ZA200501239B - Electrolysis process and apparatus - Google Patents
Electrolysis process and apparatus Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ZA200501239B ZA200501239B ZA200501239A ZA200501239A ZA200501239B ZA 200501239 B ZA200501239 B ZA 200501239B ZA 200501239 A ZA200501239 A ZA 200501239A ZA 200501239 A ZA200501239 A ZA 200501239A ZA 200501239 B ZA200501239 B ZA 200501239B
- Authority
- ZA
- South Africa
- Prior art keywords
- electrolysis apparatus
- generally tubular
- tubular shaped
- electrodes
- electrode
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 49
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 12
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims 19
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 claims 19
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 14
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 5
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 for example Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001369 Brass Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010425 asbestos Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010951 brass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010411 electrocatalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052895 riebeckite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000565 sealant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
- C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
- C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/70—Assemblies comprising two or more cells
- C25B9/73—Assemblies comprising two or more cells of the filter-press type
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2201/002—Construction details of the apparatus
- C02F2201/003—Coaxial constructions, e.g. a cartridge located coaxially within another
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
- Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
Description
ELECTROLYSIS PROCESS AND APPARATUS
Field of the Invention s The invention relates to electrolysis of a fluid. In particular the invention relates to an electrolysis process and an apparatus for carrying out the process.
Due to concerns about the environment, pollution and depletion of limited fossil energy sources attention is given worldwide to renewable clean energy sources.
Due to the intermittent nature of these sources (solar, wind, etc.) some means of energy storage is required.
Hydrogen gas produced by electrolysis during the availability of the primary energy has been identified as a viable way to store energy. it can also serve as an energy carrier where hydrogen is produced at the site of the source (nuclear, fossil or renewables) and converted to hydrogen through electrolysis which is then transported to where the energy is required. Hydrogen is further a candidate for fuel for vehicles utilizing high efficient fuel cells.
The basic science involved in electrolysis is well known. Commercial plants have been in operation for decades, but due to the projected large future demand for hydrogen the following problems were identified with present technologies as set out in a United Nations report - Renewable Energy — United Nations Project,
Johansen et al, p 929: « "Changing the cell configuration and geometry with the goal of reducing the cell resistance by a factor of 3 to 10 thereby reducing the ohmic voltage losses
« Developing new and inexpensive electrocatalyst materials able fo reduce the sum of anodic and cathodic overvoltage to about 0.3 volt or less o Developing new diaphragm materials that are superior to conventional asbestos cloth.”
The applicant has identified a need for an improved electrolysis cell, and a method of producing gasses by electrolysis, with high current density and (0 efficiency, cheap and simple construction and with high gas purities without the need for subsequent purification.
According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided an electrolysis apparatus for the production of hydrogen and oxygen, which apparatus includes at least: - two or more tubular electrodes, at least one of which is an inner electrode located in at least one outer electrode; and a separator interposed between the inner and outer electrodes and substantially coextensive therewith.
One or more of the electrodes may, in use, be an anode.
One or more of the electrodes may, in use, be a cathode. ’
The separator may be positioned between the anode and the cathode so that there is substantially no gap between the separator and the anode, and the separator and the cathode.
A portion of the separator may be bonded to a support structure associated with the anode and/or the cathode using, for example, an epoxy sealant.
The electrodes may be made of an apertured conductive material.
The electrodes may be plated.
The apertured conductive material may be a sintered body having flow channels extending between the inside and the outside thereof.
The apertured conductive material may be a single layer mesh.
The apertured conductive material may be made of two or more layers of mesh.
The apertured conductive material may be a three dimensional mesh.
The apertured conductive material may comprise a conductive polymer. The polymer may be coated with a conductive material, for example, a metal.
The apertured conductive material may comprise of silver, nickel, stainless steel or copper.
The anode and cathode may be substantially concentric.
A plurality of anodes and cathodes of various diameters may be nested to provide a high electrolysis surface area to electrolysis apparatus volume ratio.
The cathode and/or anode may be made of one or more first material i.e. the substrate, and plated with a second material or composition of matter which is electrically conductive.
The anode may be made of a conductive metal, for example, stainless steel mesh.
The anode may comprise two or more layers of stainless steel mesh.
The anode may be nickel plated.
The cathode may be made of a conductive metal, for example, stainless steel mesh.
The cathode may comprise two or more layers of stainless steel mesh.
The cathode may be nickel plated.
The mesh may be nickel plated before or after the layers of stainless steel are placed together.
One or more of the tubular anode and the cathode may be closed off at one end such that, in use, an overpressure is established within the closed off tubular anode or cathode.
