WO2003000830A1 - Low lead aviation gasoline blend - Google Patents
Low lead aviation gasoline blend Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2003000830A1 WO2003000830A1 PCT/US2001/020228 US0120228W WO03000830A1 WO 2003000830 A1 WO2003000830 A1 WO 2003000830A1 US 0120228 W US0120228 W US 0120228W WO 03000830 A1 WO03000830 A1 WO 03000830A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- volume
- set forth
- gasoline blend
- lead
- trimethylpentane
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
- C10L1/023—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for spark ignition
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
- C10L1/06—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for spark ignition
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/30—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes)
- C10L1/305—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes) organo-metallic compounds (containing a metal to carbon bond)
- C10L1/306—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes) organo-metallic compounds (containing a metal to carbon bond) organo Pb compounds
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a reduced or low lead aviation gasoline blend which satisfies the requirements of ASTM D 910 or deviates therefrom only in the inclusion of an oxygenate.
- the invention relates to such an aviation gasoline blend which comprises at least about 50 % by volume 2,2,4-trimethylpentane and contains less than the maximum of 0.53 mL/L of lead specified by ASTM D 910.
- Tetraethyl lead was used for years to increase octane in both automotive and aviation gasoline fuels. On January 1, 1996 TEL was banned from use in automotive gasoline fuels by the EPA Clean Air Act. The General Aviation industry is concerned that these criteria will be extrapolated to aviation gasoline fuels so as to increase the cost and affect the reliability and/or consistency thereof. This concern is exacerbated because aviation gasoline fuel generally must have a higher octane than automotive fuel. Moreover, consumers in the general aviation industry require a gasoline fuel product which has a consistent and reliable octane rating so as to provide an appropriate consistent performance level. Generally speaking, aviation gasoline fuels today must meet the requirements of ASTM D 910 (1996). Presently relevant criteria of ASTM D 910 are set forth below in TABLE 1.
- ASTM D 910 also excludes oxygenates.
- most aviation gasoline fuels today comprise a blend containing about 70 volume % alkylate, about 10 volume % isopentane and about 20 volume % toluene.
- Approximately 2 gm of TEL is added to each gallon of the blend to appropriately increase the MON to the specified level. This is the maximum amount of lead allowed by the ASTMD 910 specification.
- the very stringent specifications set by ASTMD 910 (1996) for aviation gasoline fuels, particularly the supercharge octane rating, the MON, the vapor pressure and the distillation criteria greatly reduce the options available to blend a satisfactory aviation gasoline fuel without using a lead additive to increase the octane level. In fact most prior art aviation gasoline fuel blends have necessarily included the maximum amount of lead permitted.
- the present invention provides a genuine solution to the problems discussed above.
- the invention provides a reduced lead aviation gasoline blend
- the invention provides an aviation gasoline fuel that comprises at least about 50.0 volume % 2,2,4- trimethylpentane (sometimes referred to simply as "isooctane"), whereby the lead content of the fuel may be reduced to less than 0.53 mL/L.
- the fuel of the invention may
- the invention provides a gasoline blend which is
- gasoline blend of the invention may comprise from about 58.0 to about 62.0 volume % of the 2,2,4-trimethylpentane. More
- the gasoline blend of the invention may comprise about 60.0 volume % of the 2,2,4-trimethylpentane. Ideally, the gasoline blend of the invention may comprise no more than about 85.0 volume % of the 2,2,4-trimethylpentane.
- the lead content of the gasoline blend may be reduced from the maximum allowed by ASTM D 910 to an amount which ranges from about 0.11 to about 0.15 mL/L.
- the lead content may range from about 0.12 to about 0.14 mL/L.
- the lead content of the fuel may be about 0.13 mL/L.
- the lead content of the aviation fuel may be reduced to an amount which is no more than about 0.13 mL/L.
- the lead content of the gasoline blend may be reduced from the maximum allowed by ASTM D 910 to an amount which ranges from about 0.03 to about 0.07 mL/L.
- the lead content may range from about 0.04 to about 0.06 mL/L.
- the lead content of the fuel may be about 0.05 mL/L.
- the lead content of the aviation fuel may be reduced to an amount which is no more than about 0.05 mL/L.
- a predominant feature of the invention is the use of a major amount of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane in the gasoline blend.
- the content of this ingredient in the overall gasoline blend may be as low as 50.0 % and as high as 85.0 %
- the blend may contain about 60.0 volume % of the 2,2,4- trimethylpentane.
- the gasoline blend may contain about 67.0 volume % of said 2,2,4-trimethylpentane.
- the aviation gasoline blend of the invention may also include a C 7 -C n aromatic hydrocarbon, a C 5 -C 6 aliphatic hydrocarbon and a C 4 aliphatic hydrocarbon.
- the blend may contain a sufficient amount of a C 7 -C ⁇ aromatic hydrocarbon to provide an appropriate supercharge rating.
- the blend may include a sufficient amount of a C 5 -C 6 aliphatic hydrocarbon to provide D-86 distillation control.
