AU2014203799B2 - A Surface Composition and Method of Application Thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

A composition for forming a protective layer on a substrate comprises a plurality of silicas having different particle size ranges, and a curable resin. The substrate may be a building substrate such as a floor or wall concrete, blocks or bricks. The silica is typically white or colorless crystalline compound, SiO2, occurring abundantly as quartz, sand, flint, agate, and many other minerals used to manufacture a wide variety of materials, especially glass and concrete.

Description

1 A SURFACE COMPOSITION AND METHOD OF APPLICATION THEREOF TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention is directed to a curable composition that can be applied as a surface material on a building and cured to form a hard protective layer for the structure of a building. The present invention is also directed to a method of application. A preferred use of the composition is to provide a hard tough trafficable floor layer. BACKGROUND Any references to methods, apparatus or documents of the prior art are not to be taken as constituting any evidence or admission that they formed, or form part of the common general knowledge. Compositions, and particularly fluid compositions that can be applied over a surface and then hardened (for instance by curing) are known. These compositions are particularly useful to protect a floor. Flooring materials must withstand the wear and tear of human inhabitants and protect the building structure from damage caused by water, humidity and habitation. As flooring surface materials may be used over large exposed areas it is important that they contain no environmentally dangerous substances which may either contaminate local environments when in external use, or emit unhealthy gases or dangerous dust particles into internal living spaces. They should also be chemically and physically inert and stable during the entire lifespan of the building.

2 To meet the contemporary demands of architects and home owners it is preferable that a floor surfacing system be aesthetically beautiful, hardwearing, non-porous, seamless, maintenance free, and capable of enduring changes in both use and climatic conditions for the life of the building without deteriorating. Flooring products should also be capable of formulation with a variety of appearances, allowing design flexibility to meet individual decor requirements of building designers and to achieve a long aesthetic life. Optimally flooring surfaces should be scratch, slip, stain, abrasion and impact resistant, physically stable and chemically inert. Historically, cement, concrete, slate, stone, ceramic tiles, plastic products, solid wood and plant based building boards have all been used for this purpose as specific flooring products, Flooring can broadly categorised as modular and non-modular. Non modular methods used to achieve these criteria in the past include compacted earth, lime, terrazzo, polished concrete, resin based topcoats and 2 part epoxy coatings. All of these surfaces have the advantage of not requiring an adhesive layer to bond to the floor but their major negative attribute is that they all are subject to deterioration without appropriate maintenance and sealing applications. The consequences of poor maintenance may be a reduced surface gloss with epoxies, or liberation of silica dust from polished concrete or complete failure of compacted earth. Application of these products may also dictate that over time cracks may appear within the surfaces which are not complimentary to the finished product. Modular methods include ceramic, segmented concrete and natural stone surfaces. These require joints to facilitate expansion and contraction. This requires a skilled approach to laying and necessitates grouting joints between sections and the application of specialised adhesive products or mortars to ensure long life. The functionality of ceramic tiles and natural stone varies 3 greatly with variability of porosity and surface finish dictating the final stain and slip resistance. It is known to provide resin based topcoats where polymeric resin is mixed with marble and other aggregates to provide a decorative flooring surface which is polished flat, then sealed. These products have limited durability due to the softer aggregates used, limited functionality due to the sealing process ongoing maintenance requirements and easily develop integral cracks in areas of nonstandard dimensions. It is also known to use polished concrete to achieve a seamless surface allowing for the design of large surface areas without the need for segmented joints. The natural shrinkage of concrete as it cures means that with time concrete develops a network of surface cracks which detract from the unified surface which is initially attractive. Polished concrete is also dependent upon surface sealant products and maintenance procedures which are critical to the ongoing functionality of the surface. Other disadvantages with existing surface coating compositions is the lack of " porosity/stain resistance, " hardness/scratch resistance, " seamless application, " aesthetic appeal / design diversity, " slip resistance / level of polish, " customisability / individual application, " mechanical / flexural qualities, and the high maintenance of such surfaces. Further disadvantages with many existing techniques is that sealing is often needed due to the porous nature of the existing composite material. Standard segmented flooring products such as ceramic tile and natural stone require specialised bonding adhesive and grouts to fill necessary gaps between segments after installation.

