fast. 437 g product and 167 g distillate were obtained.

The product was analysed for calcium, sulphur and carbon dioxide. Its TBN, BPHVI50 and Viscosity at 100ºC were determined. The BPHV150 determination is a solubility test. Results of the test are expressed on the scale 1 (highly soluble; pass), 2 (borderline) and 3 (fail). Results

Calcium = 13.9% w/w (corresponding to 96% retention in the product of the calcium charged. Sulphur = 1.5% w/w (corresponding to 100% retention in the product of the sulphur charged). Carbon Dioxide = 12.3% w/w (corresponding to 62% retention in the product of the CO₂ charged) . TBN = 395 V₁₀₀ = 228 cSt

BPHVI50 = 1A Stearic acid = 16% w/w

This Example demonstrates that a low TBN product can be converted to a high TBN product having an acceptable viscosity by the process of the invention. Example 2

Charge: Sulphurised Calcium alkyl phenate : 230 g Lubricating oil : 26 g

Calcium chloride : 3 g Method

(a) The charge was heated to 100ºC/700 mm Hg. Stearic acid (63 g) was added and the mixture stirred for 15 minutes,

(b) 2-Ethyl hexanol (190 g) was added at 100 - 110ºC/700 mm Hg,

(c) Lime (66 g) was added at 110ºC/700 mm Hg, (d) The mixture was heated to 165ºC/700 mm Hg and ethylene glycol (32 g) was added quickly (one minute), (e) The mixture was held for 5 minutes at 165ºC/700 mm Hg,

(f) Carbon dioxide (66 g) was then added at 165ºC/1 bar,

(g) The solvent was recovered at 200ºC/10 mm Hg, and (h) The stripped product was filtered. Product Weights

Crude Product : 398 g Distillate : 236 g Product Composition After Filtration The filtration rate was fast. Calcium 14.1% w/w Sulphur 2.0% w/w CO₂ 12.9% w/w TBN 399

^V100 825 cSt

Stearic acid 15.8% w/w Example 3

Charge: As for Example 2. Method

As for Example 2 except that the temperature was 145ºC instead of 165ºC in steps (d), (e) and (f). Product Weights

Crude Product : 402 g

Distillate : 239 g

Product Composition After Filtration

Calcium 13.9% w/w

Sulphur 1.9% w/w

CO₂ 13.9% w/w

TBN 392

V₁₀₀ 206 cSt

Stearic acid 15. 7% w/w

Example 4

Charge: As for Example 2

Method

As for Example 2 except that the temperature was 130ºC instead of 165ºC in steps (d), (e) and (f). Products Weights

Crude Product : 377 g

Distillate : 236 g

Product Composition After Filtration

Calcium : 13.7% w/w

Sulphur : 2.1% w/w

CO₂ : 13.2% w/w

TBN : 380

V₁₀₀ 99 cSt

Stearic acid : 16.7 % w/w

Example 5

Charge: As for Example 3 except that calcium chloride was omitted

Method

As for Example 3.

Product Weights

Crude Product : 388 g

Distillate : 239 g

Product Composition After Filtration

Calcium 11. 9X w/w

Sulphur 2 IX w/w

CO₂ 9 OX w/w

TBN 331

V₁₀₀ 98 cSt

V40 1490 cSt

VI 148

Stearic acid 16 .2% w/w

The filtration step (h) was very difficult.

