AU2018100593A4

AU2018100593A4 - Vehicle parking or vehicle use in a chargeable area

Info

Publication number: AU2018100593A4
Application number: AU2018100593A
Authority: AU
Inventors: John Edwards
Original assignee: Parking Innovations Ltd
Current assignee: Parking Innovations Ltd
Priority date: 2015-10-13
Filing date: 2018-05-09
Publication date: 2018-06-07
Anticipated expiration: 2024-10-12
Also published as: WO2017063034A2; AU2016340028A1; WO2017063034A3; AU2018100593A6; AU2020202043A1; AU2016340028B2

Abstract

A system (1, 401), monitoring device (5, 405) and computer implemented method to account for parking of a vehicle (3, 403) in a chargeable parking area (4, 404) or use of a vehicle (3, 403) in a toll area (406). The monitoring device (5, 405) is associated with the vehicle (3, 403) and may have one or more electronic circuits operable in a low power mode and a high power mode. A user input (19) may be associated with the monitoring device (5, 405) so that a user can confirm or deny that the vehicle (3, 403) is parked, or should be charged for parking in the chargeable parking area (4, 404), or should be charged for use of a vehicle in the toll area (406)

Description

Technical Field [0001] The present disclosure relates to a method, device and system to account for parking of a vehicle or use of a vehicle in a chargeable area (such as a chargeable parking area or a toll area).

Background [0002] Providing a parking space for a vehicle to park as part of a transaction is known. For example, an organisation may allow use of a parking space and in return receive an income stream (in the form of money or other forms of credit). In some cases, the organisation is a government that may allow use of a parking space on government property, such as at a roadside or a parking lot (car park). In other cases, the organisation may be an operator of a parking lot on private property. Similarly a toll may be charged for use of a toll area, such as a toll road.

[0003] Therefore, it is desirable to account for the time that a vehicle is parked in a parking space as the amount charged may be based on time such as time of arrival. It may also be desirable to account for the time of the parking of the vehicle as in some circumstances it is desirable that the vehicle is not parked for longer than a specified time. Furthermore, it may be desirable to account for use of a toll road which may be based on physical presence of the vehicle, the type of vehicle, the vehicle size, the vehicle weight, distance travelled, time, etc.

[0004] A known device for assisting the organisation to account for, and collect money, is a parking meter that is associated with a parking space. Typically, a parking meter collects money (or other forms of payment, such as from a credit card or debit card), and in exchange the parking meter will specify that a vehicle may park in the associated parking space for a period of time.

2018100593 09 May 2018 [0005] In many practical applications, parking meters should be placed in close proximity to the parking space such that a user (usually the driver of the vehicle) can place money, or credit, into the parking meter after parking the vehicle. Therefore, if an organisation wishes to charge for parking in a plurality of parking spaces, such as the roadside for a stretch of road, this may require multiple parking meters. Accordingly, this may be a substantial expense to the organisation. Furthermore, parking meters, especially on the roadside, may be susceptible to vandalism and theft.

[0006] In many practical applications, toll area charges (such as toll roads, congestion charge zones) are levied by camera vehicle identification processes which require significant road side infrastructure and maintenance. Accordingly, this may be a substantial expense to the organisation. Furthermore, road side cameras, may be susceptible to vandalism and breakdown placing income at risk.

[0007] Throughout this specification the word comprise, or variations such as comprises or comprising, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps, but not the exclusion of any other element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps.

[0008] Any discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles or the like which has been included in the present specification is not to be taken as an admission that any or all of these matters form part of the prior art base or were common general knowledge in the field relevant to the present disclosure as it existed before the priority date of each claim of this application.

Summary [0009] A computer-implemented method performed by a vehicle-fitted monitoring device to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area or use of a vehicle in a toll area, wherein the monitoring device is associated with the vehicle. The method comprises: sending, over a communications network, device data from the monitoring device to a server, wherein the device data is based on a position of the

2018100593 09 May 2018 vehicle in the chargeable parking area or toll area; receiving, at a user input associated with the monitoring device, user input data, wherein the user input data is indicative of a confirmation or a denial from a user that the vehicle is parked or should be charged for parking or use of a toll area; and sending, over the communications network, the user input data to the server.

[0010] This may allow the user to positively confirm or deny that the vehicle is parked in the chargeable parking area. This may be useful in situations where there is ambiguity on whether the vehicle is, in fact, parked or in the parking area. This may also allow the user to have greater control on charges associated with parking.

[0011] The term “chargeable parking area” includes any area where an administrator of the area can charge (or derive an income stream) for a vehicle occupying that area. The chargeable parking area may be a particular parking space, suitable for one vehicle to be parked. The chargeable parking area may be a wider area that includes multiple parking spaces, such as a roadside or a parking lot.

[0012] The term “toll area” includes areas where an administrator can charge (or derive an income stream) for a vehicle using that area. In some examples, the toll area may be a toll road where use of the toll road requires a fee. Toll roads may be publicly operated (such as by a government organisation) or privately operated (such as by a company). In other examples, the toll area may be a geographic area that includes multiple roads, streets, etc., where use of a vehicle in that geographic area can be charged by an administrator. In one example, this may include a congestion charge zone where use of a vehicle on roads, streets, etc., in the congestion charge zone is charged. In some examples, the charges may be variable and dependent on the time of use For example, the charges may be tiered and even free at particular hours. In some examples, the charges may be fixed at a flat rate per use. In some other examples, the charges may be variable based on the length of time the vehicle is in the toll area or using the toll area. In other examples, the distance travelled or the displacement in the toll area, may be a factor in determining the charges. In yet other examples, the

2018100593 09 May 2018 charges may be dependent on other factors such as the type of vehicle, vehicle size, vehicle weight, etc.

[0013] The method may further comprise: determining the vehicle is in the chargeable parking area; and generating, at a user output associated with the monitoring device, an alert indicative of the vehicle being in the chargeable parking area. Determining the vehicle being in the chargeable parking area may comprise receiving, over the communications network, a signal from the server indicative of the vehicle being in the chargeable parking area.

[0014] The method may further comprise: sending, over the communications network, updated device data to the server, wherein the updated device data is based on an updated position of the vehicle in the chargeable parking area or toll area; and wherein a time period in the chargeable parking area or toll area is determined based on time associated with the device data and the updated device data.

[0015] The method may further comprise: sending, over the communications network, to the server an authorisation to debit an account balance of a user account associated with the monitoring device by debiting the user account by a debit value based on the vehicle being parked for the time period in the chargeable parking area or toll area. This may include the vehicle having operated for a specified period in the toll area and may also take into account specified distance travelled in a toll area.

[0016] In the method described above, the device data may be based on a first output of a satellite navigation module associated with the monitoring device.

[0017] The method may further comprise: determining the vehicle is stationary, or the vehicle motor is non-operational, based on a second output of one or more auxiliary sensors associated with the vehicle, wherein the second output of the one or more auxiliary sensors is separate to the first output of the satellite navigation module, where the device data further includes an indication that the vehicle is stationary.

2018100593 09 May 2018 [0018] In the method, described above, the auxiliary sensors may comprise one or more of: an accelerometer; a gyroscope; a magnetometer; a digital imaging device; a radar (radio detection and ranging); a sonar (sound navigation and ranging); and a lidar (light detection and ranging).

[0019] A vehicle-fitted monitoring device to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area, wherein a monitoring device is associated with the vehicle. The monitoring device comprises: a user input to receive user input data, wherein the user input data is indicative of a confirmation or a denial from a user that the vehicle is parked or should be charged for parking; a first processing device to: send, over a communications network, device data from the monitoring device to a server, wherein the device data is based on a position of the vehicle in the chargeable parking area; send, over the communications network, the user input data to the server.

[0020] The monitoring device may further comprise: a user output, and wherein the first processing device is further provided to: determine the vehicle is in the chargeable parking area; and generate, at the user output, an alert indicative of the vehicle being in the chargeable parking area.

[0021] Some examples of the monitoring devices may have an integrated power source such as solar cells and/or energy storage means such as batteries, capacitors, inductors, etc. This may allow the monitoring device to operate without requiring electrical connection with the vehicle for electrical power. An advantage may include ease of using the monitoring device with different types of vehicles without requiring specialist modification or installation. This may include using the monitoring device to various makes, models, styles and age of vehicles.

[0022] A computer-implemented method to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area, wherein a vehicle-fitted monitoring device is associated with the vehicle. The method comprises the steps of: receiving, over a communications network, device data from the monitoring device associated with the vehicle, wherein the device data is based on a position of the vehicle; receiving, over the

2018100593 09 May 2018 communications network, user input data from a user input associated with the monitoring device, wherein the user input data is indicative of a confirmation or a denial from the user that the vehicle is parked or should be charged for parking; and determining that the vehicle has been parked for at least one time period in a chargeable parking area based on the device data and the user input.

[0023] The method may further comprise: receiving, from a data store, geographic data of the chargeable parking area; determining the vehicle is in the chargeable parking area based on the device data and geographic data; and sending, over the communications network, to the monitoring device a signal indicative of the vehicle being in the chargeable parking area.

[0024] The method may further comprise: receiving, over the communications network, updated device data from the monitoring device associated with the vehicle, wherein the updated device data is based on an updated position of the vehicle; determining the vehicle is in the chargeable parking area based on the updated device data and geographic data, or based on the updated device data and the device data; and determining the at least one time period in the chargeable parking area based on time associated with the device data and the updated device data.

[0025] The method may further comprise: determining a debit value based on the vehicle having been parked for at least one time period in the chargeable parking area; and determining an account balance of a user account associated with the monitoring device by debiting the user account by the debit value.

[0026] The method may further comprise: sending, over the communications network, a request to transfer funds to an administrator of the chargeable parking area, wherein the request to transfer funds is based on an account balance of the user account. The request to transfer funds is sent to one or more of: a debtor associated with the user account; a third-party holding funds, in escrow, of a user associated with the user account; and a payment server.

2018100593 09 May 2018 [0027] The method may further comprise: storing the account balance of the user account in a data store.

[0028] In the method, the received device data may be based on a first output of a satellite navigation module associated with the monitoring device.

[0029] A computer system to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area, wherein a vehicle-fitted monitoring device is associated with the vehicle. The computer system comprises a second processing device to: receive, over a communications network, device data from the monitoring device associated with the vehicle, wherein the device data is based on a position of the vehicle; receive, over the communications network, user input data from a user input associated with the monitoring device, wherein the user input data is indicative of a confirmation or a denial from the user that the vehicle is parked or should be charged for parking; and determine that the vehicle has been parked for at least one time period in a chargeable parking area based on the device data and the user input.

[0030] The computer system may further comprise a data store to store geographical data of the chargeable parking area. The second processing device may further: receive from the data store, geographic data of the chargeable parking area; and determine the vehicle is in the chargeable parking area based on the device data and geographic data; and send, over the communications network, to the monitoring device a signal indicative of the vehicle being in the chargeable parking area.

[0031] A computer-implemented method performed by a vehicle-fitted monitoring device to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area, or use of a vehicle in a toll area, wherein the monitoring device includes one or more electronic circuits operable in a low power mode and a high power mode and the monitoring device is associated with the vehicle. The method comprises: receiving an output from one or more auxiliary sensors, wherein the auxiliary sensors comprise one or more of: an accelerometer; a gyroscope; a magnetometer; a digital imaging device; microphone; an ultrasonic transducer; and an electromagnetic receiver or transceiver. The method

2018100593 09 May 2018 further comprises: determining the vehicle status including whether the vehicle is parked, or in use, based on the output of the one or more auxiliary sensors and vehicle status parameters stored in a data store, wherein the vehicle status parameters relate to statuses of the vehicle including that the vehicle is parked or in use; and based on determination of the vehicle status, initiating operation of the one or more electronic circuits in a high power mode. In a learning mode the method comprises: receiving one or more outputs of the one or more auxiliary sensors that correspond to the vehicle being parked, or in use: comparing the one or more outputs of the one or more auxiliary sensors and the vehicle status parameters from the data store to determine a predicted status of the vehicle including that the vehicle is parked or in use; determining the standard deviation of respective outputs of the one or more auxiliary sensors for the predicted status; and updating the vehicle status parameter by calculating, based on the standard deviation, updated vehicle status parameters to provide a specified acceptable level of confidence in the predicted status.

[0032] This may reduce overall power consumption by activating the high power mode when required [0033] A computer-implemented method performed by a vehicle-fitted monitoring device to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area, or use of a vehicle in a toll area, wherein the monitoring device includes one or more electronic circuits operable in a low power mode and a high power mode and the monitoring device is associated with the vehicle, and the method comprises: receiving an output from one or more auxiliary sensors, wherein the auxiliary sensors comprise one or more of: an accelerometer; a gyroscope; a magnetometer; a digital imaging device; microphone; an ultrasonic transducer; and an electromagnetic receiver or transceiver; determining the vehicle status including whether the vehicle is parked, or in use, based on the output of the one or more auxiliary sensors; based on determination of the vehicle status, initiating operation of the one or more electronic circuits in a high power mode. The monitoring device may include a data store to store vehicle status parameters, wherein the vehicle status parameters relate to statuses of the vehicle including that the vehicle is parked or in use, wherein in a learning mode the method

2018100593 09 May 2018 comprises: receiving one or more outputs of the one or more auxiliary sensors that corresponds to the vehicle being parked, or in use; comparing the one or more outputs of the one or more auxiliary sensors and the vehicle status parameters from the data store to determine a predicted status of the vehicle including that the vehicle is parked or in use; receiving user input data indicative of a confirmation or denial from a user that the vehicle is parked, or in use; and updating the vehicle status parameters in the data store based on the predicted status of the vehicle and the confirmation or denial.

[0034] The method may also include an automatic mode, wherein the step of determining the vehicle status is based on: the output of the auxiliary sensors; and vehicle status parameters.

[0035] In the method, initiating operation of the one or more electronic circuits in a high power mode may comprise one or more of: activating a satellite navigation module associated with the monitoring device; and activating a communication module associated with the monitoring device.

[0036] In the method, initiating operation of the one or more electronic circuits in the high power mode may be based on determining that the vehicle has changed vehicle status from parked to in use, or from in use to parked.

[0037] The method may further comprise: sending, over a communications network, an output indicative of the location of the vehicle and/or time the vehicle is in the chargeable parking area.

[0038] The method may further comprise sending, over a communications network, an output indicative of the location of the vehicle and/or time or distance the vehicle is in use in the toll area.

[0039] The method may further comprise: receiving, over a communications network, information indicative of the chargeable parking area, or toll area, in the vicinity of the current location of the vehicle.