4 Further disadvantages with many existing techniques is that it is not possible to cast in-situ into existing buildings over existing substrates, it is not possible to surface areas seamlessly over different levels and over concrete joints, and it is not possible to cast large areas without batch variations inherent in many manufactured flooring products. It is an object of the present invention to provide a composition and/or method and/or apparatus which may overcome at least some of the abovementioned disadvantages or provide a useful or commercial choice, SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a composition for forming a protective layer on a substrate, the composition comprising a plurality of silicas having different particle size ranges, and a curable resin. The substrate is preferably a building substrate such as a floor or wall. The substrate may comprise concrete, blocks or bricks. The silica is typically white or colorless crystalline compound, SiO 2 , occurring abundantly as quartz, sand, flint, agate, and many other minerals and used to manufacture a wide variety of materials, especially glass and concrete. Suitably, the silicas have a particle size range of between 50um - 5mm. Suitably, between 50-70% of the silicas have a particle range of between 50um-1 mm, and between 30-50% of the silicas have a particle range of between 1-5mm. Suitably, the composition comprises between 3-10 silicas of different particle size ranges. Preferably, the composition comprises 5-6 or about 5-6 silicas of different particle size ranges.

5 Suitably, the composition comprises at least some of the following silicas: A. Silica having a particle size range between 0.5mm-0.1mm, and preferably between about 0.3mm-0.15mm. The amount of silica may be between 10-40%, and preferably between 16-27% B. Silica having a particle size range between 1.5mm-0.1mm, and preferably between about 1mm-0.25mm. The amount of silica may be between 10-40%, and preferably between 16-27% C. Silica having a particle size range between 1.0-1.5mm, and suitably between 0.85-1.2mm. The amount of silica may be between 4-25%, and preferably between about 8-17%. D. Silica having a particle size range between 1.5mm-2.5mm, and suitably between 1.8-2.2mm. The amount of silica may be between 4-25%, and preferably between about 8-17%. E. Silica having a particle size range between 2-4mm, and suitably between 2.8-3.2 mm. The amount of silica may be between 5-20%, and suitably between 11-13%. F. Silica having a particle size range between 0.6-8mm, and suitably between 1-5 mm. The amount of silica may be between 2-15%, and suitably between 4-9%. Suitably, the composition comprises silicas A-F or A-E. Suitably, the composition comprises: A - 10%-30% of a silica having a particle range between 0.2-0.05mm, and B - 10%-30% of a silica having a particle range between 2.0-0.1 mm, and C - 5%-25% of a silica having a particle range between 0.60-2 mm, and D - 5%-25% of a silica having a particle range between 2.0-3.0 mm, and 6 E - 5%-20% of a silica having a particle range between 3.0 -4.0 mm, and F - 2%-15% of a silica having a particle range between 1.0-5.0mm, and between 5%-20% of the resin. Suitably, the composition comprises: A - 10%-30% of a silica having a particle range between 0.3-0.15mm, and B - 10%-30% of a silica having a particle range between 1.0-0.25mm, and C- 5%-25% of a silica having a particle range between 0.85-1.2mm, and D - 5%-25% of a silica having a particle range between 1.8-2.2mm, and E - 5%-20% of a silica having a particle range between 2.8-3.2mm, and F - 2%-15% of a silica having a particle range between 1.0-5.0mm, and between 5%-20% of the resin. Suitably, the percentages of silicas A-F are: A - 16%-27% B - 16%-27% C - 8%-17% D - 8%-13% E - 11%-13% F - 4%-9% Suitably, the composition comprises silicas in the following proportions Silica 150um - 300 um 26.23 % Silica 250um - 1 mm 26.23 % Silica +1mm 13.77% Silica +2mm 7.87 % Silica +3mm 7.87 % The curable resin may comprise a casting resin. The resin may comprise a polyester resin, an orthophthalic resin, an acrylic modified polyester resin and the like. Preferably, the resin is a polyester resin based on Isophthalic Acid and Neopentyl Glycol. If the resin is a polyester resin, the amount of resin in the composition may be between 5-25%, and suitably between 10-18%, and preferably at or about 13.96 %.