One or more conductors may be provided in association with the anode and/or the cathode.
In one embodiment a tubular mesh conductor is provided on the outside of the anode and another on the inside of the cathode. in another embodiment, the conductors are in the form of one or more conductive strips attached to a portion or portions of the anode and/or the cathode.
The separator may comprise one or more layers of a fibrous material.
The separator may comprise one or more layers of a wettable material.
The separator may comprise one or more layers of a wettable fibrous material.
The separator may comprise one or more layers of cellulose containing composition.
The cellulose containing composition may be paper.
LO
The paper may be a filter paper.
The filter paper may be chemical resistant filter paper.
The filter paper may be medium to fast grade filter paper.
In an embodiment, the apparatus may consist of : - a tubular apertured stainless steel mesh anode electrode; and - a tubular apertured nickel-plated stainless steel cathode electrode, wherein the cathode and anode are substantially concentric and the cathode lies within the anode; and = a separator means between the anode and cathode comprising one or more layers of a fibrous material.
The apparatus may, in use, include an alkaline electrolyte solution.
The apparatus may, in use, include an acidic electrolyte solution.
The apparatus may include means for supplying and conducting electrical current to the electrodes.
The apparatus may include means for drawing off the gasses.
The apparatus may include means for removing vapour from the generated gasses.
A plurality of anode and cathode sets may be used in parallel.
A plurality of anode and cathode sets may be used in series. l0 The anode and cathode sets and the conductors may be configured in such a way that a plurality of such sets is arranged around a tubular conductor for the anodes, all in a common electrolyte. Each cathode may be connected to its own conductor.
The invention extends to a separator for an electrolysis apparatus, which , separator is interposed between the anode and the cathode of the apparatus, said separator comprising one or more layers of fibrous material.
The fibrous material may be wettable.
The wettable material may be a cellulose containing composition.
The cellulose containing composition may be paper.
The paper may be a filter paper.
The filter paper may be chemical resistant filter paper.
The filter paper may be medium to fast grade filter paper.
The invention extends to an electrolysis process carried out in an apparatus : substantially as described above.
The process may include: - establishing a potential difference between the anode and the cathode; and - contacting the anode and cathode with an electrolyte from which gasses are liberated by electrolysis. 0 The process may include contacting the apparatus with an electrolyte solution of between 10% and 50% by mass of electrolytic salts, typically from 20% to 35% by mass.
The electrolyte solution may be a KOH, NaOH, or other alkaline solution. 5
The electrolyte solution may be acidic.
The process may be camied out at from 40°C to 100°C, typically from 60°C to 90°C.
The electrodes may be submerged in the electrolyte.
The electrolyte may be pumped through the separator of the apparatus.
The electrolyte may be drip fed through the separator, thereby maintaining the separator saturated with electrolyte while minimizing the volume of fluid being circulated.
Description of an Example of the Invention
The invention will now be described, by way of a non-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings and graph.
A cross section of an electrode pair 10 is shown in Figure 1 (a).
The electrodes 12, 14 of the electrode pair 10 are made of a stainless steel mesh.
The nickel plated copper pipe 22 is used as support and electrical connector to the cathode. It serves also to extract the hydrogen gas.
The top part of the pipe is covered with insulating material 13 to prevent contact with the electrolyte.
A cylindrical plastic plug 18 serve as support and seal of the inner cathode.
The cathode, anode and separator are sealed 16 at the bottom and top ends to prevent any mixing of the gasses.
Electrical connection to the outer anode is achieved by connecting it with nickel plated copper strips to a nickel plated copper conductor immersed in the electrolyte.
The inner electrode 12 i.e. the Hz cathode consists of two layers of fine mesh stainless steel. A copper pipe 22 forms the electrical contact. The total length is 130 mm with 100 mm exposed to the electrolyte. The inner electrode 12 is nickel plated to a thickness of about 200 pm on the mesh. Two layers of medium fitter ge paper 20 are wrapped around this mesh and the end points sealed with epoxy
The outer electrode 14, i.e. the O anode consists of two layers of fine mesh stainless steel. The anode 14 is not plated with nickel. The bottom of the electrode 14 is sealed with a plastic stopper 18. An electrical contact is attached to the anode (not shown).
The electrode pair is immersed in the electrolyte. The electrolyte enters the inner 0 pipe by liquid diffusion through the porous separator. The generated gasses are prevented from passing through the separator.
A plastic pipe 22 provides support.
IS The structure of a demister 40 is shown in Figure 1 (b).
The demister 40 consists of a 30 cm 22 mm diameter nickel plated copper pipe.
