AU2001239418A1 - Composite building components - Google Patents

Description

Composite Building Components

This invention relates to composite building components, primarily but not exclusively for use in the construction of buildings such as houses and more particularly to composite building components which are generically known as structural insulated panels or SIPs.

Typically, SIPs incorporate a relatively flat plastics foam core of rectangular shape sandwiched between, and bonded to, two relatively thin, high strength, rectangularly shaped facings to form a laminated sandwich. SIPs have been in use for many years and have become well established in the construction industry, particularly in the USA, as an alternative to traditional brick/block cavity walls and the framed panel inner skin and outer skin brick/block cavity walls of timber frame buildings.

The foam cores of SIPs provide thermal and acoustic insulation which are superior to those of conventional brick or timber built houses, are resistant to moisture, shock, impact and fire and avoid the need for a water vapour barrier (house wrap). Moreover, SIPs are lightweight and easy to manipulate and a single SIP takes the place of many masonry blocks or building bricks, thereby decreasing construction time and reducing material costs. The foam cores also permit passageways or conduits for supply lines such as electrical wires to be cut in the fully formed foam cores in the factory, prior to assembly of the SIPs on site which further decreases construction time.

Instead of being applied separately in a second stage, it is advantageous to manufacture walls, floors and roofs incorporating insulation material as part of the building (or individual module structure). Such modules or panels known as SIPs have been used in the United States for over 50 years. These SIPs vary in thickness from say 50 mm up to 300 mm and to comply with common international building component dimensions, a typical wall or floor SIP would be 2.4 metres x 1.2 metres and the thickness would depend on the particular application, load bearing qualities and thermal insulation requirements.

In the USA, the most popular SIPs comprise an expanded polystyrene (EPS) core faced on its inner and outer surfaces respectively with two facing sheets of say 9mm to 15 mm thick of OSB (oriented Strand Board) or ply wood or in some cases cementitious board. These SIP building components have been successfully used, extensively over the last 50 years in the US in the construction of houses (usually single storey). Typically, the SIPs were supported from a base length of timber fixed to a suitable foundation and joined by timber splines or so-called biscuits to each other to form the walls of the building. When larger roof and wall loadings were required, the SIP modules were reinforced by incorporating a 2x4 inch timber reinforcing post within the SIP or in some cases these timber elements were used to connect the individual SIPs to each other. This method results in a SIP wall reinforced with timber frame elements.

Timber frame elements suffer from dry rot due to poor circulation of fresh air around the timber elements. The use of timber elements can also give rise to "cold spots" which reduce thermal efficiency. Therefore with any SIP for use with timber frame elements there is a need for adequate air circulation around ' the timber elements. It has been ascertained that an SIP foam core has several important functions. The core has to be stiff enough to keep the distance between the facings constant and must also be so rigid in sheer that the facings do not slide over each other and to prevent buckling. If the core is weak in sheer, the facings do not co-operate and the SIP sandwich will lose its stiffness. It has also been ascertained that the foam core has to fulfil further complex demands, namely strength in different directions and low density (economics) and also has other special demands with regard to buckling, insulation, moisture absorption, ageing, resistance etc. For example, the facings are required to transmit the compressive loads down to the foundation and the adhesive used to bond the facings to the core must be sufficiently strong to resist sheer and transmit load between the core and the facings.

The most practical and economical solution initially found to manufacture an SIP giving the requisite load bearing strength and insulation qualities, was an SIP panel utilising a core of high density (HD) extruded polystyrene (XPS). Testing XPS proved that this material had the necessary qualities and the synergy required to construct an SIP panel capable of sustaining compressive loading as would be found in a typical three storey housing structure. Testing was carried out at the Building Research Establishment (BRE) and it was proven that these XPS cored SIPs faced with ply wood facings were capable of sustaining phenomenal loads.

However, further investigation showed that the initial advantages of XPS were overweighed by XPS being considerably more expensive, both in terms of manufacturing and capital expense which rendered XPS uneconomical to use in an SIP composite building component.

Further consideration was therefore made of the SIP products as manufactured and used in the USA, particularly because SIPs utilising cut EPS cores have obtained approvals (ASTM) in the USA and general acceptance for use as load bearing building panels in construction. The loading figures achievable for EPS core material in use in the USA for SIPs are common knowledge. The minimum SIP core thickness typically used for SIPS in the USA is 150mm whereas in Europe cores of 50 mm thickness could be described as commonplace.

Cut EPS is typically in the region of three times less expensive than XPS and moulded polyurethane foam which is also used as a core in a SIP system already on the UK market. Urethane cores are dangerous in that they give off poisonous fumes when burned and so were not considered

Also, plans are afoot globally to ban the use of urethane in composite building components because urethane used in buildings, particularly houses, is no longer considered to be an environmentally responsible material.

The beauty of using cut EPS for the core material of SIPs is that EPS is not only cheap to manufacture but is universally regarded as an environmentally responsible construction material. This is because EPS does not contain harmful fibres, represents an efficient use of natural resources which saves energy and conserves resources through its manufacture, use and disposal. EPS does not contain or release compounds harmful to the ozone layer such as CFCs or HCFC's and its manufacture and use represents no danger to health. EPS insulation, in particular, has an invaluable role to play in helping to achieve dramatic reductions in energy use and reducing emissions that contribute to the greenhouse effect. EPS can be, and is being, recycled and the EPS industry is also leading the way in terms of developing a range of waste management solutions to ensure maximum recovery of waste. Further, EPS manufacture by the well known three stage process comprising pre- expansion, maturing and final block moulding is already proven and is capable of economically producing gigantic blocks of EPS of up to 20 metres long, 6 metres wide and 4 metres thick which is then cut into smaller sizes by the standard hot wire technique depending upon their intended purpose, such as cores for SIPs.

