AU2007277173A1 - Alternative organic fuel formulations including vegetable oil and petroleum diesel - Google Patents

Description

WO 2008/013848 PCT/US2007/016717 ALTERNATIVE ORGANIC FUEL FORMULATIONS INCLUDING VEGETABLE OIL AND PETROLEUM DIESEL Cross Reference to Related Applications This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 5 60/833,272, filed July 26, 2006, and U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/872,798, filed December 5, 2006. Field of the Invention This invention relates to alternative fuel formulations including vegetable oil. More particularly the invention relates to vegetable oil fuel formulations in which 10 glycerin does not have to be removed from raw vegetable. Background of the Invention Biodiesel is an alternative fuel based on renewable resources, most commonly vegetable oil. Biodiesel itself contains no petroleum, but is typically blended with petroleum diesel to create a Biodiesel blend. 15 The term Biodiesel is generally used to describe the output of a thermodynamic process where the glycerin component of vegetable oil is separated and removed from the ethyl or methyl esters of the source oil. The glycerin component of vegetable oil is normally considered a negative because its presence raises the viscosity and flash point of vegetable oil to levels that are incompatible with 20 commonly used diesel engines. Biodiesel offers several benefits over typical fossil fuels. These benefits include cleaner burning and the fact that it can be produced from available renewable resources.

