ATE517198T1 - Schlagfestes wärmedammschichtsystem - Google Patents
Schlagfestes wärmedammschichtsystemInfo
- Publication number
- ATE517198T1 ATE517198T1 AT07874109T AT07874109T ATE517198T1 AT E517198 T1 ATE517198 T1 AT E517198T1 AT 07874109 T AT07874109 T AT 07874109T AT 07874109 T AT07874109 T AT 07874109T AT E517198 T1 ATE517198 T1 AT E517198T1
- Authority
- AT
- Austria
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- insulating material
- ceramic insulating
- layer system
- impact resistant
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000012671 ceramic insulating material Substances 0.000 abstract 6
- 239000012720 thermal barrier coating Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
- F01D5/12—Blades
- F01D5/28—Selecting particular materials; Particular measures relating thereto; Measures against erosion or corrosion
- F01D5/288—Protective coatings for blades
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C30/00—Coating with metallic material characterised only by the composition of the metallic material, i.e. not characterised by the coating process
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
- F01D5/12—Blades
- F01D5/28—Selecting particular materials; Particular measures relating thereto; Measures against erosion or corrosion
- F01D5/286—Particular treatment of blades, e.g. to increase durability or resistance against corrosion or erosion
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24942—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including components having same physical characteristic in differing degree
- Y10T428/2495—Thickness [relative or absolute]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24942—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including components having same physical characteristic in differing degree
- Y10T428/24992—Density or compression of components
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249994—Composite having a component wherein a constituent is liquid or is contained within preformed walls [e.g., impregnant-filled, previously void containing component, etc.]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31855—Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
- Devices Affording Protection Of Roads Or Walls For Sound Insulation (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/639,960 US8021742B2 (en) | 2006-12-15 | 2006-12-15 | Impact resistant thermal barrier coating system |
PCT/US2007/023328 WO2008140479A2 (en) | 2006-12-15 | 2007-11-06 | Impact resistant thermal barrier coating system |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
ATE517198T1 true ATE517198T1 (de) | 2011-08-15 |
Family
ID=39527674
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
AT07874109T ATE517198T1 (de) | 2006-12-15 | 2007-11-06 | Schlagfestes wärmedammschichtsystem |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8021742B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP2126157B1 (de) |
AT (1) | ATE517198T1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2008140479A2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (36)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8357454B2 (en) * | 2001-08-02 | 2013-01-22 | Siemens Energy, Inc. | Segmented thermal barrier coating |
DE102006050789A1 (de) * | 2006-10-27 | 2008-04-30 | Mtu Aero Engines Gmbh | Aufgedampfte Beschichtung und thermisch belastbares Bauteil mit einer solchen Beschichtung, sowie Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung einer solchen Beschichtung |
US8852720B2 (en) * | 2009-07-17 | 2014-10-07 | Rolls-Royce Corporation | Substrate features for mitigating stress |
US9713912B2 (en) | 2010-01-11 | 2017-07-25 | Rolls-Royce Corporation | Features for mitigating thermal or mechanical stress on an environmental barrier coating |
WO2011100311A1 (en) * | 2010-02-09 | 2011-08-18 | Rolls-Royce Corporation | Abradable ceramic coatings and coating systems |
US8678754B2 (en) * | 2011-01-24 | 2014-03-25 | General Electric Company | Assembly for preventing fluid flow |
CH704833A1 (de) | 2011-04-04 | 2012-10-15 | Alstom Technology Ltd | Komponente für eine Turbomaschine und ein Verfahren zum Herstellen einer derartigen Komponente. |