2018100593 09 May 2018 ίο [0040] In the method, wherein on completion of the one or more electronic circuits in the high power mode, the method may further comprise reverting operation of the one or more electronic circuits to a low power mode.

[0041] A computer-implemented method performed by a monitoring device to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area, or use of a vehicle in a toll area, wherein the monitoring device includes one or more electronic circuits operable in a low power mode and a high power mode and the monitoring device is associated with the vehicle. The method comprises: determining a current location of the vehicle; determining a closest chargeable parking area, or toll area, from the current location of the vehicle; determining a travelling time for the vehicle to travel from the current location of the vehicle to the closest chargeable parking area, or toll area; initiating operation of one or more electronic circuits in the low power mode or the high power mode based on the travelling time.

[0042] The method may further comprise initiating operation of one or more electronic circuits in the low power mode during the travelling time and initiating operation of one or more electronic circuits in the high power mode based on completion of the travelling time.

[0043] In the method, determining a closest chargeable parking area, or toll area, from the current location of the vehicle may further comprise: determining one or more chargeable parking areas, or toll areas, in the vicinity of the current location of the vehicle; determining one or more routes from the current location of the vehicle to the one or more chargeable parking areas, or toll areas; determining time periods to travel on the one or more routes based on an expected speed on the one or more routes; and determining the shortest one or more time periods to provide the closest chargeable parking area, or toll area.

[0044] A vehicle-fitted monitoring device to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area, or use of a vehicle in a toll area, wherein the monitoring device is associated with the vehicle and includes one or more electronic circuits

2018100593 09 May 2018 π

operable in a low power mode and a high power mode. The monitoring device comprises one or more auxiliary sensors comprising one or more of: an accelerometer; a gyroscope; a magnetometer; a digital imaging device; microphone; an ultrasonic transducer; and an electromagnetic receiver or transceiver. The monitoring device also comprises a third processing device to: determine the vehicle status including whether the vehicle is parked, or in use, based on an output of one or more of the auxiliary sensors and vehicle status parameters stored in a data store, wherein the vehicle status parameters relate to statuses of the vehicle including that the vehicle is parked or in use; and based on determination the vehicle status, initiate operation of the one or more electronic circuits in a high power mode. In a learning mode, the third processing device is further configured to: receive one or more outputs of the one or more auxiliary sensors that correspond to the vehicle being parked, or in use: compare the one or more outputs of the one or more auxiliary sensors and the vehicle status parameters from the data store to determine a predicted status of the vehicle including that the vehicle is parked or in use; determine the standard deviation of respective outputs of the one or more auxiliary sensors for the predicted status; and update the vehicle status parameter by calculating, based on the standard deviation, updated vehicle status parameters to provide a specified acceptable level of confidence in the predicted status.

[0045] A vehicle-fitted monitoring device to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area, or use of a vehicle in a toll area, wherein the monitoring device is associated with the vehicle and includes one or more electronic circuits operable in a low power mode and a high power mode, the monitoring device comprising: one or more auxiliary sensors comprising one or more of: an accelerometer; a gyroscope; a magnetometer; a digital imaging device; microphone; an ultrasonic transducer; and an electromagnetic receiver or transceiver. The monitoring device may further comprise: at least one user input to receive user input data, wherein the user input data is indicative of a confirmation or a denial from a user that the vehicle is parked, or in use; and a data store to store vehicle status parameters, wherein the vehicle status parameters relate to statuses of the vehicle including that the vehicle is parked or in use. The monitoring device may further include a third processing

2018100593 09 May 2018 device to: determine the vehicle status including whether the vehicle is parked, or in use, based on an output of one or more of the auxiliary sensors; and based on determination the vehicle status, initiate operation of the one or more electronic circuits in a high power mode. In a learning mode, the third processing device may be further configured to: receive one or more outputs of the one or more auxiliary sensors that corresponds to the vehicle being parked, or in use; compare the one or more outputs of the one or more auxiliary sensors and the vehicle status parameters from the data store to determine a predicted status of the vehicle including that the vehicle is parked or in use; receive the user input data indicative of a confirmation or denial from a user that the vehicle is parked, or in use; and update the vehicle status parameters in the data store based on the predicted status of the vehicle and the confirmation or denial.

[0046] The monitoring device may have an automatic mode wherein the third processing device may be configured to determine the vehicle status based on: the output of the auxiliary sensors; and vehicle status parameters.

[0047] In the monitoring device, operation of the one or more electronic circuits in a high power mode may comprise one or more of: activating a satellite navigation module associated with the monitoring device; and activating a communication module associated with the monitoring device.

[0048] In the monitoring device, operation of the electronic circuits in the high power mode may be initiated on determination that the vehicle has changed vehicle status from parked to in use, or from in use to parked.

[0049] The monitoring device may send, over a communications network, an output indicative of the location of the vehicle and/or time the vehicle is in the chargeable parking area.

[0050] The monitoring device may send, over a communications network, an output indicative of the location of the vehicle and/or time or distance the vehicle is in use in the toll area.

2018100593 09 May 2018 [0051] The monitoring device may receive, over a communications network, information indicative of the chargeable parking area, or toll area, in the vicinity of the current location of the vehicle.

[0052] In the monitoring device, on completion of the one or more electronic circuits in the high power mode, the one or more electronic circuits may revert to a low power mode.

[0053] A vehicle-fitted monitoring device to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area, or use of a vehicle in a toll area, wherein the monitoring device is associated with the vehicle and includes one or more electronic circuits operable in a low power mode and a high power mode. The monitoring device comprises a third processing device configured to: determine a current location of the vehicle; determine a closest chargeable parking area, or toll area, from the current location of the vehicle; determine a travelling time for the vehicle to travel from the current location of the vehicle to the closest chargeable parking area, or toll area; and initiate operation of one or more electronic circuits in the low power mode or the high power mode based on the travelling time.

[0054] In the monitoring device, the third processing device may be further configured to initiate operation of one or more electronic circuits in the low power mode during the travelling time and initiate operation of one or more electronic circuits in the high power mode based on completion of the travelling time.

[0055] In the monitoring device, to determine a closest chargeable parking area, or toll area, from the current location of the vehicle may comprise the third processing device configured to: determine one or more chargeable parking areas, or toll areas, in the vicinity of the current location of the vehicle; determine one or more routes from the current location of the vehicle to the one or more chargeable parking areas, or toll areas; determine time periods to travel on the one or more routes based on an expected speed on the one or more routes; and determine the shortest one or more time periods to provide the closest chargeable parking area, or toll area.

2018100593 09 May 2018 [0056] The monitoring device may further comprise: a solar cell to receive energy from light and to generate electrical energy; and a battery to receive energy from the solar cell and to power the one or more electronic circuits.

[0057] A computer-implemented method performed by a vehicle-fitted monitoring device to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area, or use of a vehicle in a toll area, the method comprising: determining one or more chargeable footprints based on respective chargeable parking areas and/or toll areas, wherein the chargeable footprints are defined in at least a two-dimensional space; receiving, from a positioning module at the vehicle, the current position of the vehicle; determining a vehicle footprint of the vehicle based on the current position of the vehicle from the positioning module, wherein the vehicle footprint is defined in at least a twodimensional space; determining one or more overlaps between the vehicle footprint and the one or more chargeable footprints; and determining a chargeable parking area or toll area that is used by the vehicle based on the one or more overlap.

[0058] In some examples, instead of using overlaps, the method may include determining a spatial distance between the vehicle footprint and one or more chargeable footprints, whereby if the spatial distance satisfies a threshold (such as at or under a specified distance), it is determined that the vehicle is in that chargeable footprint. In some examples, this may include selecting the shortest spatial distance between the vehicle footprint and surrounding chargeable footprints to determine the chargeable footprint for accounting.

[0059] This may allow more accurate determination of the chargeable area or toll area that the vehicle is located in. In some examples, information defining the chargeable footprints based on respective chargeable parking areas and/or toll areas are stored in a data store of the monitoring device. This may allow the monitoring device to determine the vehicle footprint without relying on information received, over the communication network, every time the monitoring device is in use. This may reduce communication of the monitoring device with the server which may in turn reduce power consumption. It is to be appreciated that from time to time, information on the

2018100593 09 May 2018 chargeable footprints may be sent from a server to update the information in the data store.

[0060] The method may further comprise determining corresponding overlap areas for each of the one or more overlaps between the vehicle footprint and the one or more chargeable footprints. In the method, the step of determining a chargeable parking area or toll area that is used by the vehicle based on the overlap may further comprise: comparing the corresponding overlap areas to identify a largest overlap area (or closest spatial distance to the chargeable parking area); and determining a chargeable parking area or toll area based on the largest overlap area and corresponding overlap (or closest distance to the chargeable parking area).

[0061] A vehicle-fitted monitoring device to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area, or use of a vehicle in a toll area, wherein in use the monitoring device is fitted to with the vehicle, the monitoring device a fourth processing device to; determine one or more chargeable footprints based on respective chargeable parking areas and/or toll areas, wherein the chargeable footprints are defined in at least a twodimensional space; receive, from a positioning module at the vehicle, the current position of the vehicle; determine a vehicle footprint of the vehicle based on the current position of the vehicle from the positioning module, wherein the vehicle footprint is defined in at least a two-dimensional space; determine one or more overlaps between the vehicle footprint and the one or more chargeable footprints; and determine a chargeable parking area or toll area that is used by the vehicle based on the one or more overlap.

[0062] In the monitoring device, the fourth processing device may be further configured to determine corresponding overlap areas for each of the one or more overlaps between the vehicle footprint and the one or more chargeable footprints.

[0063] In the monitoring device, wherein to determine a chargeable parking area or toll area used by the vehicle based on the one or more overlay, the fourth processing device may be configured to: compare the corresponding overlap areas to identify a

2018100593 09 May 2018 largest overlap area; and determine a chargeable parking area or toll area based on the largest overlap area and corresponding overlap.

[0064] The monitoring device may further comprise the positioning module to provide the current position of the vehicle to the fourth processing device, wherein the positioning module determines the current position of the vehicle based on one or more of: satellite navigation system data; radio navigation system data; cellular communication system data; and Wi-Fi positioning systems data.

[0065] A computer-implemented method to generate a chargeable footprint based on a respective chargeable parking area and/or toll area, wherein the chargeable footprint is determined at least in a two-dimensional space, the method comprising: generating, at a user interface, a map of a geographic area; receiving, with a user input, a selected subset of the map of the geographic area, wherein the selected subset is defined by an overlay of a two-dimensional shape on the map of the geographic area, wherein a chargeable footprint of a chargeable parking area and/or toll area is based on the selected subset; and storing, at a data store associated with a server, the chargeable footprint of the chargeable parking area and/or toll area.

[0066] This may simply and lower the cost of adding or modifying the chargeable parking area and/or toll area as this may be done remotely by a computer. Furthermore, this may be done without changing infrastructure, such as installing or removing parking meters which may save resources.

[0067] In the method, receiving a selected subset of the map may comprise: receiving, with the user input, a selection of three or more points at the map; and generating a polygon based on the three or more points on the map to provide the overlay of the two-dimensional shape on the map.

[0068] The method may further comprise receiving, with the user input, a specified rate for the chargeable parking area and/or toll area.

2018100593 09 May 2018 [0069] The method may further comprise sending, over a communications network, the chargeable footprint of the chargeable parking area and/or toll area to a monitoring device associated with a vehicle.

[0070] There is also provided a computer program comprising machine-executable instructions to cause a processing device to implement one or more of the methods described above.

Brief Description of Drawings [0071] Examples of the present disclosure will be described with reference to:

[0072] Fig. 1 is a schematic of a system to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area;

[0073] Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a monitoring device to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area;

[0074] Fig. 3 is a flow diagram of a method to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area;

[0075] Fig. 4 is a flow diagram of a method to determine a vehicle is stationary based on one or more auxiliary sensors;

[0076] Fig. 5 is a flow diagram of a method to generate an alert indicative of the vehicle being in the chargeable parking area;

[0077] Fig. 6 is a flow diagram of a method to determine a time period of a vehicle in the chargeable parking area;

[0078] Fig. 7 is a flow diagram of a method to debit a user account by a debit value associated with parking in the chargeable parking area;

2018100593 09 May 2018 [0079] Fig. 8. illustrates a schematic of chargeable parking areas and toll areas where a monitoring device associated with a vehicle is used to account for parking in the chargeable parking area, or use in the toll area;

[0080] Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram of a monitoring system, including a monitoring device to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area, or use in a toll area;

[0081] Fig. 10 is a flow diagram of a method performed by the monitoring device operable in a low power mode and a high power mode;

[0082] Fig. 11 is a flow diagram of the method of Fig. 10 including a learning mode;

[0083] Fig. 12 is flow diagram of the method of Fig. 10 in an example of an automatic mode;

[0084] Fig. 13 is a flow diagram of the method of Fig. 10 with an example of operation of electronic circuits in a high power mode;

[0085] Fig. 14 is a flow diagram of the method of Fig. 10 with an example to account for parking in a chargeable parking area where the monitoring device is in communication with a server to account for charges and receive updates on the chargeable parking areas;

[0086] Fig. 15 is a flow diagram of the method of Fig. 10 with an example to account for use of a toll area where the monitoring device is in communication with a server to account for charges and receive updates on the toll areas;

[0087] Fig. 16 is a flow diagram of a method performed by a monitoring device operable in a low power mode and a high power mode depending on travel time to the closest chargeable parking areas and/or toll areas;

2018100593 09 May 2018 [0088] Fig. 17 is a flow diagram of the method of Fig. 16 including switching between low power modes and high power modes;

[0089] Fig. 18 is a flow diagram of the method of Fig. 16 including an example of the steps to determine the closest chargeable parking area or toll area based on determining the shortest travel time;

[0090] Fig. 19 illustrates a schematic of chargeable parking areas and toll areas where a monitoring device determines the chargeable parking area, or the toll area, used by the vehicle based on determining overlapping footprints of the vehicle over the footprint of the areas;

[0091] Fig. 20 illustrates a schematic based on Fig. 19 showing overlaps of a footprint of the vehicle with the chargeable parking areas and toll areas;

[0092] Fig. 21 is a flow diagram of a method of determining a chargeable parking area, or toll area, used by the vehicle associated with the monitoring device;

[0093] Fig. 22 is a flow diagram of the method of Fig. 21 further including steps to identify the chargeable parking area or the toll area based on the size of the overlap areas;

[0094] Fig. 23 illustrate front and rear perspective views of an example monitoring device;

[0095] Fig. 24 shows a user interface displaying a list of customer information;

[0096] Figs. 25 and 26 shows a user interface displaying specific details of a particular customer;

[0097] Figs. 27 and 28 shows a user interface displaying details of a specific parking event;

2018100593 09 May 2018 [0098] Fig. 29 shows a user interface displaying details of a specific customer device.