WO 2008/013848 PCT/US2007/016717 Biodiesel, however, also has many drawbacks. For example, the process of producing Biodiesel is capital intensive and time consuming. The Biodiesel process also has ecological negatives, primarily in the form of pollutant byproducts. The typical Biodiesel process begins by taking, for example, ten gallons of 5 used vegetable oil. The oil is first filtered to remove food particulates in the oil. Methanol and lye are then added to the oil. The mixture is heated for a period of time, often several hours, to a temperature generally between 48 and 54 degrees C. The solution is then allowed to cool, generally for 8 hours or longer, during which the heavier glycerin component precipitates out of the solution. The methyl esters - the 10 Biodiesel - are then skimmed off of the top of the solution. Generally, a little over 60 vol.% of the solution will be refined Biodiesel fuel. The glycerin by-product is approximately 8 vol.% by volume of the original oil. Next, the Biodiesel fuel is cleaned with water to remove any remaining lye. If the lye is not completely removed from the fuel it can corrode certain types of vehicle fuel lines and, potentially, clog 15 fuel filters. Finally, the Biodiesel is cleaned and dried in a process that separates water and residual impurities from the pure Biodiesel. Among the pollutant byproducts of this process is water tainted with lye. Summary of the Invention Because of the numerous drawbacks associated with producing and utilizing 20 Biodiesel, a need exists for vegetable oil-based fuel formulations that do not require the separation of glycerin from raw vegetable. Accordingly, this invention includes what I call Alt-diesel fuel formulations and methods of making Alt-diesel fuel formulations that include vegetable oil in which glycerin may not be removed from the vegetable oil prior to use. 2 WO 2008/013848 PCT/US2007/016717 One embodiment of a fuel formulation includes 25 to 75 vol.% vegetable oil in which the glycerin has not been removed, 25 to 75 vol.% petroleum diesel, 0.001 to 5 vol.% fuel stabilizer, and 0.01 to 5 vol.% cetane boost additive. The cetane boost additive may include octylnitrate. The vegetable oil may be 5 an edible or non-edible plant oil. The vegetable oil may, for example, include (but is not limited to) jatropha oil, algae oil, soy oil, peanut oil. The formulation may further include 1 to 20 vol.% turpentine. The fuel formulation may also include 25 to 75 vol.% petroleum diesel. The fuel formulation may be configured to be used as an automotive fuel. 10 Another embodiment of a fuel formulation includes 25 to 75 vol.% vegetable oil from which the glycerin has not been removed, I to 50 vol.% petroleum diesel, 1 to 50 vol.% turpentine, 0.001 to 5 vol.% fuel stabilizer, and0.01 to 5 vol.% cetane boost additive. Yet another embodiment of a fuel formulation includes 70 to 98 vol.% 15 vegetable oil, 1 to 20 vol.% petroleum diesel, and 1 to 20 vol.% regular gasoline. The glycerin is not required to be removed from the vegetable oil. The formulation may include 0.01 to 5 vol.% cetane booster, and/or 0.001 to 5 vol.% fuel stabilizer. The formulation may also include I to 20 vol.% turpentine. The fuel formulation may also include 1 to 20 vol.% kerosene. 20 Another embodiment of a fuel formulation includes 70 to 98 vol.% vegetable oil, 1 to 40 vol.% ethanol, I to 20 vol.% petroleum diesel, and 0.01 to 40 vol.% surfactant. The glycerin is not required to be removed from the vegetable oil. The formulation may include 0.01 to 5 vol.% cetane booster, and/or 0.001 to 5 vol.% fuel stabilizer. The formulation may also include 1 to 20 vol.% turpentine. The fuel 3 WO 2008/013848 PCT/US2007/016717 formulation may also include I to 20 vol.% kerosene. A method of producing a fuel formulation includes blending together 70 to 98 vol.% vegetable oil from which the glycerin has not been removed, I to 20 vol.% petroleum diesel, and 1 to 20 vol.% regular gasoline. 5 Another method of producing a fuel formulation includes blending together 70 to 98 vol.% vegetable oil from which the glycerin has not been removed, I to 40 vol.% ethanol, 1 to 20 vol.% petroleum diesel, and 0.01 to 40 vol.% surfactant. Yet another method of producing a fuel formulation includes blending together 25 to 75 vol.% vegetable oil in which the glycerin has not been removed, I to 10 50 vol.% petroleum diesel, 1 to 50 vol.% turpentine, 0.001 to 5 vol.% fuel stabilizer, and 0.01 to 5 vol.% cetane boost additive. Another method of producing a fuel formulation includes blending together 25 to 75 vol.% vegetable oil from which the glycerin has not been removed, 25 to 75 vol.% petroleum diesel, 0.001 to 5 vol.% fuel stabilizer; and 0.01 to 5 vol.