ZA86987B - Control device including a conductively isolated depluggable controller - Google Patents

Control device including a conductively isolated depluggable controller

Info

Publication number
ZA86987B
ZA86987B ZA86987A ZA86987A ZA86987B ZA 86987 B ZA86987 B ZA 86987B ZA 86987 A ZA86987 A ZA 86987A ZA 86987 A ZA86987 A ZA 86987A ZA 86987 B ZA86987 B ZA 86987B
Authority
ZA
South Africa
Prior art keywords
logic module
support structure
depluggable
module
controller
Prior art date
Application number
ZA86987A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Rodger T Lovrenich
Original Assignee
Rodger T Lovrenich
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Rodger T Lovrenich filed Critical Rodger T Lovrenich
Publication of ZA86987B publication Critical patent/ZA86987B/xx

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K7/00—Constructional details common to different types of electric apparatus
    • H05K7/14—Mounting supporting structure in casing or on frame or rack
    • H05K7/1462—Mounting supporting structure in casing or on frame or rack for programmable logic controllers [PLC] for automation or industrial process control
    • H05K7/1484—Electrical diagrams relating to constructional features, e.g. signal routing within PLC; Provisions for disaster recovery, e.g. redundant systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F17/00—Digital computing or data processing equipment or methods, specially adapted for specific functions
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B19/00—Programme-control systems
    • G05B19/02—Programme-control systems electric
    • G05B19/04—Programme control other than numerical control, i.e. in sequence controllers or logic controllers
    • G05B19/042—Programme control other than numerical control, i.e. in sequence controllers or logic controllers using digital processors
    • G05B19/0421—Multiprocessor system
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B19/00—Programme-control systems
    • G05B19/02—Programme-control systems electric
    • G05B19/04—Programme control other than numerical control, i.e. in sequence controllers or logic controllers
    • G05B19/042—Programme control other than numerical control, i.e. in sequence controllers or logic controllers using digital processors
    • G05B19/0423—Input/output
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K7/00—Constructional details common to different types of electric apparatus
    • H05K7/14—Mounting supporting structure in casing or on frame or rack
    • H05K7/1462—Mounting supporting structure in casing or on frame or rack for programmable logic controllers [PLC] for automation or industrial process control
    • H05K7/1465—Modular PLC assemblies with separable functional units
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K7/00—Constructional details common to different types of electric apparatus
    • H05K7/14—Mounting supporting structure in casing or on frame or rack
    • H05K7/1462—Mounting supporting structure in casing or on frame or rack for programmable logic controllers [PLC] for automation or industrial process control
    • H05K7/1467—PLC mounted in a cabinet or chassis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/44—Mechanical structures for providing tensile strength and external protection for fibres, e.g. optical transmission cables
    • G02B6/4439—Auxiliary devices
    • G02B6/444—Systems or boxes with surplus lengths
    • G02B6/4452—Distribution frames
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/44—Mechanical structures for providing tensile strength and external protection for fibres, e.g. optical transmission cables
    • G02B6/4439—Auxiliary devices
    • G02B6/444—Systems or boxes with surplus lengths
    • G02B6/4452—Distribution frames
    • G02B6/44524—Distribution frames with frame parts or auxiliary devices mounted on the frame and collectively not covering a whole width of the frame or rack
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B2219/00—Program-control systems
    • G05B2219/20—Pc systems
    • G05B2219/25—Pc structure of the system
    • G05B2219/25178—Serial communication, data, also repeater
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B2219/00—Program-control systems
    • G05B2219/20—Pc systems
    • G05B2219/25—Pc structure of the system
    • G05B2219/25197—Optical, glass fiber
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B2219/00—Program-control systems
    • G05B2219/20—Pc systems
    • G05B2219/25—Pc structure of the system
    • G05B2219/25296—Identification module, type connected I-O, device
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B2219/00—Program-control systems
    • G05B2219/20—Pc systems
    • G05B2219/25—Pc structure of the system
    • G05B2219/25314—Modular structure, modules
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B2219/00—Program-control systems
    • G05B2219/20—Pc systems
    • G05B2219/25—Pc structure of the system
    • G05B2219/25315—Module, sequence from module to module, structure
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B2219/00—Program-control systems
    • G05B2219/20—Pc systems
    • G05B2219/25—Pc structure of the system
    • G05B2219/25353—Inductive coupling of power, transformer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B2219/00—Program-control systems
    • G05B2219/20—Pc systems
    • G05B2219/25—Pc structure of the system
    • G05B2219/25458—Opto isolation, optical separation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F38/00—Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions
    • H01F38/14—Inductive couplings
    • H01F2038/143—Inductive couplings for signals
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/30—Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for improving the carbon footprint of the management of residential or tertiary loads, i.e. smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the buildings sector, including also the last stages of power distribution and the control, monitoring or operating management systems at local level
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S20/00—Management or operation of end-user stationary applications or the last stages of power distribution; Controlling, monitoring or operating thereof
    • Y04S20/20—End-user application control systems