The raw material from which EPS is made is in the form of free flowing, lightweight and cellular beads made from styrene monomers derived from ethylene and benzene, themselves derived from crude oil. The beads contain an expansion agent, usually pentane, and have the appearance of granulated sugar. The raw material, which is available in various grades and can be described generally as regular and fire retardent types, is delivered in this form to the manufacturing plant in either 600 or 1000 kg 'octabins' or in a bulk carrier for transfer to storage silos, the latter being more economical.

In the first, pre-expansion, stage, the polystyrene beads are pre-expanded to 20- 40 times their original volume by heating to a temperature of about 100° C, using steam as the heat carrier, in an enclosed vessel known as a pre-expander. In pre-expansion, the volume of the polystyrene beads is increased and their bulk density changes accordingly - e.g. from 620 kg/cu. metre to 20 kg/cu. metre if the moulded density of the foamed material is to be 20 kg/cu. metre.

Following pre-expansion, the beads are cooled and dried before being stored to mature. After pre-expansion the beads have a partial vacuum and this is equalised by allowing air to diffuse through the beads. The beads are matured over around 24 hours. The density of the foamed block moulding produced from the beads is therefore practically the same because in final forming the block mould is completely filled with beads.

This second stage of maturing is required because, after cooling, the pre- expanded beads are initially still sensitive to pressure, and time must be allowed for them to acquire adequate strength. This happens by diffusion of air into the foam cells until the reduced pressure resulting from cooling and expanding agent condensation has been compensated. Accordingly, the pre-expanded beads are generally dropped straight out of the expander into a fluidised bed drier in which warm air from 25° to 35° C is blown in through the base of the drier. Fluidised bed driers operate continuously but must be designed with sufficient length to ensure adequate drying. The residence time of the expanded beads in the fluidised bed should be 1 to 5 minutes depending on their moisture content. After drying, the freshly pre-expanded beads are transferred to a maturing silo. Whilst maturing some expanding agent (pentane) escapes and this cuts down the foam pressure decay time required in moulding.

In the third and final block moulding/secondary expansion stage, the pre- expanded and matured beads are further expanded with steam in the mould until they fuse together to form a moulded block. Although polystyrene can also be expanded with other heat sources, e.g. with boiling water, hot air and other gases, steam has decisive advantages because:- it is a highly efficient heat transfer medium; its temperature at atmospheric pressure is close to the softening point of polystyrene; it is readily available; and it helps in the actual expansion process. Polystyrene is highly permeable to steam (water vapour) and as soon as the expanding agent starts to expand the beads, steam permeates into the newly formed cells. The steam pressure inside the cells thus balances the pressure of the steam surrounding the beads which can expand against virtually no resisting force. This permits expansion of the beads to low densities.

The mould for the production of block polystyrene foam for use in producing SIP cores normally consists of two parts defining a mould cavity that produces the shape of the finished moulding with each mould part being bolted onto a steam chamber. Steam is introduced into the mould cavity through a multiplicity of special core vents or jets, usually made from aluminium alloy. The spacing and number of core vents and the total vent area is important to guarantee proper filling (with no back pressure), steaming, cooling, and consequently the quality of the mouldings. Ease of cleaning and maintenance of the core vents is an important feature for efficient operation.

The mould parts typically are closed using hydraulic pressure and the pre- expanded beads are blown into the closed mould using air injectors with the air escaping via the steam nozzles or special vents. For large block moulds, for producing gigantic EPS blocks, which are of simple design, steam is supplied via the steam chambers through the multiplicity of steam jets or vents in the mould walls. The block mould is completely filled with the matured pre- expanded beads which are, in effect, closed polystyrene cells, and then steamed. As a result of the renewed heating to temperatures between 110° and 120° C, further expansion of the beads takes place but is confined to filling up the free volume of the mould cavity which compresses beads together because being contained by the mould they cannot expand freely and therefore creates internal pressure in the mould cavity. The beads fuse together along their boundary faces to form a moulded block. After a cooling (pressure reduction) period, usually using a vacuum to remove any moisture, the moulded block is dimensionally stable and can be released from the mould. Any remaining expanding agent (pentane gas) is expended during moulding so that the moulded block does not contain any residual expanding agent.

Investigations were carried out into American production methods for SIPs using EPS for the core material and the quality control procedure, and the material consistency was found to be seriously lacking and would not comply with typical current British & European quality control assurance schemes (BS5750, ESO 9000 and 9002). Detailed testing of the lamination of SIPS using EPS faced with OSB, ply wood and cementitious board were carried out. It was found, however, that spasmodically the SIP panel would be prone to collapse in the process of manufacture, usually when the panels were placed in vacuum press for curing of the adhesive. Detailed examination of the EPS core materials showed that whilst this material was manufactured to BS 3837/BS4370 and BS4735 and the overall density of say a 2.4 x 1.2 x 20 cm panel showed the material was correct, if the panel was cut into segments however there was seen to be significant variations in density across the panel.

Panel samples were purchased from numerous UK EPS block manufacturers and sample weight tests showed significant variation in density from panel to panel and also segment tests showed significant density variations across individual panels. It was realised that with such density variations and poor quality control methods, EPS manufactured and as supplied in the UK market would be totally unsuitable for the manufacture of SIPs for use in housing. There was therefore a need to devise some new form of manufacturing process for the cores of SIPs that enabled the density of the finished product to be controlled so that it could be held within exacting standards.

