AT519013B1 - Method of making single curved and double curved cups - Google Patents

Abstract

The method of making single curved trays (1) and double curved trays (10) comprises: forming tray segments (2, 20) under controlled conditions, preferably in a precast plant; Breaking the shell segments (2, 20) by means of a breaking device (5) under controlled conditions, preferably in the precast plant, and transporting the pre-broken shell segments (2, 20) to a construction site, or transporting the shell segments (2, 20) to the construction site and pre-breaking the Shell segments (2, 20) by means of the breaking device (5) on the construction site; Placing a tire on a, preferably flat, base (7); Placing and arranging the shell segments (2, 20) on the tire; Arranging at least one flexible tension member on opposite side edges (9) of a base surface (8) of the single curved shell (1) or circumferentially on an outer edge (19) of the base surface (80) of the dual curved shell (10); Performing the shaping process, ie lifting and bending of the shell segments (2, 20) by blowing air into the tire and / or under tensile load of the at least one tension member.

Description

description

METHOD FOR PRODUCING SINGLE-CURVED AND DOUBLE-CURVED SHELLS The invention relates to a method for producing single-curved shells and double-curved shells.

Single spatially curved surfaces are in one spatial plane and double spatially curved surfaces are curved in two different spatial levels. Corresponding surface structures or shells, for example made of concrete, can be used in a single-curved design, for example as a tunnel, and in a double-curved design, for example as a hall roof.

Particularly suitable for the production of curved surfaces are materials that can be cast, such as Reinforced concrete, plastics, water or ice.

Curved shells are characterized by the fact that, with suitable shape and storage, they remove loads predominantly by normal forces. This leads to extremely favorable material utilization and low material consumption. The savings in material consumption are offset by a high cost of labor and material for the production of the formwork. Executed arch structures and shell structures, such as those in “Domes of All Times - All Cultures by Erwin Heinle and Jörg Schlaich, DVA, Stuttgart, 1996 and“ Heinz Isler - Schalen ”by Ekkard Ramm and Eberhard Schunk (ed.), Karl Krämer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1986, pp. 51, 68, 70, 77 are described, usually have complicated, spatially curved formwork made of wood, steel, plastic or milled hard foam blocks.

In order to save costs in the construction of spatially curved formwork, pneumatic formwork has also become known. Shells in spherical or cylindrical form and shells with more or less slight modifications of these basic shapes can be produced in this way, see e.g. "Dome construction with pneumatic formwork" by Franz Derflinger, in "Concrete and reinforced concrete construction", born in 1983, issue 11, pages 299 to 302.

To change the shape of a pneumatic formwork, it is proposed in DE 35 00 153 to arrange radially extending ropes on the surface of the pneumatic formwork, which are prestressed against the pneumatic formwork. With the pneumatic formwork according to DE 35 00 153, the curvature of the formwork near the ropes is locally increased, which is favorable for the stability of the shell to be produced on this formwork.

The disadvantage is that the application of the building material of the shell in thin layers, e.g. by shotcrete, because the load-bearing capacity of the tire is high for evenly distributed loads, but local loads lead to large deformations of the tire.

The term "tire" generally refers to an inflatable structure.

[0009] Because the application of the shotcrete to the tire for the production of a concrete shell or the spraying of water onto the tire for the production of an ice shell is a complex production process, WO 2005/068740 and EP 1 706 553 have proposed , a plate made of pourable material such as Produce concrete or water or ice on a flat work surface and then reshape the monolithic slab by inflating a tire and tightening tendons into a shell. AT 509 290 discloses a similar method for producing a shell from thin-walled support elements. Disadvantages of these methods are that the plate or the support elements are “freely” bent at the installation site and that the curvature of the shells to be produced using these methods is limited because, among other things, the compressive stresses that arise in the soft material during the forming process lead to a failure of stability Areas with soft material. The areas with soft material are therefore limited to small dimensions.

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AT519 013B1 2018-03-15 Austrian Patent Office [0010] DE 2 923 370 discloses a method for erecting a vaulted structure made of reinforced concrete, wherein prestressed concrete elements are bent into shape at the installation site by tensile loading on or around spacers. After bending or bending the prestressed concrete elements, an additional layer of concrete has to be applied to ensure the stability of the construction.