[0099] Fig. 30 shows a user interface displaying a list of monitoring devices including summary details;

[0100] Fig. 31 shows a user interface for the administrator to change their details;

[0101] Fig. 32 shows a user interface displaying a list of customer purchases;

[0102] Fig. 33 show a user interface displaying a log of data received by the server;

[0103] Fig. 34 shows a user interface displaying a list of authorities (i.e.

administrators);

[0104] Fig. 35 shows a user interface displaying a list of persons representing the administrator;

[0105] Figs. 36 and 37 illustrate user interfaces displaying details of billing from the system;

[0106] [0107] [0108] [0109]

Fig. 38 shows a user interface with details of a list of parking regions;

Fig. 39 shows a user interface with details of a list of parking bays;

Fig. 40 shows a user interface for managing parking bays;

Figs. 41a to 41b illustrate a sequence to specify a parking bay using polygons;

and [0110] Fig. 42 illustrates an example of a processing device.

2018100593 09 May 2018

Description of Embodiments

Overview of a first example [0111] Fig. 1 illustrates a schematic of a monitoring system 1 to account for parking of a vehicle 3 that is parked in a chargeable parking area 4. The monitoring system 1 includes a monitoring device 5 associated with the vehicle 3. The monitoring device 5 is in communication, over a communications network 7, to a server 9. The monitoring device 5 sends to the server 9, device data that is based on a position of the vehicle 3. The monitoring device 5 also sends user input data that is indicative of a confirmation or a denial from a user 18 that the vehicle 3 is parked or should be charged for parking, to the server 9.

[0112] The monitoring system 1 may allow remote monitoring of parking of the vehicle 3 as well as providing the user 18 the ability to positively confirm or deny that the vehicle 3 is parked. This may allow the user 18 to have greater control on charges associated with parking. This may also be advantageous in situations where it is difficult for the monitoring device 5 to determine, with satisfactory accuracy, whether the vehicle 3 is parked in the chargeable parking area 4 as opposed to the vehicle 3 temporarily stopping in the chargeable parking area 4, or alternatively parked near, but not in, the chargeable parking area 4. Another source of inaccuracy is where the vehicle may near buildings, or other structures, causing signal multi-path for the satellite signals leading to erroneous outputs from a satellite navigation module.

[0113] Referring back to Fig. 1, other elements may also be in communication with the communications network 7, include processing devices associated with a debtor/ third party 11, a payment server 13 and an administrator 15 of the chargeable parking area 4. The relationship of these elements will be explained in further detail below.

[0114] The components of the monitoring device 5 and system 1 will now be described.

2018100593 09 May 2018

Monitoring device 5 [0115] The monitoring device 5 may be integrated with the vehicle 3, retrofitted to the vehicle 3, or placed inside the vehicle 3. For example, at least part of the monitoring device 5 and/or other associated components may be mounted to the dashboard, mounted to the windscreen, located in the glove box compartment, located in a storage area of the vehicle, or located under the bonnet of the vehicle. In other examples, parts of the monitoring device and/or associated components may be integrated with the radio, entertainment, monitoring and control, and/or navigation system of the vehicle 3.

[0116] In some examples, the monitoring device 5 may have an integrated power source such as batteries, solar cell, capacitors, inductors etc. to power the components therein. This may allow the monitoring device to operate as a complete unit without requiring electrical/electronic connection to the electrical system of the vehicle 3. An advantage of this is that it may allow ease of using the monitoring device 5 with different vehicles without requiring specialist modification or installation. Thus the monitoring device 5 may be easily fitted to different makes, models, styles and age of vehicles.

[0117] Referring to Fig. 2, the monitoring device 5 includes a first processing device 17 to perform a method 100 described below.

[0118] The monitoring device 5 also has a user interface to allow interaction with a user 18. The user interface may include a user input 19 to receive user input data from the user 18, where the user input data is indicative of a confirmation or a denial from the user 18 that the vehicle 3 is parked or should be charged for parking. In one example, the user input 19 may be an electrical or electronic switch or button that can be actuated by the user 18. This may include a first button for confirming the vehicle is parked and a second button for denying the vehicle is parked. In other examples, the user input 19 may be part of a touchscreen interface. In yet another example, the user input 19 may include a microphone to receive verbal commands from the user 18,

2018100593 09 May 2018 whereby the verbal commands are processed by a processing device to determine the user input data.

[0119] The user interface may also include a user output 21 to present information to the user 18. The information may include an alert that the vehicle 3 is in the chargeable parking area. In one example, the user output 21 may provide one or more visual indicium, such as light produced by an LED. The one or more LED may provide a visual indication, either alone, or in conjunction with other visual indicia such as textual markings next to the LED, that the vehicle 3 is in the chargeable parking area 4. In another example, the user output 21 may include a display to present the alert to the user 18. The display may be part of a touchscreen display. In some examples, user output 21 may be provided by a user output 21 of the vehicle 21, such as an output in the dashboard of the vehicle 3. In yet other examples, the user output 21 may be an audio output to provide audible indication that the vehicle 3 is in the chargeable parking area 4. This may include a speech module to provide verbal output to the user 18. In yet another example, the user output 21 may be a haptic output that is detectable by the user 18. For example, an electro-mechanical agitator may provide the user with vibration that can be felt by the user 18. In one example, the haptic output is associated with a parking brake of the vehicle 3, such that a user can receive an alert that the vehicle 3 is in a chargeable parking area 4 when the user 18 applies the parking brake.

[0120] A communications module 23 may allow the monitoring device 5 to communicate wirelessly to the communications network 7. In one example, the communication module 23 may allow communication through cellular networks, including communication with cellular data. This may include communication through cellular networks that operate on (but not limited to) GPRS, 3G, 4G technology. In some examples, the communication module 23 may communicate through a local area network, such as a wireless local area network operating on Wi-Fi technology. These, in turn, may be in communication to a wider network such as the internet. It is to be appreciated that other forms (and combinations) of communication may be used to provide the communication between the monitoring device 5 and the server 9.

2018100593 09 May 2018 [0121] A satellite navigation module 25 may receive signals from a satellite 27 to provide a first output indicative of a position of the vehicle 3 to the monitoring device

5. The satellite navigation module 25 may receive signals from GPS (Global Positioning System), GLONASS (GLObal Navigation Satellite System), or other navigation systems. The satellite navigation module 25 may also receive supplementary signals, such as signals from a DGPS (Differential Global Positioning System), and augmentation signals such as from (Wide Area Augmentation System) and GBAS (Ground Based Augmentation System). The satellite navigation module 25 may also utilise Assisted GPS based on communication signals received by the communications module 23.

[0122] In some alternatives, the satellite navigation module 25 may be supplemented, or substituted with other positioning and navigation systems (such as local positioning systems). This may include other radio navigation systems that include a system of radio transmitters (or transceivers) at known positions and a radio receiver (or transceiver), associated with the monitoring device 5, to output the position of the radio receiver (that is co-located with the monitoring device 5 and vehicle 3). In one example, one or more radio transmitters, such as a radio beacon, may be placed in or near the chargeable parking area, whereby a receiver associated with the monitoring device 5 may receive radio signals from the radio transmitter to determine the vehicle 3 is in a position in the chargeable parking area 4. In further variations, these other signals may be used to refine an outputted position from the satellite navigation module. Other positioning systems that may include Wi-Fi positioning systems.

[0123] One or more auxiliary sensors 29 may provide a second output that may be used to determine if the vehicle 3 is stationary. Determining the vehicle 4 is stationary can be a useful indicator that the vehicle 3 is parked, as opposed to merely moving through, a chargeable parking area 4. The auxiliary sensors 29 may include accelerometers and gyroscopes to detect linear or angular acceleration, the absence of which is indicative of the vehicle 3 being stationary. Other non-limiting examples of auxiliary sensors 29 may include: magnetometers, digital imaging devices, radar, sonar, and lidar. Magnetometers detect magnetic fields and if changes in magnetic fields are

2018100593 09 May 2018 detected, this may be indicative of movement of the vehicle 4. Digital imaging devices, such as digital cameras, may detect changes in the surroundings that may also be used to determine if the vehicle 4 is moving or stationary. Furthermore, radar, sonar (including ultrasonic transducers), and lidar devices have been integrated in vehicles 4 to assist in parking, cruise control and collision avoidance. These devices may also provide outputs that can be used to determine if the vehicle 4 is moving or stationary.

The server 9 [0124] The server 9 includes a second processing device 31 to perform the method 200 discussed below. The server 9 may also have an associated data store 33 to store geographic data 35 of the chargeable parking area 4 and user information 37 that may include user account information, including an account balance, associated with the monitoring device 5. It is to be appreciated that the server 9 may be a cloud based server.

[0125] As will be discussed in further detail below, the server 9 determines that the vehicle 3 is parked for at least one time period in a chargeable parking area based on the received device data and user input data. In turn, this can be used to account for parking in the chargeable area by debiting a user account associated with the monitoring device 5. An account balance of the user account may be settled by a transfer of funds to the administrator of the chargeable parking area 15. It is to be appreciated that this could be done various ways such as: sending a request for a transfer funds to a debtor 11 associated with the user account; sending a request for a transfer funds to a third party 11 holding funds, in escrow, of a user 18 associated with the user associated with the user account. In another example, this may also include sending a request to a payment server 13, such as an electronic funds transfer (EFT) service provider, to facilitate the transfer of funds to the administrator of the chargeable parking area 15. It is to be appreciated that in some examples, the user account may have associated prepayment of funds from the user 18. In other examples, the account balance of the user account may be settled at periodic time intervals (e.g. post payment), or after the account balance has reached a threshold level. In yet another

2018100593 09 May 2018 example, the request for a transfer of funds may be contemporaneous (or close to) to the time that the vehicle 3 has parked in the chargeable parking area 4.

Description of an example to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area [0126] Referring to Fig. 3, an example to account for parking of the vehicle 3 will now be described. The method 100 is performed by the monitoring device 5 that is in communication, over the communications network 7, to the server 9 that performs the method 200.

[0127] The monitoring device 5 has associated device data to send to the server 9.

The device data is based on a position of the vehicle 3. The device data may be based on a first output from the satellite navigation module 25 that provides data to determine the position of the vehicle 3. The device data may also include a device identifier to identify the monitoring device 5. The device identifier in turn may be associated with the user account.

[0128] The monitoring device 5 then sends 110, over the communications network 7, device data to the server 9. The monitoring device 5 may send 110 device data to the server 9 at regular times. For example, the device data may be sent once a minute. However, other times such as every two minutes, every five minutes, every thirty seconds, etc. may be used. One consideration is that sending 110 device data may use resources such as power and data over the communications network. Therefore longer times between sending data 110 can be more efficient on the resources, but decrease the granularity of the device data. In other examples, the monitoring device 5 may send 110 device data to the server 9 upon determination of a particular event. In one example, the monitoring device 5 may send 110 device data after it is determined 105 that the vehicle 3 is stationary (which will be discussed in further detail below). This may lead to more efficient use of resources as it may not be necessary to send device data whilst the vehicle 3 is in motion.

2018100593 09 May 2018 [0129] The server 9 receives 210, over the communications network 7, device data from the monitoring device 5. The device data, or part thereof, may be stored in the data store 33.

[0130] When the vehicle 3 is at or near the chargeable parking area 4, the user may wish to confirm that the vehicle 3 is parked, or deny that the vehicle is parked. For example, if the user has parked the vehicle 3 in the chargeable parking area 4 and intends to have the associated user account charged for parking, the user will confirm the vehicle 3 is parked. Alternatively, if the user has stopped the vehicle 3 temporarily in the chargeable parking area 4 and does not intend to park, or be charged for parking, the user will deny the vehicle 3 is parked. In yet another alternative, if the user has parked in the chargeable parking area 4, but does not intend to be charged (for example, they may be exempt from paying for that particular chargeable parking area), the user may operate the user input to deny that the vehicle is parked, or deny that the vehicle should be charged for parking. In yet another alternative, the vehicle 3 may be parked in close proximity to the chargeable parking area 4, such as a free parking area 8. The satellite navigation module 25 may not have the accuracy to distinguish if the vehicle 3 is in the chargeable parking area 4 or in the free parking area 8. Accordingly, if the vehicle 3 is in the free parking area 8, the user can deny the vehicle 3 is parked in the chargeable parking area 4.

[0131] Thus the monitoring device 5 receives 120 the user input data indicative of a confirmation or a denial from the user 18 at the user input 19. The monitoring device 5 then sends 130, over the communications network 7, the user input data to the server 9. In turn, the server 9 then receives 220, over the communications network 7, the user input data.

[0132] The server 9 then determines 230 that the vehicle has been parked for at least one time period in a chargeable parking area based on the device data and the user input.

2018100593 09 May 2018 [0133] In one example, determining 230 that the vehicle 3 has parked for at least one time period in the chargeable parking 4 may include determining:

(i) The vehicle 3 is in a position that is within a chargeable parking area, wherein the position is determined from the device data; and (ii) The user input data includes a confirmation from the user 18 that the vehicle is parked in the chargeable parking area 4.

[0134] After determining 230 that the vehicle 3 has parked for at least one time period in the chargeable parking area, information in relation to this determination may be stored in the data store 33. This may include updating the account balance of the user information 37 to account for parking of the vehicle 3 in the chargeable parking area 4.

Additional steps in the method to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area [0135] The methods 100 and 200 may include additional steps that will now be discussed below.

Determine the vehicle is stationary based on output of auxiliary sensors [0136] Referring to Fig. 4, the monitoring device 5 may determine 105 the vehicle is stationary based on the second output of one or more of the auxiliary sensors 29. The device data that is sent 110 to the server 9, as described above, may further include an indication that the vehicle is stationary.

[0137] Determining the vehicle 3 is stationary, as discussed above, may be indicative of the vehicle 3 being parked. Therefore in one example, the step of sending 110 device data to the server 9 may be initiated when the vehicle is stationary which may reduce use of power and communication data resources. In another example, the satellite navigation module 25 may only be active when the vehicle 3 is stationary which may further save power. In yet further embodiments, one or more steps of the

2018100593 09 May 2018 method 100, such as sending 110 device data, may be performed at higher or lower frequency when the vehicle is stationary.