% cetane 15 boost additive. Detailed Description of the Invention Alternative formulations of vegetable oil-based fuels (hereinafter referred to as Alt-diesel formulations) that overcome or lessen several of the drawbacks of Biodiesel may be produced. These formulations can be produced quickly and easily 20 and can have little or no cold weather sensitivity at temperature lows typical to North America. These Alt-diesel formulations can burn more cleanly than fossil fuels such as #2 diesel. Alt-diesel formulations can burn at least 50% more cleanly than fossil fuels and, even at least 80% or more cleanly. 4 WO 2008/013848 PCT/US2007/016717 Alt-diesel formulations are noncorrosive so there are no fuel line problems or clogging of fuel filters. Vehicles may run on the Alt-diesel formulations without the need to modify the vehicles or vehicle components. These Alt-diesel formulations are stable and can be stored for long terms 5 before use without breaking down. Some Alt-diesel formulations may be stored at least one month, or a year or more before use. In one embodiment, the production of an Alt-diesel formulation starts with vegetable oil, for example, ten gallons of used or fresh soy oil. A wide variety of oils is suitable. Virtually any non-animal plant oil can be used. As used herein the term 10 "vegetable oil" will be used to refer to all non-animal plant oils suitable for use as fuel. Preferred oils include jatropha, algae, soy, peanut and a variety of other edible and non-edible vegetable oils. It is particularly beneficial that the described process utilize oils from non-edible plant sources. Preferably, the oil does not include or only includes small amounts of 15 shortening. Although vegetable shortening will work, less fuel is produced and more byproducts per gallon are generated from shortening. In addition, because of the higher water content in shortening, shortening is a poor fuel for use in diesel engines. Either fresh or used oil can be used. Used oil, however, is preferably separated before use. Used oil, for example, can be gathered from either restaurants 20 or a manufacturing facility. It can then be strained and placed in a settling tank. The oil then preferably settles for at least twelve hours. This process separates the good oil from the water and fats. The water and fats will settle to the bottom of the tank and can be drained off. The good oil or fresh oil can then be filtered either before or after mixing with one or more fossil fuels and/or additives. 5 WO 2008/013848 PCT/US2007/016717 Preferred amounts of vegetable oil in some formulations may include 25 to 75 vol.%, 30 to 70 vol.%, and 40 to 60 vol.%. Preferred amounts of vegetable oil in other formulations may include 70 to 98 vol.%, 75 to 95 vol.%, and 80 to 90 vol.%. The Alt-diesel formulation may include petroleum diesel, for example #2 5 diesel, which can be added to reduce the viscosity of the oil. Preferred amounts of petroleum diesel in some formulations may include 25 to 75 vol.%, 30 to 70 vol.%, and 40 to 60 vol.%. Preferred amounts of petroleum diesel in other formulations may include 1 to 20 vol.%, 5 to 15 vol.%, and 7 to 12vol.%. Preferred amounts of petroleum diesel in yet other formulations may include 1 to 50 vol.%, 10 to 40 vol.% 10 and 15 to 35 vol.%. The Alt-diesel formulation may include kerosene in addition to or in place of some or all of the petroleum diesel. Preferred amounts of kerosene in some formulations may include 25 to 75 vol.%, 30 to 70 vol.%, and 40 to 60 vol.%. Preferred amounts of kerosene in other formulations may include 1 to 20 vol.%, 5 to 15 15 vol.%, and 7 to 12vol.%. Preferred amounts of kerosene in yet other formulations may include 1 to 50 vol.%, 10 to 40 vol.% and 15 to 35 vol.%. The Alt diesel formulation may include turpentine, which like petroleum diesel and kerosene, can be added to reduce the viscosity of the oil. Turpentine has the added benefit that it can be obtained from organic sources. Preferred amounts of 20 turpentine in some formulations may include 25 to 75 vol.%, 30 to 70 vol.%, and 40 to 60 vol.%. Preferred amounts of turpentine in other formulations may include 1 to 20 vol.%, 5 to 15 vol.%, and 7 to 12vol.%. Preferred amounts of turpentine in yet other formulations may include 1 to 50 vol.%, 10 to 40 vol.% and 15 to 35 vol.%. The Alt-diesel formulation may include a fuel stabilizer. Fuel stabilizers are 6 WO 2008/013848 PCT/US2007/016717 additives which help prevent the fuel from undergoing degradation and oxidation, particularly during prolonged storage. Fuel stabilizers can also be used to prevent glycerin in the fuel from clogging the intake system. An example of a preferred fuel stabilizer is DIESEL KLEAN manufactured by Share Corp. Another example of a 5 preferred fuel stabilizer is STA-BIL fuel stabilizer manufactured by Gold Eagle Co. Preferred amounts of fuel stabilizer in the formulation include 0.001 to 5 vol.