In order to enable the production of a doubly curved shell from a flat initial shape without a second soft material remaining in the shell, it has been proposed in AT 506 902 to lay flat surface support elements on a tire, so that wedge-shaped gaps between the planes installed tensile elements remain. The shell is formed by inflating the tire and tensioning tension members. It turned out, see e.g. Ice Domes - Development of Construction Methods ”by Sonja Dallinger, dissertation, Vienna University of Technology, 2011 that shells produced using this process are limited to small spans of approx. Ten meters because the tensile forces in the tire, which are equal to the product of internal pressure and Radius of curvature, otherwise the joints of the tire will tear.

Since the methods described in EP 1 706 553, AT 509 290 and AT 506 902 are each limited to small curvatures and small spans, it is proposed in AT 511 948 that the wedge-shaped cavities in the originally flat plate be closed by wedge-shaped tires to fill. These wedge-shaped tires are subject to tensile stress and are therefore not at risk of stability, even with large distances between the segments, if they are pressed together from a flat surface to a double-curved shell during the forming process. This enables larger curvatures and also larger structures. The disadvantage of this method is that the monolithic plate has to be cast in one go under construction site conditions and that the flat surface is first brought into the curved shape during the deformation. Brittle building materials, e.g. Concrete and water or ice must "break" into the correct shape during the forming process, which entails an increased risk of deviation from the intended shape. In addition, all edges and all wedge-shaped recesses in the plate must be formed at once.

The invention has for its object to provide an improved process for the production of single and double curved shells without the construction of a spatially curved formwork and the associated framework, which is not limited to small spans and curvatures and with the same segments the effort reduced for the production of the formwork.

This object is achieved by a method for producing single-curved shells and double-curved shells with the features of claim 1.

[0015] The method according to the invention comprises the following steps:

- Manufacture of, preferably reinforced, shell segments under controlled conditions, preferably in a precast plant;

- Prebreaking the shell segments by means of a breaking device under controlled conditions, preferably in the precast plant, and transporting the pre-broken shell segments to a construction site;

- Placing a tire on a, preferably flat, base surface, the tire preferably consisting of a first film and a second film, which are tightly connected at their edges;

- Placing and arranging the shell segments on the tire, and optionally subsequent rigid connection of the individual shell segments;

- Arranging at least one flexible tension member, which is designed to be displaceable with respect to the shell segments, on opposite side edges of a Ba2 / 15

AT519 013B1 2018-03-15 Austrian patent office sis surface of the simply curved shell or in the circumferential direction on an outer

Edge of a base surface of the double-curved shell;

- Carrying out the shaping process, comprising lifting and warping the shell segments by blowing air into the tire and / or under tensile load of the at least one tension member.

Appropriately, the individual elements are made of pourable materials such as concrete, reinforced concrete, fiber concrete, textile reinforced concrete, generally non-metallic reinforced concrete, reinforced or non-reinforced plastic, or reinforced or non-reinforced ice, since these materials ensure a high stability of the shell.

Furthermore, the tension members are advantageously formed from tension wire strands, monostrands, stainless steel strands or from fiber-reinforced plastic because they have the necessary tensile strength and flexibility.

According to a preferred variant, the tire is formed from two superimposed foils, tightly connected at the edges, for example welded, foils, a first foil and a second foil. One or more gas inlet devices are provided on the upper film for blowing in the air.

The films advantageously consist of polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, nylon or generally reinforced or unreinforced thin air-impermeable membranes in all conceivable variants.

To adapt to the desired curved shape can be provided that in the manufacture of the shell segments under controlled conditions predetermined breaking points in the shell segments by pressing notches in the cast, not yet hardened building material, or by inserting built-in parts, or by subsequent cutting be created before the molding process.

In an expedient variant of the method according to the invention, a load is attached along the outer edge of the base surface, either by weighting it with additional weights, for example load weights, and / or by making the shell segments thicker along the outer edge of the base surface than the thickness of the inner areas of the shell segments.

Before or after the shaping process, ie the lifting and warping of the shell segments, the elements are optionally connected to one another at the side edges of the shell segments by connecting means, which are preferably cast into the shell segments in the region of the side edges of the shell segments. Single-curved shells are preferably connected on the side edges before the molding process, and double-curved shells are preferably connected on the side edges after the molding process. If the individual shell segments are separated from one another by joints, the joints may be filled with a hardening potting material after the forming process, which ensures a high stability of the shell formed in this way.