7 The resin may comprise an epoxy resin. The epoxy resin may be sourced from bio-renewable materials or from plant processes as opposed to being sourced from fossil fuels. A suitable epoxy resin may comprise an epoxidized pine oil, and/or a phenolic epoxy resin such as a bisphenol epoxy resin. If the resin is an epoxy resin, the amount of resin in the composition may be between 5-25%, and suitably between 10-18%, and preferably at or about 13.96%. The composition may include a curing or initiator agent. The agent may comprise a peroxide. A suitable peroxide may comprise MEKP [Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide] initiator. The amount of agent may be between 0.1-1%, suitably between 0.1-0.5% and preferably at or about 0.21 %. The agent may comprise a hardening agent which may comprise an amine. The amine may comprise a polyoxypropylenediamine used as an epoxy curing agent which can result in tough, clear, impact-resistant coatings and castings, an amidoamine, an aliphatic amine, and/or cycloaliphatic amine. The composition may include at least one additive to provide desirable properties to the composition. A suitable additive is to improve the stain resistance of the finished product. A suitable stain resistant enhancing additive comprises Alumina Tri-hydrate. The Alumina may be present in an amount between 0.5-10%, and suitably between 0.5-6% and preferably at or about 3.87 %. The Alumina Tri-hydrate may be present for reasons other than as a stain resisting additive. Aluminium hydroxide and alumina hydrate may be used interchangeably. The composition may include a coupling agent. The coupling agent is preferably an agent suitable for use in polymer concrete and solid surface applications. A suitable agent comprises a C 8000 coupling agent. The agent may improve mechanical properties such as flexural strength, compressive strength, and E-modulus. The amount of coupling agent used may vary depending on the particular agent, but if the agent is C 8000, the amount is 8 suitably between 0.003-0.015%, more suitably between 0.005-0.011%, and preferably at or about 0.008%. In a particularly preferred form, the composition may comprise A - 24-28% of a silica having a particle range between 0.3-0.15mm, and B - 24-28% of a silica having a particle range between 1.0-0.25mm, and C- 7-9% of a silica having a particle range between 0.85-1.2mm, and D - 7-9% of a silica having a particle range between 1.8-2.2mm, and E - 11-13% of a silica having a particle range between 2.8-3.2mm, and F - 3-5% of a silica having a particle range between 1.0-5.0mm, and 13-17% of a polyester resin, and 0.15-0.4% of MEKP. In a particularly preferred form, the composition may comprise A - 14-18% of a silica having a particle range between 0.3-0.15mm, and B - 14-18% of a silica having a particle range between 1.0-0.25mm, and C - 14-18% of a silica having a particle range between 0.85-1.2mm, and D - 10-14% of a silica having a particle range between 1.8-2.2mm, and E - 10-14% of a silica having a particle range between 2.8-3.2mm, and F - 6-10% of a silica having a particle range between 1.0-5.0mm, and 14-18% of a polyester resin, and 0.1-0.2% of MEKP, and heat treating the above mixture at between 60-80 degrees centigrade for between 60-120 minutes to form the cured composition. In a particularly preferred form, the composition may comprise A - 24-28% of a silica having a particle range between 0.3-0.15mm, and B - 24-28% of a silica having a particle range between 1.0-0.25mm, and C- 7-9% of a silica having a particle range between 0.85-1.2mm, and D - 7-9% of a silica having a particle range between 1.8-2.2mm, and E - 11-13% of a silica having a particle range between 2.8-3.2mm, and F - 3-5% of a silica having a particle range between 1.0-5.0mm, and 13-17% of a polyester resin, and 0.15-0.4% of MEKP, and 9 0.2-0.4% of a decorative additive in the form of a liquid colour. In a particularly preferred form, the composition may comprise A - 14-19% of a silica having a particle range between 0.3-0.15mm, and B - 14-19% of a silica having a particle range between 1.0-0.25mm, and C- 14-19% of a silica having a particle range between 0.85-1.2mm, and D - 10-15% of a silica having a particle range between 1.8-2.2mm, and E - 10-15% of a silica having a particle range between 2.8-3.2mm, and F - 6-11% of a silica having a particle range between 1.0-5.0mm, and 13-17% of a polyester resin, and 0.15-0.4% of MEKP, and heat treating the above mixture at between 60-80 degrees centigrade for between 60-120 minutes to form the cured composition. In a particularly preferred form, the composition may comprise A - 24-28% of a silica having a particle range between 0.3-0.15mm, and B - 24-28% of a silica having a particle range between 1.0-0.25mm, and C- 7-9% of a silica having a particle range between 0.85-1.2mm, and D - 7-9% of a silica having a particle range between 1.8-2.2mm, and E - 11-13% of a silica having a particle range between 2.8-3.2mm, and F - 3-5% of a silica having a particle range between 1.0-5.0mm, and 13-17% of a polyester resin, and 0.15-0.4% of MEKP, and heat treating the above mixture at between 60-80 degrees centigrade for between 60-120 minutes to form the cured composition. In a particularly preferred form, the composition may comprise A - 24-28% of a silica having a particle range between 0.3-0.15mm, and B - 24-28% of a silica having a particle range between 1.0-0.25mm, and C- 7-9% of a silica having a particle range between 0.85-1.2mm, and D - 7-9% of a silica having a particle range between 1.8-2.2mm, and E - 11-13% of a silica having a particle range between 2.8-3.2mm, and F - 3-5% of a silica having a particle range between 1.0-5.0mm, and 10-25% of an epoxy resin and hardener, and 10 heat treating the above mixture at between 60-80 degrees centigrade for between 60-120 minutes to form the cured composition. In a particularly preferred form, the composition may comprise A - 24-28% of a silica having a particle range between 0.3-0.15mm, and B - 24-28% of a silica having a particle range between 1.0-0.25mm, and C- 7-9% of a silica having a particle range between 0.85-1.2mm, and D - 7-9% of a silica having a particle range between 1.8-2.2mm, and E - 11-13% of a silica having a particle range between 2.8-3.2mm, and F - 3-5% of a silica having a particle range between 1.0-5.0mm, and 0.5-1-5% of a filler in the form of alumina tri hydrate, and 13-17% of a polyester resin, and 0.15-0.4% of MEKP. In a particularly preferred form, the composition may comprise A - 24-28% of a silica having a particle range between 0.3-0.15mm, and B - 24-28% of a silica having a particle range between 1.0-0.25mm, and C- 7-9% of a silica having a particle range between 0.85-1.2mm, and D - 7-9% of a silica having a particle range between 1.8-2.2mm, and E - 11-13% of a silica having a particle range between 2.8-3.2mm, and F - 3-5% of a silica having a particle range between 1.0-5.0mm, and 1-6-2.5 % of a filler in the form of alumina tri hydrate, and 13-17% of a polyester resin, and 0.15-0.4% of MEKP. The composition suitably has a compressive strength of between 50 MPA 100MPA. The composition suitably has a Barcol Hardness of between 30-60 and preferably between 39-46. The composition suitably comprises a protective flooring layer . In a particularly preferred form, the composition may comprise: 11 Silica 150um - 300 um 26.23 % Silica 250um - 1 mm 26.23 % Silica +1mm 13.77% Silica +2mm 7.87 % Silica +3mm 7.87 % Alumina Tri-hydrate 3.87 % Polyester Resin (ISO NPG) 13.96% MEKP Initiator 0.21 % C 8000 coupling agent 0 .008 % In another form the invention comprises a method for forming a composition comprising a plurality of silicas having different particle size ranges and a curable resin, the method comprising mixing the silicas with alumina hydrate in a first container; mixing the resin with a coupling agent and an initiator in a second container; combining and mixing the mixtures in a container; and applying reduced pressure to the container to remove air from the mixture. The silicas, aluminia tri hydrate, resin, coupling agent and initiator may be as described above. The reduced air pressure may comprise about 1 bar pressure for 5 minutes while mixing. The composition can be left to harden. This can be done at ambient temperature and with exposure to air. The hardening time may be between 1 10 hours and typically between 1-3 hours. The composition can be subjected to a post curing step. This step may use heat. The composition may be heated to 800C for a period of at least 2 hours to completely harden and chemically stabilise the composite materials.

