ZA200503171B - Aviation gasoline composition, its preparation and use - Google Patents
Aviation gasoline composition, its preparation and use Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ZA200503171B ZA200503171B ZA200503171A ZA200503171A ZA200503171B ZA 200503171 B ZA200503171 B ZA 200503171B ZA 200503171 A ZA200503171 A ZA 200503171A ZA 200503171 A ZA200503171 A ZA 200503171A ZA 200503171 B ZA200503171 B ZA 200503171B
- Authority
- ZA
- South Africa
- Prior art keywords
- composition
- vol
- amount
- present
- aviation gasoline
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims description 88
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title description 2
- NHTMVDHEPJAVLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isooctane Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C)(C)C NHTMVDHEPJAVLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000002611 lead compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- FLTJDUOFAQWHDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl pentane Natural products CCCCC(C)(C)C FLTJDUOFAQWHDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N isopentane Chemical compound CCC(C)C QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- JVSWJIKNEAIKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl-hexane Natural products CCCCCC(C)C JVSWJIKNEAIKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- -1 tri-methyl pentane hydrocarbon Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000006708 antioxidants Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- AFABGHUZZDYHJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl butane Natural products CCCC(C)C AFABGHUZZDYHJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002551 biofuel Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003254 gasoline additive Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- MRMOZBOQVYRSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethyllead Chemical compound CC[Pb](CC)(CC)CC MRMOZBOQVYRSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 4
- YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylbenzene Chemical compound CCC1=CC=CC=C1 YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SBASXUCJHJRPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol Chemical compound COCCOCCO SBASXUCJHJRPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000428352 Amma Species 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isobutene Chemical class CC(C)=C VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl tert-butyl ether Chemical compound COC(C)(C)C BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
- C10L1/06—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for spark ignition
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
Description
by
AVIATION GASOLINE COMPOSITION, ITS PREPARATION AND USE.
The present invention relates in general to a fuel composition and in particular to an aviation gasoline (Avgas).
International Patent Publication WO 02/40620 relates to an aviation gasoline fuel composition possessing a high motor octane number and which contains reduced amounts of tetraethyl lead compound. The Avgas composition is said to preferably contain about 20 to about 80 vol % iso-octane, about 5 to about 18 vol % toluene, about 1 to about 20 vol % C4 to Cs paraffins, about 0 to about 1 ml/gallon tetraethyl lead (TEL) and the balance light alkylate. The motor octane number is said to be preferably greater than or equal to about 100. The fuel is said to be preferably suitable as a substitute for Grade 100LL aviation fuel. This patent publication illustrates only compositions with 0.9 ml/gallon tetraethyl lead.
There is a need for an aviation fuel which can be used in moderately powered engines (such as presently use leaded aviation gasoline with a MON of at least 91) as well as in high performance engines (such as presently use leaded aviation gasoline with aMON of at least 99.5 MON) which have been modified to use lower octane number fuels.
Thus, according to the present invention there is provided an aviation gasoline composition comprising at least one tri-methyl pentane hydrocarbon and at least one Cy or Cs alkane wherein the amount of the at least one tri-methyl pentane in said composition is 10 to 90 vol %, the composition is substantially free of any lead compounds and the composition has a motor octane number of at least 92 and less than
The composition of the present invention solves the technical problem defined above by the presence of at least one tri-methy! pentane compound in an amount of 10 - 90 vol. % in the composition which, in the substantial absence of lead compounds, provides a fuel with a motor octane number of at least 92 and less than 98.
The composition of the present invention can provide the same performance in full size spark ignition aviation engines as known leaded 91/96 or 91/98 aviation gasoline, the higher MON value compensating for the absence of lead compounds such as tetraethyl lead.
The motor octane number is defined according to ASTM D2700 standard, which is known in the art. : The composition of the present invention preferably has a MON of at least 93 and more preferably of at least 94.
By substantially freg of lead compounds is meant that the amount of lead compounds in the composition according to. the present invention is not greater than 0.003g of lead per litre. Lead compounds in particular which should be absent include - tetraethyl lead.