- the blend may include a sufficient amount of a C 4 aliphatic hydrocarbon to provide D-86 distillation and RVP control.
- the aviation gasoline blend may comprise from about 56.0 to about 64.0 volume % 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, from about 13.0 to about 17.0 volume % xylene, from about 12.0 to about 16.0 volume % methyl t-butyl ether, from about 6.5 to about 9.5 volume % isopentane, from about 2.0
- the aviation gasoline blend of the invention may comprise from about 58.0
- the blend may include about 60.0
- volume % 2,2,4-trimethylpentane about 15.0 volume % xylene, about 14.0 volume % methyl t-butyl ether, about 8.0 volume % isopentane, about 3.0 volume % isobutane and no more than about 0.05 mL/L tetraethyl lead.
- the aviation gasoline blend may comprise from about 62.0 to about 72.0 volume % 2,2,4- trimethylpentane, from about 15.0 to about 21.0 volume % xylene, from about 10.0 to about 14.0 volume % isopentane, from about 2.0 to about 4.0 volume % isobutane and no more than about 0.20 mL/L tetraethyl lead.
- the aviation gasoline blend of this embodiment may comprise from about 64.0 to about 70.0 volume % 2,2,4- trimethylpentane, from about 16.0 to about 20.0 volume % xylene, from about 10.5 to about 13.5 volume % isopentane, from about 2.5 to about 3.5 volume % isobutane and no more than about 0.20 mL/L tetraethyl lead.
- the blend of this embodiment may include about 67.0 volume % 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, about 18.0 volume % xylene, about
- the aviation gasoline blend of the invention may include from about 56.0 to about 64.0, more preferably from about 58.0 to about 62.0 and ideally about 60.0 volume % 2,2,4- trimethylpentane, from about 13.0 to about 17.0, more preferably from about 14.0 to about 16.0 and ideally about 15.0 volume % of a C 7 -C n aromatic hydrocarbon, from about 12.0 to about 16.0, more preferably from about 13.0 to about 15.0 and ideally about 14.0 volume % of an oxygenate, from about 6.0 to about 10.0, more preferably from about 7.0 to about 9.0 and ideally about 8.0 volume % of a branched aliphatic C 5 -C 6 hydrocarbon, from about 2.0 to about 4.0, more preferably from about 2.5 to about 3.5 and ideally about 3.0 volume % of a branched C 4 aliphatic hydrocarbon and no more than
- the aviation gasoline blend of the invention may include from about 63.0 to about 70.0, more preferably from about 65.0 to about 69.0 and ideally about 67.0 volume % 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, from about 15.0 to about 21.0, more preferably from about 16.5 to about 19.5 and ideally about 17.0 volume % of a C 7 -C u aromatic hydrocarbon, from about 10.0 to about 14.0, more preferably from about 11 to about 13 and ideally about 12 volume % of a branched aliphatic C 5 -C 6 hydrocarbon, from about 2.0 to about 4.0, more preferably from about 2.5 to about 3.5 and ideally about 3.0 volume % of a branched C 4 aliphatic hydrocarbon and no more than about 0.2 mL/L tetraethyl lead.
- the invention provides an aviation gasoline
- the principal component of the aviation gasoline of the invention is 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, a C s branched chain aliphatic hydrocarbon that is sometimes referred to as isooctane.
- isooctane is present in the fuel of the invention in an amount which is at least 50.0 volume % of the entire blend.
- Isooctane may be present in any amount up to and including about 85.0 volume %.
- isooctane is present in an amount less than about 50 % by volume, the octane will generally be too low.
- the amount of isooctane exceeds 85.0%, the vapor pressure will be too low and the distillation profile will not meet the ASTM D 910 criteria.
- the low lead aviation gasoline fuel blends provided thereby comply fully with all of the requirements of ASTM D 910.
- the low lead gasoline fuel blends incorporate an oxygenate, but otherwise comply fully with all of the requirements of ASTM D 910. In both cases these blends are ready to be used in aircraft.
- the aviation gasoline blends of the invention preferably may include an aromatic component to increase supercharge rating and one or more lighter aliphatic hydrocarbons for distillation profile and RVP (Reid Vapor
- the aromatic component may be a C 7 -C n aromatic hydrocarbon and
- the aliphatic hydrocarbon components ideally may be xylene or toluene.
- the aliphatic hydrocarbon components ideally may be xylene or toluene.
- the aliphatic hydrocarbon components may include a mixture of isopentane and isobutane.
- the isopentane primarily is useful for controlling the distillation profile while the isobutane is useful for adjusting both distillation profile and vapor pressure.
