AU2010344043A1 - Methods of manufacturing a resilient rail clip - Google Patents
Methods of manufacturing a resilient rail clip Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- AU2010344043A1 AU2010344043A1 AU2010344043A AU2010344043A AU2010344043A1 AU 2010344043 A1 AU2010344043 A1 AU 2010344043A1 AU 2010344043 A AU2010344043 A AU 2010344043A AU 2010344043 A AU2010344043 A AU 2010344043A AU 2010344043 A1 AU2010344043 A1 AU 2010344043A1
- Authority
- AU
- Australia
- Prior art keywords
- bent rod
- amount
- load
- deflection
- predetermined
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D53/00—Making other particular articles
- B21D53/36—Making other particular articles clips, clamps, or like fastening or attaching devices, e.g. for electric installation
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
- E01B9/00—Fastening rails on sleepers, or the like
- E01B9/02—Fastening rails, tie-plates, or chairs directly on sleepers or foundations; Means therefor
- E01B9/28—Fastening on wooden or concrete sleepers or on masonry with clamp members
- E01B9/30—Fastening on wooden or concrete sleepers or on masonry with clamp members by resilient steel clips
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
- E01B9/00—Fastening rails on sleepers, or the like
- E01B9/02—Fastening rails, tie-plates, or chairs directly on sleepers or foundations; Means therefor
- E01B9/28—Fastening on wooden or concrete sleepers or on masonry with clamp members
- E01B9/30—Fastening on wooden or concrete sleepers or on masonry with clamp members by resilient steel clips
- E01B9/303—Fastening on wooden or concrete sleepers or on masonry with clamp members by resilient steel clips the clip being a shaped bar
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Clamps And Clips (AREA)
- Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
- Railway Tracks (AREA)
- Bending Of Plates, Rods, And Pipes (AREA)
- Straightening Metal Sheet-Like Bodies (AREA)
Abstract
A method of manufacturing a resilient rail clip comprises bending a rod, made of metal having a hardness value falling within a known hardness value range, into a predetermined shape and then subjecting the bent rod to a cold setting process in order to induce in the bent rod a predetermined amount of permanent set (S). One cold setting process comprises applying a first load (F) to part of the bent rod so as to cause a first amount of deflection of that part of the bent rod, which first load (F) is a predetermined load having a value equal to or greater than that required to reach the yield point of metal having the highest hardness value in the said hardness value range, measuring the first amount of deflection (d) of the said part of the bent rod achieved by applying the predetermined first load (F), determining, on the basis of the measured deflection amount (d), either (i) a second load (F + ΔF), which, when applied to the said part of the bent rod, will cause the bent rod to acquire the predetermined amount of permanent set (S), or (ii) a second amount of deflection (d + Δd) of the said part of the bent rod required in order to bring about in the bent rod the predetermined amount of permanent set (S), and applying the second load (F + ΔF) to the said part of the bent rod or deflecting the said part of the bent rod by the determined second amount of deflection (d + Δd). An alternative cold setting process comprises deflecting part of the bent rod by a predetermined first amount (d) by applying a first load (F) having a value equal to or greater than that required to reach the yield point of metal having the highest hardness value in the said hardness value range, measuring the amount of the first load (F) required to achieve the predetermined first amount of deflection (d), determining, on the basis of the measured load, either (i) a second deflection amount (d + Δd) required in order to bring about in the bent rod the predetermined amount of permanent set (S), or (ii) a second load (F + ΔF), which, when applied to the said part of the bent rod, will cause the bent rod to acquire the predetermined amount of permanent set (S), and deflecting the said part of the bent rod by the determined second deflection amount (d + Δd) or applying the determined second load (F + ΔF) to the said part of the bent rod.