The at least one tri-methyl pentane preferably comprises 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (herein referred to as iso-octane). Iso-octane may be prepared as described in WO © 02/40620, the contents of which are incorporated by reference. Iso-octane may be prepared by the hydrogenation of di-isobutylene, which in turn may be prepared by the dimerisation of isobutenes. Such dimerisation may be performed using converted
MTBE production facilities.
The at least one tri-methyl pentane may be provided as a substantially pure component and/or as a component in one or more alkylate process streams.
The composition of the present invention comprises at least one tri-methyl pentane (from whatever source) in an amount of 10 — 90 vol %, preferably 40 — 90 vol %, more preferably 60 — 90 vol %.
The composition of the present invention may comprise at least 0.01 vol % C4 alkane. The composition of the present invention may comprise less than 5 vol %,
preferably less than 2 vol % Cs alkane. The composition of the present invention may comprise at least 10 vol % Cs alkane. The composition of the present invention may comprise less than 40 vol %, preferably less than 20 vol % Cs alkane. 2-methyl butane is preferred over n-pentane.
The composition of the present invention may optionally comprise alkylate in an amount of up to 90 vol %, for example up to 70 vol %. Preferably, the alkylate if present in the composition of the present invention, has been distilled such that it has a boiling point not greater than 170 °C. The alkylate component may comprise at least one tri-methy! pentane.
The composition of the present invention may comprise isomerate and/or jsopentane (2-methy! butane) in a combined total amount of up to 40 vol %, preferably in an amount of less than 20 vol %. Isopentane used in the composition of the present invention may be provided as a substantially pure component and/or as a component in a Cs refinery stream, for example from an isomerisation unit.
The composition of the present invention may optionally comprise hydrocrackate. If present in the composition of the present invention, the amount of hydrocrackate is preferably up to 40 vol %, more preferably up to 20 vol %.
Aromatics may optionally be present in the composition of the present invention in an amount of up to 30 vol %, preferably up to 25 vol %. Toluene is optionally present in the composition of the present invention in an amount of up to 30 vol %.
Preferably, the amount of toluene, if present in the composition of the present invention, is less than 20 vol %, more preferably not greater than 10 vol %. Other aromatic compounds, for example ethylbenzene and xylene, may be present in the composition of the present invention in place of or in addition to toluene. Such aromatic compounds may be obtained by distillation of a process stream from a catalytic reformer.
Naphtha may be present in the composition of the present invention. If present in the composition of the present invention, the amount of naphtha is preferably not greater than 30 vol %, and more preferably is less than 10 vol %. : Olefins are preferably not present in the composition of the present invention, but their presence is not excluded. .
.
The composition of the present invention may comprise a dye, or may be undyed. The composition of the present invention may comprise one or more anti- oxidants such as hindered phenols.
The composition of the present invention may comprise one or more lubricity 5S improvers such as acids, esters and/or amides. Biofuel may also be present in the composition of the present invention. The composition of the present invention may comprise one or more additives to reduce valve seat recession, such as phosphorus, potassium or sodium based valve seat recession additives.
The composition of the present invention may independently have one or more of the features listed in Table 1 below and preferably all of the features.
TABLE 1
Distillation properties : 10 % evaporation by 75 °C max 40 % evaporation by 75 °C min : 50 % evaporation by 105 °C max 90 % evaporation by 135 °C max
Final boiling point < 170°C
Preferably, the composition of the present invention meets the Def Stan 91-90 standard and/or ASTM D910 standards with the provisos (1) that the MON value is at least 92 and less than 98 (ii) the supercharge is unspecified or at least 96 and (iii) the composition is substantially free of any lead compounds.
The composition of the present invention may be made by blending together one or more process streams selected from the group consisting of iso-octane, alkylate, isopentane, isomerate, hydrocrackate, aromatics and naphtha streams. Preferably, the composition of the present invention is made by adding to one or more of these process streams or a blend thereof, one or more aviation gasoline additives selected from the group consisting of dye, anti-oxidants, lubricity improvers and additives to reduce valve seat recession.
The composition of the present invention may further comprise at least one fuel system icing inhibitor. Such icing inhibitors are preferably added at the point of use of the composition. Suitable fuel system icing inhibitors comprise alcohols or ethers for example diethylene glycol monomethyl ether and isopropanol. The icing inhibitor may be used in an amount of up to 5 % by volume in the fuel composition.
