ATE174898T1 - Verfahren und zusammensetzung zur erzeugung verstärkter chemilumineszenz von chemiluminszenten verbindungen unter verwendung dikationischer oberflächenaktiver stoffe - Google Patents
Verfahren und zusammensetzung zur erzeugung verstärkter chemilumineszenz von chemiluminszenten verbindungen unter verwendung dikationischer oberflächenaktiver stoffeInfo
- Publication number
- ATE174898T1 ATE174898T1 AT94108100T AT94108100T ATE174898T1 AT E174898 T1 ATE174898 T1 AT E174898T1 AT 94108100 T AT94108100 T AT 94108100T AT 94108100 T AT94108100 T AT 94108100T AT E174898 T1 ATE174898 T1 AT E174898T1
- Authority
- AT
- Austria
- Prior art keywords
- dicationic
- group
- chemiluminescent compounds
- composition
- active substances
- Prior art date
Links
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 title abstract 2
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 title 1
- 238000001378 electrochemiluminescence detection Methods 0.000 title 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 abstract 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- BVTJGGGYKAMDBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxetane Chemical class C1COO1 BVTJGGGYKAMDBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000002105 Southern blotting Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 125000004450 alkenylene group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 1
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 1
- 125000004419 alkynylene group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 1
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 1
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 125000000547 substituted alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000001262 western blot Methods 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/5306—Improving reaction conditions, e.g. reduction of non-specific binding, promotion of specific binding
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C211/00—Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton
- C07C211/62—Quaternary ammonium compounds
- C07C211/63—Quaternary ammonium compounds having quaternised nitrogen atoms bound to acyclic carbon atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
- C07F9/54—Quaternary phosphonium compounds
- C07F9/5449—Polyphosphonium compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
- C07F9/54—Quaternary phosphonium compounds
- C07F9/5456—Arylalkanephosphonium compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6813—Hybridisation assays
- C12Q1/6816—Hybridisation assays characterised by the detection means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/52—Use of compounds or compositions for colorimetric, spectrophotometric or fluorometric investigation, e.g. use of reagent paper and including single- and multilayer analytical elements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
- G01N33/54393—Improving reaction conditions or stability, e.g. by coating or irradiation of surface, by reduction of non-specific binding, by promotion of specific binding
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/58—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances
- G01N33/582—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances with fluorescent label
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Cell Biology (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Materials By The Use Of Chemical Reactions (AREA)
- Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Luminescent Compositions (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Emulsifying, Dispersing, Foam-Producing Or Wetting Agents (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/082,091 US5451347A (en) | 1993-06-24 | 1993-06-24 | Methods and compositions providing enhanced chemiluminescence from chemiluminescent compounds using dicationic surfactants |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ATE174898T1 true ATE174898T1 (de) | 1999-01-15 |