Another disadvantage of cores cut from EPS blocks, is that judder which occurs during hot wire cutting of the EPS block causes the formation of ridges and indentations in the surfaces of the cut EPS cores. In order to provide the precise surface tolerances required for the core surfaces that are bonded to the facings, the cut cores are passed through a planar thicknesser. This process produces waste EPS, another disadvantage.

It is known that when cycle crash helmets are moulded as individual items it is possible to control the density and quality within defined limits and apply stringent quality controls, thus ensuring that this vital piece of head protection will meet the necessary British Standards tests.

The present invention involves using moulding to manufacture expanded polymer cores for SIPs as individual quality controlled items. It has been found feasible to apply quality control procedures to produce a moulded expanded polymer product capable of complying with the exacting criteria of the insulating core material of a SIP. Specifically, it has been found possible by moulding polymers in a quality controlled environment to ensure that density variations do not exceed permitted amounts.

In one aspect, the present invention resides in a structural insulated panel having a core of an expanded polystyrene moulding sandwiched between, and bonded to, two facings, facings being attached to faces of the core formed by moulding.

The core is preferably formed by expansion of polystyrene cells in a mould such that any variations in density are minimal and/or the core is of sufficiently uniform density to permit load bearing of the panel without the need for additional structural supporting elements. Moulded cores of expanded polystyrene have been made that exhibit a density variation of as low as up to/down to + 2.0% as compared with the large density variations in cores cut from gigantic blocks.

Moulded cores in accordance with the invention are calculated to be 40% stronger than has hitherto been possible and have improved u-values.

In a still further aspect the invention resides in an individual moulding of expanded polymer for use as a core in a structural insulated panel in which the core is sandwiched between, and bonded to, two facings.

The invention also resides in methods of manufacturing any of the structural insulated panels defined above.

Hereinafter the expanded polymer will be referred to as XPS.

Significant advantages result from the invention. Firstly, the use of additional structural members of timber etc., in particular beyond the bottom story is avoided and thermal bridging within a building made form such laminated composite building components is minimised, thereby raising thermal efficiency. The structural insulated composite building components rely on the compression strength (core strength) of the component without the use of timber. A building can be produced, in particular a house, in which not only the traditional cavity wall and brick construction are replaced but also joist and floorboard floors and timber trussed roofing systems are replaced. This is all for a fraction of the cost of these traditional systems. There are therefore significant technical advantages over other competing products, notably urethane cored composite building component structures, timber frame, and some concrete or steel framed structures.

Building costs are reduced and construction is facilitated by means of a preferred embodiment of the invention in which the basic moulded core structural insulated panel is 1.2 metres (1200mm) wide, 0.2 metres (200mm) thick and 2.4 metres (2400mm) high/long and 2.88 square metres in area, i It has been calculated that it takes 334 standard bricks to produce a normal cavity wall construction (one brick thick and two half brick skins) of the same area. This is clearly a major leap forward in terms of on-site productivity.

To aid in flexibility of building, there is also envisaged blocks that are - O.δmetres and 0.3 metres wide, 2.75 and 3 metres high ( 3 meters is storey high) and 50mm, 75mm, 150mm, 250mm and 300mm thick.

The reinforcing facings need to be tough and to this end, facings of cementitious board, plywood, gypsum/textile composite board or OSB (oriental strand board) are preferred.

In order to ensure that the steam carries to all parts of the mould and ensure minimum variations in density, all surfaces of the mould are provided with a multiplicity, e.g. thousands, of small steam injection points.

By providing all surfaces of the mould with a multiplicity of small steam injection points, the moulded core structural insulated panel of the invention is strong, free of noxious gases, and thus is suitable for its main purpose as an environmentally responsible low cost structural building component Preferably, each moulded core is individually moulded in a full sized mould which provides a stronger core than that cut from a block. This is because the core has an integral surrounding skin of well-fused, denser cells.

In a preferred embodiment, which facilitates moulding and the obtaining of full thickness dimensions (at least 200mm), as well as having other advantages, the core is made in two mirror image halves that are moulded in what is called an hermaphrodite mould so that two mould halves taken from the same mould can be bonded together to complete a two piece core.

Each mirror image half is provided with male/female location means, preferably in the form of complementary projections and recesses with each half being provided with both complimentary projections and recesses so that it is a simple matter to turn one half through 180° and engage the projections and recesses of one half with the complimentary recesses and projections ofthe other half.

A given strength can thus be obtained with individually moulded cores at a lower density than with cut blocks. This saving is estimated at approximately 10% for densities of 25kg/cu.mtr. and higher. Accordingly individually moulded cores exhibit a lower density gradient than large cut blocks, especially at higher densities that always show considerable gradation in density across the thickness.

The centre of a gigantic moulded block is of significantly lower density than the overall density. It is, therefore, necessary to mould blocks at a higher density than is actually required in order to make sure that the centres of the blocks reach the required density. This problem does not occur with moulded cores and this factor gives a further saving of 8% to 10%. Since no density gradient is present, the moulded core weight and hence the product quality, are more consistent. In order substantially to facilitate the supply of services in a building utilising moulded core structural insulated panels, preferably, the mould is provided with inserts which form hidden passageways or conduits in the ultimate moulded core which are suitable for accommodating any form of supply line but in particular electrical wires and cables. In addition to electricity, conduits may be provided for gas, communications, water, ventilation and other usages. A matrix of passageways can be formed in this way to satisfy all necessary service requirements which are aligned as between adjacent panels both side by side and one above the other. Moreover, the positions of the matrix of passageways in relation to the dimensions of the core, can be so arranged that when one panel turned onto one of its sides of lesser width to form the wall beneath a window for example, the passageways in the adjacent panels will still be in alignment.