- a particularly useful aviation gasoline fuel blend which embodies the principles and concepts of the present invention is as follows:
- Isooctane (ASTM, Lot T-1304) 67.0 volume %
- the gasoline blend of EXAMPLE I complied fully with the criteria set forth in ASTM D 910. Moreover, it can be seen that the lead content of 0.13 mL/L is well below the specified maximum concentration of 0.53 mL/L. In fact, the lead concentration in the fuel of EXAMPLE I is only about 25 % of the concentration allowed by the ASTM D 910 specification. Thus, the fuel of EXAMPLE I provides a 75 % reduction in the lead concentration when compared with the amount allo ed by ASTM EXAMPLE II
- Isooctane (ASTM, Lot T-l 304) 60.0 volume %
- the gasoline blend of EXAMPLE II also complies fully with the criteria set forth in ASTM D 910 except for the fact that it includes an oxygenate. Moreover, it can be seen that the lead content of 0.05 mL/L is well below the
- the lead concentration in the fuel of EXAMPLE II is only about 10 % of the maximum lead concentration allowed by the ASTM D 910 specification.
- the fuel of EXAMPLE II provides a 90 % reduction in the lead concentration when compared with the amount allowed by ASTM
- a purified isooctane for use in blending the aviation gasoline of the invention may preferably be obtained by fractionation and hydrogenation of crude diisobutylene (DIB). Crude DIB having chemical and physical characteristics as set forth in TABLE 4 may be used as a starting material.
- DIB diisobutylene
- the crude DIB from TABLE 4 may be subjected to conventional fractionation so as to obtain a finished DIB having chemical and physical characteristics as set forth in TABLE 5.
- the finished DIB of TABLE 5 may be subjected to conventional hydrogenation processing so as to obtain a purified isooctane product containing a very high concentration of isooctane and having the physical and chemical characteristics as shown in TABLE 6.
- An objective of the processing described above is to provide a purified isooctane material which may have a D 86 Distillation end point no greater than about 337 °F., preferably no greater than about 320 °F., more preferably no greater than about 250 °F., and which even more preferably may be as low as 230 °F.
- the clear effort here is to obtain an isooctane material having a D 86 Distillation end point which approaches, as nearly as possible, the atmospheric boiling point of pure isooctane.
- a major limiting factor may simply be the cost of producing the purified isooctane material.
- a purified isooctane material is desirable in accordance with the principles and concepts of the invention so that the properties of an aviation gasoline prepared therefrom are more easily controlled.
- the crude isooctane blend of TABLE 7 may be fractionated using conventional techniques to produce a purified isooctane blend which is essentially the same as the purified isooctane blend described above in TABLE 6.
- a purified isooctane material as described in TABLE 6 is a supurb isooctane material for use in connection with the present invention. This material may be blended with the other ingredients discussed above to provide an excellent low lead aviation gasoline. The high purity of the isooctane facilitates control of the properties of an aviation gasoline prepared therefrom. Thus, the purified isooctane material of TABLE 6 may be used to prepare either the fuel of EXAMPLE I or the fuel of EXAMPLE II.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/457,920 US6451075B1 (en) | 1999-12-09 | 1999-12-09 | Low lead aviation gasoline blend |
CA002416100A CA2416100C (en) | 2001-06-25 | 2001-06-25 | Low lead aviation gasoline blend |
PCT/US2001/020228 WO2003000830A1 (en) | 1999-12-09 | 2001-06-25 | Low lead aviation gasoline blend |
BRPI0113475-2A BR0113475B1 (en) | 2001-06-25 | 2001-06-25 | combination of low lead aviation gasoline. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/457,920 US6451075B1 (en) | 1999-12-09 | 1999-12-09 | Low lead aviation gasoline blend |
PCT/US2001/020228 WO2003000830A1 (en) | 1999-12-09 | 2001-06-25 | Low lead aviation gasoline blend |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2003000830A1 true WO2003000830A1 (en) | 2003-01-03 |
Family
ID=44484901
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2001/020228 WO2003000830A1 (en) | 1999-12-09 | 2001-06-25 | Low lead aviation gasoline blend |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
WO (1) | WO2003000830A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9480758B2 (en) | 2008-07-22 | 2016-11-01 | Bracco Imaging S.P.A. | Diagnostic agents selective against metalloproteases |
WO2018122691A1 (en) * | 2016-12-28 | 2018-07-05 | Sabic Global Technologies B.V. | Lead-free, oxygenated, high-octane gasoline blend |
-
2001
- 2001-06-25 WO PCT/US2001/020228 patent/WO2003000830A1/en active Application Filing
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
DATABASE HCAPLUS [online] EMEL'YANOV V.E. ET AL.: "Methyl tert-butyl ether as a component of aviation gasolines", XP002945291, Database accession no. 1991:635914 * |
KHIM. TEKHNOL. TOPL. MASEL., vol. 9, 1991, pages 12 - 13 * |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9480758B2 (en) | 2008-07-22 | 2016-11-01 | Bracco Imaging S.P.A. | Diagnostic agents selective against metalloproteases |
WO2018122691A1 (en) * | 2016-12-28 | 2018-07-05 | Sabic Global Technologies B.V. | Lead-free, oxygenated, high-octane gasoline blend |
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