12 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Example 1. The composition according to a preferred embodiment of the invention is as follows: Silica 150um - 300 um 26.23 % Silica 250um - 1 mm 26.23 % Silica +1mm 13.77% Silica +2mm 7.87 % Silica +3mm 7.87 % Alumina Tri-hydrate 3.87 % Polyester Resin (ISO NPG) 13.96% MEKP Initiator 0.21 % C 8000 coupling agent 0 .008 % All the silica must be thoroughly clean, dry and free from organic inclusions or contaminants. The silica and the alumina hydrate are mixed thoroughly within a mechanical mixer (not illustrated) sufficient to ensure they are homogenously combined. The polyester resin is measured into a mixing container in the exact proportions to the recipe. The coupling agent is added to the resin and mixed thoroughly. The initiator is added to the resin and mixed thoroughly. The resin, silica and alumina tri-hydrate are combined within a mechanical mixer and mixed thoroughly whilst applying vacuum pressure to remove all air from the mixed materials. (1 bar pressure for 5 minutes while mixing.) The material can then be applied to a surface and allowed to harden. A post curing step using heat can be used.

13 Table 1 illustrates 9 compositions - Examples 2-10 - using different silica size ranges and amounts and with different resins and additives. These are formulated using the general method described above - it being appreciated that some additives may not be present in all examples. Compression testing was done using an Avery Universal Testing Machine TABLE 1 SAMPLE NO P2EC2A(1) P2ECLARGE(2) P2EC2A(2) P2ECLARGE(1) P2EC2A(3) EXAMPLE 2 EXAMPLE 3 EXAMPLE 4 EXAMPLE 5 EXAMPLE 6 Compressive Strength (MPA) 59.30 72.37 77.15 78.03 78.32 (Std Deviation of test samples) 3.39 7.71 0.97 1.72 1.02 Barcol Hardness 41.00 39.00 45.00 46.00 41.00 (Std Deviation of resin samples) 3.50 2.50 1.30 2.70 2.10 Post Cured @ 73 deg for 90 minutes yes yes yes Strength increase after heat treatment 30% QUARTZ Predominately Silica (SiO2) A (.30 - .15mm) 25.973% 16.632% 25.967% 16.667% 25.970% B (1 - .25mm) 25.973% 16.632% 25.967% 16.667% 25.970% C (.85 - 1.2mm) 8.095% 16.632% 8.093% 16.667% 8.095% D (1.8 - 2.2mm) 8.095% 12.474% 8.093% 12.500% 8.095% E (2.8 - 3.2mm) 12.143% 12.474% 12.140% 12.500% 12.142% YB2 (4.5 1 mm) 8.316% F (1 - 5mm) 4.048% * 4.047% 8.333% 4.047% FILLER A1203 B153 (10 um) RESINS Isopthalic NPG polyester resin (POLYPLEX SS15) 15.179% 16.379% 15.175% 16.413% 15.177% Entropy Epoxy Resin (70%) Entropy Epoxy Hardener (30%) INITIATOR MEKP NR 20 0.228% 0.131% 0.228% 0.131% 0.228% DECORATIVE ADDITIVES Liquid Colours 0.097% 0.313% 0.290% 0.105% 0.107% 14 TABLE 1 Continued P2C2(7 PECA() EC2 EC2A SAMPLE NO P2EC2A(7) P2EC2A4) EXAMPLE EXAMPLE 9 10 Compressive Strength (MPA) 79.57 84.71 87.45 92.60 (Std Deviation of test samples) 2.19 4.30 2.31 2.17 Barcol Hardness 10.00 45.00 46.00 45.00 (Std Deviation of resin samples) 1.10 1.70 0.80 0.70 Post Cured @ 73 deg for 90 minutes yes yes Strength increase after heat treatment 10% QUARTZ Predominately Silica (SiO2) A (.30 - .15mm) 25.217% 26.014% 25.46% 25.82% B (1 - .25mm) 25.217% 26.014% 25.46% 25.82% C (.85 - 1.2mm) 7.860% 8.108% 8.49% 8.05% D (1.8 - 2.2mm) 7.860% 8.108% 8.49% 8.05% E (2.8 - 3.2mm) 11.790% 12.163% 12.74% 12.07% F (1 - 5mm) 3.930% 4.054% 4.24% 4.02% FILLER A1203 B153 (10 um) 0.95% 2.02% RESINS Isopthalic NPG polyester resin (POLYPLEX SS15) N/A 15.204% 13.97% 13.95% Entropy Epoxy Resin (70%) 12.607% Entropy Epoxy Hardener (30%) 5.404% INITIATOR MEKP NR 20 N/A 0.228% 0.21% 0.21% DECORATIVE ADDITIVES Liquid Colours 0.115% 0.107% N/A N/A * contained large amounts of impurities and some soft rock Table 1 illustrates that flooring compositions can be formulated with a compressive strength from 60-92 MPA. The table also illustrates the advantage of using alumina trihydrate and the lower resin content. There is a particular advantage in having a minimum of 25% of the silicas above 1 mm in size. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it seems that these 25% of larger particles contribute to a much lower demand for resin to coat outer surfaces than do finer quartz particles.