This Example, as compared with Example 3 demonstrates the desirability of using a catalyst in the process of the invention. In the absence of catalyst, although a lower V₁₀₀ was obtained, this was achieved at the expense of reduced incorporation of calcium and carbon dioxide, and moreover filtration was difficult. Example 6

Charge: Sulphurised calcium alkyl phenate : 253 g Lubricating oil (100 SN) : 26 g Calcium chloride 4 g 2-Ethyl hexanol 190 g Stearic acid 40 g

Method

(a) The charge was heated to 120ºC/700 mm Hg and lime (36 g) was then added,

(b) The mixture was heated to 145 - 165ºC whilst adding ethylene glycol (32 g),

(c) The mixture was held for one hour at 165ºC/700 mm Hg,

(d) Carbon dioxide (44 g) was added at 165ºC/1 bar,

(e) The mixture was cooled to 120ºC and lime (25 g) was added,

(f) The mixture was held at 165ºC/700 mm Hg for one hour,

(g) Carbon dioxide (22 g) was added at 165ºC/l bar, (h) The solvent was stripped off at 200'C/IO mm Hg, and (i) The product was filtered. The filtration rate was fast. Product Weights

Crude Product : 401 g

Distillate : 239 g

Product Composition After Filtration

Calcium 14 3% w/w

Sulphur 2. 1% w/w

CO₂ 11. 3% w/w

TBN 405

V₁₀₀ 1483 cSt Stearic acid 10% w/w

This Example demonstrates that it is possible to produce a high

TBN concentrate, though the viscosity is relatively high, by incorporating 10% w/w stearic acid.

Example 7

Charge : As for Example 6 except that the phenate was increased from 250 g to 268 g and the stearic acid was increased from 40 g to 51 g. Method:

As for Example 6. Products Weights

Crude Product : 396 g

Distillate : 234 g

Product Composition After Filtration

Calcium 14.5% w/w

Sulphur 2.2% w/w

CO₂ 13.1% w/w

TBN 399

V₁₀₀ 706 cSt

Stearic acid 12.9% w/w

This Example demonstrates that a high TBN concentrate having a lower viscosity as compared with Example 6 can be produced at a stearic acid content of 12.9% w/w based on the weight of the concentrate. Example 8

Charge: Sulphurised calcium alkyl phenate 230 g Lubricating oil (SN 100) 0 g Calcium chloride 3 g

Method (a) The charge was heated to 100ºC, stearic acid (99 g) was then added and the mixture was stirred for 15 minutes,

(b) 2-Ethyl hexanol (190 g) was added at 100 - 110ºC,

(c) Lime (66 g) was added at 110ºC/2" Hg vacuum,

(d) The mixture was heated to 145ºC/10" Hg and ethylene glycol (32 g) was added over 20 minutes,

(e) The mixture was held for 5 minutes at 145ºC/10" Hg,

(f) Carbon dioxide (66 g) was added at 145ºC,

(g) The product was stripped at 200ºC/30" Hg, and

(h) The product was filtered. The filtration rate was slow. Product Weights

Crude Product : 398 g Distillate : 209 g Product Composition After Filtration Calcium 11.95% w/w Sulphur 1.65% w/w CO₂ 11.6% w/w TBN 349

V₁₀₀ 100 cSt

V₄₀ 974 cSt

Stearic acid 24.9% w/w

This Example demonstrates that it is possible to produce a high TBN concentrate having a low viscosity at a stearic acid content of

24.9% w/w.

Comparison Test 1

Charge: As for Example 3.

Method As for Example 3 except that the addition of ethylene glycol in step (d) was omitted.

Product Weights

Crude Product : 382 g

Distillate : 200 g Product Composition After Filtration

Calcium 8. 4% w/w

Sulphur 2. 3% w/w

CO₂ 4. 4% w/w

TBN 239 V₁₀₀ 41 cSt

The filtration rate in step (h) was slow.

This is not an example according to the present invention and is included for the purpose of demonstrating that the presence of a component (C) is essential to the performance of the process of the invention.

Example 9

Charge: As for Example 3.

Method

As for Example 3 except that the ethylene glycol addition in step (d) was reduced from 32 g to 16 g. Product Weights

Crude Product : 399 g

Distillate : 225 g

Product Composition After Filtration

Calcium 13.7% w/w

Sulphur 2.0% w/w

CO₂ 13.5% w/w

TBN 395

V₁₀₀ 182 cSt

Stearic acid 15.8% w/w

The filtration rate in step (h) was slow.