[0138] Conversely, detecting that the vehicle 3 is moving may be indicative that the vehicle 3 is no longer parked. Therefore, in one example, detecting the vehicle 3 is not stationary may initiate one or more steps of the method 100, such as sending 110 device data. This may also change the frequency that one, or more, step(s) of the method 100 is performed, such as sending 110 device data.

[0139] Therefore determining the vehicle 3 is stationary or moving may assist in more efficient use of power and/or communication data resources. It may also assist in increasing the granularity of determining the length of time that the vehicle 3 is parked, since the length of time a vehicle 3 is stationary may be indicative of the length of time the vehicle 3 has parked.

Generating an alert that the vehicle is in the chargeable parking area [0140] When the vehicle 3 is in (or close to) the chargeable parking area 4, the user 18 may find it useful to receive an alert that the vehicle 3 is in the chargeable parking area 4. This may prompt the user 18 to confirm or deny the vehicle 3 is parked in the chargeable parking area 4. It may also assist the user 18 on deciding to park the vehicle or move to a different area.

[0141] This will now be described with reference to Fig. 5 that shows steps in the methods 100 and 200.

[0142] The method 200 includes the server 9 receiving 212, from the data store 33, geographic data 35 of the chargeable parking area 4. Geographic data 35 may include, for example coordinates of a boundary of the chargeable parking area 4. In another example, geographic data may include a coordinate (such as latitude and longitude) of a centre of the chargeable parking area, and a radius value from the centre to approximate

2018100593 09 May 2018 the chargeable parking area. It is to be appreciated that geographic data may be represented in other ways.

[0143] It is to be appreciated that the data store 33 may contain geographic data 35 corresponding to a large number of chargeable parking areas. For example, the data store 33 may contain geographic data 35 for all chargeable areas in a town, city, state, or even country. Therefore, the server 9 may receive 212 geographic data that is relevant to the position of the vehicle 3. In one example, the server 9 determines the position of the vehicle 9 from the device data, and then makes a request to receive geographic data for chargeable areas 4 near the vehicle 3.

[0144] The server 9 may determine 214 that the vehicle 3 is in the chargeable parking area 4 based on the device data and the geographic data. This may include determining that the device data indicates the position of the vehicle is within the chargeable parking area 4 indicated by the geographic data.

[0145] The server 9 then sends 216, over the communications network 7, to the monitoring device 5 a signal indicative of the vehicle being in the chargeable parking area 4. This signal is then received 112 by the monitoring device 5.

[0146] The monitoring device 5 then generates 114, at the user output 21, an alert indicative of the vehicle 3 is in the chargeable parking area 4. As noted above, the alert may be a visual alert, an audible alert, a haptic alert, etc. The alert may then prompt the user to interact with the user input 19 to confirm or deny that the vehicle 3 is in the chargeable parking area 4.

Determining a time period of the vehicle in the chargeable parking area [0147] The amount charged for parking a vehicle 3 in the chargeable parking area 4 may be based on the length of time the vehicle is in the parking area. Therefore, determining the time period of the vehicle in the chargeable parking area 4 is important for accounting the amount charged.

2018100593 09 May 2018 [0148] In one example, a rate may be charged, that may be quoted in a currency amount per hour (e.g. $5/hour). It is to be appreciated that in other alternatives, the amount charged for parking a vehicle 3 may be at variable rates. For example, there may be a “peak hour” rate, with a higher rate, for busier times and an “off peak” rate, with a lower rate, for less busy times. In another example, the rates may be progressive, or regressive, over time as the vehicle 3 stays in the chargeable parking area 4. In yet further alternatives, the amount charged may be capped based on reaching a specified currency amount and/or length of time parked.

[0149] This will now be described with reference to Fig. 6. The monitoring device 5 may send 110 device data at multiple times. As discussed above, this may be done at regular time intervals, specified time intervals, or may be initiated by an event such as detecting motion with the auxiliary sensors 29. The sending of subsequent device data by the monitoring device 5 is shown in Fig. 6 than includes sending 132, over the communications network 7, updated device data to the server 9, wherein the updated device data is based on an updated position of the vehicle 3 in the chargeable parking area 4. The terms “updated device data” and “updated position” refers to the respective device data and position of the vehicle 3 sent during one or more subsequent sending of the device data. Therefore, in some cases (and in particular if the vehicle 3 has not moved), the updated position of the vehicle and the position of the vehicle may be the same.

[0150] The updated device data is received 222 by the server 9. The server 9 may store the updated device data in the data store 33 as part of the user information 37.

This may be retrieved at a later time to account for parking of the vehicle 3.

[0151] The server 9 may then determine 224 if the vehicle 3 is still in the chargeable parking area 4. This may be achieved in various ways. In one example, this may include comparing the updated device data (based on the updated position of the vehicle) with the geographic data of the chargeable parking area 4. In another example, this may include comparing the updated device data with the device data (received earlier in step 210).

2018100593 09 May 2018 [0152] The server 9 may then determine 226 at least one time period in the chargeable parking area based on time associated with the device data and the updated device data. Since the device data and updated device data indicates the vehicle has been parked in the chargeable parking area 4, it is indicative that the vehicle 3 was parked for the time period there between. Therefore in one example, time may be associated with the device data and updated device data, such as respective time stamps associated with the position and updated position. The server 9 may then determine a time period that elapsed based on the respective time stamps of the position and updated position. In some examples, the time associated with the device data and updated data may include time stamps associated with sending 110, 132 and/or receiving 210, 222 the device data and updated device data.

[0153] It is to be appreciated for an entire period that a vehicle 3 is parked in the chargeable parking area, the above mentioned steps may be repeated to determine multiple discrete time periods in which the vehicle 3 is parked. This may be aggregated by server 9 to determine the total time which in turn may be used to determine the total amount to be charged for parking the vehicle in the chargeable parking area 4.

[0154] In one variation, the auxiliary sensors 29 may be used to determine when the vehicle 3 is moving, and hence departing the chargeable parking area 4. This may initiate the monitoring device 5 to send updated device data to the server 9, which in turn may determine an end of a time period in the chargeable parking area. In yet another variation, the user input 19 may receive from the user 18 an indication that the user wishes to end the time period in the chargeable parking area 4. In yet another variation, the monitoring device 5 may receive signals associated with vehicle on board systems, such as the key, ignition switches and other control systems. Therefore starting the vehicle 3 may initiate the monitoring device 5 to send the updated device data.

2018100593 09 May 2018

Flat rate and determining the vehicle has parked for at least one time period [0155] It is to be appreciated than in some embodiments, the amount charged may be a flat rate. For example, the chargeable parking area may have a flat rate of $20 for entering and parking in the chargeable parking area, regardless of the length of time the vehicle 3 is parked. That is, $20 will be charged, regardless of whether the vehicle is parked for a time period that is 5 minutes, 4 hours, 3 days, etc. In yet another example, the amount charged may be a flat rate per day. In such cases, determining 230 the vehicle is parked for at least one time period may include determining that the vehicle has parked during a 24 hour cycle, and it may not be necessary to determine the length of time during the 24 hour cycle that the vehicle 3 is parked.

Account balance of a user account associated with the monitoring device [0156] After determining 230 that the vehicle 3 has been parked for at least one time period in the chargeable parking area 4, this information may be stored in the data store 33. The method 200 may further include determining the currency amount that should be charged in relation to parking the vehicle 3. This will now be described with reference to Fig. 7.

[0157] The server 9 determines 232 a debit value based on the vehicle been parked for at least one time period in the chargeable parking area 4. This may include receiving, from the data store 33 a schedule of rates and charges associated with the chargeable parking area 4. This may then be applied to the determined at least one or more time period in the chargeable parking area.

[0158] In one illustrative example, it is determined that the vehicle is parked in a chargeable parking area for a time period of 30 minutes. The rate for parking in the chargeable parking area is $5 per hour. Therefore the debit value for parking in the chargeable parking area for 30 minutes is $2.50.

2018100593 09 May 2018 [0159] In another illustrative example, it is determined that the vehicle is parked in chargeable parking area for a time period of 1 hour. The rate for parking the chargeable parking area is a flat rate of $20. Therefore the debit value for parking the chargeable parking area for 1 hour is $20.

[0160] The server 9 may then apply the debit value to a user account associated with the monitoring device. This may include determining 234 and account balance of the user account by debiting the user account by the debit value. This may occur multiple times such that the user account is debited cumulatively as the vehicle 3 is parked in the (or another) chargeable parking area 4.

[0161] As noted above, the account balance needs to be settled, such as by transferring funds to the administrator 15 of the chargeable parking area. Therefore the server 9 may send 236, over a communications network, a request to transfer funds to the administrator 15, wherein the request to transfer funds is based on the account balance of the user account. In one example, this request may be the full balance of the account balance, or part of the account balance with respect to charges incurred during an accounting period. In one example the request is sent by server 9 to the debtor 11 responsible for payment of the user account. In another example, the request is sent by server 9 to a third party, who may hold funds for a user associated with the user account, who may then make the payment on behalf of the user.

[0162] The device data may include a device identifier associated with the user account. Thus the device data may be used to match the device identifier with the correct user account. In some examples the user account may require prepayment so that the user has available funds for use to settle future charges associated with the user account. Alternatively, the user account may be a “post payment” account where the user has to pay for the charges after they are incurred.

[0163] In yet another example, the request is sent by server 9 to a payment server to transfer money from an account (such as a bank account) of the user associated with the user account. This may include, for example, if the user has authorised direct debiting

2018100593 09 May 2018 of the bank account for charges associated with the user account. Similarly, a user may also authorise charging of a credit card for such charges.

Authorisation to debit an account [0164] The monitoring device 5 may send 134, over the communications network 7, to the server 9 an authorisation to debit an account balance of a user account associated with the monitoring device, by debiting the user account by a debit value based on the vehicle 3 been parked for the time period in the chargeable parking area 4.

[0165] In one example, the authorisation may be initiated when the user confirms that the vehicle is parked in the chargeable parking area. That is, the user input data sent to the server 9 may be an authorisation to debit an account balance of a user account associated with the monitoring device.

[0166] In one variation, the authorisation to debit an account may be sent at a later time. For example, when the monitoring device 5 determines that the vehicle is no longer parked in the chargeable parking area 4, the monitoring device 5 may send 134 a signal to the server 9 indicating that the vehicle is no longer parked and that the user account should be debited by the respective debit value.

[0167] In another example, this may be initiated by the user 18, where upon return to the vehicle 3, the user 18 may wish to confirm that the vehicle is no longer parked by operating the user input 19. This in turn, causes the monitoring device to send 134 to the server 9 a signal indicating the vehicle is no longer parked and to authorise debiting of the user account for charges associated with parking the vehicle 3 in the chargeable parking area 4.

[0168] It is to be appreciated that this may also be applied for authorisation to debit an account for a vehicle that has operated for a specified period or travelled a specified distance in a toll area, such as on a toll road.

2018100593 09 May 2018

Alternative modes of use [0169] It is to be appreciated that the monitoring system 1 and monitoring device 5 may have alternative modes of use in addition to those described above.

[0170] In one example, the monitoring system 1 may account for parking of the vehicle 3 if no user input data is received from the user 18. That is, if the user does not provide a confirmation or a denial that the vehicle 3 is parked, the system 1 and method 100 may determine that the vehicle 3 is parked and should be charged for parking.

[0171] This may include the monitoring system 1 (including either one or both of the monitoring device 3 and or server 9) determining that: (i) the vehicle 3 is parked in a chargeable area 4; and (ii) no user input data has been received within a specified time period from when the vehicle 3 was parked. As a result of this determination, the monitoring system 1 may account for the time the vehicle 3 has parked in the chargeable parking area 4.

[0172] It is to be appreciated that determining that no user input data has been received may be achieved in a variety of ways. In one example, the monitoring device 5 may have a timer starting from the determined 105 time that the vehicle is stationary. If an elapsed time passes beyond a specified time and no user input data is received, the monitoring device 5 may send a signal to the server 9 indicative of this fact. Alternatively, the server 9 may determine that no user input data is received based on (i) receiving 210 device data from the monitoring device 5 that the vehicle 3 in the chargeable parking area 4 and (ii) determining the absence of receiving 220 user input data within a specified time. Non-limiting examples of the specified time may be 1,2, 5, or 10 minutes.

[0173] In another example, the monitoring system 1 may allow a user 18 to selectively confirm that the user should be charged for parking. In one example, the vehicle 3 may in fact be parked in a chargeable parking area 4, but the monitoring device 5 may not have automatically determined this fact. This may be due to sources

2018100593 09 May 2018 of inaccuracy in the navigation module, errors in geographic data 45 of the chargeable parking area 4, or recent changes in zoning of the chargeable parking area 4, etc.

[0174] Therefore in one example after the user has parked the vehicle 3, the monitoring device 5 may provide an output to the user 18 indicating that the vehicle 3 is not in the chargeable parking area 4. This output may be audio, voice message, message on a visual display or other visual indicia. The user 18 may then specify through a user interface that the vehicle has parked in the chargeable parking area 4. In one example, the monitoring device 5 may select the closest chargeable parking area 4 to the monitoring device. In another example, this may include allowing the user to specify a particular chargeable parking area 4. This may be achieved by the user output 21 providing a list of nearby chargeable parking areas 4 and the user 18 making a selection from that list via the user input 19. In turn, the monitoring device 5 may then send to the server 9, a signal indicative of the vehicle being parked in the user specified chargeable parking area 4. Accounting, and charging, for the time the vehicle 3 is parked may then be performed in the manner discussed above.

[0175] It is to be appreciated that in the example above, the use of the monitoring device relates to accounting for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area can be adapted to be used to account for use of a vehicle in a toll area. For example, say a vehicle has parked in location “A” and subsequently parks in a different location “B”.

It may be determined that a journey from location “A” to location “B” includes use of a vehicle in a toll area. Accordingly, the monitoring device may be used to determine time and location of the vehicle in such a journey that uses the toll area, which in turn may be used to determine and account for charges for use of the toll area.

Overview of a second example of the monitoring device with power saving feature [0176] An example of a monitoring system 401 to account for parking of a vehicle 403’ in a chargeable parking area 404’, or use of a vehicle 403” in a toll area 406 will now be described with reference to Figs. 8 and 9. The monitoring system 401 includes a monitoring device 405 associated with the vehicle 403. The monitoring device 405

2018100593 09 May 2018 may determine whether the vehicle is parked or in use in the parking area 404' or toll area 406 based on the location of the vehicle 403 and/or data from other sensors.

[0177] The monitoring device 405 includes one or more electronic circuits (such as processing device 417, communications module 23, satellite navigation module 25 as shown in Fig. 9) operable in a low power mode and a high power mode and the monitoring device 40. The monitoring device 405 also includes at least one auxiliary sensor 429. The auxiliary sensors 429 may include one or more of: an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a magnetometer, a digital imaging device, microphone, ultrasonic transducer, sonar, lidar, radar, etc.