[0029] Cement mortar, synthetic resin, plastic or water has proven itself as potting material.

Advantageously, the connecting means of two adjacent shell segments during the molding process are automatically aligned with respect to one another at the side edges of the shell segments, the connecting means being connected to one another, preferably screwed, in a tensile and, if appropriate, rigid manner before or after the shaping process.

According to a further expedient variant, the entire base area of the single-curved shell or the double-curved shell is not covered with shell segments, as a result of which recesses are formed which form one or more predetermined recesses in the single-curved shell or the double-curved shell. These recesses can then be covered, for example, with transparent material

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AT519 013B1 2018-03-15 Austrian patent office. In the middle of the base of the double-curved shell, the shell segments at the recess edge of the recess can additionally be connected to one another in a flexurally rigid manner by means of a ring, for example made of steel, the shell segments being able to be connected to the ring by means of cast-in connecting means, for example. This enables very quick assembly.

To achieve a shell with high stability, it is useful if an additional layer of a building material is applied to the single-curved shell or the double-curved shell after the shaping process of the shell segments and optionally after connecting the connecting means single curved shell or the double curved shell is connected in a shear-resistant manner.

In a further preferred embodiment, the double-curved shell is prestressed in the lower region after the joints have been filled, so that a pressure ring is formed. The doubly curved shell is then lifted on at least three supports arranged along the edge of the shell by means of a lifting device. This enables a very quick and inexpensive installation of a building covered with the shell.

The invention is described below with reference to non-limiting embodiments with reference to the drawings. In the drawings, Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4, [0039], Fig. 5, Fig. 6, [0041], Fig. 7, [0042], Fig 8 [0043] FIG. 9 [0045] FIG. 11 [0046] FIG. 12 shows a rectangular, preferably reinforced, shell segment for producing a single-curved shell according to a first exemplary embodiment of the method according to the invention;

in a cross section A-A according to FIG. 9, an exemplary embodiment of cast-in connecting means of adjacent shell segments before and after the connection;

the shell segment of Figure 1 during the preliminary breaking by means of a teaching.

shell segments placed and arranged on a tire to produce a single-curved shell;

the shell segments of Figure 4 during the molding process.

a simply curved shell after the molding process, produced according to the first embodiment of the method according to the invention;

a petal-shaped, preferably reinforced, shell segment for producing a double-curved shell according to a second embodiment of the method according to the invention;

the shell segment of Figure 7 during the preliminary breaking by means of a gauge.

shell segments placed and arranged on a tire to produce a double-curved shell;

a double-curved shell after the molding process, produced according to the second embodiment of the method according to the invention;

a double-curved shell after the shaping process according to a further exemplary embodiment of the method according to the invention;

the double-curved shell of FIG. 11, the double-curved shell being raised on supports;

In the following, reference is made to FIGS. 1 to 6:

A first embodiment of the method according to the invention explains the production of a simply curved shell 1 from a plurality of rectangular shell segments 2. The shell 1 could, for example, be used as a tunnel element or as a wild game bridge for roads

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AT519 013B1 2018-03-15 Austrian patent office or train tracks can be used.

The first step is to produce a rectangular shell segment 2 according to FIG. 1, this shell segment 2 being cast, for example, from concrete and reinforced with steel. If this first step is carried out under controlled conditions in a precast plant, the shell segment 2 and all other shell segments 2 can be optimized in terms of manufacturing time, manufacturing costs and quality.

The “controlled conditions” here refer to conditions that are present, for example, in a precast plant optimized for the manufacture of finished parts and that are usually not present on a conventional construction site. Such conditions include, for example, the extensive exclusion of climatic and weather influences, constant quality of the building material, constant curing conditions, optimized and identical molds for all shell segments 2, etc.

Furthermore, predetermined breaking points can be introduced into the shell segments 2 by indenting notches in the cast, not yet hardened building material or by inserting built-in parts, or by subsequently cutting grooves in the hardened building material. As a result, the shell segments 2 can later be adapted particularly well to their final shape as part of the shell 1.

Optionally, in the region of the side edges 3 of the shell segments 2, connecting means 4 can additionally be cast into the shell segments 2. The shell segments 2 can be connected using these connecting means 4. Alternatively, the connecting means 4 can only be attached to the shell segments 2 after the building material has hardened. An exemplary embodiment of these connecting means 4 is shown in FIG. 2.

