AU598176B2 - Biocide water treatment having reduced copper corrosion - Google Patents
Biocide water treatment having reduced copper corrosion Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- AU598176B2 AU598176B2 AU20042/88A AU2004288A AU598176B2 AU 598176 B2 AU598176 B2 AU 598176B2 AU 20042/88 A AU20042/88 A AU 20042/88A AU 2004288 A AU2004288 A AU 2004288A AU 598176 B2 AU598176 B2 AU 598176B2
- Authority
- AU
- Australia
- Prior art keywords
- copper
- corrosion
- rate
- bromide
- discharge
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 title claims description 65
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 64
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 64
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 title claims description 60
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 title claims description 60
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 31
- 239000003139 biocide Substances 0.000 title description 29
- 230000003115 biocidal effect Effects 0.000 title description 28
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 61
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 61
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 60
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 33
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000003842 bromide salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000005660 chlorination reaction Methods 0.000 description 13
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 13
- JHJLBTNAGRQEKS-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium bromide Chemical compound [Na+].[Br-] JHJLBTNAGRQEKS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- CUILPNURFADTPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypobromous acid Chemical compound BrO CUILPNURFADTPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypochlorous acid Chemical compound ClO QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 9
- CODNYICXDISAEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine monochloride Chemical compound BrCl CODNYICXDISAEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 4
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical compound O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004443 bio-dispersant Substances 0.000 description 4
- OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxidochlorine(.) Chemical compound O=Cl=O OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium sulfite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])=O GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229910000570 Cupronickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YOCUPQPZWBBYIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Cu] YOCUPQPZWBBYIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004155 Chlorine dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen bromide Chemical compound Br CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VPNQIVRFRSHPLH-UHFFFAOYSA-M [Cl+].[Br-] Chemical class [Cl+].[Br-] VPNQIVRFRSHPLH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- SYKNUAWMBRIEKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Cl].[Br] Chemical class [Cl].[Br] SYKNUAWMBRIEKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000019398 chlorine dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 2
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000010265 sodium sulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000010269 sulphur dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010963 304 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001209 Low-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000589 SAE 304 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005708 Sodium hypochlorite Substances 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 admiralty Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001649 bromium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 description 1
- 238000004590 computer program Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000001879 copper Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- BICAGYDGRXJYGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrobromide;hydrochloride Chemical class Cl.Br BICAGYDGRXJYGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001503 inorganic bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005272 metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002085 persistent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004445 quantitative analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
- C02F1/76—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation with halogens or compounds of halogens
- C02F1/766—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation with halogens or compounds of halogens by means of halogens other than chlorine or of halogenated compounds containing halogen other than chlorine
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K15/00—Anti-oxidant compositions; Compositions inhibiting chemical change
- C09K15/02—Anti-oxidant compositions; Compositions inhibiting chemical change containing inorganic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
- C23F15/00—Other methods of preventing corrosion or incrustation
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Treatment Of Water By Oxidation Or Reduction (AREA)
- Preventing Corrosion Or Incrustation Of Metals (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US081857 | 1987-08-05 | ||
| US07/081,857 US4818413A (en) | 1987-08-05 | 1987-08-05 | Biocide water treatment having reduced copper corrosion |
| EP88121040A EP0373249A1 (en) | 1987-08-05 | 1988-12-15 | Biocide water treatment having reduced copper corrosion |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| AU2004288A AU2004288A (en) | 1989-02-09 |