[0178] The monitoring device 405 also includes a third processing device 417 that is configured to determine 510 the vehicle status including whether the vehicle 403 is parked, or in use, based on an output from at least one of the auxiliary sensors 29. The third processing device 417, based on the determined vehicle status, further initiates operation 520 of the one or more electronic circuit in a high power mode. This method 500 is illustrated in Fig. 10.

[0179] Therefore electronic circuits of the monitoring device 405 may operate in the high power mode when required. This may save power as electronic circuits may, when not needed, be in a low power mode (or even switched off). In some examples the monitoring device 405 is powered by a battery 438. In some further embodiments, the monitoring device 405 also includes a solar cell 436 to generate electrical power to operate the monitoring device 405. This may include using the solar cell 436 to charge the battery 438. It is to be appreciated that alternative energy storage means, other than a battery, may be used such as capacitors, inductors, etc. By having such energy storage, the monitoring device 405 may operate without requiring electrical power connections to the vehicle 403, which may simplify use of the monitoring device 405 with a variety of vehicles. In some examples, the monitoring device 405 may be affixed to a windshield or dashboard of a vehicle by adhesive tape or mount 439, where the solar cell 436 is configured to receive solar light (as shown in the external views of

2018100593 09 May 2018 the device in Fig. 23). Thus having selective high power and low power modes can extend the use of the monitoring device 405 between servicing.

[0180] In some examples, initiating operation in the high power mode is based on determining that the vehicle status has changed from parked to in use, or from in use to parked. This allows the operation in high power mode to be operable during specified events.

[0181] For example, if the monitoring device 405 is used to account for parking in a chargeable parking area and key information is to determine the length of time a car is parked in the chargeable parking area, significant events indicative of the length of time is parked may be the when the car changes from in use to parked (i.e. commencement of parking) and when status changes from parked to in use (i.e. end of parking). The high power mode may include using satellite navigation module 25 to determine the position of the vehicle 405 and sending information to a server 9 via the communications module 23. Whilst the car is parked (where the vehicle status would not change) the electronic circuits such as the third processing device, 417, communications module 23 and satellite navigation module 25 may be in a low power mode.

[0182] The monitoring system 401 may also be used to account for use of a vehicle in a toll area 406. For example, the monitoring system 401 may be used to account for use of a toll road, based on per use, per kilometre/mile, or based on time.

[0183] Further details of this system 401 will be described in further detail below.

Learning mode [0184] Motor vehicles vary in characteristics between engine types, transmission types, model of vehicle, etc. Therefore output from the auxiliary sensors that correspond to changes of vehicle status may vary between motor vehicles.

Accordingly, the monitoring device 405 may include data store 432 to store vehicle

2018100593 09 May 2018 status parameters that are relevant to the particular vehicle 403. Such status parameters relate to statuses of the particular vehicle 403 including that the vehicle is parked or in use. In some examples, the monitoring device 405 may have a learning mode that updates the vehicle status parameters based on input from a user through the user input 19 and via the use of the vehicle. This feedback may improve the ability of the monitoring device 405 to accurately determine the vehicle status.

[0185] Referring the Fig. 11, and example of the learning mode is illustrated. This may include receiving 501 one or more outputs of the at least one auxiliary sensors 429 that correspond to the vehicle 403 being parked, or in use. The method 500 then includes comparing 503 the one or more outputs of the at least one auxiliary sensors 429 and the vehicle status parameters from the data store 432. The result of this comparison 503 is to determine a predicted status of the vehicle 403 which may include that the vehicle is parked or in use.

[0186] The learning mode further comprises receiving 505 user input data indicative of a confirmation or denial from a user that the vehicle is parked, or in use. The method 500 then includes updating 507 the vehicle status parameters in the data store 432 based on the predicted status of the vehicle and the confirmation or denial.

[0187] Updating the vehicle status parameters may include determining the standard deviation of the respective outputs of the auxiliary sensors and using this standard deviation data to calculate vehicle status parameters that would provide a specified acceptable level of confidence in the accuracy of the predicted status. Updating may include applying a weighting, or otherwise adjusting, the vehicle status parameters.

[0188] Thus the learning mode allows the monitoring device to update and refine the vehicle status parameters in monitoring device. This may allow adaptation to the characteristics of the type and model of the vehicle. It may also allow adaptation to the idiosyncrasies of particular vehicle as well as driving style(s) of user(s) of the vehicle.

2018100593 09 May 2018 [0189] In some examples, the initial vehicle status parameters may include a generic set of vehicle status parameters which, through the learning mode above, updates the vehicle status parameters to provide more accurate predicted statuses. In other examples, the initial vehicle status parameters for the vehicle type/model may be provided in the data store 432. This may include the data store having a plurality of sets of vehicle status parameters and where the particular vehicle type/model can be specified (such as through the user input 19 and/or via the communications module 23). In yet further examples, a set of vehicle status parameters may be sent from the server 9 to the monitoring device 405 via the communications network 7. This may include a set for the vehicle type/model or even a previously set based on previously updated vehicle status parameters for that vehicle 403. For example, if a monitoring device needs to be replaced, the vehicle status parameters may be copied from the data store 432 and saved into the data store of a replacement monitoring device.

[0190] It is to be appreciated that the learning mode may be a deliberate event where the user specifies that the monitoring device 405 to operate in a learning mode. In this mode the user may be prompted to perform particular actions, such as switching the engine on, switching the engine off, engaging/disengaging the parking brake, driving in/out of a parking spot, opening the doors, locking the doors, activating/deactivating the alarms, changing gears in the transmission, etc. In other examples, the learning mode may be performed on an ad hoc basis whereby user input (such as at 505) indicative of a confirmation or denial of a particular status of the vehicle causes the monitoring device to learn by updating 507 the vehicle status parameters.

Vehicle status parameters [0191] An example of vehicle status parameters are provided in Table 1 below.

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Vehicle status	Audio	Vibration	Linear acceleration	Angular acceleration
Parked	0 to 60 dB	0 to 10 Hz	-0.1 to 0.1 g	-0.1 to 0.1 rad/s²
In use	> 60 dB	> 10 Hz	>\|0.1 g\|	> \|0.1 rad/s²1

Table 1 - Vehicle status parameters [0192] The vehicle status parameters may include values that are indicative of the vehicle status. For example, if the auxiliary sensors provide an output that correspond to less than 60 dB of sound, less than 10 Hz of vibration, less than |0.1 g| of linear acceleration and less than |0.1 rad/s²1 of angular acceleration, then these conditions may indicate that a vehicle has parked. Equally, if the volatility of readings exceeds certain pre-defined learnt standard deviations, then the car motor is in operation thus indicating the car may be moving or preparing to stop or be parked. In some examples, determination of the vehicle status may require these conditions to be met over a period of time, having such measured values to be within such ranges for 30 seconds, a minute, 5 minutes, etc. This may be useful to exclude behaviour that does not correspond to the actual vehicle status. For example, if a vehicle is stopped in traffic (or at a traffic light) the auxiliary sensors may provide an output that is within ranges that correspond to a parked vehicle. However, a vehicle stopped in traffic is typically stopped for less than a few minutes at a time. Therefore using time as a further condition can exclude a vehicle in start and stop traffic (such as during a traffic jam) as a vehicle that is parked. It is also to be appreciated that only a subset of the above values may be used. For example, if a vehicle is parked near a noisy area (such as a busy road), the audio detected by the auxiliary sensors may be above the threshold (in the case 60 dB). However the output of the other sensors (giving an output within the range of a “parked” vehicle) can be used as a check determine that the vehicle is parked (i.e. if at least 3 of 4 vehicle status parameters for a parked vehicle are satisfied, then it is determined that the vehicle is parked).

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Automatic mode [0193] In one example, the monitoring device 405 may operate in an automatic mode to determine the status of the vehicle without additional user input. Referring to Fig.

12, the step of determining 510’ the vehicle status is based on: the output of the auxiliary sensors 429; and the vehicle status parameters in the data store 432. Comparison of the output of the auxiliary sensors 429 with the vehicle status parameters may allow a more accurate determination of the vehicle status by taking into account particular characteristics of the vehicle 403. For example, this may include determining whether the output of the auxiliary sensors matches the vehicle status parameters (or subset thereof) in Table 1.

[0194] In some examples, the automatic mode may only be available once a threshold of accuracy has been achieved with the vehicle status parameters. This may include multiple iterations of updating the vehicle status parameters discussed above until a specified level of accuracy is achieved.

The high power mode and low power mode [0195] In some examples, initiating operation 520 of one or more electronic circuits in the high power mode include relatively energy intensive routines. In one example as illustrated in Fig. 13, this includes activating 522 a satellite navigation module 25 to determine the location of the monitoring device 405 and vehicle 403. In another example, this may include activating 524 the communication module 23 associated with the monitoring device 405, which may include transmitting and receiving data. In yet another example, the high power mode may include operating the third processing device 417 in a high power mode (such as at a relatively higher clock speed).

[0196] Conversely, the monitoring device 405 may operate in a low power mode before, after, and between the high power modes. In some examples, this may include deactivating, or placing in a sleep mode, the satellite navigation module 25 and/or the communication module 23. This also pacing the third processing device 417 in a low

2018100593 09 May 2018 power mode where power consumption is less (such as at a lower clock speed). This may also include placing the auxiliary sensors 429 in a low power mode (such as at a lower sampling rate, or even turning off one of the auxiliary sensors 429).

[0197] In some examples, the high power mode is initiated 520 on determination that the vehicle 403 has changed status from parked to in use, or from in use to parked.

This may be useful since in some circumstances, this change is indicative of a chargeable “event”. For example if the method 500 and device 405 were used to account for parking, the important events to determine are when and where the vehicle has commenced parking (i.e. from in use to parked) and when parking has ended (i.e. from parked to in use). In this example, other information such as where and the route that the vehicle is taking in use (e.g. during a journey) is not important and therefore (high) power resources do not need to be allocated to the electronic circuits.

Conversely, whilst the vehicle is parked and remains stationary, it may not be necessary to send location updates and therefore the satellite navigation module 25 and communications module 23 may remain in a low power mode.

Sending information to account for charges and receiving updates on chargeable parking area/toll area [0198] The monitoring device 405 may communicate with the server 9 over the communications network 7 to receive information updates on the chargeable parking areas 404 and toll areas 406. The chargeable parking areas 404 and toll areas 406 may change from time to time as new parking areas or toll areas/roads are built or changed or rezoned. Furthermore, the data store 432 of the monitoring device 405 has a finite capacity and it may not be possible to store information (such as locations and boundaries) of all chargeable parking areas 404 and toll areas 406. Therefore, in one example, the monitoring device 405 receives updated information in relation to chargeable parking areas 404 and toll areas 406 that are in the vicinity of the monitoring device 405/vehicle 403 (or vicinity of places frequented). This will be discussed below with reference to Figs. 14 and 15.

2018100593 09 May 2018 [0199] An example to account for parking of a vehicle in the chargeable parking area 404 will be described with reference to Fig. 14. The monitoring device 405 may send 530, over the communications network 7, an output indicative of the location of the vehicle 403 and/or time the vehicle is in the chargeable parking area 404. This output is then received 610 by the server 9. The server 9 may use this information to charge an account associated with the monitoring device. An example of charging an account is discussed above with reference to Fig. 7.

[0200] The server 9 may send 620, over the communications network 7, information indicative of the chargeable parking area(s) 404 in the vicinity of the current location of the vehicle 403. For example if the vehicle has arrived in a new area where the monitoring device 405 does not have information on chargeable parking areas in the vicinity, this information may include such information including the geographical locations and boundaries of the chargeable parking area, other definitions of the chargeable parking area, valid parking times and rates. In other examples, even if the vehicle has some information on the chargeable parking areas in the vicinity, the server 9 may send 620 updates of this information. In turn, the monitoring device 405 may then receive 540 information indicative of the chargeable parking area 404 in the vicinity of the current location of the vehicle 403 which may then be stored in the data store.

[0201] An example to account for use of a vehicle in a toll area 406 will be described with reference to Fig. 15. The monitoring device 405 may send 532, over the communications network 7, an output indicative of the location of the vehicle 403 and/or the time the vehicle is in use in the toll area 406. This output is received 630 by the server 9 that in turn may use this information to charges an account associated with the monitoring device 405 as previously described with reference to Fig. 7. However, the method may differ in that determining a debit value for use of the toll area may be based on the use of the toll area, which may be by distance travelled in the toll area 406 instead of based on time. However, it is to be appreciated that in some examples, the debit value for use of the toll area 406 may be time based, including the length of time

2018100593 09 May 2018 the vehicle is in the toll area, the time of entry into the toll area, or the time of departure of the toll area, or a fixed fee.

[0202] The server 9 may send 640, over the communications network 7, information indicative of the toll area(s) 406 in the vicinity of the current location of the vehicle 403. Like the example of the parking areas above, this may be useful if the vehicle has arrived in a new area where the monitoring device 405 does not have relevant information on the chargeable parking area(s) or if the information needs to be updated. In turn this information is received 542, over the communications network 7, at the monitoring device 405 which may then be stored in the data store 432. Such information may include the particular roads that form the toll area, geographic boundaries of the toll area, other definitions of the toll area, the valid toll times, the rates (which may include fixed rates, variable rates depending on time, or variable rates depending on kilometres/miles travelled), etc. It may also include information in relation to chargeable footprints 451, 453 described in further detail below. An advantage of storing information on chargeable parking areas and toll areas in the data store 432 of the monitoring device 405 (and receiving such information as updates, as required, from the server 9) is that it may reduce the amount of communication of data through the communication module 23. Such a reduction in communication may reduce the power used by the monitoring device 405. This may be in contrast with a device that receives such information from the server 9, or a cloud, every time the vehicle is parked or in use which in comparison may consume more power.

[0203] The sending 530, 532 and receiving 540, 542 via the communications network 7 involves activating the communications module 23. Furthermore sending the location of the vehicle 403 may require activation of the satellite navigation module 25. The use of these modules may, in some examples, operation of electronic circuits in a high power mode. After completion in a high power mode, the method 500 may then include reverting operation 550 of the one or more electronic circuits to a low power mode. This may include placing the communications module 23 and the navigation module 25 in a sleep mode.