15 The table results also confirms up to 16% resin can be used to still get reasonably high compressive strength provided we have considerable particles >1 mm. The other interesting observation is the increase from EC2 to EC2A of 5mpa with the doubling of the AL203. This possibly indicates the alumina tri hydrate may perform some strengthening function - which may be due to it displacing area within the matrix that would otherwise be taken up by resin (as it is a mineral filler). The relationship between quartz particle size grading and minimum quantity of resin required to coat all particles is important to achieving high strengths. Table 2 illustrates additional examples and comparative examples. TABLE 2 SAMPLE NO T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Compressive Strength 72.19 75.62 37.66 65.74 (MPA) (Std Deviation) 13.43 2.97 5.71 5.89 Barcol Hardness 45.00 39.00 50.00 49.00 50.00 (Std Deviation) 1.20 0.80 0.50 1.10 0.70 Post Cured @ 73 deg for 90 minutes Strength increase after heat treatment QUARTZ Predominately Silica (Si02) YB1 (1 - .25mm) 29.97% 28.26% 38.19% 84.83% 11.49% YB2 (4.5 - 1mm) 29.97% 28.26% 8.49% 11.49% RIS1 (.30- .15mm) 29.97% 28.26% 38.19% 61.88% EC (1 - .25mm) 16 EC (.85 - 1.2mm) EC (1.8 - 2.2mm) EC (2.8 - 3.2mm) EC O/S (1 - 5mm) FILLERS A1203 B153 (10 um) 1.00% 1.00% 0.95% 1.00% 0.95% RESINS Isopthalic NPG polyester 8.99% 13.95% 13.97% 13.96% 13.97% resin (POLYPLEX SS15) GY 191 Cl (62.5%) Aradur 2961 LC 2000 (37.5%) Entropy Epoxy Resin (70%) Entropy Epoxy Hardener (30%) INITIATOR MEKP NR 20 0.09% 0.28% 0.21% 0.21% 0.21% PERFORMANCE ADDITIVE BYK C8000 Polymeric coupling agent DECORATIVE ADDITIVES Liquid Colours .6-1 mm Garnet 17 SAMPLE NO EC1 EC2 EC3 EC4 EC5 EC2A EC3A Compressive 75.31 87.45 85.45 52.45 74.61 92.60 85.82 Strength (MPA) (Std Deviation) 0.80 2.31 7.88 7.75 14.64 2.17 4.60 Barcol 50.00 46.00 50.00 47.00 49.00 45.00 43.00 Hardness (Std Deviation) 0.30 0.80 0.50 0.70 0.80 0.70 1.70 Post Cured @ 73 deg for 90 minutes Strength increase after heat treatment QUARTZ Predominately Silica (Si02) YB1 (1 - .25mm) YB2 (4.5 - 1mm) RIS1 (.30 - 42.43% 25.46% 25.46% 33.95% 57.29% 25.82% 26.23% .15mm) EC (1 - .25mm) 10.61% 25.46% 25.46% 33.95% 25.82% 26.23% EC (.85 - 1.2mm) 10.61% 8.49% 16.97% 8.49% 10.61% 8.05% 13.77% EC (1.8 - 2.2mm) 10.61% 8.49% 8.49% 8.49% 10.61% 8.05% 7.87% EC (2.8 - 3.2mm) 10.61% 12.74% 8.49% 12.07% 7.87% EC O/S (1 - 4.24% 4.02% 5mm) FILLERS A1203 B153 (10 0.95% 0.95% 0.95% 0.95% 0.95% 2.02% 3.87% um) 18 RESINS Isopthalic NPG 13.97% 13.97% 13.97% 13.97% 13.97% 13.95% 13.96% polyester resin (POLYPLEX SS15) GY 191 Cl (62.5%) Aradur 2961 LC 2000 (37.5%) Entropy Epoxy Resin (70%) Entropy Epoxy Hardener (30%) INITIATOR MEKP NR 20 0.21% 0.21% 0.21% 0.21% 0.21% 0.21% 0.21% PERFORMANCE ADDITIVE BYK C8000 