In a second step, the pre-breaking of the shell segments 2 takes place according to FIG. 3 by means of a breaking device 5. This breaking device 5, for example a gauge or an arch gauge according to FIG. 3, forms a convex or concave contact surface 23 for at least one shell segment 2 which bearing surface 23 the shell segments 2 are adjusted simultaneously or successively by the pre-breaking. In the case of the arch gauge, the shell segments 2 are pulled over the convex positive shape of the gauge by means of tensile forces 6 and thus adapted to the positive shape of the gauge. Alternatively, the arch gauge can also have a concave negative form and the shell segments 2 are pressed into the negative form by means of pressure forces, for example by means of an inflatable tire, and are thus adapted to the negative form of the arch gauge. If this second step is also carried out under controlled conditions in the precast plant, the pre-broken shell segments 2 can also be optimized in terms of manufacturing time, manufacturing costs and quality.

The “controlled conditions” here refer to conditions that are present, for example, in a precast plant optimized for the manufacture of finished parts and that are usually not present on a conventional construction site. Such conditions include, for example, an optimized formwork that is the same for all shell segments 2, or an optimized breaking device 5 for pre-breaking the shell segments 2, or optimized tools for introducing the predetermined breaking points into the shell segments 2 in order to optimize the pre-breaking of the shell segments 2, or optimized tools for Introducing and pouring the connecting means 4, etc.

The pre-broken shell segments 2 are then loaded standing or lying on a means of transport, for example a truck, and transported to a construction site where the simply curved shell 1 is to be erected.

[0056] Alternatively, the shell segments 2 can be transported to the construction site before the preliminary breaking. The breaking of the shell segments 2 by means of a breaking device 5 then takes place only on the construction site. This variant can be advantageous, for example, if the transport of the shell segments 2 in one piece, that is to say unbroken, is advantageous, or if the shape of the breaking device 5 is only determined later on the construction site, or if

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Patent office the breaking device 5 is already on the construction site.

As a third step, a tire is placed on a, preferably flat, base 7 of the construction site. The tire, which is not shown in the figures, can consist, for example, of a first film and a second film which are tightly connected to one another at their edges. As a material for the first and the second film, for example, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene or nylon and generally air-impermeable membranes can be used in all commercially available variants. A gas-permeable layer, for example a fleece, can be arranged between the first film and the second film.

In a fourth step, the pre-broken shell segments 2 are placed on the tire and arranged in such a way that the arrangement results in the shell 1 in its non-curved, preferably flat, shape according to FIG. 4, which shape has a surface that has a base surface 8 corresponds to the simply curved shell 1.

Alternatively, the entire base surface 8 of the simply curved shell 1 is not covered with shell segments 2, as a result of which recesses are formed which form one or more predetermined recesses in the simply curved shell 1. These recesses can then be covered with transparent material, for example.

The individual shell segments 2 are then optionally connected. This can be done by means of the cast-in connecting means 4, which are connected to one another in a shear-resistant and rigid manner, for example by means of a screw connection 14. In particular, simply curved shells 1 are connected to one another along the side edges 3 before the shaping process. Such connections of the individual shell segments 2 are made by means of connecting means 4, which can form a tensile, pressure-resistant and rigid connection.

In a fifth step, flexible tension members, which are designed to be displaceable with respect to the shell segments 2, are additionally attached to the mutually opposite side edges 9 of the base surface 8. These tension members could be formed, for example, from monostrands, stainless steel strands or from fiber-reinforced plastic.

In addition, the layer thickness 11 of the shell segments 2 in the region of the side edges 9 can be increased in order to create an additional load. This additional load could also be created by load segments which are mounted on the shell segments 2 in the region of the side edges 9.

The shaping process is carried out in a sixth step according to FIG. During the shaping process, the shell segments 2 are raised and bent, so that in the final state, that is to say after the shaping process, they form the simply curved shell 1. The lifting and warping of the shell segments 2 is carried out by blowing air into the tire, for example between the first foil and the second foil, as a result of which compressive forces 12 act on the shell segments 2 and under tensile stress on the tension members, as a result of which in the region of the side edges 9 of the shell segments 2 tensile forces 13 act on the shell segments 2.

[0064] Alternatively, the shaping process can also be carried out exclusively by means of the tire or exclusively by means of the tension members.