Whilst a cut core would loose some of its strength by the removal of material for supply passageways, e.g. 0.1% this does not happen with two part moulded cores because the passageways will be lined with a skin of fused cells that is integral with the surrounding skin of fused cells.

It has been found that an organic non-solvent, moisture controlled penetrative adhesive or glue e.g. MCPU, is the most effective, not only for bonding the facings together, but also the two part core pieces when the core is moulded in two parts. Such an adhesive is stronger than the building component itself because it penetrates between the closed cells. With two piece cores, the penetration of the adhesive in this way forms a layer of adhesive which extends between the cells of each moulded piece, thereby preventing the formation of a plane of separation between the two pieces and forming a bond that lasts as Jong as the foam cores.

^" It has been ascertained that the moulded foam core and reinforcing facings ■ glued together is comparable with an I-beam but is stronger than steel. The foam core is the equivalent of the I-beam web and the facings are the equivalents of the I-beam flanges. Whilst the strength of the panel is more than sufficient for normal building structures, because of its composite nature it is possible to increase the strength still further by adding a layer of, for example, a textile or fibre cloth to the interior surface of one or both facings. Adding such a layer or layers may have effects other than or in addition to increasing strength depending on the properties of the material. As one example, fire retardant properties may be increased. In another example, a textile layer may have ceramics embedded in it for security reasons or a thin electricity conducting wire entwined therein which could allow for heat flow and so obviate the need to put in under floor heating. In a still further example a metal weave web or hurrican fencing could be used not only to add great strength but also to act as a security barrier giving an indication if it is cut.

In the embodiment where the core is formed in two parts, an additional layer may be provided between the core halves as well as, or in addition to, between the core and one or both facings.

Moulded expanded polystyrene cores in accordance with the invention are so remarkably strong in compression that the structural insulated panels require no further input in terms of structural elements. There are no timber beams, steelwork etc. Initial tests indicate that structural insulated panels in accordance the invention might well be approved to build up to six floors and even ten floors high without further structural elements, hence opening up a potential further market in commercial construction.

A number of other components which will be used in the building of a house. These include a ring beam, of the same basic material, which adds horizontal stability and acts as a lintel over doors and windows, a box beam for extending panel spans by adding rigidity to lengths, a corner section and a seismic joint, again made from the same basic materials.

Intermediate floors, roofs etc. may all made from these basic components in a factory environment, and the large pieces are simply assembled on site. Once assembled, the whole can then be clad in local materials (brick tiles, stone, timber, rendering etc).

The surface of moulded cores has a better appearance than that of hot swire cut cores of which the appearance has been marred due to hot wire cutting judder and this could be used to impart a quality image by moulding-in trade names or marks.

A further contribution to the good surface appearance is the fact that normally a low pentane grade material can be used which consists of smaller beads than the block moulding equivalent. Exact dimensions are obtained since they are determined by the mould dimensions. The accuracy obtained is, therefore, much higher than in the case of block-cutting. It can be said that a design disadvantage with moulded cores is that the range of sizes offered must be limited, since mould costs are high and the mould changing time is long compared to the resetting of a hot-wire cutter. However, thickness adjustment can be easily achieved by the incorporation of spacers between the mould surfaces.

For effective insulation and structural connection, the structural insulated panels have to be provided with a system to eliminate the formation of gaps in the insulation caused by shrinkage or thermal contraction. In the case of cores cut from the block, this requires an extra, thus costly, operation by grinding, planing or milling. Moulded core panels, however, can be provided with special features, thus eliminating secondary operations to which reference will now be made. For example, recesses may be moulded in along the edges of the opposite facing surfaces of the cores by means of inserts in the mould so that the aligned recesses of adjacent cores assembled to form a wall of a building for example may receive respective elongate elements in the form of strips, known as "biscuits", for use in joining adjacent cores together without thermal bridging.

To keep the facings and the core cooperating with each other, the joints between the facings and the core must be able to transfer the shear forces between the faces and the core. The joints must be able to carry shear and tensile stresses. It's hard to specify the demands on the joints. A simple rule is that the joints should be able to take up the same shear stress as the core. The biscuit/recess joints guard against such problems occurring.

Whilst cut recesses would cause the core to lose loose some of its strength by the removal of material, the moulding process in two individually moulded part cores causes the recesses to be lined with a skin of fused cells that is integral with the surrounding skin of fused cells, like the service line passageways, to prevent any loss of strength. Moulded two part EPS cores 200mm wide can be produced to the requisite dimensions in a core moulding machine at a density of 24 kg per cm and a flexural strength of 400 kn/m2. To achieve the desired flexural strength using cores cut from the block, it would be necessary to use block material expanded at a minimum density of 35 kg. per cm. As previously stated, the density across the block would vary considerably and therefore it would be impossible to implement accurate quality control procedures. Accuracy of hot wire cutting would not give the dimensional tolerance required and the percentage waste ratio would climb dramatically.

The invention also comprehends methods of constructing buildings using any of the structural insulated panels defined hereinabove and to buildings constructed of such panels and/or in accordance with the method.