Family
ID=22169018
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT94108100T ATE174898T1 (de) | 1993-06-24 | 1994-05-25 | Verfahren und zusammensetzung zur erzeugung verstärkter chemilumineszenz von chemiluminszenten verbindungen unter verwendung dikationischer oberflächenaktiver stoffe |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (3) | US5451347A (de) |
| EP (1) | EP0630884B1 (de) |
| JP (2) | JP2711073B2 (de) |
| AT (1) | ATE174898T1 (de) |
| AU (1) | AU663445B2 (de) |
| CA (1) | CA2123753C (de) |
| DE (1) | DE69415409T2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (34)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE4418349A1 (de) * | 1994-05-26 | 1995-11-30 | Hoechst Ag | Bisquartäre Ammoniumverbindungen des 2,2'-Dimethyl-1,1'-binaphthyls und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung |
| US5773628A (en) * | 1994-11-14 | 1998-06-30 | Tropix, Inc. | 1,2-dioxetane compounds with haloalkoxy groups, methods preparation and use |
| US5853974A (en) | 1995-06-07 | 1998-12-29 | Chiron Corporation | Enhancement of alkaline phosphatase with SDS in chemiluminescent substrates |
| US5721370A (en) * | 1995-07-31 | 1998-02-24 | Lumigen Inc. | Water soluble tri-substituted 1,2-dioxetane compounds and assay compositions having increased storage stability |
| US5631167A (en) * | 1995-07-31 | 1997-05-20 | Bayer Corporation | Capsule chemistry analytical methods employing dioxetane chemiluminescence |
| US5777135A (en) * | 1995-07-31 | 1998-07-07 | Lumigen, Inc. | Di-substituted 1,2-dioxetane compounds having increased water solubility and assay compositions |
| US5876995A (en) | 1996-02-06 | 1999-03-02 | Bryan; Bruce | Bioluminescent novelty items |
| US6247995B1 (en) | 1996-02-06 | 2001-06-19 | Bruce Bryan | Bioluminescent novelty items |
| US5840963A (en) * | 1997-05-13 | 1998-11-24 | Lumigen, Inc. | Chemiluminescent reactions using dihydroxyaromatic compounds and heterocyclic enol phosphates |
| US5772926A (en) * | 1997-05-13 | 1998-06-30 | Lumigen, Inc. | Chemiluminescent reactions using dihydroxyaromatic compounds and heterocyclic enol phosphates |
| WO1999001768A1 (en) * | 1997-07-04 | 1999-01-14 | Nycomed Amersham Plc | Peroxidase-catalysed fluorescence |
| US6284194B1 (en) * | 1998-03-11 | 2001-09-04 | Albert E. Chu | Analytical assay device and methods using surfactant treated membranes to increase assay sensitivity |
| EP1064360B1 (de) | 1998-03-27 | 2008-03-05 | Prolume, Ltd. | Luciferase, gfp fluoreszenzproteine, kodierende nukleinsaüre und ihre verwendung in der diagnose |
| US6068979A (en) * | 1998-04-22 | 2000-05-30 | Lumigen, Inc. | Simplified sequential chemiluminescent detection |
| JP2002543163A (ja) | 1999-04-30 | 2002-12-17 | スリル バイオメディカル コーポレイション | 癌および前立腺疾患のための治療としての結合体 |
| EP1177197B1 (de) * | 1999-04-30 | 2006-08-09 | Cellgate, Inc. | Polyamine und ihre therapeutische verwendung |
| US6783948B1 (en) * | 1999-07-30 | 2004-08-31 | Bayer Corporation | Chemiluminescent acridinium compounds and analogues thereof as substrates of hydrolytic enzymes |
| US7028687B1 (en) | 1999-08-26 | 2006-04-18 | Precious Life, Llc | Escape hood |
| AU2002235126A1 (en) * | 2000-11-08 | 2002-05-21 | Slil Biomedical Corporation | Novel polyamine analog-amino acid conjugates useful as anticancer agents |
| CA2463771A1 (en) * | 2001-10-16 | 2003-04-24 | Slil Biomedical Corporation | Oligoamine compounds and derivatives thereof for cancer therapy |
| AU2003239890A1 (en) * | 2002-05-23 | 2003-12-12 | Brij Pal Giri | POLYMERIC AMMONIUM AND OR PHOSPHONIUM SALTS HAVING ADDED Pi-ELECTRONS AND HIGHER MOLECULAR WEIGHT AS ENHANCERS FOR CHEMILUMINESCENT SYSTEMS |