Optionally, the individual shell segments 2 can only be connected after the shaping process. This can be done by means of the cast-in connecting means 4, which are connected to one another in a shear-resistant and flexurally rigid manner by means of the screw connection 14, the connecting means 4 of two adjacent shell segments 2 automatically aligning against each other at the side edges 3 during the shaping process, and wherein the joint 15 between two adjacent shell segments 2 can remain.

The joints 15 can then additionally be filled with a hardening potting material, whereby the cracks caused by the deformation of the elements are filled again and a high stability of the simply curved shell 1 is ensured. As

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Potting material can for example be cement mortar, synthetic resin, plastic or water

Come into play.

In a last step, a layer consisting of a building material, for example shotcrete, can optionally be applied after the shaping process and is connected to the single-curved shell 1 in a shear-resistant manner. This ensures a particularly high stability of the simply curved shell 1 thus formed.

After the shaping process has ended, the air can be discharged or sucked out of the tire. 6 shows the simply curved shell 1 with a recess 17 in its final state. The recess 17 serves as an input. Alternatively, the recess can serve as a light inlet, in particular as a window opening, or the like.

In the following, reference is made to FIGS. 7 to 10:

A second exemplary embodiment of the method according to the invention explains the production of a double-curved shell 10 from a plurality of petal-shaped shell segments 20. The shell 10 could, for example, be used quite generally as a domed roof or more specifically as a hall roof.

As a first step, a petal-shaped shell segment 20 according to FIG. 7 is produced, this shell segment 20 being cast, for example, from concrete and reinforced with steel. If this first step is carried out under the controlled conditions described above in a precast plant, the shell segment 20 and all further shell segments 20 can be optimized in terms of manufacturing time, manufacturing costs and quality.

Furthermore, predetermined breaking points can be introduced into the shell segments 20 by indenting notches in the cast, not yet hardened building material or by inserting built-in parts, or by subsequently cutting grooves in the hardened building material. As a result, the shell segments 20 can later be adapted particularly well to their final shape as part of the shell 10.

Optionally, connecting means 4 can additionally be cast into the shell segments 20 in the region of the side edges 3 of the shell segments 20. The shell segments 20 can be connected using these connecting means 4. Alternatively, the connecting means 4 are only attached to the shell segments 20 after the building material has hardened. An exemplary embodiment of these connecting means 4 is shown in FIG. 2.

In a second step, the pre-breaking of the shell segments 20 takes place according to FIG. 8 by means of a breaking device 5. This breaking device 5, for example a gauge or an arch gauge according to FIG. 8, forms a convex or concave contact surface 24 for at least one shell segment 20 which bearing surface 24 the shell segments 20 are adjusted simultaneously or successively by the pre-breaking. In the case of the arch gauge, the shell segments 20 are pulled over the convex positive shape of the gauge by means of tensile forces 6 and thus adapted to the positive shape of the gauge. Alternatively, the arch gauge can also have a concave negative shape and the shell segments 20 are pressed into the negative form by means of compressive forces, for example by means of an inflatable tire, and thus adapted to the negative form of the arch gauge. If this second step is also carried out under the controlled conditions described above in the precast plant, the pre-broken shell segments 20 can also be optimized in terms of production time, production costs and quality.

The pre-broken shell segments 20 are then standing or lying on a means of transport, for example a truck, loaded and transported to a construction site where the double-curved shell 10 is to be erected.

Alternatively, the shell segments 20 can be transported to the construction site before the preliminary breaking. The breaking of the shell segments 20 by means of a breaking device 5 then takes place only on the construction site. This variant can be advantageous, for example, if

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AT519 013B1 2018-03-15 Austrian patent office, the transport of the shell segments 20 in one piece, i.e. unbroken, is advantageous, or if the shape of the breaking device 5 is determined later on the construction site, or if the breaking device 5 is already on the construction site ,

As a third step, a tire is placed on a, preferably flat, base 7 of the construction site. The tire, which is not shown in the figures, can consist, for example, of a first film and a second film which are tightly connected to one another at their edges. As a material for the first and the second film, for example, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene or nylon and generally air-impermeable membranes can be used in all commercially available variants. A gas-permeable layer, for example a fleece, can be arranged between the first film and the second film.