US8617698B2 (en) | 2011-04-27 | 2013-12-31 | Siemens Energy, Inc. | Damage resistant thermal barrier coating and method |
EP2537959B1 (de) * | 2011-06-22 | 2013-12-25 | MTU Aero Engines GmbH | Mehrfache Verschleißschutzbeschichtung und Verfahren zu Ihrer Herstellung |
DE102012200560B4 (de) * | 2012-01-16 | 2014-08-21 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer keramischen Schicht auf einer aus einer Ni-Basislegierung gebildeten Oberfläche und Gegenstand mit keramischer Schicht |
US8685545B2 (en) * | 2012-02-13 | 2014-04-01 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Thermal barrier coating system with porous tungsten bronze structured underlayer |
US9587492B2 (en) | 2012-05-04 | 2017-03-07 | General Electric Company | Turbomachine component having an internal cavity reactivity neutralizer and method of forming the same |
US9052111B2 (en) | 2012-06-22 | 2015-06-09 | United Technologies Corporation | Turbine engine combustor wall with non-uniform distribution of effusion apertures |
US20140220324A1 (en) * | 2012-08-15 | 2014-08-07 | Christopher W. Strock | Thermal barrier coating having outer layer |
US11047033B2 (en) | 2012-09-05 | 2021-06-29 | Raytheon Technologies Corporation | Thermal barrier coating for gas turbine engine components |
US9429023B2 (en) * | 2013-01-14 | 2016-08-30 | Honeywell International Inc. | Gas turbine engine components and methods for their manufacture using additive manufacturing techniques |
EP2772567A1 (de) * | 2013-02-28 | 2014-09-03 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zum Herstellen einer Wärmedämmschicht für Bauteile und Wärmedämmschicht |
WO2014144152A1 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2014-09-18 | Rolls-Royce Corporation | Improved coating interface |
US11697871B2 (en) | 2014-02-21 | 2023-07-11 | Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. | Thermal barrier coatings and processes |
EP3111055A2 (de) | 2014-02-25 | 2017-01-04 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Wärmedämmschicht für turbinenkomponente mit tiefenvariierenden materialeigenschaften |
US9151175B2 (en) | 2014-02-25 | 2015-10-06 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Turbine abradable layer with progressive wear zone multi level ridge arrays |
WO2016133987A2 (en) | 2015-02-18 | 2016-08-25 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Forming cooling passages in combustion turbine superalloy castings |
US8939707B1 (en) | 2014-02-25 | 2015-01-27 | Siemens Energy, Inc. | Turbine abradable layer with progressive wear zone terraced ridges |
US8939716B1 (en) | 2014-02-25 | 2015-01-27 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Turbine abradable layer with nested loop groove pattern |
US9243511B2 (en) | 2014-02-25 | 2016-01-26 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Turbine abradable layer with zig zag groove pattern |
US8939706B1 (en) | 2014-02-25 | 2015-01-27 | Siemens Energy, Inc. | Turbine abradable layer with progressive wear zone having a frangible or pixelated nib surface |
US9249680B2 (en) | 2014-02-25 | 2016-02-02 | Siemens Energy, Inc. | Turbine abradable layer with asymmetric ridges or grooves |
US8939705B1 (en) | 2014-02-25 | 2015-01-27 | Siemens Energy, Inc. | Turbine abradable layer with progressive wear zone multi depth grooves |
WO2016133583A1 (en) | 2015-02-18 | 2016-08-25 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Turbine shroud with abradable layer having ridges with holes |
EP3153666A1 (de) * | 2015-10-06 | 2017-04-12 | MTU Aero Engines GmbH | Keramische hybrid-schaufel für strömungsmaschinen |
US10150184B2 (en) | 2015-10-21 | 2018-12-11 | Siemens Energy, Inc. | Method of forming a cladding layer having an integral channel |
US10017844B2 (en) | 2015-12-18 | 2018-07-10 | General Electric Company | Coated articles and method for making |
JP6908973B2 (ja) * | 2016-06-08 | 2021-07-28 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | 遮熱コーティング、タービン部材、ガスタービン、ならびに遮熱コーティングの製造方法 |
GB201610768D0 (en) | 2016-06-21 | 2016-08-03 | Rolls Royce Plc | Gas turbine engine component with protective coating |
US10344605B2 (en) | 2016-07-06 | 2019-07-09 | Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis Llc | Spall break for turbine component coatings |
CN106563930B (zh) * | 2016-08-31 | 2018-12-04 | 江苏龙城精锻有限公司 | 一种通过预制裂纹提高模具寿命的工艺方法 |