%, 0.01 to 1 vol.%, and 0.05 to 0.10 vol.%. The Alt-diesel formulation may include regular gasoline to aid with ignition. Preferred amounts of regular gasoline in the formulation include 1 to 20 vol.%, 2 to 10 10 vol.%, and 3 to 7 vol.%. The Alt-diesel formulation may include a cetane booster. A preferred cetane booster includes octylnitrate alone or in combination with other cetane boosting agents. An Example of a preferred cetane booster is AMSOIL cetane boost additive. Preferred amounts of cetane booster in the formulation include, 0.01 to 5 vol.%, 0.05 15 to 3 vol.%, and 0.1 to 2 vol.%. One method of producing an Alt-diesel formulation may include blending vegetable oil, petroleum diesel, fuel stabilizer, regular gasoline and cetane booster. The mixture is then ready for use. Another method of producing an Alt-Diesel formulation may include blending 20 vegetable oil, petroleum diesel, a fuel stabilizer, and a cetane booster. Yet another method of producing an Alt-Diesel formulation may include blending vegetable oil, petroleum diesel, turpentine, a fuel stabilizer, and a cetane booster. The Alt-diesel formulation may include ethanol. Ethanol can neutralize the negative attributes of glycerin in vegetable oil, as the glycerin is rendered inert and 7 WO 2008/013848 PCT/US2007/016717 burned off in the combustion process. In addition, when ethanol is used in the formulation the amount of gasoline, petroleum diesel, and/or kerosene used in the formulation can be reduced or even eliminated. The ethanol may be pure ethanol or denatured ethanol. Preferred amounts of ethanol in the formulation include 1 to 40 5 vol.%, 5 to 25 vol.%, and 10 to 20 vol.%. Another benefit that the ethanol brings to the ethanol containing Alt-diesel formulation is a reduction or elimination in the need for the fuel stabilizer component used in the previous formulation (as the surfactant/fuel-line-antifreeze achieves a similar result). Preferred amounts of fuel stabilizer in an ethanol containing 10 formulation include 0.001 to 1 vol.%, 0.005 to 0.75 vol. %, and 0.002 to 0.003 vol.%. The Alt-diesel formulation may include a surfactant. The surfactant component can be used to help insure the proper blending properties of the oil and ethanol. This component can also be used in the regulation of viscosity. Many suitable surfactants are currently used in fuel line antifreeze products sold today. 15 Preferred surfactants include, but are not limited to, Toluene, Acetone, and Stoddard solvent. Preferred amounts of surfactant in the formulation include .01 to 40 vol.%, 0.1 to 10 vol.%, and 0.5 to 5 vol.%. An example of a method of producing an ethanol containing formulation includes blending vegetable oil, ethanol, a surfactant, and optionally, other ingredients 20 to achieve the operational and burn characteristics of distillate petroleum fuels such as diesel and home heating oil. The process can be accomplished using simple mixing and filtration equipment. The process preferably produces no harmful by-products. Specifically, the process preferably produces only food particulates, and then only when waste oil 8 WO 2008/013848 PCT/US2007/016717 is used in the formulation, which can be sold to, for example, dog food manufacturers. The fuel also preferably leaves little or no build up in the intake and the exhaust manifolds of the engine. The Alt-diesel formulations can provide better lubrication than pure fossil diesel. In addition to working in diesel engine automobiles, the fuel 5 can also be used as a home heating oil with no need for modification of the burner needed. The oil or Alt-diesel formulations are preferably filtered to run through a typical diesel vehicle fuel filter of 2 micron filtration. Preferably, the Alt-diesel formulations are filtered to remove particulates that are more than 1 micron in 10 diameter. The Alt-diesel formulations can be produced by filtering the oil or formulations using one or more filters. A filtration system for used oil can include screening the oil as it is poured into a settling tank. The oil is then pumped from the settling tank through a 10 to 30 micron, more preferably 15 to 20 micron filter and 15 then through a 1 micron carbon filter. Finally, the oil is pumped through a 5 to 50 micron, more preferably, a 10 to 30 micron desiccate filter to remove any remaining water. The water separator is used because water can be extremely detrimental to diesel engines. The filtered oil can be mixed, if it wasn't mixed prior to filtering, with the fossil fuel(s) and/or additives and is ready to be pumped into the vehicle. 