| US20040259182A1 (en) * | 2003-06-17 | 2004-12-23 | Brooks Edwards | Arrays for chemiluminescent assays, methods of making the arrays and methods of detecting chemiluminescent emissions on solid supports |
| US20050019778A1 (en) * | 2003-07-17 | 2005-01-27 | Voyta John C. | Sequential generation of multiple chemiluminescent signals on solid supports |
| US20050026151A1 (en) * | 2003-07-17 | 2005-02-03 | Voyta John C. | Simultaneous generation of multiple chemiluminescent signals on solid supports |
| EP1689698A4 (de) * | 2003-11-13 | 2007-09-05 | Univ Sydney | Biskationische verbindungen und deren anwendung |
| US8168830B2 (en) | 2004-07-23 | 2012-05-01 | Sigma-Aldrich Co. Llc | High stability diionic liquid salts |
| US20060234251A1 (en) * | 2005-04-19 | 2006-10-19 | Lumigen, Inc. | Methods of enhancing isolation of RNA from biological samples |
| US8097721B2 (en) * | 2007-01-31 | 2012-01-17 | Sigma-Aldrich Co. Llc | High stability polyionic liquid salts |
| CN101784897A (zh) | 2007-05-23 | 2010-07-21 | 应用生物系统有限公司 | 通过从活化的化学发光的基质将能量转移至能量受体染料来检测生物分子的试剂、试剂盒和方法 |
| CN102311730B (zh) | 2010-06-30 | 2014-09-24 | 深圳迈瑞生物医疗电子股份有限公司 | 化学发光液,增强化学发光的试剂和方法 |
| CN102311731B (zh) * | 2010-06-30 | 2016-08-03 | 深圳迈瑞生物医疗电子股份有限公司 | 增强化学发光的试剂、方法和化学发光液 |
| CN102329611B (zh) | 2010-07-13 | 2015-01-07 | 深圳迈瑞生物医疗电子股份有限公司 | 化学发光增强试剂及其使用方法和化学发光液 |
| CN110095453A (zh) * | 2018-01-30 | 2019-08-06 | 南京理工大学 | 季鏻盐化合物、制备方法及其在电致化学发光生物检测中的应用 |
| WO2024026467A1 (en) | 2022-07-29 | 2024-02-01 | Beckman Coulter, Inc. | Chemiluminescent reagents for detection of alkaline phosphatases |
Family Cites Families (31)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3079436A (en) * | 1955-11-25 | 1963-02-26 | Rohm & Haas | Bis-quaternary ammonium compounds |
| US3071618A (en) * | 1956-02-02 | 1963-01-01 | Pfizer & Co C | Diquaternary ammonium salts of n, n, n', n'-tetra substituted alkylene diamines |
| US3330868A (en) * | 1963-10-14 | 1967-07-11 | Monsanto Res Corp | Method of making phosphonium methylene phosphoranes |
| US3322861A (en) * | 1964-06-12 | 1967-05-30 | American Cyanamid Co | Vinyl resins containing diphosphonium halides as flame-retardants |
| US3341605A (en) * | 1964-11-13 | 1967-09-12 | Monsanto Res Corp | Preparation of methylene bis(trihydrocarbylphosphonium) tetrahalides |
| US3349032A (en) * | 1965-01-04 | 1967-10-24 | Petrolite Corp | Method of preventing the swelling of clays in subterranean formations |
| US3936503A (en) * | 1965-10-22 | 1976-02-03 | Akzona Incorporated | Aryl-substituted aliphatic diquaternary compounds |
| US3422048A (en) | 1966-01-19 | 1969-01-14 | American Cyanamid Co | Flame retardant compositions for plastics |
| US3417003A (en) | 1966-02-21 | 1968-12-17 | Sprague Electric Co | Polymer deposit electrochemically |
| US4166073A (en) * | 1968-03-27 | 1979-08-28 | Colgate Palmolive Company | Unsymmetrical oligoquaternary ammonium compounds |
| US3925556A (en) * | 1971-09-30 | 1975-12-09 | Colgate Palmolive Co | Anti microbial compositions containing unsymmetrical oligoquaternary ammonium compounds |
| US4102876A (en) | 1977-04-18 | 1978-07-25 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Quaternary phosphonium ionomers |
| JPS5851850B2 (ja) * | 1978-03-24 | 1983-11-18 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 固形物水力輸送装置 |
| JPS5932585B2 (ja) * | 1978-12-05 | 1984-08-09 | 花王株式会社 | 繊維用柔軟剤 |
| EP0087959B1 (de) * | 1982-03-03 | 1985-09-25 | National Research Development Corporation | Lumineszenz- und Luminometrieprüfung |
| GB8420053D0 (en) * | 1984-08-07 | 1984-09-12 | Secr Social Service Brit | Enhanced luminescent/luminometric assay |