The lower half 42 of the pipe contains rolled layers of course mesh stainless steel 44 around a plastic bar 46 with 10 mm diameter. The roll fits snugly in the pipe and traps all KOH spray and condenses most of the water vapour. The top half 48 is filled with brass curling to trap the remaining water vapour and cool the gasses down to room temperature. The heat is liberated to the atmosphere by normal convection and radiative cooling.
The above electrodes were tested using apparatus as described below.
A reactor which consists of a transparent plastic jar of 10 cm diameter and height 40 cm was used.
A KOH solution (25% m/m) was placed in the jar. The electrolyte was kept at a constant temperature for each experiment by supplying external heating. The electrode pair (as described above) was submerged in the electrolyte.
The generated gasses pass through demisters 40 on top of the reactor. These demisters 40 trap the KOH spray and water vapour at the high temperatures and deliver cooled dry gasses at room temperature.
A series of experiments were performed, measurement taken and current density (J-V) curves drawn as shown in Figure 2. : :
The purity of the gasses produced with a 79°C electrolyte was above 99.9%, without the need for further (separate) purification. oo 10
Claims (1)
1. An electrolysis apparatus including: an elongate generally tubular shaped outer electrode; an elongate generally tubular shaped inner electrode, the inner electrode being positioned to extend generally longitudinally within the outer electrode; and a separator extending between the inner and the outer electrodes, in. which at least one of the inner and the outer electrodes includes two generally tubular shaped formations positioned one within the other, immediately adjacent each other, and each of which are of a foraminous electrically conductive construction.
2. The electrolysis apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which the two generally tubular shaped formations of the at least one of the inner and outer electrodes are formed from an electrically conductive mesh.
3. The electrolysis apparatus as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, in which the two generally tubular shaped formations of the at least one of the inner and outer electrodes are formed from a material including stainless steel. :
4. The electrolysis apparatus as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, in which the two generally tubular shaped formations of the at least one of the inner and outer electrodes are formed from a material including a conductive polymer.
5. The electrolysis apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, in which the two generally tubular shaped formations of the at least one of the inner and outer electrodes are coated with an electrically conductive material.
6. The electrolysis apparatus as claimed in claim 5, in which the two generally tubular shaped formations have been placed together and then coated with an electrically conductive material while in a placed together condition. AMENDED SHEET
7. The electrolysis apparatus as claimed in claim 5 or claim 6, in which the two generally tubular shaped formations are coated with an electrical conductive material including nickel.
8. The electrolysis apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, in which the two generally tubular shaped formations of the at least one of the inner and outer electrodes define a cathode of the electrolysis apparatus.
9. The electrolysis apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, in which each of the inner and the outer electrodes include two generally tubular shaped formations positioned one within the other, immediately adjacent each other, and each of the generally tubular shaped formations are of a foraminous electrically conductive construction.
10. The electrolysis apparatus as claimed in claim 9, in which each of the two generally tubular shaped formations of each of the inner and outer electrodes are formed from an electrically conductive mesh.
11. The electrolysis apparatus as claimed in claim 9 or claim 10, in which each of the two generally tubular shaped formations of each of the inner and outer electrodes are formed from a material including stainless steel.
12. The electrolysis apparatus as claimed in claim 9 or claim 10, in which each of the two generally tubular shaped formations of each of the inner and outer electrodes are formed from a material including a conductive polymer.
13. The electrolysis apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which one of the inner and the outer electrodes includes nickel and the other one of the inner and the outer electrodes includes stainless steel. AMENDED SHEET
14. The electrolysis apparatus as claimed in claim 13, in which the one of the inner and the outer electrodes which includes nickel defines a cathode of the electrolysis apparatus.
16. The electrolysis apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, in which the separator includes a fibrous material.
16. The electrolysis apparatus as claimed in claim 15, in which the fibrous material includes cellulose.
17. The electrolysis apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, in which the separator is of a wettable material.
18. An electrolysis apparatus including: an elongate generally tubular shaped outer electrode; an elongate generally tubular shaped inner electrode, the inner electrode being positioned to extend generally longitudinally within the outer electrode; and a separator extending between the inner and the outer electrodes, at least one of the inner and the outer electrodes including a plurality of generally tubular shaped formations of a foraminous electrically conductive construction which are positioned one within the other, immediately adjacent each other, the generally tubular shaped formations having been coated with an electrically conductive material while in a placed together condition.
19. The electrolysis apparatus as claimed in claim 18, in which the plurality of generally tubular shaped formations of a foraminous electrically conductive construction are formed from a material including a conductive polymer. AMENDED SHEET
20. The electrolysis apparatus as claimed in claim 18 or claim 19, in which the generally tubular shaped formations have been coated with an electrically conductive material including nickel while in a placed together condition.