This Example demonstrates that the addition of ethylene glycol can be reduced by 50% as compared with Example 3. Example 10 Charge: Sulphurised calcium alkyl phenate : 230 g

Lubricating oil (100 SN) : 26 g

Ammonium chloride : 4 g

Acetic acid : 2 g

Method

As for Example 3 except that in step (b) instead of 2-ethyl hexanol (190 g) there was added methyl diglycol (130 g) and in step (d) the addition of ethylene glycol was omitted. Product Weights

Crude Product : 390 g

Distillate : 166 g

Product Composition After Filtration

Calcium 14. 1% w/w Sulphur 2 .0% w/w CO₂ 14 2% w/w TBN 398

V100 210 cSt

V₄₀ 3821 cSt

VI 170

Stearic acid 16 .2% w/w The filtration rate in step (h) was rapid.

This Example demonstrates that methyl diglycol is effective as component (C). Example 11

Charge: As for Example 3.

Method

As for Example 3 except that in step (d) the pressure was

270 mm Hg.

Product Weight

Crude Product : 402 g

Distillate : 238 g

Product Composition After Filtration

Calcium 14.0% w/w

Sulphur 1.9% w/w

CO₂ 14.4% w/w

TBN 392.

V₁₀₀ 288 cSt

Stearic acid 15.7% w/w

Example 12

Charge: As for Example 3.

Method

As for Example 3 except that instead of 190 g 2-ethyl hexanol there was used 40 g. Product Weights

Crude Product : 399 g

Distillate : 90 g

Product Composition After Filtration

Calcium 13. 9% w/w Sulphur 1. 9% w/w CO₂ 12 . 1% w/w TBN 408

V₁₀₀ 387 cSt

V₄₀ 7980 cSt VI 193

Stearic acid 15. 8% w/w Example 13

Charge : Sulphurised calcium alkyl phenate 230 g

Stearic acid 63 g

Calcium chloride 4 g

Cis linear alpha-olefin 26 g

2-ethyl hexanol 90 g Method (a) The mixture was heated to 145 - 165ºC/700 mm Hg whilst adding ethylene glycol (32 g),

(b) The mixture was held for 30 minutes at 165ºC/700 mm Hg,

(c) CO₂ (38 g) was added at 165ºC/1 bar,

(d) The mixture was cooled to 120ºC and 2-ethyl hexanol (100 g) added,

(e) Lime (66 g) was added,

(f) The mixture was held at 165ºC/700 mm Hg for 5 minutes,

(g) Carbon dioxide (66 g) was added,

(h) The solvent was recovered by stripping at 200ºC/10 mm Hg, (i) The product was filtered. Product Weights

Crude Product : 385 g

Distillate : 256 g

Product Composition After Filtration

Calcium 14. 8% w/w

Sulphur 1. 9% w/w

CO₂ 13. 4% w/w

TBN 424

V₁₀₀ 583 cSt

V₄₀ 13,080 cSt VI 209

Stearic acid 16 4% w/w

The filtration rate in step (i) was rapid.

This Example demonstrates that a lubricating oil can be replaced by a long carbon chain alpha-olefin (in this case C₁₈) . Example 14

Charge: Sulphurised calcium alkyl phenate (250 TBN) derived from a mixture of C₁₂/C₂₂/C₂₄ alkyl phenols : 233.5 g

Lubricating oil (SN 100) : 26 g

Calcium chloride : 3 g

Method

(a) The mixture was heated to 100ºC, stearic acid (63 g) was added and the mixture was stirred for 15 minutes,

(b) 2-Ethyl hexanol (194 g) was added at 100 - 110ºC,

(c) Lime (66 g) was added at 110ºC/2" Hg vacuum,

(d) The mixture was heated to 145ºC/10" Hg and ethylene glycol (32 g) added over 20 minutes,

(e) The mixture was held for 5 minutes at 145ºC/10" Hg,

(f) Carbon dioxide (66 g) was added,

(g) The product was stripped at 200ºC/30." Hg, (h) The product was filtered.