In a fourth step, the pre-broken shell segments 20 are placed on the tire, arranged and joined, for example with the aid of a connection as shown in FIG. 2, the arrangement of the shell 10 in its non-curved, preferably flat shape according to FIG. 9 shows which shape has a surface which corresponds to a base surface 80 of the double-curved shell 10.

Alternatively, the entire base surface 80 of the double-curved shell 10 is not covered with shell segments 2, as a result of which recesses 16 are formed which form one or more predetermined recesses 17 in the double-curved shell 10. These recesses 17 can then be covered, for example, with transparent material. According to the second exemplary embodiment, such a recess 16 is located in the center of the base surface 80 of the double-curved shell 10. The shell segments 20 can thereby additionally be connected to one another at the recess edge 18 of this recess 16 by a ring, for example made of steel, in a rigid manner. Here, the shell segments 20 can be connected to the ring, for example by means of cast-in connecting means 4, in particular before the shaping process, which enables very quick assembly.

In a fifth step, a flexible tension member is additionally displaceably attached to the shell segments 20 in the circumferential direction on an outer edge 19 of the base surface 80. This tension member can consist, for example, of a greased tension wire strand arranged in a polyethylene sheath, or it can be formed from monostrand, stainless steel strand or from fiber-reinforced plastic.

In addition, the layer thickness 11 of the shell segments 20 in the area of the outer edge 19 can be increased in order to create an additional load. This additional load could also be created by load segments 21, which are shown in FIG. 11 and are attached to the shell segments 20 in the region of the outer edge 19.

In a sixth step, similar to that shown in FIG. 5 for the case of the simply curved shell 1, the shaping process is carried out. During the shaping process, the shell segments 20 are raised and curved, so that in the final state, that is to say after the shaping process, the double-curved shell 10 is formed. The lifting and bending of the shell segments 20 takes place by blowing air into the tire, that is to say, for example, between the first film and the second film, and by tensioning the tension member. The tension member laid along the outer edge 19 exerts deflection forces in the area of the outer edge 19 on the shell 10.

Alternatively, the shaping process can also be carried out exclusively by means of the tire or exclusively by means of the tension member, in the second case at least raising the shell segments, for example on the ring which is attached to the recess edge 18 of the recess 16.

[0084] The individual shell segments 20 can be connected to one another in a tensile and / or rigid manner along their side edges 3 after the shaping process. This can be done by means of the cast-in connecting means 4. During the molding process, the distance between the shell segments 20 becomes smaller and the joints 15 become smaller

AT519 013B1 2018-03-15 Austrian patent office ner, whereby the connecting means 4 of two adjacent shell segments 20 are preferably automatically aligned against one another at the side edges 3 during the shaping process, and a gap 15 can remain between two adjacent shell segments 20. Alternatively, the shell segments 20 of the double-curved shells 10 are connected to one another in a tensile manner at the side edges 3 only after the shaping process, the connecting means 4 being inserted or attached after the shaping process.

The joints 15 can then additionally be filled with a hardening potting material, which ensures a high stability of the double-curved shell 10. For example, cement mortar, synthetic resin, plastic or water can be used as the potting material.

In a last step, a layer consisting of a building material, for example shotcrete, can optionally be applied after the shaping process, which layer is connected to the double-curved shell 10 in a shear-resistant manner. As a result, the cracks caused by the curvature of the shell segments 20 are filled again and a particularly high stability of the double-curved shell 10 thus formed can be ensured.

After the shaping process is complete, the air can be discharged or sucked out of the tire. 10 shows the double-curved shell 10 in its final state.

FIGS. 11 and 12 show a double-curved shell 10 after the shaping process according to a further exemplary embodiment of the method according to the invention. The shell 10 is biased in the circumferential direction along the outer edge 19. The shell 10 has load segments 21 in the region of the outer edge 19, as a result of which an additional load is created for an improved implementation of the shaping process. Furthermore, four supports 22 are arranged along the edge 19 of the double-curved shell 10. The shell 10 can be lifted up on these supports 22 by means of a lifting device, for example at least one (construction) crane or with the aid of strand jacks. Alternatively, the shell can be lifted onto a building by means of the lifting device, the shell 10 not being arranged on supports 22. This enables a very quick and inexpensive assembly of a building covered with the shell 10.

In the examples, the production of shells 1, 10 with a rectangular and circular outline was described. With the method according to the invention, however, it is possible to produce simple and double spatially curved shells of any shape over any floor plan.