The advantages of moulded core structural insulated panels made according to the present invention are manifold particularly for the preferred EPS embodiment and are as follows:-

Cost effective - as compared with any other conventional building system

Mechanical Strength — Trials on this style of construction material show it to be far superior in all performance criteria to brick, timber or concrete structures of comparable size. A finished building, e.g. a house, will also be earthquake and hurricane proof.

Workable — Using standard tools can be adapted to suit specific customer requirements. Multi-skilled Constructors — once certification is achieved the buildings/houses can be constructed by relatively low skilled (or multi-skilled) workforce readily available.

Hidden Utilities — provision is easily made during moulding for power, communications cables, water pipes etc. to be completely hidden by engineering them directly into the moulded cores at the outset, thereby solving the conduit problems. This eliminates all types of costs relating to adding utilities after construction of the walls and is a considerable improvement on the American SIPs referred to previously in which conduits for service supply lines are cut into the already formed core which takes time and results in waste polystyrene and can cause core weakening.

Weather Strength - new, old and damaged components will meet the highest standards of resistance against wind, rain, snow, sun and frost.

Fire Resistance — of the two major constituents of the EPS moulded core structural insulated panels , one is non-flammable and has a two-hour fire rating and the other is self-extinguishing. Neither gives off toxic fumes during a fire. Thus a home can be built with out there being any combustible materials whatsoever.

Moisture Resistance — the EPS moulded core structural insulated panels are not susceptible to damage by water from blocked gutters, breached damp proof course, leaking pipes, rain exposure, etc.

Noise Attenuation — the use of high-density core material and the thickness of the walls formed from the EPS moulded core structural insulated panels components will give outstanding noise attenuation performance. Vibration through the panels is virtually impossible.

Long Life — the life of a brick and mortar house is around 100 years. Beyond that a major expense is required to keep it in good order. The design life of the EPS moulded core composite component homes will be targeted as 200 years. Information from the USA rates their SIP constructions relying on additional structural support from timber elements as having a 300-year life.

Thermal Performance - It is considered that EPS moulded core structural insulated panels will be the best thermally performing building material in the world. The u value, a measure of thermal resistance of a material, of the moulded core panel remains constant throughout the life of the component.

Readily Available Materials — all the main components of the EPS moulded core structural insulated panels will be available as commodity items or will be manufactured in-house.

Resistance to Organisms — none of the EPS moulded core structural insulated panels is prone to attack from insects, rodents, fungus or rot. If a particular problem exists in a certain part of the world, the product can readily accept fungicides, insecticides etc to resolve these issues.

Toxicity — the materials from which the EPS moulded core structural insulated panels are made contain no toxins, carcinogens or odours. EPS itself can actually be used in certain food grade applications.

Maintainability - there is no requirement for ongoing maintenance. The EPS moulded core structural insulated panels are resilient and will resist minor impact damage, e.g. from a slow moving vehicle. For serious impact damage, the building can he readily repaired using replacement panels.

Additions — the form of construction lends itself very well to extensions for additional rooms, bedrooms, garages etc. as the family grows. This fits well with many cultures where family dwellings start small and grow as funds and demands so dictate. Technically Approved — thinner SIPs than the moulded core composite building components are well accepted in the United States. Tests that have already been carried out by BRE show that the EPS moulded core structural insulated panels exceed racking resistance requirements for both stiffness and strength given in BS5268:part 6: Section 6.1 to resist wind and vertically imposed loads in domestic buildings.

Environmentally Friendly — the materials from which the EPS moulded core structural insulated panels are made are environmentally friendly. They offer substantial energy savings; over 80% of the components (by volume) can be recycled; and 100% of each component can be used in a power plant as fuel, thereby utilising the energy expended in its production: so it is energy efficient.

In order that the invention may be more fully understood, some embodiments thereof will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:-

Figures 1 and 2 are photographs of the raw polystyrene material and pre- expanded polystyrene beads respectively used for manufacturing ESP moulded cores of a structural insulated panel made by a method illustrated in Figures 3 and 4;

Figures 3 and 4 are schematic drawings illustrating one method of manufacturing a structural insulated panel (SIP) having a custom made/individually EPS moulded two part core and reinforcing facings, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

Figure 5 is a perspective view of a two part hermaphrodite mould for manufacturing EPS moulded cores of which two such cores form a two part core in the structural insulated panel made in the method of Figures 3 and 4; Figure 6 is a perspective view of the lower part of the hermaphrodite mould of Figure 5;

Figures 7, 8 and 9 are a side elevation, bottom plan view and top plan view respectively of one EPS moulded core part made in the mould of Figures 5 and 6;

Figure 10 is a cross-section taken along the line A-A of Figure 8 of two EPS moulded core parts made in the mould of Figures 5 and 6 .positioned one above the other in vertical alignment;

Figure 11 shows the two EPS moulded core parts of Figure 10 glued together to form a two part EPS moulded core:

Figure 12 is detail view to an enlarged scale of one part of the two part EPS moulded core of Figure 11 ;

Figure 13 is a perspective view of a structural insulated panel comprising the two part EPS moulded core of Figures 11 and 12 sandwiched between, and laminated by gluing to, two facings;

Figure 14 is a perspective view of a part of a corner structural insulated panel comprising the two part moulded core of Figures 11 and 12 sandwiched between, and laminated by gluing to, four facings;

Figures 15 and 16 are enlarged detail views of two adjacent structural insulated panels showing one method of joining the two panels together, for example to form a section of a wall of a building, just before and before and after joining together;