21. An electrolysis apparatus which includes: a separator; and at least two electrodes, positioned on opposed sides of the separator, in which at least one of the electrodes is formed of a material including a conductive polymer.
22. The electrolysis apparatus as claimed in claim 21, in which the at least one of the electrodes which is formed of a material including a conductive polymer is coated with a conductive material.
23. The electrolysis apparatus as claimed in claim 22, in which the conductive material includes nickel.
24. An electrolysis apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 21 to 23 inclusive, in which one of the at least two electrodes is in the form of an elongate generally tubular shaped outer electrode and the other of the at least two electrodes is in the form of an elongate generally tubular shaped inner electrode, the inner electrode being positioned to extend generally longitudinally within the outer electrode, the separator extending between the inner and the outer electrode.
25. An electrolysis apparatus as claimed in claim 24, in which at least one of the inner and the outer electrode is foraminous.
26. An electrolysis apparatus as claimed in claim 24 or claim 25, in which the electrodes define a closed off end. AMENDED SHEET
27. A method of performing electrolysis including: providing an electrolysis apparatus having an elongate generally tubular shaped outer electrode, an elongate generally tubular shaped inner electrode, the inner electrode being positioned to extend generally longitudinally within the outer electrode and a separator extending between the inner and the outer electrodes, at least one of the inner and the outer electrodes including at least two generally tubular shaped formations positioned one within the other, immediately adjacent each other, and each of the generally tubular shaped formations are of a foraminous electrically conductive construction; exposing the inner and the outer electrodes to an electrolyte solution; and establishing a potential difference between the inner and the outer ” electrodes thereby to produce hydrogen by electrolysis.
28. The method as claimed in claim 27, in which exposing the inner and the outer electrodes to an electrolyte solution includes exposing the inner and the outer electrodes to an acidic electrolyte solution.
29. An electrolysis apparatus substantially as herein described and illustrated.
30. A method of performing electrolysis in an electrolysis apparatus substantially as herein described and illustrated. AMENDED SHEET
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GBGB0218587.4A GB0218587D0 (en) | 2002-08-12 | 2002-08-12 | Electrolysis process and apparatus |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ZA200501239B true ZA200501239B (en) | 2006-07-26 |
Family
ID=9942059
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZA200501239A ZA200501239B (en) | 2002-08-12 | 2005-02-11 | Electrolysis process and apparatus |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20060011489A1 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1537257A4 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2005535783A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1685083A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2003263114A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB0218587D0 (en) |
| RU (1) | RU2005105559A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2004015172A2 (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA200501239B (en) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8962165B2 (en) | 2006-05-02 | 2015-02-24 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Materials and configurations for scalable microbial fuel cells |
| US7491453B2 (en) | 2004-07-14 | 2009-02-17 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Bio-electrochemically assisted microbial reactor that generates hydrogen gas and methods of generating hydrogen gas |
| US8277984B2 (en) | 2006-05-02 | 2012-10-02 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Substrate-enhanced microbial fuel cells |
| US7922878B2 (en) | 2004-07-14 | 2011-04-12 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Electrohydrogenic reactor for hydrogen gas production |
| AU2007215306B2 (en) * | 2006-02-10 | 2013-01-10 | Tennant Company | Method and apparatus for generating sparged, electrochemically activated liquid |
| US8012340B2 (en) | 2006-02-10 | 2011-09-06 | Tennant Company | Method for generating electrochemically activated cleaning liquid |
| US8016996B2 (en) | 2006-02-10 | 2011-09-13 | Tennant Company | Method of producing a sparged cleaning liquid onboard a mobile surface cleaner |
| US8025786B2 (en) | 2006-02-10 | 2011-09-27 | Tennant Company | Method of generating sparged, electrochemically activated liquid |