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Claims (16)

claims 1. A process for producing single-curved shells (1) and double-curved shells (10) from, preferably reinforced, prefabricated shell segments (2, 20), characterized by: - Prebreaking of the shell segments (2, 20) by means of a breaking device (5) under controlled conditions, preferably in the precast plant, and transporting the pre-broken shell segments (2, 20) to a construction site; - Placing a tire on a, preferably flat, base surface (7), the tire preferably consisting of a first film and a second film which are tightly connected at their edges; - Placing and arranging the shell segments (2, 20) on the tire, and, if necessary, connecting the individual shell segments (2, 20) in a tensile and rigid manner; - Arranging at least one flexible tension member, which is displaceable relative to the shell segments (2, 20), on opposite side edges (9) of a base surface (8) of the simply curved shell (1) or in the circumferential direction on an outer edge (19) of the base surface (80) the double-curved shell (10); - Carrying out the shaping process, comprising lifting and warping the shell segments (2, 20) by blowing air into the tire and / or under tensile load of the at least one flexible tension member. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that only a part of the base surface (8, 80) of the single-curved shell (1) or the double-curved shell (10) is covered with shell segments (2, 20), whereby cutouts (16 ) arise, which form one or more predetermined recesses (17) in the single-curved shell (1) or the double-curved shell (10). 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that after placing and arranging the shell segments (2, 20) on the tire, applying a load on the shell segments (2, 20) on the opposite side edges (9) of the base surface ( 8) the single-curved shell (1) or along the outer edge (19) of the base surface (80) of the double-curved shell (10). 4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the step of applying a load by increasing the thickness of the shell segments (2, 20) on the opposite side edges (9) of the base surface (8) of the single-curved shell (1) or along the outer edge (19) of the base surface (80) of the double-curved shell (10). 5. The method according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that load segments (21) in the region of the mutually opposite side edges (9) of the base surface (8) of the single-curved shell (1) or in the region of the outer edge (19) of the base surface ( 80) of the double-curved shell (10). 6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the shell segments (2, 20) before or after performing the shaping process on their side edges (3) by means of connecting means (4), which are preferably in the shell segments (2, 20) are cast in, shear-resistant and, if necessary, rigidly connected to one another. 7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that the connecting means (4) of two adjacent shell segments (2, 20) during the molding process on the side edges (3) are aligned with respect to one another, wherein the connecting means (4) of adjacent shell segments (2 , 20) before or after the shaping process is carried out in a shear-resistant and, if necessary, rigidly connected to one another. 10/15 AT519 013B1 2018-03-15 Austrian patent office 8. The method according to any one of claims 2 to 7, characterized in that a recess (16) lying in the middle of the base surface (80) of the double-curved shell (10) is formed, and that the shell segments (20) on a recess edge ( 18) are connected by a ring. 9. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the shell segments (20) on the recess edge (18) by means of connecting means (4), which are preferably cast into the shell segments (20), are connected to one another on the ring. 10. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that after the molding process, a filling of joints (15) between the shell segments (2, 20) is carried out with a hardening potting material. 11. The method according to any one of claims 5 to 10, characterized in that a layer of a building material is applied to the single-curved shell (1) or the double-curved shell (10) after the shaping process and optionally after connecting the connecting means (4) is connected to the single-curved shell (1) or the double-curved shell (10) in a shear-resistant manner. 12. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that in the manufacture of the shell segments (2, 20) under controlled conditions predetermined breaking points by pressing notches into the cast, not yet hardened building material, or by inserting built-in parts, or by subsequent incision before the molding process, in the shell segments (2, 20) are created. 13. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the finished double-curved shell (10) on at least three along the outer edge (19) of the base surface (80) of the double-curved shell (10) arranged supports (22) is lifted up by means of a lifting device. 14. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that the shell segments (2, 20) made of at least one pourable material, in particular concrete, reinforced concrete, fiber reinforced concrete, textile reinforced concrete, generally non-metallic reinforced concrete, reinforced or non-reinforced plastic, or reinforced or non-reinforced ice. 15. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the flexible tension member is formed from a tension wire strand, monostrand, stainless steel strand or from fiber-reinforced plastic. 16. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 15, characterized in that the breaking device (5) is designed as a gauge or arch gauge, which has a convex or concave contact surface (23, 24) for at least one shell segment (2, 20).