The composition of the present invention may be used in spark ignition aviation engines. The aviation engines may be capable of operating at 30 metres or more above sealevel. The aviation engines may be used to propel heavier than air craft such as light aircraft. The aviation engines may be used to propel lighter than air craft such as airships. Thus, according to a further embodiment of the present invention there is provided a method of operating a spark ignition aviation engine which comprises providing said engine with an aviation gasoline composition comprising at least one tri- methyl pentane hydrocarbon and at least one C4 or Cs alkane wherein the amount of the at least one tri-methyl pentane in said composition is 10 to 90 vol %, the composition is substantially free of any lead compounds and the composition has a motor octane number of at least 92 and less than 98. :
The present invention will now be illustrated by reference only to the following examples. Compositions were prepared by blending amounts of components as listed in
Table 2 below. :
TABLE 2
Component Example 1 Example 2 (W02/421) (W02/579)
I Na Re
Alkylate, initial boiling point to 170 °C fraction * 24 vol % 24 vol %
ER Ni BLL * the alkylate fraction comprised approximately 30 vol % iso-octane such that the total amount of iso-octane in the composition was about 60 vol %.
The properties of the compositions were determined and these are listed in Table 3 below. :
t
TABLE 3
TT Prepay | Unis | wodz1 | wous7s won | esa [ 950
Tv I YN
Tews | geome | 000 [ 000
Dio FiA Amma | %w | 6s | 74
D139 FA Olefin | %w | 06 | 0
D381 Existent Gum (A) | Mgiooml | 1 | <1
Deeloss | wv | 06 | 05
Des Recovery | ww | 83 | 990. ‘DS640% Evaporated | °c | 962 | 960
D873 16Hr Accelerated Gum | Mglooml | 3 | 1
D873 Lead Precipitate | Mgiooml | 0 | 0 1P154 Copper Comosion 2Hrs @100°C__| = | da | 1 [P2890 Water Reaction Interface Rating | ___ - | 1 | 1b 1289 Water Reaction Volumechange | - | 0 | 0 "The properties of the compositions show that these are suitable for use as aviation gasolines, in particular, the compositions of the present invention meet the Def
Stan 91-90 standard and/or ASTM D910 standards with the provisos (i) that the MON value is at least 92 and less than 98 (ii) the supercharge is unspecified or at least 96 and (iii) the composition is substantially free of any lead compounds.
Claims (16)
1. An aviation gasoline composition comprising at least one tri-methyl pentane hydrocarbon and at least one C4 or Cs alkane wherein the amount of the at least one tri- methyl pentane in said composition is 10 to 90 vol %, the composition is substantially free of any lead compounds and the composition has a motor octane number of at least 92 and less than 98. :
2. A composition as claimed in claim 1 in which the composition has a MON of at least 93 and preferably of at least 94.
3. A composition as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2 in which the amount of the at Jeast one tri-methyl pentane in said composition is 40 — 90 vol %, preferably 60 — 90 vol
%.
4. , A composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which the composition comprises alkylate in an amount of up to 90 vol %.
S. A composition as claimed in claim 4 in which the alkylate has been distilled such that it has a boiling point not greater than 170 °C.
6. A composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which the composition comprises isomerate and/or isopentane (2-methyl butane) in a combined total amount of up to 40 vol %, preferably in an amount of less than 20 vol %.
7. A composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which the composition comprises aromatics in an amount of up to 30 vol %, preferably up to 25 vol %.
8. A composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which the composition comprises a dye.
9. A composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which the composition comprises one or more anti-oxidants such as hindered phenols.
10. A composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which the composition comprises comprise one or more lubricity improvers such as acids, esters and/or amides. :
iI. A composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which the composition comprises biofuel.
12. A composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which the ~ composition comprises one or more additives to reduce valve seat recession, such as phosphorus, potassium or sodium based valve seat recession additives. .
13. A method of operating a spark ignition aviation engine which comprises providing said engine with an aviation gasoline composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 12. )
14. A method as claimed in claim 13 which further comprises adding to said aviation gasoline composition, at the point of use, at least one fuel system icing inhibitor.