| US5004565A (en) * | 1986-07-17 | 1991-04-02 | The Board Of Governors Of Wayne State University | Method and compositions providing enhanced chemiluminescence from 1,2-dioxetanes |
| US4959182A (en) * | 1986-07-17 | 1990-09-25 | Board Of Governors Of Wayne State University | Method and compositions providing enhanced chemiluminescence from 1,2-dioxetanes |
| US4931223A (en) * | 1986-07-24 | 1990-06-05 | Tropix, Inc. | Methods of using chemiluminescent 1,2-dioxetanes |
| US4978614A (en) * | 1988-10-26 | 1990-12-18 | Tropix, Inc. | Method of detecting a substance using enzymatically-induced decomposition of dioxetanes |
| US4927769A (en) * | 1987-07-08 | 1990-05-22 | Ciba Corning Diagnostics Corp. | Method for enhancement of chemiluminescence |
| US4952707A (en) * | 1988-06-30 | 1990-08-28 | Tropix, Inc. | Enzymatically-cleavable chemiluminescent fused polycyclic ring-containing 1,2-dioxetanes |
| US5298197A (en) * | 1988-10-06 | 1994-03-29 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Chemiluminescent microemulsions |
| US5032381A (en) * | 1988-12-20 | 1991-07-16 | Tropix, Inc. | Chemiluminescence-based static and flow cytometry |
| BE1002830A5 (fr) * | 1989-02-15 | 1991-06-25 | Fabricom Air Conditioning Sa | Composition desinfectante et/ou de conservation et procede de desinfection et/ou de conservation d'aliments. |
| GB2233451B (en) | 1989-06-27 | 1993-09-15 | Tropix Inc | Chemiluminescence enhancement |
| BE1003510A5 (fr) * | 1989-10-09 | 1992-04-07 | Fabricom Air Conditioning Sa | Composition desinfectante et procede de desinfection. |
| JPH0579985A (ja) * | 1991-09-24 | 1993-03-30 | Kyoto Daiichi Kagaku:Kk | 化学発光増強剤及び増強方法 |
| US5242684A (en) * | 1991-10-25 | 1993-09-07 | Isp Investments Inc. | Antimicrobial, low toxicity, non-irritating composition comprising a blend of bis-quaternary ammonium compounds coprecipitated with a copolymer of vinylpyrrolidone and an acrylamido or vinyl quaternary ammonium monomer |
| US5393469A (en) * | 1992-03-20 | 1995-02-28 | Lumigen, Inc. | Polymeric phosphonium salts providing enhanced chemiluminescence from 1,2-dioxetanes |
| US5279940A (en) * | 1992-08-03 | 1994-01-18 | Eastman Kodak Company | Chemiluminescent composition containing cationic surfactants or polymers and 4'-hydroxyacetanilide, test kits and their use in analytical methods |
-
1993
- 1993-06-24 US US08/082,091 patent/US5451347A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1994
- 1994-05-17 CA CA002123753A patent/CA2123753C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-05-19 AU AU63187/94A patent/AU663445B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1994-05-25 AT AT94108100T patent/ATE174898T1/de active
- 1994-05-25 EP EP94108100A patent/EP0630884B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-05-25 DE DE69415409T patent/DE69415409T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-06-23 JP JP6141866A patent/JP2711073B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1995
- 1995-05-16 US US08/442,496 patent/US5650099A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-05-16 US US08/442,303 patent/US5484556A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1997
- 1997-07-09 JP JP9183948A patent/JP2989785B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU6318794A (en) | 1995-01-05 |
| JPH1081875A (ja) | 1998-03-31 |
| CA2123753A1 (en) | 1994-12-25 |
| DE69415409D1 (de) | 1999-02-04 |
| AU663445B2 (en) | 1995-10-05 |
| EP0630884A3 (en) | 1995-01-18 |
| JP2711073B2 (ja) | 1998-02-10 |
| US5484556A (en) | 1996-01-16 |
| JP2989785B2 (ja) | 1999-12-13 |
| US5650099A (en) | 1997-07-22 |
| JPH0789908A (ja) | 1995-04-04 |
| US5451347A (en) | 1995-09-19 |
| DE69415409T2 (de) | 1999-08-19 |
| EP0630884A2 (de) | 1994-12-28 |
| EP0630884B1 (de) | 1998-12-23 |
| CA2123753C (en) | 1997-08-26 |
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