Product Weights

Crude Product : 385 g

Distillate : 250 g Product Composition After Filtration

Calcium 14.0% w/w Sulphur 1.84% w/w CO₂ 12.9% w/w TBN 401

V₁₀₀ .81 cSt

V₄₀ 8385 cSt VI 186

Stearic acid 16.4 % w/w

This Example demonstrates that sulphurised calcium alkyl phenates derived from a mixture of C₁₂/C₂₂/C₂₄ alkyl phenols can be upgraded. Example 15 Charge: Sulphurised calcium alkyl phenate : 181 g Lubricating oil (SN 100) : 50 g

Calcium chloride : 4 g

Rape Top Fatty Acid : 62 g

2-Ethyl hexanol : 190 g

Method

(a) The mixture was heated to 120ºC,

(b) Lime (43 g) was added at 120ºC/2" Hg vacuum,

(c) Ethylene glycol (32 g) was added at 145 - 165ºC/2" Hg,

(d) The mixture was held at 165ºC/2" Hg for 1 hour,

(e) Carbon dioxide (44 g) was added,

(f) The mixture was cooled to 130ºC and lime (29 g) was added at 130ºC/2" Hg,

(g) The mixture was held at 165ºC/2" Hg for 1 hour, (h) Lime (22 g) was added at 165ºC, (i) The product was stripped at 200ºC/30" Hg, (j) The product was filtered. Product Weights

Crude Product : 382 g

Distillate : 23C g Product Composition After Filtration Calcium 14. 0% w/w Sulphur _1. _{8% w/w} CO₂ 12. 3% w/w TBN 374 V₁₀₀ 176 cSt

V₄₀ 826 cSt

VI 172

Carboxylic acid content 16. 2 % w/w This Example demonstrates that Rape Top Fatty Acid can be used in the process of the invention. Example 16 Charge: Sulphurised calcium alkyl phenate 230 g

Lubrirating oil (SN 100) 26 g

Calcium chloride 3 g Method

As for Example 2 except that in step (a) instead of stearic acid (63 g) there was used Tall Oil Fatty Acid (63 g). Product Weights

Crude Product : 380 g Distillate : 223 g Product Composition After Filtration Calcium 14.0% w/w Sulphur 2.09% w/w CO₂ 9.7% w/w TBN 380

V₁₀₀ 263 cSt

Carboxylic acid content 16.6 % w/w based on the weight of product. This Example demonstrates that Tall Oil Fatty Acid can be used in the process of the invention. Example 17

Charge: As for Example 16. Method

As for Example 16 except that instead of Tall Oil Fatty Acid (63 g) there was used a mixture of 52 g polyisobutene succinic anhydride (PIBSA) in SN 100 lubricating oil (TBN = 60 mg KOH/g) and stearic acid (47 g). Product Weights

Crude Product : 390 g Distillate : 219 g Product Composition After Filtration Calcium 13.1% w/w

Sulphur 1.8% w/w

CO₂ 12.5% w/w

TBN 360

V₁₀₀ 416 cSt

V₄₀ 12,690 cSt VI 164

Carboxylic acid content 12.1 % w/w ) based on the

Anhydride content 7.2 % w/w ) weight of product This Example demonstrates that the carboxylic acid can be replaced in part by BIBSA in the process of the invention. Example 18

Charge: As for Example 16. Method

As for Example 16 except that instead of Tall Oil Fatty Acid (63 g) there was used behenic acid (63 g). Product Weights

Crude Product : 402 g Distillate : 247 g Product Composition After Filtration Calcium 12. 4% w/w Sulphur 1. 9% w/w CO₂ 11. 4% w/w HBN 354