| US8046867B2 (en) | 2006-02-10 | 2011-11-01 | Tennant Company | Mobile surface cleaner having a sparging device |
| US8025787B2 (en) | 2006-02-10 | 2011-09-27 | Tennant Company | Method and apparatus for generating, applying and neutralizing an electrochemically activated liquid |
| US8007654B2 (en) | 2006-02-10 | 2011-08-30 | Tennant Company | Electrochemically activated anolyte and catholyte liquid |
| US8156608B2 (en) | 2006-02-10 | 2012-04-17 | Tennant Company | Cleaning apparatus having a functional generator for producing electrochemically activated cleaning liquid |
| EP2207631A2 (en) | 2007-10-04 | 2010-07-21 | Tennant Company | Method and apparatus for neutralizing electrochemically activated liquids |
| US8485140B2 (en) | 2008-06-05 | 2013-07-16 | Global Patent Investment Group, LLC | Fuel combustion method and system |
| BRPI0915432A2 (en) | 2008-06-19 | 2017-06-27 | Tennant Co | electrolysis cell, and method for electrolyzing a liquid. |
| CN102123953B (en) | 2008-06-19 | 2013-07-24 | 坦能公司 | Tubular electrolysis cell comprising concentric electrodes and corresponding method |
| US20100000876A1 (en) * | 2008-07-02 | 2010-01-07 | Sandbox Energy Systems, LLC | Caviation assisted sonochemical hydrogen production system |
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| AU2009335012A1 (en) | 2008-12-30 | 2011-08-18 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Cathodes for microbial electrolysis cells and microbial fuel cells |
| US9534303B2 (en) | 2009-04-30 | 2017-01-03 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | High pressure electrolysis cell for hydrogen production from water |
| EP2681350B1 (en) * | 2011-02-28 | 2019-12-11 | Vito NV | Novel separator, an electrochemical cell therewith and use thereof therein |
| WO2014031706A1 (en) | 2012-08-20 | 2014-02-27 | Hydro Healer, Llc | Electrolysis system and apparatus for collecting hydrogen gas |
| US9546426B2 (en) | 2013-03-07 | 2017-01-17 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Methods for hydrogen gas production |
| US9264370B1 (en) * | 2015-02-10 | 2016-02-16 | Centripetal Networks, Inc. | Correlating packets in communications networks |
| CN105274557A (en) * | 2015-11-12 | 2016-01-27 | 厦门理工学院 | Electrode and preparation method thereof |
| CN105274559B (en) * | 2015-11-19 | 2017-11-03 | 浙江科菲科技股份有限公司 | A kind of two-tube meshed anode |
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| US3260620A (en) * | 1962-10-22 | 1966-07-12 | Monsanto Res Corp | Tape fed fuel cell |
| US3954303A (en) * | 1974-12-23 | 1976-05-04 | Conair, Inc. | Vacuum loader system |
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| US3933614A (en) * | 1975-07-07 | 1976-01-20 | Trienco, Inc. | Pressure vessel for hydrogen generator |
| US4130473A (en) * | 1976-03-05 | 1978-12-19 | Eddleman William L | Electrode structure for use in metal in exchange apparatus useful in purifying spent acids and the like |
| US4374014A (en) * | 1981-03-20 | 1983-02-15 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | High pressure electrolytic oxygen generator |
| IL67047A0 (en) * | 1981-10-28 | 1983-02-23 | Eltech Systems Corp | Narrow gap electrolytic cells |
| EP0151055B1 (en) * | 1984-01-09 | 1988-08-31 | Yves Heroguelle | Apparatus for the galvanic recovery of metals from diluted solutions |
| US4784735A (en) * | 1986-11-25 | 1988-11-15 | The Dow Chemical Company | Concentric tube membrane electrolytic cell with an internal recycle device |
| AU2001293135A1 (en) * | 2000-09-27 | 2002-04-08 | Proton Energy Systems, Inc. | Apparatus and method for maintaining compression of the active area in an electrochemical cell |
-
2002
- 2002-08-12 GB GBGB0218587.4A patent/GB0218587D0/en not_active Ceased
-
2003
- 2003-08-11 CN CNA038227703A patent/CN1685083A/en active Pending
- 2003-08-11 RU RU2005105559/15A patent/RU2005105559A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-08-11 AU AU2003263114A patent/AU2003263114A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-08-11 EP EP03785306A patent/EP1537257A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-08-11 JP JP2004528155A patent/JP2005535783A/en active Pending
- 2003-08-11 WO PCT/ZA2003/000107 patent/WO2004015172A2/en active Application Filing
-
2005
- 2005-02-11 ZA ZA200501239A patent/ZA200501239B/en unknown
- 2005-08-04 US US10/524,327 patent/US20060011489A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1537257A4 (en) | 2006-11-02 |
| RU2005105559A (en) | 2005-10-10 |
| CN1685083A (en) | 2005-10-19 |
| GB0218587D0 (en) | 2002-09-18 |
| WO2004015172A3 (en) | 2004-05-13 |
| JP2005535783A (en) | 2005-11-24 |
| US20060011489A1 (en) | 2006-01-19 |
| AU2003263114A1 (en) | 2004-02-25 |
| WO2004015172A2 (en) | 2004-02-19 |
| EP1537257A2 (en) | 2005-06-08 |
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