20 By filtering the fuel formulations using a series of filters, the pressure required to move the thick oil through the filters can be reduced. If new oil is being used the oil may only be pumped through a ten micron desiccate filter and then mixed. Examples This invention will be better understood with reference to the following non 9 WO 2008/013848 PCT/US2007/016717 limiting examples, which are intended to illustrate specific embodiments within the overall scope of the invention. Example 1 10 gallons of filtered oil were mixed with one gallon of kerosene and 5 oz of 5 STA-BIL fuel stabilizer. The 10% kerosene is the normal amount added to regular diesel fuel to run in cold weather. The 10% kerosene also appeared to give the oil the same viscosity as regular diesel. The STA-BIL fuel stabilizer was added to attach to the micro droplets of water in the oil. loz of fuel stabilizer was added to 2.5 gallons of fuel. 10 The fuel was used in a diesel John Deere tractor. The tractor would not start at first, but did eventually start when ether was used to facilitate initial combustion. The engine ran very roughly until it warmed up to normal operating temperature. Once up to temperature the engine ran well. This test showed that an additional component should be added to the formulation to produce a flash point typically used to get 15 combustion initiated while starting the engine. Accordingly, 5% regular gasoline was added to the mix to provide the needed flash point at ignition. With this refined formulation, the engine started and ran with no ether. Example 2 DIESEL KLEAN with Cetane booster was added to the formulation described 20 in Example 1 including the regular gasoline to help prevent residue build up and to raise the cetane level of the fuel. This mixture was then run in a used 1997 Volkswagen Passat TDI. Prior to running the mixture in the Passat, the intake was taken off of the engine. The intake was completely clogged with soot. In addition, the EGR valve was clogged as was the water pre-heater (this is a common problem 10 WO 2008/013848 PCT/US2007/016717 with diesel engines run in the Northeast part of the United States). Accordingly, these parts were cleaned as well as possible prior to running the fuel. 10,000 miles of testing was conducted on the Passat using this Alt-diesel formulation. During testing, the Passat was left exposed to low over-night 5 temperatures (recorded morning temperatures were as low as -4 oF). The Passat started without the block heater plugged in and without ether. The Passat would likely not have started on regular diesel under these conditions. After 10,000 miles the intake manifold of the Passat was removed to measure the soot build up. Not only was there no build up, but the remains of the soot that 10 were not removed earlier were starting to wash clean. The Alt-diesel formulation was not only running cleanly but was also clearing the engine of old residue. This Alt-diesel fuel was next tested on an unmodified 1986 Volvo Diesel, an unmodified 1980 Mercedes 300SD, an unmodified a 2005 Jeep Liberty Diesel and a Mercedes E300 diesel, to validate that the formulation worked on a variety of vehicles 15 without modifications. The Alt-diesel fuel ran successfully on all of these vehicles without any modifications. The 2005 Jeep Liberty Diesel has one of the most sophisticated diesel management systems of any diesel vehicle running in North America and, accordingly, provides a good test case for the use of the Alt-diesel formulation in 20 demanding applications. The Jeep was bought in North Carolina and then driven to New York. The dealer noted that the Jeep might not run as well on the dirty diesel fuel sold in the north east. The Jeep was driven to New York on the southern specification diesel fuel and subsequently run on the Alt-diesel formulation. The Jeep ran more quietly on the Alt-diesel formulation. New York-specification diesel was 11 WO 2008/013848 PCT/US2007/016717 then put in the Jeep and, after being started, the check engine light came on. The conclusion is that the Jeep rejected the New York-specification diesel fuel but ran with no issues on the Alt-diesel formulation. Finally, the Alt-diesel formulation was used as a home heating oil. An old oil 5 fired hot air furnace was used for the test. The same filtration process described above for the cars was used, but the Alt-diesel formulation was modified. Since the oil burner had an ignition system, the gasoline was removed from the mixture. The fuel burned perfectly with no change in nozzle size. Accordingly, an embodiment of the Alt-diesel formulation for cars is: 10 10 gallons used vegetable or peanut oil 1 gallon of Kerosene V2 gallon of regular gasoline 1.5 oz of STA-BIL fuel stabilizer 7 oz of Diesel Klean with cetane boost or Diesel fuel supplement with cetane