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Software Systems (AREA)
  • Databases & Information Systems (AREA)
  • Data Mining & Analysis (AREA)
  • Optical Communication System (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Control Of Stepping Motors (AREA)
  • Executing Machine-Instructions (AREA)
  • Programmable Controllers (AREA)
  • Lock And Its Accessories (AREA)
  • Control By Computers (AREA)
  • Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
  • Transplanting Machines (AREA)
  • Massaging Devices (AREA)
  • Sorption Type Refrigeration Machines (AREA)
  • Iron Core Of Rotating Electric Machines (AREA)
  • Control Of Motors That Do Not Use Commutators (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
  • Small-Scale Networks (AREA)
  • Vending Machines For Individual Products (AREA)
  • Memory System Of A Hierarchy Structure (AREA)
  • Multi-Process Working Machines And Systems (AREA)
  • Automobile Manufacture Line, Endless Track Vehicle, Trailer (AREA)
ZA86987A 1985-02-11 1986-02-11 Control device including a conductively isolated depluggable controller ZA86987B (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/700,456 US4621200A (en) 1985-02-11 1985-02-11 Control device including a conductively isolated depluggable controller

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
ZA86987B true ZA86987B (en) 1986-10-29

Family

ID=24813567

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
ZA86987A ZA86987B (en) 1985-02-11 1986-02-11 Control device including a conductively isolated depluggable controller

Country Status (12)

Country Link
US (2) US4621200A (fr)
EP (1) EP0192108B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPS61187447A (fr)
KR (1) KR860006739A (fr)
AT (1) ATE77497T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU591092B2 (fr)
BR (1) BR8600569A (fr)
CA (1) CA1311043C (fr)
DE (1) DE3685666D1 (fr)
ES (1) ES8706979A1 (fr)
MX (1) MX160186A (fr)
ZA (1) ZA86987B (fr)