Description
WO 2011/091893 PCT/EP2010/068893 1 METHODS OF MANUFACTURING A RESILIENT RAIL CLIP The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a resilient rail clip. 5 Various forms of resilient rail clips are known, for example as shown and described in GB1510224A and EP0619852B. A known method of manufacturing a resilient rail clip comprises bending a metal rod (usually made of steel) into a predetermined shape and then subjecting the bent rod to a cold setting process to achieve the final form of the clip. 10 Such rods have a common load-deflection characteristic with a common slope (clip stiffness) up to the elastic limit of the metal from which the bent rod is formed. Cold setting is intended to take the bent rod beyond that elastic limit, thereby inducing a permanent deflection (set) into the resulting clip, such that if it is then unloaded and 15 taken up the load-deflection characteristic a second time, the load-deflection characteristic will be linear up to a much higher load, that is up to the load at which the new characteristic intercepts that for the original rod. One of the key problems in cold setting is that the metal rods from which the clips are made themselves vary in hardness, typically between 44 and 48 Rockwell hardness. Since the elastic limit of 20 rods made from softer metal is lower than that of rods made from harder metal, if all rods are taken to a fixed deflection, they will all unload down slightly different parallel lines and take on different and varying amounts of set. The softer rods will take on more set, the harder ones less set. This is illustrated in Figure 1A of the accompanying drawings, which shows the load-deflection characteristics of a soft clip and a hard clip 25 and the difference in set As between them after cold setting. This difference in set results in clips that have different geometries (above and beyond the variation already inherent in manufacture), where the geometry depends on the hardness. Thus, although these cold-set clips will all have the same stiffness, regardless of hardness, driving these clips into a fixed assembly which deflects them all by the same amount 30 will result in the clips generating slightly different loads at the portion (the "toe") of the clip which bears on the railway rail. It is impractical to measure the hardness of each clip to be cold set directly before the start of the cold-setting process. Moreover, as shown in Figures 1B and 1C of the accompanying drawings, the problem cannot be overcome simply by changing the fixed amount of deflection applied during cold-setting 35 (Fig. 1B), or by applying a fixed force instead of a fixed deflection (Fig. 1 C), as this WO 2011/091893 PCT/EP2010/068893 2 does not address the underlying problem. In the past, in an attempt to address this problem, the rod is repeatedly cold-set a number of times, but this is not fully effective. According to an embodiment of a first aspect of the present invention there is provided 5 a method of manufacturing a resilient rail clip comprising bending a rod, made of metal having a hardness value falling within a known hardness value range, into a predetermined shape and then subjecting the bent rod to a cold setting process in order to induce in the bent rod a predetermined amount of permanent set, wherein the cold setting process comprises: applying a first load to part of the bent rod so as to 10 cause a first amount of deflection of that part of the bent rod, which first load is a predetermined load having a value equal to or greater than that required to reach the yield point of metal having the highest hardness value in the said hardness value range; measuring the first amount of deflection of the said part of the bent rod achieved by applying the predetermined first load; determining, on the basis of the measured 15 deflection amount, either (i) a second load, which, when applied to the said part of the bent rod, will cause the bent rod to acquire the predetermined amount of permanent set, or (ii) a second amount of deflection of the said part of the bent rod required in order to bring about in the bent rod the predetermined amount of permanent set; and applying the determined second load to the said part of the bent rod or deflecting the 20 said part of the bent rod by the determined second amount of deflection. According to an embodiment of a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of manufacturing a resilient rail clip comprising bending a rod, made of metal having a hardness value failing within a known hardness value range, into a 25 predetermined shape and then subjecting the bent rod to a cold setting process in order to induce in the bent rod a predetermined amount of permanent set, wherein the cold setting process comprises: deflecting part of the bent rod by a predetermined first amount by applying a first load having a value equal to or greater than that required to reach the yield point of metal having the highest hardness value in the said hardness 30 value range; measuring the amount of the first load required to achieve the predetermined first amount of deflection; determining, on the basis of the measured first load, either (i) a second deflection amount required in order to bring about in the bent rod the predetermined amount of permanent set, or (ii) a second load, which, when applied to the said part of the bent rod, will cause the bent rod to acquire the 35 predetermined amount of permanent set; and deflecting the said part of the bent rod by WO 2011/091893 PCT/EP2010/068893 3 the determined second deflection amount or applying the determined second load to the said part of the bent rod. Reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings, in 5 which: Figures 1A to 1C (described above) show the load-deflection characteristics of two rail clips of different respective hardness which have been cold set according to a previously-proposed method; 10 Figures 2A and 2B show respective flow diagrams depicting two alternative cold setting processes used in embodiments of the present invention; Figure 3A shows a rail clip undergoing part of a cold setting process used in an 15 embodiment of the present invention and Figure 3B shows the same rail clip after cold setting with a set caused by that cold setting process; and Figures 4A and 4B each show the load-deflection characteristics of two rail clips of different respective hardness, the thicker lines showing the characteristics after the 20 clips have been cold set according to a method embodying the present invention and the thinner lines showing the characteristics of the clips before cold setting, in which Figures 4A and 4B correspond respectively to methods embodying the first aspect and the second aspect of the present invention. 