Figure 17 is perspective view of with parts cut away of a wall section comprising three adjacent structural insulated panels joined together in the manner shown in Figures 15 and 16;

Figure 18 is an exploded perspective view of a plurality of two part EPS moulded core structural insulated panels showing how the panels are joined together to form a wall of a building;

Figure 18a is diagrammatic view of the wall of a building formed of the joined together panels of Figure 18;

Figure 19 is an exploded perspective view of a plurality of two part EPS moulded core structural insulated panels having window and door apertures and showing how the panels are joined together to form a wall of a building;

Figure 20 is a perspective view from the front of a building, with the front removed, to show the interior and of which the walls, floors and roof are made from two part EPS moulded core structural insulated panels according to the invention;

Figures 21 and 22 are cross sectional and front elevational views respectively of a seismic joint joining together two part EPS moulded core structural insulated panels according to the invention and forming a floor and the walls of a building and which may be used to join the first floor to the walls of the building of Figure 20 to each other;

Figures 23 to 25 are part cross-sectional views of the components of a box beam using two part EPS moulded core structural insulated panels according to the invention;

Figure 26 is a part cross-sectional view of a box beam assembled from the components of Figures 23 to 25;

Figure 27 is a part perspective view of a one-piece individually EPS moulded core or use in making a structural insulated panel in accordance with another embodiment of the invention;

Figures 28 and 29 are enlarged detail views of two adjacent structural insulated panels using the core of Figure 27 showing one method of joining the two panels together for example to form a section of a wall of a building, just before and before and after joining together;

Figure 30 is a part perspective view of a one-piece individually EPS moulded core made of expanded polystyrene for use in making a structural insulated panel in accordance with a further embodiment of the invention; and

Figures 31 and 32 show graphs.

In the drawings the same reference characters have been used to designate the same or similar parts.

Referring to Figures 1 to 6 of the drawings, a low pentane grade polystryrene raw material, which consists of smaller free flowing beads 1 than the block moulding equivalent from which conventional EPS cores are made, is stored in a storage container 3 shown in Figure 4 from whence it is subjected to the three stage process involving pre-expansion, cooling and maturing and moulding/secondary expansion.

The raw polystyrene beads 1 are fed to the first, pre-expansion, stage 5 where the beads 1 are pre-expanded to 20-40 times their original volume by heating to a temperature of about 100° C, using steam as the heat carrier in the manner previously described herein. The pre-expanded beads which are indicated by the reference 6 in Figure 2 are cooled and dried in a fluidised bed dryer 7 (Figure 4) before being stored to mature in storage silos 8, as what are, in effect, closed cells, again as previously described herein. The third and final moulding/secondary expansion stage 9 (Figure 3) comprises an hermaphrodite mould 10 having two mould parts 10a and 10b as will be apparent from Figures 5 and 6. The walls of the mould parts 10a and 10b define a multiplicity of nozzles or vents 12 and air injectors (not shown) for a purpose to be described.

The mould part 10a defines a mould cavity that is formed with a peripheral recess (not visible) which accommodates a correspondingly shaped mould insert (not shown) that projects into the mould cavity during moulding. The mould part 10b is formed with a grid 14 (see Figure 6) of interconnecting longitudinally and transversely extending channels 16 and 18 respectively which are in alignment with respective slots 16a and 18a in the walls of the mould part 10a which slots and channels accommodate a correspondingly shaped grid mould insert when the mould is hydraulically or pneumatically closed to commence a moulding operation.

Additionally, the mould part 10b is provided with complimentary male/female locating means constituted by three projections 20 towards one end (the right hand end, as illustrated in Figure 6) of the mould part 10b and three identically positioned complimentary recesses 22 toward the other end (the left-hand end as illustrated in Figure 6) of the mould part 10b.

The pre-expanded and matured beads 6 are blown from the storage silos 8 into the mould cavity in the mould part 10a of the closed mould 10, using air injectors (not shown) with the air escaping via the nozzles or vents 12. Each mould part 10a, 10b is provided with its own bolted on steam chamber (not shown) which is in communication with the nozzles or vents 12 through which steam is introduced into the pre-expanded and matured bead 6 filled mould cavity in the mould part 10a of the closed mould 10.

In the closed mould 10, the beads 6 are heated to temperatures between 110° and 120° C and are further expanded with steam which is confined to filling up the free volume of the mould cavity which compresses beads together because, being contained by the mould, they cannot expand freely. This, therefore, creates internal pressure in the mould cavity so that the beads fuse together along their boundary faces, assisted by any residual stickiness of the circumference of the individual cells due to the heating to form an individually (custom) EPS moulded shaped core part. After a cooling (pressure reduction) period, usually using a vacuum to remove any moisture, the moulded core part is dimensionally stable and can be released from the mould 10. The moulded core part is indicated by the reference 24 and is illustrated in Figures 7 to 9. Any remaining expanding agent (pentane gas) is expended during moulding so that the moulded core part 24 does not contain any residual expanding agent. The individually (custom) moulded shaped EPS core part 24 part has a surrounding skin 26, as shown in Figure 12 and a grid of moulded, skin covered channels. Only the channel 18b is visible in Figure 12.

The spacing and number of nozzles or vents 12 and the total nozzle/vent area ensures that the steam reaches all parts of the mould cavity and thus provides moulded core parts 24 of which the density is substantially uniform in that it does not vary up or down more than +2.0%.