Families Citing this family (28)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5225765A (en) * 1984-08-15 1993-07-06 Michael Callahan Inductorless controlled transition and other light dimmers
US5629607A (en) * 1984-08-15 1997-05-13 Callahan; Michael Initializing controlled transition light dimmers
US5319301A (en) * 1984-08-15 1994-06-07 Michael Callahan Inductorless controlled transition and other light dimmers
DE3685792T2 (de) * 1985-10-18 1993-02-04 Hitachi Ltd Stromversorgungsanordnung.
US4769557A (en) * 1987-02-19 1988-09-06 Allen-Bradley Company, Inc. Modular electric load controller
JPH0834714B2 (ja) * 1987-06-16 1996-03-29 ファナック株式会社 Ａｃスピンドルアンプの筐体構造
US4863233A (en) * 1988-05-12 1989-09-05 Zenith Electronics Corporation Fiber optic interconnect system
US5182798A (en) * 1988-12-30 1993-01-26 Pitney Bowes Inc. Multiple material processing system start-up
US4992950A (en) * 1988-12-30 1991-02-12 Pitney Bowes Inc. Multiple processing station message communication
DE58907795D1 (de) * 1989-09-25 1994-07-07 Siemens Ag Baugruppe mit einer Leiterplatte.
US5237441A (en) * 1990-02-23 1993-08-17 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Microprocessor chip incorporating optical signal coupling transceiver
US5034622A (en) * 1990-03-07 1991-07-23 Snc Manufacturing Co., Inc. Power supply interface apparatus for communication facilities at a power station
USRE37130E1 (en) * 1992-05-08 2001-04-10 David Fiori, Jr. Signal conditioning apparatus
US5436593A (en) * 1992-05-08 1995-07-25 Fiori, Jr.; David Signal conditioning apparatus
US5694081A (en) * 1992-05-08 1997-12-02 Fiori, Jr.; David Signal conditioning apparatus
US5386148A (en) * 1992-05-08 1995-01-31 Fiori, Jr.; David Signal conditioning apparatus
US5428470A (en) * 1992-07-17 1995-06-27 Beckman Instruments, Inc. Modular system and method for an automatic analyzer
US5574350A (en) * 1993-11-08 1996-11-12 Grapha-Holding Ag Motor-operated adjusting device for machines
US5621662A (en) * 1994-02-15 1997-04-15 Intellinet, Inc. Home automation system
ES2159168T3 (es) * 1997-03-12 2001-09-16 Loh Kg Rittal Werk Armario de distribucion con un dispositivo de control central para vigilar y controlar unidades integradas y/o unidades agregadas.
JP2001525992A (ja) * 1997-05-16 2001-12-11 レクトロラーム・カスタム・システムズ，インク． 回転インターフェースを介した信号送信用カプラ
US5980312A (en) * 1998-01-12 1999-11-09 Amphenol Corporation Modular optical/electronic backplane assembly
US6161877A (en) * 1999-05-25 2000-12-19 Applied Materials, Inc. Conduit interlock assembly
US6885796B2 (en) * 2002-03-27 2005-04-26 Pent Technologies, Inc. Worksurface power module with fiber optic capability
ATE480066T1 (de) * 2006-05-26 2010-09-15 Fondazione Torino Wireless Kunststoffglasfasernetz für elektronische steuereinheiten und leistungselektronik in by- wire-fahrzeugen
US8225498B2 (en) * 2007-04-26 2012-07-24 Siemens Industry, Inc. System and method for reconfiguring a harness board
US8041221B2 (en) * 2009-11-11 2011-10-18 Elbex Video Ltd. Method and apparatus for coupling optical signal with packaged circuits via optical cables and lightguide couplers
CN107807584A (zh) * 2017-11-29 2018-03-16 广东创瑜机电工程有限公司 一种交通路口多功能电气控制系统

Family Cites Families (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3558891A (en) * 1968-01-12 1971-01-26 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Viscous-friction-heated optical guiding apparatus
US3566127A (en) * 1968-04-05 1971-02-23 Theodore Hafner Long distance transmission of coherent waves
US3626253A (en) * 1970-05-06 1971-12-07 Zinsco Electrical Products Cell construction for motor control center for separate disengaging of terminal blocks and bus stabs
JPS5327774B2 (fr) * 1973-04-18 1978-08-10
US4042780A (en) * 1975-07-23 1977-08-16 Johnson Controls, Inc. Multiple message frame adaptor apparatus for loop communication system
US4178624A (en) * 1975-09-11 1979-12-11 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Control center with insulated bus bars
US4180846A (en) * 1975-09-11 1979-12-25 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Vertical bus bars for motor control center
JPS5440540A (en) * 1977-09-07 1979-03-30 Yokogawa Hokushin Electric Corp Isolator
US4161650A (en) * 1978-04-06 1979-07-17 Lockheed Aircraft Corporation Self-powered fiber optic interconnect system
JPH0128403B2 (fr) * 1978-08-10 1989-06-02 Square D Co
US4305114A (en) * 1979-06-19 1981-12-08 Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Motor control center
DE3001638A1 (de) * 1980-01-17 1981-07-23 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Passives bussystem fuer dezentral strukturierte mehrrechneranordnungen, insbesondere multimikrocomputer-anordnungen
DE3027078C2 (de) * 1980-07-17 1983-12-15 Ruhrtal Elektrizitätsgesellschaft Hartig GmbH & Co, 4300 Essen Schaltanlage
US4338951A (en) * 1980-08-19 1982-07-13 Critikon, Inc. Magnetically coupled isolation interface circuit
EP0063626B1 (fr) * 1981-04-28 1985-07-17 International Business Machines Corporation Arrangement de bus pour l'interconnexion des chips en circuit
US4511208A (en) * 1981-11-26 1985-04-16 Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Optical communication system
US4463408A (en) * 1982-04-28 1984-07-31 Siemens-Allis, Inc. Two-high motor control center with staggered cubicles
JPS58199245A (ja) * 1982-04-30 1983-11-19 Mitsubishi Electric Corp 自動車用制御装置
US4501021A (en) * 1982-05-03 1985-02-19 General Signal Corporation Fiber optic data highway
DE3230404A1 (de) * 1982-08-16 1984-02-16 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Verfahren und einrichtung zum schaltfehlergeschuetzten betaetigen einer aus mehreren schaltfeldern bestehenden schaltanlage in einem elektrischen energieverteilungsnetz
US4531240A (en) * 1982-09-29 1985-07-23 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Data communication system
US4456867A (en) * 1983-04-20 1984-06-26 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Motor control apparatus with input validator
FR2548511B1 (fr) * 1983-06-30 1986-01-24 Alsthom Cgee Bloc fonctionnel pour le montage d'au moins une plaque de circuits sur un support et ses elements constitutifs
US4580872A (en) * 1983-08-17 1986-04-08 Fiberlan, Inc. Collision detection apparatus utilizing tap means connected to each transmitting optical fiber for fiber optic Local Area Networks
US4596049A (en) * 1983-12-09 1986-06-17 Ward Leonard Electric Co., Inc. Electrical control system
FR2566572A1 (fr) * 1984-06-21 1985-12-27 Ramses Dispositif de commande et de liaison, sans contact, pour equipements automatises, notamment en machines-outils