25 According to an embodiment of the present invention a rod of metal, having a hardness value falling within a known hardness value range, is bent into a predetermined clip shape (see Figure 3A) and then subjected to a two-stage cold setting process, as shown in the flow diagrams of Figure 2A or 2B. Firstly, the rod is loaded to a level equal to or beyond the yield point of a rod having a hardness value at the top of the 30 hardness value range (STEP 1). Then, depending on the method being used, either a measurement is taken of how much deflection dx has resulted in STEP 1 from a fixed applied force FO (STEP 2, Figure 2A), or how much force Fx has been required in STEP 1 to reach a fixed deflection do (STEP 2, Figure 2B). In the method of Figure 2A, which embodies the first aspect of the present invention, the measured deflection dx is then 35 used to determine the amount of force FO + AFx or second deflection amount dx + Adx (STEP 3, Figure 2A) required in order to induce in the bent rod a predetermined WO 2011/091893 PCT/EP2010/068893 4 amount of permanent set S in a second stage of the process, during which the larger force or deflection is applied to the rod. Similarly, in the method of Figure 2B, which embodies the second aspect of the present invention, the measured force Fx is then used to determine the deflection do + Adx or second load Fx + AFx (STEP 3, Figure 5 2B) required in order to induce in the bent rod a predetermined amount of permanent set S in a second stage of the process, during which the larger deflection or force is applied to the rod. In each case the measured values are used by equipment (and/or by a person) to find the additional force/deflection required, for example by reference to a predetermined look-up table or by calculation. In the second processing stage 10 (STEP 4), the rod is subjected to the force or deflection determined in STEP 3 of the preceding stage, the amount of which will vary depending on the hardness of the rod, such that the resulting clip (see Figure 3B) is always set to a point that lies along a line that is parallel to the initial load-deflection characteristic of the original rod, as shown in Figures 4A and 4B. In other words, as shown in Figures 4A and 4B, each clip when 15 unloaded will always fall back along an extension of this line, and thus all clips made using this method will have the same amount of set, and therefore the same finished geometry, as each other, regardless of the hardness of the rod. Thus, employing a method embodying the present invention allows the geometry of the clip after the cold setting process to be closely defined, and in particular it may be more precisely defined 20 than the geometry of the clip before the cold-setting process. Figure 4A shows the load-deflection characteristics for clips of different respective hardness, before (thinner lines) and after (thicker lines) cold setting by a method embodying the first aspect of the present invention, in which a measurement is taken of 25 how much deflection, dH (hard clip) or ds (soft clip), has resulted from application to the clip of a fixed applied force FO, and the measured deflection for that clip (dH/ds) is then used to determine the amount of force, FO + AFH (hard clip) or Fo + AFs (soft clip), or the amount of deflection, dH + AdH (hard clip) or ds + Ads (soft clip), required in order to achieve a predetermined amount of permanent set S. All clips cold set in this manner, 30 throughout the whole of the hardness range, will have the same set S. Similarly, Figure 4B shows the load-deflection characteristics for clips of different respective hardness, before (thinner lines) and after (thicker lines) cold setting by a method embodying the second aspect of the present invention, in which a measurement is taken of how much force, FH (hard clip) or Fs (soft clip), is required in order to achieve a 35 fixed deflection do of the clip, and the measured force for that clip (FH/Fs) is then used to determine the amount of deflection, do+ Ads (hard clip) or do + Ads (soft clip), or the WO 2011/091893 PCT/EP2010/068893 5 amount of force, FH + AFH (hard clip) or Fs + AFs (soft clip), required in order to achieve a predetermined amount of permanent set S. All clips cold set in this manner, throughout the whole of the hardness range, will have the same set S. 5 These methods are particularly advantageous when using hydraulic equipment of the type having force and deflection control, as this allows the determination to be made effectively instantaneously so that there is scarcely a pause in the cold-setting process,
Claims (2)
1. A method of manufacturing a resilient rail clip comprising bending a rod, made of metal having a hardness value falling within a known hardness value range, into a 5 predetermined shape and then subjecting the bent rod to a cold setting process in order to induce in the bent rod a predetermined amount of permanent set, wherein the cold setting process comprises: applying a first load to part of the bent rod so as to cause a first amount of deflection of that part of the bent rod, which first load is a predetermined load having a 10 value equal to or greater than that required to reach the yield point of metal having the highest hardness value in the said hardness value range; measuring the first amount of deflection of the said part of the bent rod achieved by applying the predetermined first load; determining, on the basis of the measured deflection amount, either (i) a second 15 load, which, when applied to the said part of the bent rod, will cause the bent rod to acquire the predetermined amount of permanent set, or (ii) a second amount of deflection of the said part of the bent rod required in order to bring about in the bent rod the predetermined amount of permanent set; and applying the determined second load to the said part of the bent rod or deflecting 20 the said part of the bent rod by the determined second amount of deflection.