boost 15 The same formulation with or without the regular gasoline can be used as a home heating oil. The fuel formulation was then tested for compliance with ASTM standards for #2 Diesel and Biodiesel. The results of these tests appear in Table 1. Example 3 An ethanol containing Alt-diesel formulation was prepared by mixing 10 20 gallons of used Vegetable Oil, 1 Gallon denatured ethanol, 1/2 gallon of Kerosene, 7 oz of Diesel Klean with cetane boost, and 1.5 oz Toluene. This formulation can be used as an automotive fuel. Example 4 An Alt diesel formulation was prepared by mixing 500 ml vegetable oil, 500 12 WO 2008/013848 PCT/US2007/016717 ml kerosene, 5 ml Diesel Kleen and 3 ml cetane boost additive. The fuel formulation was then tested for compliance with ASTM standards for #2 Diesel and Biodiesel. The results of these tests appear in Table 1. Preferably, the Alt-diesel formulation is selection to meet exceed one or more of these standards. As shown in Table 1, this 5 formulation met or exceeds the requirements for #2 Diesel and Biodiesel. Example 5 An Alt diesel formulation was prepared by mixing 500 ml vegetable oil, 250 ml kerosene, 250 turpentine, 5 ml Diesel Kleen and 10 ml cetane boost additive. The fuel formulation was then tested for compliance with ASTM standards for #2 diesel 10 and Biodiesel. The results of these tests appear in Table 2. Example 6 Alt-diesel formulation for cars can include 10 gallons used vegetable or peanut oil, 1 gallon of #2 diesel, 2 gallon of regular gasoline, 1.5 oz of STA-BIL fuel stabilizer, 7 oz of Diesel Klean with cetane boost or Diesel fuel supplement with 15 cetane boost. This same formulation with or without the regular gasoline can be used as a home heating oil. Example 7 Another ethanol containing Alt-diesel formulation is prepared by mixing 10 gallons of used vegetable oil, 1 gallon denatured ethanol, 1/2 gallon of #2 diesel, 7 oz 20 of Diesel Klean with cetane boost, and 1.5 oz toluene. This formulation can be used as an automotive fuel. Example 8 An Alt diesel formulation is prepared by mixing 500 ml vegetable oil, 500 ml #2 diesel, 5 ml Diesel Kleen and 3 ml cetane boost additive. 13 WO 2008/013848 PCT/US2007/016717 Example 9 Yet another Alt diesel formulation is prepared by mixing 500 ml vegetable oil, 250 ml #2 diesel, 250 turpentine, 5 ml Diesel Kleen and 10 ml cetane boost additive. 5 14 WO 2008/013848 PCT/US2007/016717 Do 8 a 00 a11 0 0i C U.0 z z o itL o~e~i'' '~~: a 00 0 u u 0p le0 ~ R2 z 4 N A I 0 E i iu 14 21 . aEH cu0 Ei LL 9 agC !~d :F ES WO 2008/013848 PCT/US2007/016717 Table 2 Method Test Results Units D4052 API Gravity @ 60 De F 29.4 deg API D93 method A Corrected lash Point 115 de P D2709 Water andSedinant <005 Vol % D445 at 40 dejC Kinematic Viscosity @ 40 0 C 6.078 cSt D874 Sulfated As <(1001 Wt% D5453 ISulfur 13.1 ppM DI30 CopperCorroion @ 122.* for 3 hrs .1a D613 Cetane Number 45.2 D2500 CloudPoint -47 degC D2500 CloiudPdint 1.4 deg F D4530 Micro Carbon Residue 0,35 Wt % D664 Acid Number 0.082 mgKOH D4951 Phosphorus- <0.(X O Wt % D1160.degP Initial Boilin Point 273.8 degF DI160;degF 5%Recovery 334.7 de F D1160,degF 10%Reoovery 338.7 degE F D1160,degaF 20%Reovero y 356.7 deF DL160,degP 30% Reoovery 390.6 de F DHt60.degF 40% Reoovery 424.6 deqP D1160.deIF 50% Reovery 834.6 deA F D1160.depF PinalBoilingPoint 9221 degF D160degF % Recovered 60.0 % DI160.,dePF %Loss 0.0 %O D1160,deaIF %Residue 40.0 % EN 14538 C21ium. <1.0 me/k EN 14538 Magnesium <1.0 mn fkg EN 14538 Sodiumi. <1.0 myfkp EN 14538 Potassium <1.0 I m / ki EN 14112 Oxidation Stability Induction Period @110 IC 4.8 hr Test Results for Example 5 Formulation 5 This application discloses several numerical ranges. The numerical ranges disclosed are intended to support any range or value within the disclosed numerical ranges even though a precise range limitation is not stated verbatim in the specification because this invention can be practiced throughout the disclosed numerical ranges. It is also to be understood that all numerical values and ranges 10 set forth in this application are necessarily approximate. It also to be understood that within these ranges, the Alt-diesel formulation can be tailored to meet the ASTM specifications of a wide range of petroleum fuels in the diesel family including, but not limited to, numbers 1 through 5 specification diesel, home 16 WO 2008/013848 PCT/US2007/016717 heating oil, and aviation jet fuel. The above description is presented to enable a person skilled in the art to make and use the invention, and is provided in the context of a particular application and its requirements. Various modifications to the preferred 5 embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, this invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein. 17