2018100593 09 May 2018

Initiating operation of low power mode and high power mode based on proximity of chargeable parking area and toll area [0204] The method 500 may further include initiating operation of low power mode and high power mode based on the proximity of the chargeable parking areas 404 and/or toll areas 406 to the location of the vehicle 403. For example if the vehicle 403 commences a journey (i.e. transitions from parked to in-use) the monitoring device 405 may enter into a high power mode and determine the present location of the vehicle 403. If the vehicle 403 is, for example, a substantial distance away from the closest chargeable parking area 404 or toll area 406, the monitoring device 405 will not need to enter into a high power mode until at least the shortest reasonable travel time for the vehicle to travel to the chargeable parking area 404 or toll area 406. Thus during this travel time, the monitoring device may enter into a low power mode that may include placing the auxiliary sensors 429 into a low power mode.

[0205] Examples of this will now be described with reference to Figs. 16 to 18. The method 500 may include determining 560 a current location of the vehicle 403. This may include determining the location with the satellite navigation module 25 (such as when it is activated 522 in a high power mode) as discussed above. The method 500 further includes determining 570 a closest chargeable parking area, or toll area, from the current location of the vehicle 430. The monitoring device 403 then determines 580 a travelling time for the vehicle to travel from the current location of the vehicle 403 to the closest chargeable parking area 404, or toll area 406. The method 500 then includes initiating 590 operation of at least one electronic circuit in the low power mode or high power mode based on the travelling time. In some examples, as shown in Fig. 17, this includes initiating operation 591 of at least one electronic circuit in the low power mode during the travelling time and initiating operation 593 of at least one electronic circuit in the high power mode based on completion of the travelling time.

[0206] An example of the step of determining 570 a closest chargeable parking area or toll area from the current location of the vehicle 403 will now be described with reference to Fig. 18. This may include determining 571 one or more chargeable

2018100593 09 May 2018 parking areas 404, or toll areas 406, in the vicinity of the current location of the vehicle. For example, this may include identifying such areas 404, 406 within a radius of the current location (e.g. within 20 kilometres of the current location). This may also include incrementally increasing the radius if no areas 404, 406 are identified (e.g. 20 kilometres, 30 kilometres, 40 kilometres, etc.). The method 500 includes determining 573 one or more routes from the current location to the one or more chargeable parking areas 404, or toll areas 406 that were determined to be in the vicinity. Next, the method 500 includes determining 575 time periods to travel on the one or more routes based on an expected speed on the one or more routes. In some examples, the expected speed may be based on the speed limit(s) on the routes. The method 500 then includes determining 577 the shortest one or more time periods, where the shortest time period corresponds to the closest chargeable parking area 404, or toll area 406.

[0207] An advantage of this example is that the closest chargeable parking area 404, or toll area 406, is determined as the closest area by travel time as opposed to closest by shortest linear distance. Thus this example takes into account winding roads, speed limits, rivers, and other geographic features, etc that can vary the practical travel times to the closest areas 404, 406.

[0208] However in some alternatives, it is to be appreciated that the step of determining 570 a closest chargeable parking area 404, or toll area 406, may simply include determining the areas 404, 406 by straight line distance from the current location. This alternative may be useful in instances where there is no information in relation to roads, speed limits, etc to effectively calculate the shortest route. This alternative may also require less processing power.

Overview of a method of determining a chargeable parking area or toll area used by the vehicle associated with a monitoring device [0209] A method 800 of determining the chargeable parking area 404, or toll area 406, used by a vehicle 403 will now be described with reference to Figs. 19 to 23. This method 800 may be used with the methods 100, 500 described above and may be

2018100593 09 May 2018 implemented by a processing device 17, 417 in the monitoring device 5, 405. The method 800 includes determining 810 one or more chargeable footprints 451, 453, based on respective chargeable parking areas 404, and/or toll areas 406. For example, this may include defining chargeable footprints 451, 453 as a two-dimensional space such as a rectangle as shown in Fig. 19. It is to be appreciated that the footprint may be other shapes, such as a circle, ellipse, a triangle, pentagon, or other polygon.

[0210] Information in relation to the chargeable footprints 451, 453, such as the boundaries and identifiers, may be stored in the data store 432. This may allow the monitoring device to perform the method 800 without relying on receiving information on the chargeable footprints 4515, 453 every time the monitoring device 5, 405 determines the vehicle is in use or is parked (in particular for frequently used chargeable areas). Instead, receiving such information may be reduced to when there are updates to the chargeable footprints 451, 453 in the vicinity. This may save sending and receiving large amounts of data through the communication’s module 23 and thereby reduce power consumption of the monitoring device 5, 405.

[0211] In further examples, the footprint may include three-dimensional space which may be useful for places where chargeable areas may be close in longitude and latitude but distinguishable by elevation. For example, a multi-storey carpark which may have different pricing structures dependent on the level in which a car is parked (such as for “early bird” parking). This may also be useful where chargeable parking or toll areas overlap, such as a toll road that may pass above or below a chargeable parking area. In another example, a toll road may be elevated above a non-toll road, so that only vehicles on the elevated toll road should be charged.

[0212] The method 800 further includes determining 820 a vehicle footprint 455 of the vehicle 403 based on a current position of the vehicle, wherein the vehicle footprint is defined in at least a two-dimensional space (and in some examples, threedimensional space). The current position of the vehicle 403 may be a point position 457 provided by a positioning module 24 (which may determine the position based on one or more of: satellite navigation system data; radio navigation system data; cellular

2018100593 09 May 2018 communication system data; Wi-Fi positioning system data). The vehicle footprint 455 may be a rectangle (or any other shape as described above for the chargeable footprint) that is created from the current position. This may include having the current point position 457 at the centre of the vehicle footprint 455 as shown in Fig. 20.

Furthermore, it is to be appreciated that the size of the footprint does not need to exactly match the size of the vehicle and in some cases the footprint may be larger than the vehicle. A larger footprint may be advantageous in cases where the positioning module/satellite navigation module has relatively large accuracy errors. In yet further examples, the vehicle footprint may be variable based on an expected accuracy of the satellite navigation module. For example, the DOP (dilution of precision), such as horizontal DOP, may be used as a factor for adjusting the size of the vehicle footprint. Therefore if the DOP value is higher (meaning greater expected errors), then the vehicle footprint may accordingly be larger.

[0213] The method 800 further includes determining 830 one or more overlaps 461, 463 between the vehicle footprint 455 and the chargeable footprint 451, 453. Where three-dimensional space is used, the overlap may be determined as a volume of overlap.

[0214] The method 800 further includes determining 840 a chargeable area 404, or toll area 406, used by the vehicle 403 based on the one or more overlaps 461, 463. An identifier of the determined chargeable area 404, or toll area 406, may then be sent from the monitoring device 405 to the server 9 to allow accounting for the use of the areas 404, 406. The identifier may include, for example, a parking bay number, toll identifier, etc.

[0215] An advantage of the method 800 may include providing more accurate determination of the chargeable area 404 or toll area 406 that is used. In some positioning systems, such as a satellite navigation system, the point position 457 may have an error (e.g. +/-10m circular error probable or root means square). Referring to Fig. 20, the current point position 457’” indicated by the satellite navigation may be outside of a chargeable area 404 even though the vehicle 403’” may be in fact inside the chargeable area 404. By using the footprints, this may allow a determination of an

2018100593 09 May 2018 overlap 461”’ between the vehicle footprint 45”’ and the chargeable parking area 404 even though the indicated point position 457’” is outside of the chargeable parking area 404. This allows accounting of the vehicle 405’” parked in the chargeable parking area 404.

Determining position where the vehicle footprint overlaps multiple chargeable parking areas and/or toll areas [0216] In some situations, the vehicle footprint 455 may overlap multiple areas. For example, referring to Figs. 19 and 20, the vehicle footprint 455 overlaps the chargeable parking area 404 with overlap 461. The vehicle footprint 455 also overlaps the toll area 406’ with overlap 463. Since it may be desirable for a vehicle 403 to be accounted for in one place at a time, the method 800 may further include steps to select only one of the areas 404, 406’.

[0217] Referring to Fig. 22 the method 800 may include determining 835 corresponding areas for each of the one or more overlaps 461, 463 between the vehicle footprint 455 and the chargeable parking area 404 and toll area 406’.

[0218] To determine 840 the chargeable parking area 404 or toll area 406’ that is used by the vehicle 403 may then include comparing 842 the overlaps 461, 463 to identify the largest overlap and determine 844 the chargeable parking area 404, or toll area 406’, based on the largest overlap area and corresponding overlap. In the example in Fig. 20, the largest overlap area is overlap 461. This overlap 461 corresponds to toll area 406’ and therefore toll area 406’ may be determined to be the toll area that is used by the vehicle 403 and accounted for (and to the exclusion of simultaneously charging a user for parking in chargeable parking area 404).

[0219] It is to be appreciated that ambiguity may be clarified by information derived from other determinations, such as those described previously. For example, if the vehicle footprint 455 overlaps both a toll area 406 (such as a toll road) and a parking area 404, and it is determined that the vehicle status is “parked”, it may be inferred that

2018100593 09 May 2018 the vehicle is parked in the parking area 404. Such an inference may be further supported if it is not permissible to park in the toll area 404. Conversely, if it is determined that the vehicle status is “in use”, then it may be possible to exclude the possibility that the vehicle is parked in the parking area 404 (and conclude that the vehicle is in use at the toll area 406).

[0220] It is to be appreciated that non-chargeable areas (i.e. free public access roads or parking) may also have respective footprints. This may allow the monitoring device to determine if a vehicle is using the non-chargeable area or a chargeable parking area, or toll area. This may be useful, for example, in cases where the non-chargeable areas are adjacent to the chargeable parking areas 404, or toll areas 406.

Determining the chargeable parking area or toll area based on spatial distance between vehicle footprint and chargeable footprint [0221] In some examples, instead of using overlaps the method may include determining the chargeable parking area or toll area based on the closest chargeable footprint print to the vehicle footprint. This may be used in examples where there may be large inaccuracies in the positioning module/satellite navigation module such that overlaps as described above may not occur. An example of using the spatial distance may include determining the spatial distance between the vehicle footprint and the chargeable footprints in the vicinity. The shortest spatial distance may then be selected and the corresponding chargeable footprint and chargeable area (i.e. chargeable parking area or toll area) may be determined.

Managing user accounts [0222] Fig. 24 to 39 illustrates a user interface 900 for managing user accounts. The user interface 900 may be a display of computing device, such as a desktop computer, laptop computer, and/or a mobile communication device such as a tablet computer, smart phone, etc. The computing device or mobile communication device may be in communication with the server 9.

2018100593 09 May 2018 [0223] At the left of page displayed on the user interface 900 is a menu for a custodian to select details to be viewed and managed. Fig. 24 shows a list of customers 903 (i.e. user 18) that can be managed by a custodian. In some examples, the custodian may be operating the server 9. The list of customers 903 includes the names 905, contact details 907, account balance 909, and status 911 of the customers. This allows the custodian to view the customers and select a customer for further review.

[0224] Figs. 25 and 26 show details of a customer selected for further review. Fig. 25 shows a summary of the customer’s details including name 905, contact detail 907, address 913, status 911 and account balance 909. There is also a selectable icon to edit customer details 915, view billing details 917, credit customer 919 (i.e. credit customer account), and view invoices 921 of the customer. Fig. 26 shows a list of customer monitoring devices 923 that is associated with the customer. For example, a customer may have multiple vehicles and therefore multiple monitoring devices 5, 405. This includes the customer name for the particular device 924, the serial number of the device 926, the last heartbeat 928 of the device (which shows the location and time of last communication with the device) and the battery charge 930. An icon 922 allows selection of a specific device for viewing further details, such as that shown in Fig. 29.

[0225] Fig. 26 also shows a list of parking events 925 for the customer. This includes a monitoring device identifier 927, the parking authority 929 (that manages the parking area 4, 404/toll area 406), and the name 931 of the particular parking area 4, 404 or toll area 406. Also displayed are the commenced time 933, completed time 935 and the charges 937 for that parking event. An icon 939 is also provided to allow a user to view further details, which will be discussed with reference to Figs. 27 and 28.

[0226] Figs. 27 and 28 show details of a specific parking event. In addition to the summary details of the parking event provided in the list 925 shown in Fig. 26, this also includes additional detail such as parking region name 932, the total time parked 934, and the acceptance type 936. The acceptance type 936 may be “MANUAF” which indicated that a user operated the user input 19 of the monitoring device 5, 405 to confirm that the vehicle is parked in the chargeable parking area 4, 404. The

2018100593 09 May 2018 acceptance type 936 may also be “AUTOMATIC” in cases where the device determines that the vehicle was parked without a user operating the user input 19. Fig. 28 shows the cost breakdown 941 for the parking event. The cost breakdown 941 shows four items which reflects the different rates charged for different time periods for the parking event. This includes for each time period, the starting time 942, the end time 943, the length of time 944, the rate 945, and the amount charged 946 for that time period. Details of the geo location 947 for the parking event are also provided, including the latitude 948, longitude 949, time stamp 950 associated with obtaining the geo location, the number of satellites 951 used to determine the geo location, and an accuracy parameter 952 of the determined geo location.

[0227] Fig. 29 shows details of a specific customer device. This includes the customer name 905, contact details 907, customer name for the particular device 924 and serial number of the device 926. This also includes details of the last heartbeat 928, which includes the time and location of the last know communication, the last battery charge 930 and the map version 953. There is also a list of the last events 955 of the device.

[0228] It is appreciated that Figs. 25 to 29 illustrate details that can be reviewed by a custodian of the system 1, 401. However these are also details that may be reviewed by the customer (i.e. user 18) that is associated with the monitoring device 5, 405. In some examples, this may be the owner/driver of the vehicle 3, 403.

[0229] Fig. 41 illustrates a list of monitoring devices 5, 405 that is available for review by the custodian. This includes the serial numbers 927 of the monitoring devices 5, 405, the customer name 905, and the status 999 of the monitoring device 5, 405. The custodian may therefore review and amend details of the monitoring devices 5, 405. For example, if a monitoring device is lost or stolen, the custodian may cancel the monitoring device.

2018100593 09 May 2018

Managing the administrator accounts [0230] Figs. 31 to 41 illustrate the user interface 900 that may be used by the administrator 15 of the chargeable parking areas 4, 404 and/or toll areas 406. In particular, this may allow them to set up and modify the chargeable parking areas 4,

404 and toll areas 406. It may also allow the administrator 15 to monitor usage of the areas. In some examples, the custodian that operates the system 1, 401 and the administrator 15 of the chargeable parking area 4, 404 and/or toll area 406 may be the same entity. For example, the custodian may be a government body that is charged with operating the system 1, 401 as well as receiving income from the use of the areas 4, 404, 406. In other examples, the custodian operating the system 1, 401 may be a separate organisation whereby one or more administrators 15 may seek use of the system 1, 401. For example, the custodian may be a commercial company offering this system 1, 401 that is working under contracts with various local governments. Thus in some examples, the custodian may have access to the accounts of multiple administrators 15.