| AU598176B2 true AU598176B2 (en) | 1990-06-14 |
Family
ID=39710816
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU20042/88A Ceased AU598176B2 (en) | 1987-08-05 | 1988-07-26 | Biocide water treatment having reduced copper corrosion |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4818413A (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) |
| EP (2) | EP0302501A1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) |
| JP (1) | JPH01119391A (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) |
| AU (1) | AU598176B2 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) |
| BR (1) | BR8803873A (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) |
| NZ (1) | NZ225663A (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU618496B2 (en) * | 1988-06-15 | 1991-12-19 | Total Pool Chemicals Ltd. | Improvements relating to the sanitation of water |
Families Citing this family (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4818413A (en) * | 1987-08-05 | 1989-04-04 | Nalco Chemical Company | Biocide water treatment having reduced copper corrosion |
| US5008075A (en) * | 1990-01-16 | 1991-04-16 | Rufolo Paul G | Preventative maintenance system for underwater pipes |
| US5141754A (en) * | 1990-10-01 | 1992-08-25 | Nalco Chemical Company | Zebra mussel control chemical |
| US5516501A (en) * | 1992-05-05 | 1996-05-14 | International Dioxcide | Process for the preparation of aqueous solutions of bromine based disinfectants |
| US5989323A (en) * | 1993-12-09 | 1999-11-23 | The Research Foundation Of State University Of New York | Aquatic antifouling compositions and methods |
| CA2178500C (en) * | 1993-12-09 | 2004-07-13 | Gordon T. Taylor | Aquatic antifouling compositions and methods |
| GB2303316B (en) | 1995-07-19 | 1999-06-16 | Baker Hughes Ltd | Biofouling reduction |
| DE19627605C1 (de) * | 1996-07-09 | 1997-07-10 | Dechema | Verfahren zur Erhöhung der Korrosionsbeständigkeit von Werkstoffen auf der Basis TiAl über die Implantation von Halogenionen in die Werkstoffoberfläche |
| US6402957B1 (en) * | 1999-10-15 | 2002-06-11 | Seh America, Inc. | Bromine biocide removal |
| US20070098817A1 (en) * | 2005-10-27 | 2007-05-03 | Wetegrove Robert L | Biofouling control |
| JP5612822B2 (ja) * | 2008-12-25 | 2014-10-22 | アクアス株式会社 | スライム抑制方法 |
| US9016110B2 (en) * | 2010-11-22 | 2015-04-28 | Nalco Company | Apparatus for on-line continuous chlorine analysis in turbid water and process streams |
| AU2018399624B2 (en) | 2018-01-03 | 2024-03-21 | Ecolab Usa Inc. | Process and method for reducing metal corrosion in water |
Family Cites Families (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2443429A (en) * | 1947-09-26 | 1948-06-15 | Wallace & Tiernan Inc | Procedure for disinfecting aqueous liquid |
| US2580809A (en) * | 1949-06-14 | 1952-01-01 | Wallace & Tiernan Inc | Procedure for purifying aqueous liquid |
| DE1186305B (de) * | 1962-08-22 | 1965-01-28 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren zur Korrosionsverhuetung |
| US3338829A (en) * | 1964-05-06 | 1967-08-29 | Monsanto Co | Corrosion-inhibited ammonium orthophosphate solutions and compositions useful for manufacturing them |
| US3592212A (en) * | 1969-12-18 | 1971-07-13 | James A Schleimer | Water treatment system |
| JPS5140538B1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) * | 1971-05-28 | 1976-11-04 | ||
| US3767767A (en) * | 1971-08-09 | 1973-10-23 | Dow Chemical Co | Inhibiting corrosion of iron by bromine |
| DE3028550A1 (de) * | 1980-07-28 | 1982-02-25 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Vorrichtung zur entkeimung von wasser bei medizinischen, insbesondere zahnmedizinischen geraeten |
| US4564465A (en) * | 1983-04-20 | 1986-01-14 | Air Refiner, Inc. | Corrosion inhibition additive for fluid conditioning |
| US4451376A (en) * | 1983-07-28 | 1984-05-29 | Nalco Chemical Company | Multi-functional hypobromide precursors |
| US4631530A (en) * | 1984-04-02 | 1986-12-23 | Olin Corporation | Chemical process monitor |
| US4614595A (en) * | 1984-09-05 | 1986-09-30 | Coral, Inc. | Method of water treatment |
| US4659459A (en) * | 1985-07-18 | 1987-04-21 | Betz Laboratories, Inc. | Automated systems for introducing chemicals into water or other liquid treatment systems |
| US4643835A (en) * | 1985-08-28 | 1987-02-17 | Nalco Chemical Company | Asiatic clam control chemical |
| US4818413A (en) * | 1987-08-05 | 1989-04-04 | Nalco Chemical Company | Biocide water treatment having reduced copper corrosion |
-
1987
- 1987-08-05 US US07/081,857 patent/US4818413A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1988
- 1988-07-26 AU AU20042/88A patent/AU598176B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1988-08-02 NZ NZ225663A patent/NZ225663A/xx unknown
- 1988-08-04 JP JP63193561A patent/JPH01119391A/ja active Granted
- 1988-08-04 BR BR8803873A patent/BR8803873A/pt unknown
- 1988-08-04 EP EP88112729A patent/EP0302501A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1988-12-15 EP EP88121040A patent/EP0373249A1/en not_active Ceased
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU618496B2 (en) * | 1988-06-15 | 1991-12-19 | Total Pool Chemicals Ltd. | Improvements relating to the sanitation of water |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2004288A (en) | 1989-02-09 |
| US4818413A (en) | 1989-04-04 |
| BR8803873A (pt) | 1989-02-21 |
| JPH01119391A (ja) | 1989-05-11 |
| NZ225663A (en) | 1989-12-21 |
| JPH0244594B2 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) | 1990-10-04 |
| EP0373249A1 (en) | 1990-06-20 |
| EP0302501A1 (en) | 1989-02-08 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MK14 | Patent ceased section 143(a) (annual fees not paid) or expired |