V₁₀₀ 141 cSt

Vehenic acid 15. 7 % w/w

This sample demonstrates that behenic acid can be used as the carboxylic said in the process of the invention. Example 19 Charge: As for Example 15 except that instead of Rape Top Fatty

Acid (62 g) there was used palmitic acid (56.2 g). Method

As for Example 15 except that steps (f), (g) and (h) were omitted

Product Weights

Crude Product : 312 g

Distillate : 222 g

Product Composition After Filtration

Calcium 11.7% w/w

Sulphur 1.9% w/w

CO₂ 8.2% w/w

TBN 332

V₁₀₀ 70 cSt

V₄₀ 831 cSt VI : 156

Palmitic acid : 18.0 % w/w

This Example demonstrates that palmitic acid can be used in the process of the invention. Example 20

Charge : As for Example 15. Method

As for Example 15 except that steps (f), (g) and (h) were omitted. Product Weights

Crude Product : 334 g

Distillate : 234 g

Product Composition After Filtration

Calcium : 11.8% w/w

Sulphur : 1.8% w/w

CO₂ : 10.9% w/w

TBN : 321

V₁₀₀ ^: 168 cSt

V₄₀ 1009 cSt

VI : 286

Carboxylic acid content : 18.6 %w/w based on the weight of product.

Comparison Test 2

Charge: Sulphurised calcium alkyl phenate : 230 g

Lubricating oil : 26 g

Calcium chloride : 3 g

Method

(a) The mixture was heated to 100ºC and 2-ethyl hexanol (190 g) was added,

(b) Acetic acid (14 g) was added,

(c) The mixture became thick and heterogeneous and assumed a green colouration. Stirring was ineffective. The reaction was discontinued.

This Test is not an example according to the present invention and is included only for the purpose of demonstrating that lower carboxylic acids, in this case acetic acid, can not be used in the process of the invention.

Example 21

Charge : As for Example 16 except that instead of the commercially available sulphurised calcium alkyl phenate there was used an uncarbonated commercially available sulphurised calcium C₁₂-alkyl phenate (145 TBN).

Method

As for Example 16 except that in step (c) the amount of lime was increased from 66 g to 83 g and in step (f) the amount of carbon dioxide was increased from 66 g to 83 g.

Product Weights

Crude Product : 421 g

Disti Hate : 246 g

Product Composition After Filtration

Calcium 13.7% w/w

Sulphur 1.9% w/w

CO₂ 10.3% w/w

TBN 383

V₁₀₀ 137 cSt

V₄₀ 2119 cSt

VI 163

Carboxyl ic acid 15.0% w/w

This Example demonstrates that an uncarbonated sulphurised calcium alkyl phenate of low initial TBN can be used in the process of the invention.

Example 22

Charge: A carbonated sulphurised calcium alkyl phenate (150 TBN) : 253 g

Stearic acid : 40 g

2-Ethyl hexanol : 90 g

Calcium chloride : 4 g

Method (a) The mixture was heated from 145 to 165ºC/700 mm Hg whilst adding ethylene glycol (32 g),

(b) The mixture was held at 165ºC/700 mm Hg for 30 minutes,

(c) Carbon dioxide (38 g) was added at 165ºC/1 bar,

(d) The mixture was cooled to 120ºC and there was added 2-ethyl hexanol (100 g) and lime (76 g),

(e) The mixture was held for 60 minutes at 165ºC/700 mm Hg,

(f) Carbon dioxide (82 g) was added at 165ºC/1 bar,

(g) Solvent was recovered at 200ºC/10 mm Hg, and (h) The product was filtered. Product Weights

Product Weight : 390 g Product Composition After Filtration

Calcium 14.4% w/w Sulphur 2. 3X w/w CO₂ 11.6% w/w

TBN 402

V₁₀₀ 674 cSt

Stearic acid 10.3% w/w

This Example demonstrates that a low (150) TBN sulphurised calcium alkyl phenate can be upgraded to a high TBN product. Example 23