Polymeric coupling agent DECORATIVE ADDITIVES Liquid Colours .6-1mm Garnet 6.36% 19 SAMPLE NO P2EC2A(1) P2EC2A(2) P2EC2A(3) P2EC2A(4) Compressive 59.30 77.15 78.32 84.71 Strength (MPA) (Std Deviation) 3.39 0.97 1.02 4.30 Barcol 41.00 45.00 41.00 45.00 Hardness (Std Deviation) 3.50 1.30 2.10 1.70 Post Cured @ yes yes 73 deg for 90 minutes Strength 30% 10% increase after heat treatment QUARTZ Predominately Silica (Si02) YB1 (1 - .25mm) YB2 (4.5 - 1mm) RIS1 (.30 - 25.973% 25.967% 25.970% 26.014% .15mm) EC (1 - .25mm) 25.973% 25.967% 25.970% 26.014% EC (.85 - 1.2mm) 8.095% 8.093% 8.095% 8.108% EC (1.8 - 2.2mm) 8.095% 8.093% 8.095% 8.108% EC (2.8 - 3.2mm) 12.143% 12.140% 12.142% 12.163% EC O/S (1 - 4.048% 4.047% 4.047% 4.054% 5mm) FILLERS A1203 B153 (10 um) 20 RESINS Isopthalic NPG 15.179% 15.175% 15.177% 15.204% polyester resin (POLYPLEX SS15) GY 191 Cl (62.5%) Aradur 2961 LC 2000 (37.5%) Entropy Epoxy Resin (70%) Entropy Epoxy Hardener (30%) INITIATOR MEKP NR 20 0.228% 0.228% 0.228% 0.228% PERFORMANCE ADDITIVE BYK C8000 0.169% 0.169% Polymeric coupling agent DECORATIVE ADDITIVES Liquid Colours 0.097% 0.290% 0.107% 0.107% .6-1 mm Garnet 21 SAMPLE NO P2EC2A(7) P2EC5A(1) P2EC5A(2) P2EC5A(3) Compressive 79.57 50.08 59.91 69.81 Strength (MPA) (Std Deviation) 2.19 4.21 3.91 3.75 Barcol 10.00 44.00 42.00 44.00 Hardness (Std Deviation) 1.10 1.80 1.40 2.30 Post Cured @ yes yes 73 deg for 90 minutes Strength 40% increase after heat treatment QUARTZ Predominately Silica (Si02) YB1 (1 - .25mm) YB2 (4.5 - 1mm) RIS1 (.30 - 25.217% 61.646% 61.720% 61.646% .15mm) EC (1 - .25mm) 25.217% EC (.85 - 1.2mm) 7.860% 11.416% 11.430% 11.416% EC (1.8 - 2.2mm) 7.860% 11.416% 11.430% 11.416% EC (2.8 - 3.2mm) 11.790% EC O/S (1 - 3.930% 5mm) FILLERS A1203 B153 (10 um) 22 RESINS Isopthalic NPG 15.031% 15.049% 15.031% polyester resin (POLYPLEX SS15) GY 191 Cl (62.5%) Aradur 2961 LC 2000 (37.5%) Entropy Epoxy 12.607% Resin (70%) Entropy Epoxy 5.404% Hardener (30%) INITIATOR MEKP NR 20 0.161% 0.161% 0.161% PERFORMANCE ADDITIVE BYK C8000 0.120% 0.120% Polymeric coupling agent DECORATIVE ADDITIVES Liquid Colours 0.115% 0.210% 0.210% 0.210% .6-1 mm Garnet 23 SAMPLE NO P2EC5 P2EC5A(7) P2ECLARG P2ECLARG A(4) E(1) E(2) Compressive 75.34 73.17 78.03 72.37 Strength (MPA) (Std Deviation) 9.67 2.63 1.72 7.71 Barcol Hardness 41.00 10.00 46.00 39.00 (Std Deviation) 1.00 1.20 2.70 2.50 Post Cured @ yes yes yes 73 deg for 90 minutes Strength 26% increase after heat treatment QUARTZ Predominately Silica (Si02) YB1 (1 - .25mm) YB2 (4.5 - 1 mm) 8.316% RIS1 (.30 - 61.785 59.350% 16.667% 16.632% .15mm) % EC (1 - .25mm) 16.667% 16.632% EC (.85 - 1.2mm) 11.442 10.991% 16.667% 16.632% EC (1.8 - 2.2mm) 11.442 10.991% 12.500% 12.474% EC (2.8 - 3.2mm) 12.500% 12.474% EC O/S (1 - 8.333% 5mm) FILLERS A1203 B153 (10 um)