2. A method of manufacturing a resilient rail clip comprising bending a rod, made of metal having a hardness value falling within a known hardness value range, into a predetermined shape and then subjecting the bent rod to a cold setting process 25 in order to induce in the bent rod a predetermined amount of permanent set, wherein the cold setting process comprises: deflecting part of the bent rod by a predetermined first amount by applying a first load having a value equal to or greater than that required to reach the yield point of metal having the highest hardness value in the said hardness value range; 30 measuring the amount of the first load required to achieve the predetermined first amount of deflection; determining, on the basis of the measured first load, either (i) a second deflection amount required in order to bring about in the bent rod the predetermined amount of permanent set, or (ii) a second load, which, when applied to the said part of the bent 35 rod, will cause the bent rod to acquire the predetermined amount of permanent set; and WO 2011/091893 PCT/EP2010/068893 7 deflecting the said part of the bent rod by the determined second deflection amount or applying the determined second load to the said part of the bent rod.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB1001301.9 | 2010-01-27 | ||
| GB1001301A GB2477282A (en) | 2010-01-27 | 2010-01-27 | Method of manufacturing a resilient metal rail clip with hardness within a known range |
| PCT/EP2010/068893 WO2011091893A1 (en) | 2010-01-27 | 2010-12-03 | Methods of manufacturing a resilient rail clip |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| AU2010344043A1 true AU2010344043A1 (en) | 2012-08-16 |
| AU2010344043B2 AU2010344043B2 (en) | 2014-07-17 |
Family
ID=42046114
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2010344043A Active AU2010344043B2 (en) | 2010-01-27 | 2010-12-03 | Methods of manufacturing a resilient rail clip |
Country Status (18)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20130074559A1 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP2528702B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP5677466B2 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR101779394B1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN102712028B (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2010344043B2 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR112012017549B1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2787694C (en) |
| DK (1) | DK2528702T3 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2531309T3 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2477282A (en) |
| MX (1) | MX2012008685A (en) |
| PL (1) | PL2528702T3 (en) |
| PT (1) | PT2528702E (en) |
| RU (1) | RU2543588C2 (en) |
| SI (1) | SI2528702T1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2011091893A1 (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA201205545B (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP4332300A1 (en) | 2022-08-29 | 2024-03-06 | voestalpine Turnout Technology Zeltweg GmbH | Tension spring for holding down a track body element |
Family Cites Families (18)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL163277C (en) * | 1974-02-26 | 1984-03-16 | Everts & Van Der Weyden Nv | METHOD FOR MAKING A RAIL CLAMP. |
| GB1510224A (en) * | 1975-11-07 | 1978-05-10 | Pandrol Ltd | Railway rail fastening clip and a railway rail-and-fastening assembly employing it |
| NL182379C (en) * | 1978-07-19 | 1988-03-01 | Everts & Van Der Weyden Nv | METHOD OF MANUFACTURING A C-SHAPED RAIL CLAMP. |
| US4300380A (en) * | 1978-10-13 | 1981-11-17 | Pandrol Limited | Apparatus and a method for use in making a railway rail-fastening clip |
| US4278204A (en) * | 1978-11-29 | 1981-07-14 | Pandrol Limited | Rail clip |
| NL7906455A (en) * | 1979-08-28 | 1981-03-03 | Everts & Van Der Weyden Nv | RAIL CLAMP. |