Charge: As for Example 14 except that instead of the sulphurised calcium alkyl phenate derived from a mixture of alkyl phenols there was used the commercially available sulphurised calcium alkyl phenate derived from a C₁₂-alkyl phenol (250 TBN). Method

As for Example 14 except that in step (b) instead of 2-ethyl hexanol (194 g) there was used iso-heptanol (190 g) and in step (d) the ethylene glycol was added quickly (within 1 minute). Product Weights

Crude Product : 402 g Distillate : 239 g Product Composition After Filtration Calcium 13.9% w/w Sulphur 1.9% w/w CO₂ 12.0% w/w TBN 391

V₁₀₀ 313 cSt

V₄₀ 6700 cSt VI 177

Stearic acid 15.7% w/w

The filtration rate was rapid.

This Example demonstrates that iso-heptanol may be used as solvent in the process of the invention.

Claims

Claims:

1 An additive concentrate suitable for incorporation into a finished lubricating oil composition, the additive concentrate comprising:

(a) a lubricating oil,

(b) a lubricating oil soluble sulphurised alkaline earth metal hydrocarbyl phenate modified by incorporation of from greater than 2 to 35% by weight based on the weight of the composition of either (i) at least one carboxylic acid having the formula:- (I) wherein R is a C₁₀ to C₂₄ alkyl or alkenyl group and R¹ is either hydrogen, a C₁ to C₄ alkyl group or a -CH₂-COOH group, or an anhydride, acid chloride or ester thereof or (ii) a dior polycarboxylic acid containing from 36 to 100 carbon atoms or an anhydride, acid chloride or ester thereof, the composition having a TBN greater than 300.

2 An additive concentrate according to claim 1 wherein the lubricating oil comprises from 10 to 90% by weight of the composition.

3 An additive concentrate according to either claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the alkaline earth metal of the lubricating oil soluble sulphurised alkaline earth metal hydrocarbyl phenate is either calcium, magnesium or barium. 4 An additive concentrate according to claim 3 wherein the alkaline earth metal is calcium. 5 An additive concentrate according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the hydrocarbyl phenate moiety of the oil soluble sulphurised alkaline earth metal hydrocarbyl phenate is derived from at least one alkyl phenol, the alkyl group or groups of the alkyl phenol or phenols containing from 9 to 28 carbon atoms.

6 An additive concentrate according to claim 5 wherein the hydrocarbyl phenate moiety is derived from a C₁₂-alkyl phenol obtained by alkylating phenol with propylene tetramer.

7 An additive concentrate according to any one of the preceding claims wherein there is incorporated at least one carboxylic acid having the formula (I) wherein R is an unbranched alkyl or alkenyl group.

8 An. additive concentrate according to claim 7 wherein in the carboxylic acid of formula (I) R is a C₁₀ to C₂₄ straight chain alkyl group and R¹ is hydrogen.

9 An additive concentrate according to any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein there is incorporated a mixture of carboxylic acids of formula (I), which mixture is a commercial grade containing a range of acids, including both saturated and unsaturated acids. 10 An additive concentrate according to any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein there is incorporated stearic acid. 11 An additive concentrate according to any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein there is incorporated a di- or polycarboxylic acid containing from 36 to 100 carbon atoms or an anhydride thereof. 12 An additive concentrate according to claim 11 wherein there is incorporated either a polyisobutene succinic acid or a polyisobutene succinic anhydride.

13 An additive concentrate according to any one of the preceding claims wherein there is incorporated either component (b) (i) or component (b) (ii) in an amount from greater than 10 to 35% by weight based on the weight of the concentrate.

14 An additive concentrate according to claim 13 wherein components (b) (i) or (b) (ii) are incorporated in an amount in the range from 12 to 20% by weight based on the weight of the concentrate. 15 An additive concentrate according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the TBN of the composition is greater than 350.