RESINS

24 Isopthalic NPG 15.065 16.413% 16.379% polyester resin % (POLYPLEX SS15) GY 191 Cl (62.5%) Aradur 2961 LC 2000 (37.5%) Entropy Epoxy 12.823% Resin (70%) Entropy Epoxy 5.495% Hardener (30%) INITIATOR MEKP NR 20 0.161% 0.131% 0.131% PERFORMANCE ADDITIVE BYK C8000 0.017% 0.017% Polymeric coupling agent DECORATIVE ADDITIVES Liquid Colours 0.105% 0.350% 0.105% 0.313% .6-1mm Garnet The composition is applied to a surface Formwork can be used to contain the composition until it is cured. The composite material is allowed to harden at room temperature - which will occur between 1 and 3 hours. The formwork is then removed leaving the cast material adhering to the substrate.

25 When the product has hardened it is post cured by being heated to 80 0C for a period of at least 2 hours to completely harden and chemically stabilise the composite materials. The cured surface can be polished if desired as follows: After the composite material has been cast and cured, the surface is polished flat with a course disc on mobile concrete polishing equipment, to ensure the floor is flat and any undulations or variability in the cast sections are removed. The floor is then continuously polished with increasingly finer grades of polishing discs until the desired level of gloss and slip resistance is achieved. With preferred embodiments of the present present invention, surface performance is superior to most other flooring surfaces, less maintenance is required, and no sealing is needed due to the non-porous nature of the composite material. Standard segmented flooring products such as ceramic tile and natural stone require specialised bonding adhesive and grouts to fill necessary gaps between segments after installation. The material of the present invention is cast in-situ and has inherent bonding capability therefore removing the necessity to use a bonding adhesive during application. The finished product performance of the composition of preferred embodiments of the present invention confers the following benefits: * porosity/stain resistance e hardness/scratch resistance e seamless application * aesthetic appeal / design diversity * slip resistance / level of polish * customisability / individual application * mechanical / flexural qualities e Lack of maintenance.