Family Cites Families (39)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4457948A (en) | 1982-07-26 | 1984-07-03 | United Technologies Corporation | Quench-cracked ceramic thermal barrier coatings |
JPS62207885A (ja) | 1986-03-07 | 1987-09-12 | Toshiba Corp | 高温耐熱部材 |
US5073433B1 (en) | 1989-10-20 | 1995-10-31 | Praxair Technology Inc | Thermal barrier coating for substrates and process for producing it |
US5350599A (en) | 1992-10-27 | 1994-09-27 | General Electric Company | Erosion-resistant thermal barrier coating |
US5520516A (en) | 1994-09-16 | 1996-05-28 | Praxair S.T. Technology, Inc. | Zirconia-based tipped blades having macrocracked structure |
US5562998A (en) | 1994-11-18 | 1996-10-08 | Alliedsignal Inc. | Durable thermal barrier coating |
US5558922A (en) | 1994-12-28 | 1996-09-24 | General Electric Company | Thick thermal barrier coating having grooves for enhanced strain tolerance |
US5576069A (en) * | 1995-05-09 | 1996-11-19 | Chen; Chun | Laser remelting process for plasma-sprayed zirconia coating |
US6102656A (en) * | 1995-09-26 | 2000-08-15 | United Technologies Corporation | Segmented abradable ceramic coating |
US5683825A (en) | 1996-01-02 | 1997-11-04 | General Electric Company | Thermal barrier coating resistant to erosion and impact by particulate matter |
US6835465B2 (en) * | 1996-12-10 | 2004-12-28 | Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation | Thermal barrier layer and process for producing the same |
US6177200B1 (en) | 1996-12-12 | 2001-01-23 | United Technologies Corporation | Thermal barrier coating systems and materials |
US5817371A (en) | 1996-12-23 | 1998-10-06 | General Electric Company | Thermal barrier coating system having an air plasma sprayed bond coat incorporating a metal diffusion, and method therefor |
US5759640A (en) | 1996-12-27 | 1998-06-02 | General Electric Company | Method for forming a thermal barrier coating system having enhanced spallation resistance |
US5843586A (en) | 1997-01-17 | 1998-12-01 | General Electric Company | Single-crystal article having crystallographic orientation optimized for a thermal barrier coating |
GB9717245D0 (en) * | 1997-08-15 | 1997-10-22 | Rolls Royce Plc | A metallic article having a thermal barrier coaring and a method of application thereof |
GB9800511D0 (en) | 1998-01-13 | 1998-03-11 | Rolls Royce Plc | A metallic article having a thermal barrier coating and a method of application thereof |
US6555179B1 (en) | 1998-01-14 | 2003-04-29 | General Electric Company | Aluminizing process for plasma-sprayed bond coat of a thermal barrier coating system |
US6168874B1 (en) | 1998-02-02 | 2001-01-02 | General Electric Company | Diffusion aluminide bond coat for a thermal barrier coating system and method therefor |
US6060177A (en) | 1998-02-19 | 2000-05-09 | United Technologies Corporation | Method of applying an overcoat to a thermal barrier coating and coated article |
US6733907B2 (en) * | 1998-03-27 | 2004-05-11 | Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation | Hybrid ceramic material composed of insulating and structural ceramic layers |
US6485848B1 (en) * | 1998-04-27 | 2002-11-26 | General Electric Company | Coated article and method of making |
SG72959A1 (en) * | 1998-06-18 | 2000-05-23 | United Technologies Corp | Article having durable ceramic coating with localized abradable portion |
PT102343B (pt) | 1999-08-02 | 2003-11-28 | Hovione Farmaciencia Sa | Processo para a preparacao de furoato mometasona |
US6485845B1 (en) | 2000-01-24 | 2002-11-26 | General Electric Company | Thermal barrier coating system with improved bond coat |
US6352788B1 (en) | 2000-02-22 | 2002-03-05 | General Electric Company | Thermal barrier coating |
US6670046B1 (en) | 2000-08-31 | 2003-12-30 | Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation | Thermal barrier coating system for turbine components |
US6617049B2 (en) | 2001-01-18 | 2003-09-09 | General Electric Company | Thermal barrier coating with improved erosion and impact resistance |
US6607852B2 (en) * | 2001-06-27 | 2003-08-19 | General Electric Company | Environmental/thermal barrier coating system with silica diffusion barrier layer |
US6730413B2 (en) | 2001-07-31 | 2004-05-04 | General Electric Company | Thermal barrier coating |