Claims (37)

1. A fuel formulation comprising: 25 to 75 vol.% vegetable oil from which the glycerin has not been 5 removed; 25 to 75 vol.% petroleum diesel; 0.001 to 5 vol.% fuel stabilizer; and 0.01 to 5 vol.% cetane boost additive. 10

2. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the cetane boost additive comprises octylnitrate.

3. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the vegetable oil is a non-edible plant oil. 15

4. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the vegetable oil comprises jatropha oil, algae oil, soy oil, or peanut oil.

5. The formulation of claim 1, further comprising 1 to 20 vol.% 20 turpentine.

6. The fuel formulation of claim 1, wherein the fuel formulation is configured to be used as an automotive fuel. 25

7. The fuel formulation of claim 1, further comprising 25 to 75 vol.% kerosene. 18 WO 2008/013848 PCT/US2007/016717

8. A fuel formulation comprising: 25 to 75 vol.% vegetable oil from which the glycerin has not been removed; 5 1 to 50 vol.% petroleum diesel; 1 to 50 vol.% turpentine; 0.001 to 5 vol.% fuel stabilizer; and 0.01 to 5 vol.% cetane boost additive. 10

9. The formulation of claim 8, wherein the cetane boost additive comprises octylnitrate.

10. The formulation of claim 8, wherein the vegetable oil is a non-edible plant oil. 15

11. The formulation of claim 8, wherein the vegetable oil comprises jatropha oil, algae oil, soy oil, or peanut oil.

12. The fuel formulation of claim 8, wherein the fuel formulation is 20 configured to be used as an automotive fuel.

13. The fuel formulation of claim 8, further comprising 1 to 50 vol.% kerosene. 25

14. A fuel formulation comprising: 19 WO 2008/013848 PCT/US2007/016717 70 to 98 vol.% vegetable oil; 1 to 20 vol.% petroleum diesel; and 1 to 20 vol.% regular gasoline. 5

15. The formulation of claim 14, wherein glycerin has not been removed from the vegetable oil.

16. The formulation of claim 14, further comprising 0.01 to 5 vol.% cetane boost additive. 10

17. The formulation of claim 16, wherein the cetane boost additive comprises octylnitrate.

18. The formulation of claim 14, further comprising 0.001 to 5 vol.% fuel 15 stabilizer.

19. The formulation of claim 14, wherein the vegetable oil is a non-edible plant oil.

20 20. The formulation of claim 14, wherein the vegetable oil comprises jatropha oil, algae oil, soy oil, or peanut oil.

21. The formulation of claim 14, further comprising 1 to 20 vol.% turpentine. 25 20 WO 2008/013848 PCT/US2007/016717

22. The fuel formulation of claim 14, wherein the fuel formulation is configured to be used as an automotive fuel.

23. The fuel formulation of claim 14, further comprising 1 to 20 vol.% 5 kerosene.

24. A fuel formulation comprising: 70 to 98 vol.% vegetable oil; 1 to 40 vol.% ethanol; 10 1 to 20 vol.% petroleum diesel; and 0.01 to 40 vol.% surfactant.

25. The formulation of claim 24, wherein glycerin has not been removed from the vegetable oil. 15

26. The formulation of claim 24, further comprising 0.01 to 5 vol.% cetane boost additive.

27. The formulation of claim 26, wherein the cetane boost additive 20 comprises octylnitrate.

28. The formulation of claim 24, further comprising 0.001 to 5 vol.% fuel stabilizer. 25

29. The formulation of claim 24, wherein the surfactant comprises 21 WO 2008/013848 PCT/US2007/016717 toluene.

30. The formulation of claim 24, wherein the vegetable oil is a non-edible plant oil. 5

31. The formulation of claim 24, wherein the vegetable oil comprises jatropha oil, algae oil, soy oil, or peanut oil.

32. The formulation of claim 24, further comprising 1 to 20 vol.% 10 turpentine.

33. The fuel formulation of claim 24, wherein the fuel formulation is configured to be used as an automotive fuel. 15

34. A method of producing a fuel formulation comprising: blending together 70 to 98 vol.% vegetable oil in which the glycerin has not been removed, 1 to 20 vol.% petroleum diesel, and I to 20 vol.% regular gasoline. 22 WO 2008/013848 PCT/US2007/016717

35. A method of producing a fuel formulation comprising: blending together 70 to 98 vol.% vegetable oil in which the glycerin has not been removed, 1 to 40 vol.% ethanol, 1 to 20 vol.% petroleum diesel, and 0.01 to 40 vol.% surfactant. 5

36. A method of producing a fuel formulation comprising: blending together 25 to 75 vol.% vegetable oil in which the glycerin has not been removed, 1 to 50 vol.% petroleum diesel, 1 to 50 vol.% turpentine, 0.001 to 5 vol.% fuel stabilizer, and 0.01 to 5 vol.% cetane boost additive. 10

37. A method of producing a fuel formulation comprising: blending together 25 to 75 vol.% vegetable oil in which the glycerin has not been removed, 25 to 75 vol.% petroleum diesel, 0.001 to 5 vol.% fuel stabilizer; and 0.01 to 5 vol.% cetane boost additive. 23