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
KR860006739A (ko) 1986-09-15
MX160186A (es) 1989-12-21
ES8706979A1 (es) 1987-07-01
AU591092B2 (en) 1989-11-30
US4621200A (en) 1986-11-04
EP0192108B1 (fr) 1992-06-17
JPS61187447A (ja) 1986-08-21
CA1311043C (fr) 1992-12-01
AU5322086A (en) 1986-08-14
EP0192108A3 (en) 1989-02-08
ATE77497T1 (de) 1992-07-15
BR8600569A (pt) 1986-10-21
EP0192108A2 (fr) 1986-08-27
US4705960A (en) 1987-11-10
ES551782A0 (es) 1987-07-01
DE3685666D1 (de) 1992-07-23

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
AU591092B2 (en) Control device including a conductively isolated depluggable controller
TW237581B (fr)
CA2156429A1 (fr) Transducteur opto-electrique
TW238452B (en) External communication link for a credit card pager
PL286131A1 (en) Light-pipe type telecommunication trunk line with amplifiers signals transmitted therethrough and amplifier used therein
ES8705978A1 (es) Red de fibras opticas con un dispositivo para minimizar las perdidas de acoplamiento optico
GB2219166A (en) Fibre optic communication system for use in hazardous environments
AU9001191A (en) A system and method for the non-contact transmission of data
EP0608715A3 (en) Wireless-telecommunication device for vehicles.
EP0188085A3 (fr) Systèmes de transmission par fibre optique
ES2029408A6 (es) Procedimiento y dispositivo de identificacion de objetos en especial de vehiculos automoviles.
DE69221413D1 (de) Verteileinrichtung
FI894442A (fi) Kommunikationssystem foer kraftlinje.
CA2048616A1 (fr) Systeme de transmission optique
JPS56138346A (en) Control system for multipoint line
CA2000933A1 (fr) Systeme de transmission de donnees
EP0398181A3 (fr) Dispositif de transmission de signal optique
DE3562850D1 (en) Antenna plug socket
ATE9939T1 (de) Kabelkommunikationssystem.
EP0777356A3 (fr) Dispositif pour la transmission de données cryptées entre deux systèmes différents
GB8322033D0 (en) Coupling device
JPS6439138A (en) Optical communication system for space structure
JPS5698039A (en) Radio communication system
JPS6439137A (en) Hermetic optical signal connector
MY100711A (en) A transmission system of audio voltage signals