Referring more particularly to Figures 7 to 9, the surface 28, which is the upper surface as illustrated in Figures 7 and 9 of the individually moulded core part 24, has a peripheral recess 30 therein, i.e. a recess that extends all the way around its periphery. This peripheral recess 30 is formed by the mould insert in the recess in the mould part 10a and which projects into the mould cavity during moulding. A grid 14a of longitudinally and transversely extending channels 16b and 18b respectively are formed in the surface 32 by the mould insert grid that occupies the grid 14 of channels 16 and 18 and slots 16a and 16b during moulding. Also, it will be appreciated from Figures 7 and 8 that the three projections 20 and three identically positioned complimentary recesses 22 of the mould part 10b are responsible for forming the three recesses 20a and complimentary projections 22a in the undersurface 32, as illustrated, of the moulded core part 24.

When two (mirror image) moulded core parts or halves 24 have been produced in the mould 10 and successively demoulded, they are conveyed to an adhesive coating stage 34 (Figure 3) where their surfaces 32 are coated with an MCPU adhesive. Then, the two adhesive coated core parts 24 are conveyed to a pressing and setting stage 36 (Figure 3) where one core part 24 is turned through 180° relative to the other core part 24 to occupy the positions shown in Figure 10. In this position, the purpose of the complimentary projections 22a and recesses 20a will readily become apparent. This is because at the left hand end as illustrated, the recesses 20a of the upper core part 24 align with the projections 22a of the lower core part 24 and at the right hand end as illustrated, the projections 22a of the upper core part 24 align with the recesses 20a of the lower core part 24. The transverse channels 18b of the upper and lower core parts 24 as well as the longitudinal channels (not visible) are also aligned.

Thus, when the upper and lower core parts 24 are pressed together at the pressing and setting stage 36 to adhere the one to the other as shown in Figure 1. The aligned complimentary projections 22a and recesses 20a inter-engage precisely to locate the two core parts 24 with respect to each other and the aligned channels 16b, 18b form a matrix of passageways 38 for service lines. Once the adhesive has set, a two part custom moulded core 40 is produced which is conveyed to a quality check and assurance stage 42, as shown in Figure 3. The adhesive penetrates into the interstices between the closed cells of the two mould parts 24 to form a layer which is not shown in Figure 12 and extends between the two mould parts 24 so that there is no plane of separation between the two mould parts. Indeed the bond made by the adhesive layer is stronger than the EPS material of the moulded parts 24.

The next stage which is indicated by the reference 46 in Figure 3 involves the application of an MCPU adhesive to one surface of each of two panel facings, e.g. of OSB, ply wood or cementious board. The adhesive coated surfaces of the facings are then conveyed to a stage 48 (Figure 3) where they are applied carefully to the oppositely facing surfaces 28 of the moulded core 40. To ensure long lasting adhesion under load bearing conditions, the moulded two part core 40 with its applied facings is conveyed to a pressing and setting/curing stage 49 (Figures 3 and 4) where a mechanically or pneumatically operated press is used. A completed structural insulated panel (SIP) 50 and which is illustrated in Figure 13 has a core 40 sandwiched between, and adhesively bonded to, two facings 52.

Figure 14 shows a corner SIP 50 which, because the core 40 actually forms the corner, is virtually moisture in-penetrable as compared to conventional SIP corners formed by abutting separate SIPs against each other. It will be seen in each case that the recesses 30 are disposed inwardly of the facings which define with the core 40, a slot 30a for a purpose to be described with reference to Figures 15 to 17.

Referring to Figure 15, the slots 30a receive strips which are called biscuits 54 which may be adhered to those parts of the core 40 and facings defining the slots 30a to join adjacent SIPs 50 together, as shown in Figures 16 and 17. Additionally, the abutting faces of adjacent SIPs 50 may be adhered together, optionally as shown in Figure 16 by forming adhesive receiving channels 56 therein so that in Figure 16 there is shown a longitudinally extending bead of adhesive 56a occupying the channels 56. The longitudinally and transversely extending passageways 38 for supply lines can be seen in Figure 17.

Figure 18 shows how SIPs 50 may be assembled to form a wall of a building which is shown completed in Figure 18a, as indicated by the reference 57 by the use of biscuits 54 in the manner shown in Figures 15 to 17 and by extending the facings 52 upwards beyond the cores 40 to provide top channels 60 for elongate elements 58. It will be seen that the upper SIPs 50 have been shaped to fit with an unshown pitched roof. In Figure 19, apertures 62 for doors and windows are cut in SIPs 50 forming a wall 64 and are provided with respective frames 66 that fit in channels 60 formed by extending the facings 52 beyond the cores 40. The SIPs 50 are supported on a foundation 68 by means of an elongate sole plate element 58 engaging in a channel 60 in each SIP 50.

The building 70 illustrated in Figure 20 is a two storey (floor) building with a foundation (ground floor) 72, walls 74, first floor 76, roofs 78 and a roof supporting beam 80 acting as an I-beam in which the core 40 is the equivalent of the I-beam web and the facings 52 are the equivalents of the I-beam flanges, are of SIPs 50. The first floor 76 may be joined to the wall SIPs 50 by means of the joint 90 illustrated in Figures 21 and 22 to which reference will now be made. The joint 90 comprises a channel element 91 supporting the second storey wall on the first floor 76 with a dowel element 92 extending through the channel element 91 and into the cores 40 of the SIPs 50 of the first floor and ground floor walls. The joint 90 has a capping 93 that fits over the projecting part 94 of the first floor 76.