16 An additive concentrate according to claim 15 wherein the TBN of the composition is greater than 400. 17 An additive concentrate according to any one of the preceding claims having a viscosity at 100ºC of less than 1000 cSt.

18 An additive concentrate according to claim 17 wherein the viscosity at 100ºC is less than 500 cSt.

19 An additive concentrate suitable for incorporation into a finished lubricating oil which concentrate is obtainable by reacting at elevated temperature (A) a sulphurised alkaline earth metal hydrocarbyl phenate having a TBN less than that of the final additive concentrate, (B) an alkaline earth metal base added in either a single addition or in a plurality of additions at intermediate points during the reaction, (C) either a polyhydric alcohol having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, a di- or tri- (C₂ to C₄) glycol, an alkylene glycol alkyl ether or a polyalkylene glycol alkyl ether, (D) a lubricating oil, (E) carbon dioxide added subsequent to the, or each, addition of component (B), and (F) sufficient to provide from greater than 2 to 35% by weight based on the weight of the concentrates of either (i) a carboxylic acid having the formula (I) or an acid anhydride, acid chloride or ester thereof or (ii) a di- or polycarboxylic acid containing from 36 to 100 carbon atoms or an acid anhydride, acid chloride or ester thereof, the weight ratio of components (A) to (F) being such as to produce a concentrate having a TBN greater than 300.

20 A process for the production of the additive concentrate as claimed in claims 1 to 18 which process comprises reacting at elevated temperature (A) a sulphurised alkaline earth metal hydrocarbyl phenate having a TBN less than that of the final additive concentrate, (B) an alkaline earth metal base added in either a single addition or in a plurality of additions at intermediate points during the reaction, (C) either a polyhydric alcohol having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, a di- or tri- (C₂ to C₄) glycol, an alkylene glycol alkyl ether or a polyalkylene glycol alkyl ether, (D) a. lubricating oil, (E) carbon dioxide added subsequent to the, or each, addition of component (B), and (F) sufficient to provide from greater than 2 to 35% by weight based on the weight of the concentrate of either (i) a carboxylic acid having the formula (I) or an acid anhydride, acid chloride or ester thereof or (ii) a di- or polycarboxylic acid containing from 36 to 100 carbon atoms or an acid anhydride, acid chloride or ester thereof, the weight ratios of components (A) to (F) being such as to produce a concentrate having a TBN greater than 300. 21 A process according to claim 20 wherein component (B) is lime.

22 A process according to either claim 20 or claim 21 wherein the weight ratio of component (B) to component (A) is in the range from 0.2 to 5.

23 A process according to any one of claims 20 to 22 wherein component (C) is ethylene glycol.

24 A process according to any one of claims 20 to 22 wherein component (C) is methyl digol.

25 A process according to any one of claims 20 to 24 wherein the carbon dioxide (component E) is added subsequent to a single addition of component (B) at the conclusion of the reaction between components (A) to (D) and (F).

26 A process according to any one of claims 20 to 25 wherein a diluent is present.

27 A process according to any one of claims 20 to 26 wherein sulphur additional to that already present by way of component (A) is added to the reaction mixture.

28 A process according to any one of claims 20 to 27 wherein the reaction is carried out in the presence of a catalyst.

29 A process according to claim 28 wherein the catalyst is calcium chloride.

30 A finished lubricating oil composition which composition comprises a lubricating oil and sufficient of the additive concentrate as claimed in claims 1 to 18 to provide a TBN in the range from 0.5 to 120. 31 A finished lubricating oil composition according to claim 30 wherein the lubricating oil is a marine lubricating oil and sufficient of the additive concentrate is present to provide a TBN in the range from 9 to 100.

32 A finished lubricating oil composition according to claim 30 wherein the lubricating oil is an automobile engine lubricating oil and sufficient of the additive concentrate is present to provide a TBN in the range from 4 to 20.