26 With preferred embodiments of the present invention it is possible to: * cast in-situ into existing buildings over existing substrate e surface areas seamlessly over different levels and over concrete joints * cast large areas without batch variations inherent in many manufactured flooring products. In compliance with the statute, the invention has been described in language more or less specific to structural or methodical features. The term "comprises" and its variations, such as "comprising" and "comprised of" is used throughout in an inclusive sense and not to the exclusion of any additional features. It is to be understood that the invention is not limited to specific features shown or described since the means herein described comprises preferred forms of putting the invention into effect. The invention is, therefore, claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the proper scope of the appended claims appropriately interpreted by those skilled in the art. Throughout the specification and claims (if present), unless the context requires otherwise, the term "substantially" or "about" will be understood to not be limited to the value for the range qualified by the terms. 5 Any embodiment of the invention is meant to be illustrative only and is not meant to be limiting to the invention. Therefore, it should be appreciated that various other changes and modifications can be made to any embodiment described without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims (16)

1. A flooring composition comprising a plurality of silicas having different particle size ranges, and a curable polyester or epoxy resin, the silicas comprising: A - 10%-30% of a silica having a particle range between 0.2-0.05mm, and B - 10%-30% of a silica having a particle range between 2.0-0.1 mm, and C - 5%-25% of a silica having a particle range between 0.60-2 mm, and D - 5%-25% of a silica having a particle range between 2.0-3.0 mm, and E - 5%-20% of a silica having a particle range between 3.0 -4.0 mm, and F - 2%-15% of a silica having a particle range between 1.0-5.0mm, and between 5%-20% of the resin.

2. The composition of claim 1, comprising: A - 10%-30% of a silica having a particle range between 0.3-0.15mm, and B - 10%-30% of a silica having a particle range between 1.0-0.25mm, and C- 5%-25% of a silica having a particle range between 0.85-1.2mm, and D - 5%-25% of a silica having a particle range between 1.8-2.2mm, and E - 5%-20% of a silica having a particle range between 2.8-3.2mm, and F - 2%-15% of a silica having a particle range between 1.0-5.0mm, and between 5%-20% of the resin.

3. The composition of claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the percentages of silicas A-F are: A - 16%-27% B - 16%-27% C - 8%-17% D - 8%-13% E - 11%-13% F - 4%-9% 28

4. The composition of any one of the previous claims, wherein the resin is between 12%-17%.

5. The composition of any one of the previous claims including mineral filler.

6. The composition of claim 5, wherein the filler comprises between 0.5%-5% alumina hydrate.

7. The composition of any one of the previous claims including curing or initiator agent.

8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the agent comprises between 0.13%-0.23% MEKP.

9. The composition of any one of the previous claims including decorative additives.

10. A cured composition comprising subjecting the composition of any one of the preceding claims to a temperature of between 50 - 90 degrees celsius for between 30 minutes to 3 hours.

11. The composition of any one of the previous claims having a compressive strength of between 50 MPA - 100MPA.

12. The composition of any one of the previous claims having a Barcol Hardness of between 30-60 and preferably between 39-46.

13. The composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein between 50-70% of the silicas has a particle range of between 50um 1 mm, and between 30-50% of the silicas have a particle range of between 1 5mm. 29

14. The composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims comprising: Silica 150um - 300 um 26.23 % Silica 250um - 1 mm 26.23 % Silica +1mm 13.77% Silica +2mm 7.87 % Silica +3mm 7.87 % Alumina Tri-hydrate 3.87 % Polyester Resin (ISO NPG) 13.96% MEKP Initiator 0.21 % C 8000 coupling agent 0 .008 %

15. A method of forming a composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, comprising mixing the silicas with alumina hydrate in a first container; mixing the resin with a coupling agent and an initiator in a second container; combining and mixing the mixtures in a container; and applying reduced pressure to the container to remove air from the mixture.

16. A method for applying a composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims to a surface, the method comprising providing formwork on the surface; applying the composition in the formwork without trapping air in the composition; levelling the surface of the applied composition; hardening the composition in the formwork; and post curing the composition.