Referring to Figures 23 to 25, there is shown the elements of an SIP having cores 40, facings 52 and biscuits 54 that are adhered together into a box beam which is shown assembled and indicated by the reference 100 in Figure 26. The box beam 100 is utilised for extending SIP spans by adding rigidity to lengths. An I-beam such as is mentioned in the preceding paragraph can be substituted for the box beam 100 as required by load demands.

The embodiment of core 40a shown in Figure 27 differs from the two part core 40 of the previous drawings in that the core 40a is a one-piece custom made individually moulded EPS block type core having a maximum thickness of 100mm. As will be apparent from Figures 28 and 29, two adjacent SIP's 50 are joined together in a similar manner as described with reference to Figures 15 and 16 for the SIPs 50 with the two-part cores 40 except that there are no channels 56 which receive an adhesive bead 56a. The core 40a will be made in a mould that functions in the same way as the mould 10 and the upper mould part will have a recess for receiving a complimentary mould insert to produce the recess 30.

Except for the recesses for mould inserts, the simple individually moulded EPS block core 40b of Figure 30 may be made in such a mould.

The cores 40a and 40b are sandwiched between and bonded to unshown facings 52 to produce an SIP 50.

In Figure 31 there are two graphs which illustrate a comparison between cores that are rigid and weak in shear respectively. In the upper graph, the trace shows that the core tested is rigid in shear, i.e. a two part moulded core 40 of substantially uniform density, and is the acceptable deflection for use in an SIP to be placed in long term compressive loading such as when used in the wall of a building.

On the other hand in the lower graph, the core tested is weak in shear, i.e. a core of variable (low) density such as that cut from an EPS block because the trace shows bad deflection which would be an undesirable quality for use in an SIP to be placed in long term compressive loading such as when used in the wall of a building.

Some typical values of flexural strength of moulded EPS cores versus those of cores cut from EPS block are set out in the graph shown in Figure 32 and are self evident. Core shrinkage is in the order of 0.5-0.6%, this value being obtained after two or three months.

Prototype testing shows representative results according to the following Table which are given purely by way of example to enable the invention to be more readily understood. TABLE

Various modifications may be made to the embodiments described without departing from the inventive concepts defined in the introductory portion of this specification. For example, the EPS moulded cores may be cut to smaller sizes of rectangular shape or different shapes depending upon their location and/or application (see Figure 18 for example) either before or after bonding of the facings 52. In such instances, it may be necessary, depending upon load requirements, to provide the cut surface of an EPS moulded core with a facing such as a biscuit to restore any losses in strength that might conceivably occur.

Claims (22)

1. A structural insulated panel having a core of expanded polystyrene sandwiched between, and bonded to, two facings, the facings being attached to faces of the core formed by moulding.

2. A panel as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the core is an expanded polystyrene moulding.

3. A panel as claimed in Claim 2 wherein the core is formed by expansion of polystyrene cells in a mould in such that any variations in density are minimal.

4. A panel as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the expanded polystyrene is produced by pre-expanding polystyrene, maturing the pre- expanded polystyrene and then expanding the pre-expanded polystyrene and then expanding the pre-expanded matured polystyrene in steam.

5. A panel as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the panel dimensions are 1.2 metres wide, 0.2 metres thick and 2.4 metres high/long.

6. A panel as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the facings are made from cementitious board, plywood, gypsum/textile composite board or OGB.

7. A panel as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the core comprises two mirror image halves.

8. A panel as claimed in Claim 7 wherein each mirror image half of the core is provided with male/female location means for engagement of the two halves.

9. A panel as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the core includes at least one passageway.

10. A panel as claimed in Claim 9 wherein there is a matrix of passageways positioned such that each passageway will align with, and be capable of connection to, a passageway of an adjacent such panel.

11. A panel as claimed in any preceding claim wherein an organic non- solvent, moisture controlled penetrative adhesive or glue is employed for bonding the parts of the panel together.

12. A panel as claimed in any preceding claim including recesses along the edges of oppositely facing surfaces of the core for receiving joining elements for connecting the panel to another such panel.

13. Use of an individual moulding of expanded polystyrene as a core in a structural insulated panel in which the core is sandwiched between, and bonded to, two facings.

14. A method of manufacturing a structural insulated panel comprising forming an expanded polystyrene core with at least two opposite faces produced by moulding and bonding facings to the two moulded faces.

15. A method as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the step of forming an expanded polystyrene core comprises pre-expanding polystyrene beads by heating the beads and providing steam thereto, cooling and drying the pre-expanded beads, maturing the pre-expanded beads and then further expanding the pre-expanded and matured beads with steam in a mould.

16. A method as claimed in Claim 15 wherein the mould used for further expansion of the pre-expanded and matured beads comprises a two part mould defining a mould cavity, each part being connected to a steam source, wherein the surfaces of the mould cavity are provided with a multiplicity of steam injection points.

17. A method as claimed in either Claim 15 or Claim 16 wherein the mould is an hermaphrodite mould.

18. A method as claimed in Claim 17 wherein the mould is shaped to provide each half ofthe core with male/female location means.

19. A method as claimed in any one of Claims 15 to 18 wherein the mould is shaped to form recesses along the edges of oppositely facing surfaces of the core.

20. A method as claimed in any one of Claims 15 to 19 wherein the mould is shaped to form at least one passageway in the core.

21. A method as claimed in any one of Claims 14 to 20 wherein the bonding of parts of the panel is carried out with an organic non-solvent, moisture controlled penetrative adhesive or glue.

22. A method of constructing a building comprising using a panel as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 12.