15. A method of making an aviation gasoline composition which comprises blending together one or more process streams selected from the group consisting of iso-octane, alkylate, isopentane, isomerate, hydrocrackate, aromatics and naphtha streams to make a composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 12.
16. A method as claimed in claim 15 which further comprises adding to one or more of said process streams or a blend thereof, one or more aviation gasoline additives selected from the group consisting of dye, anti-oxidants, lubricity improvers and : additives to reduce valve seat recession. :
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US29421002A | 2002-11-14 | 2002-11-14 | |
| GBGB0226587.4A GB0226587D0 (en) | 2002-11-14 | 2002-11-14 | Aviation gasoline composition, its preparation and use |
| US49303003P | 2003-08-05 | 2003-08-05 | |
| EP03811014.4A EP1560900B1 (en) | 2002-11-14 | 2003-11-05 | Aviation gasoline composition, its preparation and use |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ZA200503171B true ZA200503171B (en) | 2006-10-25 |
Family
ID=32314754
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZA200503171A ZA200503171B (en) | 2002-11-14 | 2005-04-19 | Aviation gasoline composition, its preparation and use |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (2) | EP2612897A3 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2003276465A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB0226587D0 (en) |
| NO (1) | NO337019B1 (en) |
| NZ (1) | NZ539863A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2004044106A1 (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA200503171B (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20070215519A1 (en) * | 2004-05-26 | 2007-09-20 | Jan Lodewijk Maria Dierickx | Aliphatic gasoline component and process to prepare said gasoline component |
| FR2933102B1 (en) | 2008-06-30 | 2010-08-27 | Total France | AVIATION GASOLINE FOR AIRCRAFT PISTON ENGINES, PROCESS FOR PREPARING THE SAME |
| RU2572242C2 (en) * | 2014-04-15 | 2016-01-10 | Открытое акционерное общество "Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт по переработке нефти" (ОАО "ВНИИ НП") | Fuel aviation gasoline composition |
| RU2554938C1 (en) * | 2014-06-06 | 2015-07-10 | Открытое акционерное общество "Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт по переработке нефти" (ОАО "ВНИИ НП") | Fuel composition of aviation gasoline |
| CN104611074B (en) * | 2015-01-12 | 2016-06-29 | 四川帝标新能源科技有限公司 | A kind of novel liquid fuel and preparation method thereof |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE19744109A1 (en) * | 1997-10-06 | 1999-04-15 | Thomas Dr Wilharm | Fuel for 2- and 4-stroke engines |
| EG22450A (en) * | 1998-03-26 | 2003-02-26 | Bp Oil Int | Fuel composition |
| US6451075B1 (en) * | 1999-12-09 | 2002-09-17 | Texas Petrochemicals Lp | Low lead aviation gasoline blend |
| WO2002040620A2 (en) | 2000-09-01 | 2002-05-23 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | Aviation gasoline containing reduced amounts of tetraethyl lead |
-
2002
- 2002-11-14 GB GBGB0226587.4A patent/GB0226587D0/en not_active Ceased
-
2003
- 2003-11-05 AU AU2003276465A patent/AU2003276465A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-11-05 NZ NZ539863A patent/NZ539863A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-11-05 EP EP13160668.3A patent/EP2612897A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-11-05 EP EP03811014.4A patent/EP1560900B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-11-05 WO PCT/GB2003/004777 patent/WO2004044106A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
-
2005
- 2005-04-19 ZA ZA200503171A patent/ZA200503171B/en unknown
- 2005-06-13 NO NO20052868A patent/NO337019B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2612897A2 (en) | 2013-07-10 |
| AU2003276465A1 (en) | 2004-06-03 |
| EP1560900A1 (en) | 2005-08-10 |
| EP2612897A3 (en) | 2013-10-23 |
| GB0226587D0 (en) | 2002-12-24 |
| EP1560900B1 (en) | 2019-08-21 |
| NZ539863A (en) | 2006-11-30 |
| NO337019B1 (en) | 2015-12-28 |
| WO2004044106A1 (en) | 2004-05-27 |
| NO20052868L (en) | 2005-07-12 |
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