| EP0027839B1 (en) * | 1979-10-26 | 1983-07-27 | RALPH McKAY LIMITED | A rail clip holder |
| OA09065A (en) * | 1987-10-19 | 1991-10-31 | Pandrol Ltd | Fastening railway rails. |
| IN185922B (en) * | 1991-12-18 | 2001-05-19 | Pandrol Ltd | |
| DE69422170D1 (en) * | 1993-06-02 | 2000-01-20 | Jude Odihackukwunma Igwemezie | IMPROVED RAILWAY SLEEPER |
| GB2298442B (en) * | 1995-03-03 | 1999-01-13 | Pandrol Ltd | Railway rail-fastening clip and assembly |
| US7383709B2 (en) * | 2005-08-04 | 2008-06-10 | Custom Machining Services, Inc. | System and process for crimping a fitting to a fluid conduit |
| JP4842758B2 (en) * | 2006-10-06 | 2011-12-21 | 太平工業株式会社 | Rail fastening method with wire spring clip |
| BRPI0811283B1 (en) * | 2007-05-09 | 2019-07-16 | Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation | DEFINITION DEVICE FOR PRESSING A THIN SHEET AND PRESS CONFORMATION METHOD |
| ITRM20080078A1 (en) * | 2008-02-12 | 2009-08-13 | Cml Intarnational S P A | METHOD OF VERIFICATION AND COMMAND TO CURVE IN AN CONTINUOUS WAY A PIECE EXTENDED ACCORDING TO VARIABLE CURCATORS SPOKES AND MACHINE SO COMMANDED |
| HUP0800082A2 (en) * | 2008-02-12 | 2009-10-28 | Robert Csepke | Clamping device for fastening railway rails on cross-sleeper and fastener spring thereof |
| AU2010201544A1 (en) * | 2009-04-21 | 2010-11-04 | Betaswage Pty Ltd | Control of metal cold forming machines |
| IT1394105B1 (en) * | 2009-05-06 | 2012-05-25 | Cml Int Spa | MACHINE TO TURN CONTINUOUSLY AN EXTENDED PIECE ACCORDING TO PREDETERMINATED RAYS |
-
2010
- 2010-01-27 GB GB1001301A patent/GB2477282A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2010-12-03 JP JP2012550340A patent/JP5677466B2/en active Active
- 2010-12-03 CN CN201080062326.7A patent/CN102712028B/en active Active
- 2010-12-03 PL PL10796315T patent/PL2528702T3/en unknown
- 2010-12-03 RU RU2012136430/02A patent/RU2543588C2/en active
- 2010-12-03 DK DK10796315.9T patent/DK2528702T3/en active
- 2010-12-03 CA CA2787694A patent/CA2787694C/en active Active
- 2010-12-03 US US13/520,522 patent/US20130074559A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-12-03 BR BR112012017549A patent/BR112012017549B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2010-12-03 ES ES10796315T patent/ES2531309T3/en active Active
- 2010-12-03 AU AU2010344043A patent/AU2010344043B2/en active Active
- 2010-12-03 SI SI201030911T patent/SI2528702T1/en unknown
- 2010-12-03 KR KR1020127022098A patent/KR101779394B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2010-12-03 EP EP10796315.9A patent/EP2528702B1/en active Active
- 2010-12-03 MX MX2012008685A patent/MX2012008685A/en active IP Right Grant
- 2010-12-03 PT PT107963159T patent/PT2528702E/en unknown
- 2010-12-03 WO PCT/EP2010/068893 patent/WO2011091893A1/en active Application Filing
-
2012
- 2012-07-23 ZA ZA2012/05545A patent/ZA201205545B/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| PL2528702T3 (en) | 2015-07-31 |
| BR112012017549A2 (en) | 2016-06-28 |
| EP2528702B1 (en) | 2015-02-18 |
| JP5677466B2 (en) | 2015-02-25 |
| CA2787694C (en) | 2017-02-07 |
| ES2531309T3 (en) | 2015-03-12 |
| PT2528702E (en) | 2015-02-27 |
| EP2528702A1 (en) | 2012-12-05 |
| CA2787694A1 (en) | 2011-08-04 |
| SI2528702T1 (en) | 2015-05-29 |
| DK2528702T3 (en) | 2015-05-26 |
| GB2477282A (en) | 2011-08-03 |
| CN102712028A (en) | 2012-10-03 |
| US20130074559A1 (en) | 2013-03-28 |
| RU2543588C2 (en) | 2015-03-10 |
| BR112012017549B1 (en) | 2020-04-22 |
| KR20120116006A (en) | 2012-10-19 |
| KR101779394B1 (en) | 2017-09-18 |
| MX2012008685A (en) | 2012-08-23 |
| ZA201205545B (en) | 2013-04-24 |
| JP2013518196A (en) | 2013-05-20 |
| RU2012136430A (en) | 2014-03-10 |
| WO2011091893A1 (en) | 2011-08-04 |
| AU2010344043B2 (en) | 2014-07-17 |
| GB201001301D0 (en) | 2010-03-10 |
| CN102712028B (en) | 2014-11-05 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FGA | Letters patent sealed or granted (standard patent) |