[0231] Fig. 31 shows a page where the administrator may change their details 957.

[0232] Fig. 32 shows a list of customer purchases 959. This shows the details of payment by the customers to settle the account balances associated with parking in the chargeable parking areas 4, 404 and/or use of the toll area 406. This includes the customer name 905 and customer email 907 associated with the account that is linked to the monitoring device 5, 405. It also includes the time and date 961 that payment for the account was made, the details of the payer 961, and a taxation invoice number 963 for that payment.

[0233] Fig. 33 shows a log of data 965 received by the server 9 from the monitoring devices 5, 405. This may include a log related to heartbeat information and/or parking events from the monitoring device 5, 405.

2018100593 09 May 2018 [0234] Fig. 34 shows a list 967 of authorities (i.e. administrators 15 of the chargeable parking areas). This view may typically be available to a custodian in situations where multiple administrators use the system 1. 401. Such authorities may be a department of a local government that is in charge of administration of the chargeable parking areas. This list allows an authorised user of the custodian, to view and access details in relation to each of the authorities. It may also allow an overarching authority to review details of sub-administrators who are responsible for their respective chargeable parking areas 4; 404. Fig. 35 shows a list of individual persons (e.g. a comptroller) 969 representing the administrator 15 of the chargeable parking authority. This includes the individual person’s username 971, actual name 973, contact details 975, the authority 977 (i.e. administrator 15 of the chargeable parking area the person is representing), and status 979.

[0235] Fig. 36 illustrates details of billing 981 from the system 1, 401. This example is arranged by the billing type 983, and shows the authority 977, rates 945 and status 985. This allows a person to select and review the performance of particular billing types and chargeable parking areas. Such metrics may be used for planning, budgeting and reporting. Fig. 37 is similar to Fig. 36 but is sorted by billing methods 987. This includes an indication of the billable method 989, the billing unis 991 and status 985.

Defining parking regions and parking bays [0236] Fig. 38 illustrates details 992 of the parking regions (which may be a chargeable parking area 4, 404 administered by the administrator 15). This includes a definition of the parking region (chargeable parking area 4, 404) as an area within a radius 994 of a point position 995. The list of parking regions 993 allows a person to review and amend the details of the parking regions. Icons 1001 also allow review of the parking regions 1005 in relation to a map 1003 of a geographic area 1007 as shown in Fig. 40.

[0237] Fig. 39 illustrates a list of details 996 of parking bays 1009. In this example, the parking bays 1009 may be a subset of chargeable parking areas 4, 404 in a parking

2018100593 09 May 2018 region 993. This may allow differential pricing within chargeable parking areas 4, 404. This may also assist addition, review, and auditing of the chargeable parking areas 4, 404. The number 997 are indicated in the list of details 996 as well as icons 1000 to edit and manage the parking bays 1009 [0238] Fig. 40 illustrates how parking bays 1009 may be managed via the user interface 900, which includes a map 1003 of a geographic area 1007. This illustrates three parking bays 1009’, 1009”, and 1009” that are within the parking region 1005. The interface allows specification of parking bay manes 1011, the billing type 1013, start time 1015 and end time 1017 for the chargeable parking area 4. The billing type 1013 may include selecting the price rate, such as different rates per unit time or a fixed rate.

[0239] Figs. 41a to 41d illustrate a sequence to specify a parking bay 1009. The specified parking bay 1009 may be used as a basis for defining a chargeable footprint 451, 453 (as described above) for a chargeable parking area 4, 404 and/or toll area 406. Fig. 41a illustrates, at part of the user interface 900, a map 1003 of a geographic area 1007. This includes a selectable icon 1021 for the administrator 15 to “DRAW A SHAPE”. The parking bay 1009 may then be selected by the administrator 15 by drawing an overlay of a two-dimensional shape 1023, representing the desired selected subset, on the map 1003. This may include using the user input to select three or more points 1025 on the map 1003. These points are then used by a processing device to generate a polygon 1027 to provide the overlay of the two-dimensional shape 1023. In some examples, this may include joining the closest adjacent points 1025 together to form an enclosed two-dimensional shape.

[0240] The selected subset (which in this example is represented by the twodimensional shape 1023) may then be used to determine the chargeable footprint 451, 453. The chargeable footprint may then be stored in the data store 33 and/or sent, over the communications network 7, to the monitoring device 5, 405.

2018100593 09 May 2018 [0241] The advantage of this system is to allow an administrator to easily create, edit and manage parking areas 4, 404, or toll areas 406 through the network 7 without necessarily changing physical infrastructure. For example, in known parking systems a parking meter was a physical device located around a parking area. If an administrator 15 wishes to change the parking areas, conditions, or rates, a technician would need to go out go out to the site to install, move and/or service the parking meter. Examples of the present disclosure may allow the administrator to implement such changes via a user interface of a computing device that is located remote from the parking area. Such a computing device, that is connected to the network 7, may implement the changes at the server 9 and at the monitoring device 5, 405 without the need for a site visit to modify physical infrastructure.

Variations [0242] It is to be appreciated that the monitoring device 5 and 405 described above may, in some examples, be incorporated into the same device. In other examples, some of the features described in the monitoring device 5 may be incorporated in the monitoring device 405, and conversely some of the features described in the monitoring device may be incorporated in the monitoring device 5. Therefore various features from the methods 100, 500 and 800 may be performed by the monitoring device. Furthermore, although more than one processing devices have been described, it is to be appreciated that the methods 100, 500, 800 may be performed on the same processing device.

Processing device [0243] Fig. 42 illustrates an example of a processing device 17, 31, 417. The processing device may be in the form of a computer. The processing device 17, 31,

417 may be used at the monitoring device 5, 405 and/or the server 9. The processing device may also be used with one or more devices associated with the debtor/third party 11, payment server 13, and administrator 15 of the chargeable parking area. The processing device 17, 31, 417 includes a processor 310, a memory 320 and an interface

2018100593 09 May 2018 device 340 that communicate with each other via a bus 330. The memory 320 stores instructions and data for implementing the method 100, 200, 500, 600, 800 described above, and the processor 310 performs the instructions from the memory 320 to implement the method 100, 200, 500, 600, 800. The interface device 340 facilitates communication with the communications network 7 and, in some examples, with the user interface and other peripherals. It should be noted that although the processing device 17, 31, 417 may be independent network elements, server 9 may also be part of another network element. Further, functions performed by the processing device 17, 37, 417 may be distributed between multiple network elements.

[0244] It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the above-described embodiments, without departing from the broad general scope of the present disclosure. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive.

2018100593 09 May 2018

Claims

CLAIMS:

1. A computer-implemented method performed by a vehicle-fitted monitoring device to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area, or use of a vehicle in a toll area, wherein the monitoring device is associated with the vehicle, and the method comprises:

- sending, over a communications network, device data from the monitoring device to a server, wherein the device data is based on a position of the vehicle in the chargeable parking area;

- receiving, at a user input associated with the monitoring device, user input data, wherein the user input data is indicative of a confirmation or a denial from a user that the vehicle is parked or should be charged for parking or use of a toll area; and

- sending, over the communications network, the user input data to the server.
2. The computer-implemented method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises:

- determining the vehicle is in the chargeable parking area; and

- generating, at a user output associated with the monitoring device, an alert indicative of the vehicle being in the chargeable parking area.
3. The computer-implemented method according to claim 2, wherein determining the vehicle is in the chargeable parking area comprises:

- receiving, over the communications network, a signal from the server indicative of the vehicle being in the chargeable parking area.

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4. The computer-implemented method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the method further comprises:

- sending, over the communications network, updated device data to the server, wherein the updated device data is based on an updated position of the vehicle in the chargeable parking area or toll area;

wherein a time period in the chargeable parking area or toll area is determined based on time associated with the device data and the updated device data.
5. The computer-implemented method according to claim 4, wherein the method further comprises:

- sending, over the communications network, to the server an authorisation to debit an account balance of a user account associated with the monitoring device by debiting the user account by a debit value based on the vehicle having been parked for the time period in the chargeable parking area or toll area.
6. The computer-implemented method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the device data is based on a first output of a satellite navigation module associated with the monitoring device.
7. The computer-implemented method according to claim 6, wherein the method further comprises:

- determining the vehicle is stationary based on a second output of one or more auxiliary sensors associated with the vehicle, wherein the second output of the one or more auxiliary sensors is separate to the first output of the satellite navigation module, wherein the device data further includes an indication that the vehicle is stationary.

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8. The computer-implemented method according to 7 wherein the auxiliary sensors comprise one or more of:

- an accelerometer;

- a gyroscope;

- a magnetometer;

- a digital imaging device;

- a radar;

- a sonar; and

- a lidar.
9. A vehicle-fitted monitoring device to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area, wherein the monitoring device is associated with the vehicle, the monitoring device comprising:

- a user input to receive user input data, wherein the user input data is indicative of a confirmation or a denial from a user that the vehicle is parked or should be charged for parking;

- a first processing device to:

- send, over a communications network, device data from the monitoring device to a server, wherein the device data is based on a position of the vehicle in the chargeable parking area;

- send, over the communications network, the user input data to the server.

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10. The vehicle-fitted monitoring device of claim 9 further comprising:

- a user output, wherein the first processing device is further provided to:

- determine the vehicle is in the chargeable parking area; and

- generate, at the user output, an alert indicative of the vehicle being in the chargeable parking area.
11. A computer-implemented method to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area, wherein a vehicle-fitted monitoring device is associated with the vehicle, and the method comprises the steps of:

- receiving, over a communications network, device data from the monitoring device associated with the vehicle, wherein the device data is based on a position of the vehicle;

- receiving, over the communications network, user input data from a user input associated with the monitoring device, wherein the user input data is indicative of a confirmation or a denial from the user that the vehicle is parked or should be charged for parking; and

- determining that the vehicle has been parked for at least one time period in a chargeable parking area based on the device data and the user input.
12. The computer-implemented method according to claim 11, wherein the method further comprises:

- receiving, from a data store, geographic data of the chargeable parking area;

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- determining the vehicle is in the chargeable parking area based on the device data and geographic data; and

- sending, over the communications network, to the monitoring device a signal indicative of the vehicle being in the chargeable parking area.
13. The computer-implemented method according to claim 12, wherein the method further comprises:

- receiving, over the communications network, updated device data from the monitoring device associated with the vehicle, wherein the updated device data is based on an updated position of the vehicle;

- determining the vehicle is in the chargeable parking area based on the updated device data and geographic data, or based on the updated device data and the device data; and

- determining the at least one time period in the chargeable parking area based on time associated with the device data and the updated device data.
14. The computer-implemented method according to any one of claims 11 to 13, wherein the method further comprises:

- determining a debit value based on the vehicle having been parked for at least one time period in the chargeable parking area; and

- determining an account balance of a user account associated with the monitoring device by debiting the user account by the debit value.
15. The computer-implemented method according to any one of claims 11 to 14, wherein the device data is based on a first output of a satellite navigation module associated with the monitoring device.

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16. A computer system to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area, wherein a vehicle-fitted monitoring device is associated with the vehicle, the computer system comprising:

- a second processing device to:

-receive, over a communications network, device data from the monitoring device associated with the vehicle, wherein the device data is based on a position of the vehicle;

- receive, over the communications network, user input data from a user input associated with the monitoring device, wherein the user input data is indicative of a confirmation or a denial from the user that the vehicle is parked or should be charged for parking; and

- determine that the vehicle has been parked for at least one time period in a chargeable parking area based on the device data and the user input
17. The computer system according to claim 16 further comprising:

- a data store to store geographical data of the chargeable parking area;

wherein the second processing device is further provided to:

- receive, from the data store, geographic data of the chargeable parking area;

- determine the vehicle is in the chargeable parking area based on the device data and geographic data; and

- send, over the communications network, to the monitoring device a signal indicative of the vehicle being in the chargeable parking area.

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18. Computer program comprising machine-executable instructions to cause a processing device to implement the method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, 11 to 15, 19 to 31, 46 to 48 and 53 to 57.
19. A computer-implemented method performed by a vehicle-fitted monitoring device to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area, or use of a vehicle in a toll area, wherein the monitoring device includes one or more electronic circuits operable in a low power mode and a high power mode and the monitoring device is associated with the vehicle, and the method comprises:

- receiving an output from one or more auxiliary sensors, wherein the auxiliary sensors comprise one or more of:

- an accelerometer;

- a gyroscope;

- a magnetometer;

- a digital imaging device;

- microphone;

- an ultrasonic transducer; and

- an electromagnetic receiver or transceiver;

- determining the vehicle status including whether the vehicle is parked, or in use, based on the output of the one or more auxiliary sensors and vehicle status parameters stored in a data store, wherein the vehicle status parameters relate to statuses of the vehicle including that the vehicle is parked or in use;

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- based on determination of the vehicle status, initiating operation of the one or more electronic circuits in a high power mode, wherein in a learning mode the method comprises:

- receiving one or more outputs of the one or more auxiliary sensors that correspond to the vehicle being parked, or in use:

- comparing the one or more outputs of the one or more auxiliary sensors and the vehicle status parameters from the data store to determine a predicted status of the vehicle including that the vehicle is parked or in use;

- determining the standard deviation of respective outputs of the one or more auxiliary sensors for the predicted status; and

- updating the vehicle status parameter by calculating, based on the standard deviation, updated vehicle status parameters to provide a specified acceptable level of confidence in the predicted status.
20. A computer-implemented method performed by a vehicle-fitted monitoring device to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area, or use of a vehicle in a toll area, wherein the monitoring device includes one or more electronic circuits operable in a low power mode and a high power mode and the monitoring device is associated with the vehicle, and the method comprises:

- receiving an output from one or more auxiliary sensors, wherein the auxiliary sensors comprise one or more of:

- an accelerometer;

- a gyroscope;

- a magnetometer;

- a digital imaging device;

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- microphone;

- an ultrasonic transducer; and

- an electromagnetic receiver or transceiver;

- determining the vehicle status including whether the vehicle is parked, or in use, based on the output of the one or more auxiliary sensors;

- based on determination of the vehicle status, initiating operation of the one or more electronic circuits in a high power mode, wherein the monitoring device includes a data store to store vehicle status parameters, wherein the vehicle status parameters relate to statuses of the vehicle including that the vehicle is parked or in use, wherein in a learning mode the method comprises:

- receiving one or more outputs of the one or more auxiliary sensors that corresponds to the vehicle being parked, or in use;

- comparing the one or more outputs of the one or more auxiliary sensors and the vehicle status parameters from the data store to determine a predicted status of the vehicle including that the vehicle is parked or in use;

- receiving user input data indicative of a confirmation or denial from a user that the vehicle is parked, or in use; and

- updating the vehicle status parameters in the data store based on the predicted status of the vehicle and the confirmation or denial.
21. A computer-implemented method according to either claim 19 or 20, wherein in an automatic mode, the step of determining the vehicle status is based on:

- the output of the auxiliary sensors; and

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- vehicle status parameters.
22. A computer-implemented method according to any one of claims 19 to 21, wherein initiating operation of the one or more electronic circuits in a high power mode comprises one or more of:

- activating a satellite navigation module associated with the monitoring device; and

- activating a communication module associated with the monitoring device.
23. A computer-implemented method according to any one of claims 19 to 22 wherein initiating operation of the one or more electronic circuits in the high power mode is based on determining that the vehicle has changed vehicle status from parked to in use, or from in use to parked.
24. A computer-implemented method according to any one of claims 19 to 23 wherein the method comprises:

- sending, over a communications network, an output indicative of the location of the vehicle and/or time the vehicle is in the chargeable parking area.
25. A computer-implemented method according to any one of claims 19 to 24 wherein the method comprises:

- sending, over a communications network, an output indicative of the location of the vehicle and/or time or distance the vehicle is in use in the toll area.
26. A computer-implemented method according to any one of claims 19 to 25 wherein the method further comprises:

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- receiving, over a communications network, information indicative of the chargeable parking area, or toll area, in the vicinity of the current location of the vehicle.
27. A computer-implemented method according to any one of claims 19 to 26 wherein on completion of the one or more electronic circuits in the high power mode, the method further comprises:

- reverting operation of the one or more electronic circuits to a low power mode.
28. A computer-implemented method performed by a vehicle-fitted monitoring device to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area, or use of a vehicle in a toll area, wherein the monitoring device includes one or more electronic circuits operable in a low power mode and a high power mode and the monitoring device is associated with the vehicle, and the method comprises:

- determining a current location of the vehicle;

- determining a closest chargeable parking area, or toll area, from the current location of the vehicle;

- determining a travelling time for the vehicle to travel from the current location of the vehicle to the closest chargeable parking area, or toll area; and

- initiating operation of one or more electronic circuits in the low power mode or the high power mode based on the travelling time.
29. A computer-implemented method according to claim 28 wherein the method further comprises:

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- initiating operation of one or more electronic circuits in the low power mode during the travelling time and initiating operation of one or more electronic circuits in the high power mode based on completion of the travelling time.
30. A computer-implemented method according to either claim 28 or 29 wherein determining a closest chargeable parking area, or toll area, from the current location of the vehicle comprises:

- determining one or more chargeable parking areas, or toll areas, in the vicinity of the current location of the vehicle;

- determining one or more routes from the current location of the vehicle to the one or more chargeable parking areas, or toll areas;

- determining time periods to travel on the one or more routes based on an expected speed on the one or more routes; and

- determining the shortest one or more time periods to provide the closest chargeable parking area, or toll area.
31. A computer-implemented method according to any one of claims 19 to 27 further comprising the method according to any one of claims 28 to 30.
32. A vehicle-fitted monitoring device to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area, or use of a vehicle in a toll area, wherein the monitoring device is associated with the vehicle and includes one or more electronic circuits operable in a low power mode and a high power mode, the monitoring device comprising:

- one or more auxiliary sensors comprising one or more of:

- an accelerometer;

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- a gyroscope;

- a magnetometer;

- a digital imaging device;

- microphone;

- an ultrasonic transducer; and

- an electromagnetic receiver or transceiver;

- a third processing device to:

- determine the vehicle status including whether the vehicle is parked, or in use, based on an output of one or more of the auxiliary sensors and vehicle status parameters stored in a data store, wherein the vehicle status parameters relate to statuses of the vehicle including that the vehicle is parked or in use; and

- based on determination the vehicle status, initiate operation of the one or more electronic circuits in a high power mode, wherein in a learning mode, the third processing device is further configured

- receive one or more outputs of the one or more auxiliary sensors that correspond to the vehicle being parked, or in use:

- compare the one or more outputs of the one or more auxiliary sensors and the vehicle status parameters from the data store to determine a predicted status of the vehicle including that the vehicle is parked or in use;

- determine the standard deviation of respective outputs of the one or more auxiliary sensors for the predicted status; and

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- update the vehicle status parameter by calculating, based on the standard deviation, updated vehicle status parameters to provide a specified acceptable level of confidence in the predicted status.
33. A vehicle-fitted monitoring device to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area, or use of a vehicle in a toll area, wherein the monitoring device is associated with the vehicle and includes one or more electronic circuits operable in a low power mode and a high power mode, the monitoring device comprising:

- one or more auxiliary sensors comprising one or more of:

- an accelerometer;

- a gyroscope;

- a magnetometer;

- a digital imaging device;

- microphone;

- an ultrasonic transducer; and

- an electromagnetic receiver or transceiver;

- at least one user input to receive user input data, wherein the user input data is indicative of a confirmation or a denial from a user that the vehicle is parked, or in use;

- a data store to store vehicle status parameters, wherein the vehicle status parameters relate to statuses of the vehicle including that the vehicle is parked or in use;

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- a third processing device to:

- determine the vehicle status including whether the vehicle is parked, or in use, based on an output of one or more of the auxiliary sensors; and

- based on determination the vehicle status, initiate operation of the one or more electronic circuits in a high power mode;

wherein in a learning mode, the third processing device is further configured

- receive one or more outputs of the one or more auxiliary sensors that corresponds to the vehicle being parked, or in use;

- compare the one or more outputs of the one or more auxiliary sensors and the vehicle status parameters from the data store to determine a predicted status of the vehicle including that the vehicle is parked or in use;

- receive the user input data indicative of a confirmation or denial from a user that the vehicle is parked, or in use; and

- update the vehicle status parameters in the data store based on the predicted status of the vehicle and the confirmation or denial.
34. A vehicle-fitted monitoring device according to either claim 32 or 33, wherein in an automatic mode the third processing device is configured to determine the vehicle status based on:

- the output of the auxiliary sensors; and

- vehicle status parameters.

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35. The monitoring device according to any one of claims 32 to 34, wherein operation of the one or more electronic circuits in a high power mode comprises one or more of:

- activating a satellite navigation module associated with the monitoring device; and

- activating a communication module associated with the monitoring device.
36. A vehicle-fitted monitoring device according to any one of claims 32 to 35 wherein operation of the electronic circuits in the high power mode is initiated on determination that the vehicle has changed vehicle status from parked to in use, or from in use to parked.
37. A vehicle-fitted monitoring device according to any one of claims 32 to 36 wherein the monitoring device sends, over a communications network, an output indicative of the location of the vehicle and/or time the vehicle is in the chargeable parking area.
38. A vehicle-fitted monitoring device according to any one of claims 32 to 37 wherein the monitoring device sends, over a communications network, an output indicative of the location of the vehicle and/or time or distance the vehicle is in use in the toll area.
39. A vehicle-fitted monitoring device according to any one of claims 32 to 38 wherein the monitoring device receives, over a communications network, information indicative of the chargeable parking area, or toll area, in the vicinity of the current location of the vehicle.
40. A vehicle-fitted monitoring device according to any one of claims 32 to 39 wherein on completion of the one or more electronic circuits in the high power mode, the one or more electronic circuits revert to a low power mode.

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41. A vehicle-fitted monitoring device to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area, or use of a vehicle in a toll area, wherein the monitoring device is associated with the vehicle and includes one or more electronic circuits operable in a low power mode and a high power mode, the monitoring device comprising a third processing device configured to:

- determine a current location of the vehicle;

- determine a closest chargeable parking area, or toll area, from the current location of the vehicle;

- determine a travelling time for the vehicle to travel from the current location of the vehicle to the closest chargeable parking area, or toll area; and

- initiate operation of one or more electronic circuits in the low power mode or the high power mode based on the travelling time.
42. A monitoring device according to claim 41 wherein the third processing device is further configured to:

- initiate operation of one or more electronic circuits in the low power mode during the travelling time and initiate operation of one or more electronic circuits in the high power mode based on completion of the travelling time.
43. A monitoring device according to either claim 41 or 42 wherein to determine a closest chargeable parking area, or toll area, from the current location of the vehicle comprises the third processing device configured to:

- determine one or more chargeable parking areas, or toll areas, in the vicinity of the current location of the vehicle;

- determine one or more routes from the current location of the vehicle to the one or more chargeable parking areas, or toll areas;

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- determine time periods to travel on the one or more routes based on an expected speed on the one or more routes; and

- determine the shortest one or more time periods to provide the closest chargeable parking area, or toll area.
44. A monitoring device according to any one of claims 32 to 40 further comprising features of the monitoring device according to any one of claims 41 to 43.
45. A monitoring device according to any one of claims 32 to 44 further comprising:

- a solar cell to receive energy from light and to generate electrical energy; and

- a battery to receive energy from the solar cell and to power the one or more electronic circuits.
46. A computer-implemented method performed by a vehicle-fitted monitoring device to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area, or use of a vehicle in a toll area, the method comprising:

- determining one or more chargeable footprints based on respective chargeable parking areas and/or toll areas, wherein the chargeable footprints are defined in at least a two-dimensional space;

- receiving, from a positioning module at the vehicle, the current position of the vehicle;

- determining a vehicle footprint of the vehicle based on the current position of the vehicle from the positioning module, wherein the vehicle footprint is defined in at least a two-dimensional space;

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- determining one or more overlaps between the vehicle footprint and the one or more chargeable footprints; and

- determining a chargeable parking area or toll area that is used by the vehicle based on the one or more overlap.
47. A computer-implemented method according to claim 46 further comprising:

- determining corresponding overlap areas for each of the one or more overlaps between the vehicle footprint and the one or more chargeable footprints.
48. A computer implemented method according to 47, wherein the step of determining a chargeable parking area or toll area that is used by the vehicle based on the overlap comprises:

- comparing the corresponding overlap areas to identify a largest overlap area;

and

- determining a chargeable parking area or toll area based on the largest overlap area and corresponding overlap.
49. A vehicle-fitted monitoring device to account for parking of a vehicle in a chargeable parking area, or use of a vehicle in a toll area, wherein in use the monitoring device is fitted to the vehicle, the monitoring device comprising:

- a fourth processing device to;

- determine one or more chargeable footprints based on respective chargeable parking areas and/or toll areas, wherein the chargeable footprints are defined in at least a two-dimensional space;

- receive, from a positioning module at the vehicle, the current position of the vehicle;

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- determine a vehicle footprint of the vehicle based on the current position of the vehicle from the positioning module, wherein the vehicle footprint is defined in at least a two-dimensional space;

- determine one or more overlaps between the vehicle footprint and the one or more chargeable footprints; and

- determine a chargeable parking area or toll area that is used by the vehicle based on the one or more overlap.
50. A vehicle-fitted monitoring device according to claim 49 wherein the fourth processing device is further configured to:

- determine corresponding overlap areas for each of the one or more overlaps between the vehicle footprint and the one or more chargeable footprints.
51. A vehicle-fitted monitoring device according to claim 50, wherein to determine a chargeable parking area or toll area used by the vehicle based on the one or more overlay, the fourth processing device is configured to:

- compare the corresponding overlap areas to identify a largest overlap area;

and

- determine a chargeable parking area or toll area based on the largest overlap area and corresponding overlap.
52. A vehicle-fitted monitoring device according to any one of claims 49 to 51 further comprising:

- the positioning module to provide the current position of the vehicle to the fourth processing device, wherein the positioning module determines the current position of the vehicle based on one or more of:

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- satellite navigation system data;

- radio navigation system data;

- cellular communication system data; and

- Wi-Fi positioning systems data.
53. A vehicle-fitted monitoring device according to any one of claims 49 to 52, further comprising a data store for storing information defining the one or more chargeable footprints.
54. A computer-implemented method to generate a chargeable footprint based on a respective chargeable parking area and/or toll area, wherein the chargeable footprint is determined at least in a two-dimensional space, the method comprising:

- generating, at a user interface, a map of a geographic area;

- receiving, with a user input, a selected subset of the map of the geographic area, wherein the selected subset is defined by an overlay of a two-dimensional shape on the map of the geographic area, wherein a chargeable footprint of a chargeable parking area and/or toll area is based on the selected subset; and

- storing, at a data store associated with a server, the chargeable footprint of the chargeable parking area and/or toll area.
55. A computer-implemented method according to claim 54, wherein receiving, with a user input, a selected subset of the map comprises:

- receiving, with the user input, a selection of three or more points at the map;

and

2018100593 09 May 2018

- generating a polygon based on the three or more points on the map to provide the overlay of the two-dimensional shape on the map.
56. A computer-implemented method according to either claim 54 or 55 further comprising:

- receiving, with the user input, a specified rate for the chargeable parking area and/or toll area.
57. A computer-implemented method according to any one of claims 54 to 56 further comprising:

- sending, over a communications network, the chargeable footprint of the chargeable parking area and/or toll area to a vehicle-fitted monitoring device associated with a vehicle.

58. A computer implemented method according to any one of claims 46 to 48, wherein determining the one or more chargeable footprints based on respective chargeable parking areas and/or toll areas comprises:

- receiving, over the communications network, the chargeable footprint of the chargeable parking area and/or toll area determined by the method according to any one of claims 54 to 57.

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2018100593 09 May 2018

Vehicle Chargeable Free parking

Fig. 1

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Fig. 2

2018100593 09 May 2018

Fig. 3

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Fig. 10

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Receive one or more outputs of one or more auxiliary sensors that corresponds to the vehicle being parked, or in use

501

Compare the one or more outputs of the at least one or more auxiliary sensors and vehicle status parameters from the data store to determine a predicted status of the vehicle including that the vehicle is parked, or in use

503

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Receive user input data indicative of a confirmation or denial from a user that the vehicle is parked, or in' use

505

Update the vehicle status parameters in the data store basec on the predicted status of the vehicle and the confirmation or denial

507

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2018100593 09 May 2018 at least one routine of the one or more electronic circuits in the high power mode

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560

Determine a closest chargeable parking area, or toll area, from the current location of the vehicle

570

Determine a travelling time for theH vehicle to travel from the current location of the vehicle to the closest chargeable parking area, or toll area

580 ι_

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590

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