US6703137B2 (en) | 2001-08-02 | 2004-03-09 | Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation | Segmented thermal barrier coating and method of manufacturing the same |
US6716539B2 (en) | 2001-09-24 | 2004-04-06 | Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation | Dual microstructure thermal barrier coating |
US20030138658A1 (en) | 2002-01-22 | 2003-07-24 | Taylor Thomas Alan | Multilayer thermal barrier coating |
JP4645030B2 (ja) * | 2003-12-18 | 2011-03-09 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 遮熱被膜を有する耐熱部材 |
US20050249602A1 (en) * | 2004-05-06 | 2005-11-10 | Melvin Freling | Integrated ceramic/metallic components and methods of making same |
US7255940B2 (en) * | 2004-07-26 | 2007-08-14 | General Electric Company | Thermal barrier coatings with high fracture toughness underlayer for improved impact resistance |
US7306860B2 (en) * | 2004-07-30 | 2007-12-11 | Honeywell International, Inc. | Protective coating for oxide ceramic based composites |
US7597966B2 (en) | 2005-06-10 | 2009-10-06 | General Electric Company | Thermal barrier coating and process therefor |
WO2007112783A1 (de) | 2006-04-06 | 2007-10-11 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Layered thermal barrier coating with a high porosity, and a component |
-
2006
- 2006-12-15 US US11/639,960 patent/US8021742B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2007
- 2007-11-06 EP EP20070874109 patent/EP2126157B1/de not_active Not-in-force
- 2007-11-06 WO PCT/US2007/023328 patent/WO2008140479A2/en active Application Filing
- 2007-11-06 AT AT07874109T patent/ATE517198T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2126157B1 (de) | 2011-07-20 |
WO2008140479A3 (en) | 2009-01-08 |
US8021742B2 (en) | 2011-09-20 |
US20080145629A1 (en) | 2008-06-19 |
WO2008140479A8 (en) | 2009-07-23 |
EP2126157A2 (de) | 2009-12-02 |
WO2008140479A2 (en) | 2008-11-20 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
ATE517198T1 (de) | Schlagfestes wärmedammschichtsystem | |
TW200639889A (en) | Laminated ceramic electronic component | |
ITTO20040455A1 (it) | Pannello sottovuoto ad elevato isolamento termico ed acustico | |
ATE452223T1 (de) | Wärmedämmschicht | |
TW200736654A (en) | Optical laminated body | |
ATE530443T1 (de) | Grossflächiger schaltkreis mit applikationen | |
BRPI0614106B8 (pt) | processo de obtenção de um revestimento hidrofóbico/oleofóbico sobre um substrato constituído por um material de vidro, cerâmica ou vitrocerâmica, revestimento hidrofóbico/oleofóbico sobre um substrato de vidro, cerâmica ou vitrocerâmica, e produto constituído por um material de vidro, cerâmica ou vitrocerâmica | |
WO2008081710A1 (ja) | タッチパネル機能を有する保護パネル | |
TW200709476A (en) | Side view LED with improved arrangement of protection device | |
UA104879C2 (uk) | Бар'єр для захисту від навколишнього середовища для жаростійкого субстрату, який містить кремній | |
DE60124083D1 (de) | Feuersicheres glas | |
BRPI0717332A2 (pt) | Artigos tendo resistência aperfeiçoada à rachadura térmica | |
WO2007116176A3 (fr) | Piece en materiau composite a matrice ceramique contenant du silicium, protegee contre la corrosion | |
DE502005010721D1 (de) | Vorrichtung zum schutz metallischer flächen vor kondensaten korrosiver medien hoher temperatur in technischen anlagen | |
TR201902783T4 (tr) | Hafif metal üst yüzeylerin üzerinde alkalilere karşı dirençli kaplama. | |
ITMI20090674A1 (it) | Circuito di protezione contro scariche elettrostatiche ottimizzato in base alla superficie | |
FR2895741B1 (fr) | Systeme stratifiee a phase pyrochlore | |
TW200738906A (en) | Layer system comprising two pyrochlore phases | |
FR2909998B1 (fr) | Piece en materiau composite a matrice ceramique contenant du silicium, protegee contre la corrosion | |
IL179146A0 (en) | A ceramic armour plate, an armour system and a method of manufacturing a ceramic armour plate | |
EA201491487A1 (ru) | Фасад здания с предохранительным элементом и предохранительный элемент | |
TWM490610U (en) | Touch panels | |
JP2014020915A5 (de) | ||
GB0611802D0 (en) | Improved composite aircraft component | |
DE502008000867D1 (de) | Rauchschürze |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
RER | Ceased as to paragraph 5 lit. 3 law introducing patent treaties |