ZA200201449B - Hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane. - Google Patents
Hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ZA200201449B ZA200201449B ZA200201449A ZA200201449A ZA200201449B ZA 200201449 B ZA200201449 B ZA 200201449B ZA 200201449 A ZA200201449 A ZA 200201449A ZA 200201449 A ZA200201449 A ZA 200201449A ZA 200201449 B ZA200201449 B ZA 200201449B
- Authority
- ZA
- South Africa
- Prior art keywords
- benzene
- hydrogen
- distillation column
- cyclohexane
- column reactor
- Prior art date
Links
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 192
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 39
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 35
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 claims description 57
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 42
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 42
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 33
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 32
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012263 liquid product Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 11
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- GDOPTJXRTPNYNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylcyclopentane Chemical compound CC1CCCC1 GDOPTJXRTPNYNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000003367 polycyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004508 fractional distillation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012295 chemical reaction liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004939 coking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000066 reactive distillation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ZrO2 Inorganic materials O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000029936 alkylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005804 alkylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006356 dehydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000539 dimer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005194 fractionation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008262 pumice Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhenium atom Chemical compound [Re] WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C5/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms
- C07C5/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms by hydrogenation
- C07C5/10—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms by hydrogenation of aromatic six-membered rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
- C07C2601/12—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring
- C07C2601/14—The ring being saturated
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S203/00—Distillation: processes, separatory
- Y10S203/06—Reactor-distillation
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US09/408,358 US6187980B1 (en) | 1999-09-29 | 1999-09-29 | Hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ZA200201449B true ZA200201449B (en) | 2003-05-20 |
Family
ID=23615961
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZA200201449A ZA200201449B (en) | 1999-09-29 | 2002-02-20 | Hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane. |
Country Status (18)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6187980B1 (pt) |
| EP (1) | EP1218323B1 (pt) |
| JP (1) | JP2003510299A (pt) |
| KR (1) | KR100787690B1 (pt) |
| CN (1) | CN1174943C (pt) |
| AR (1) | AR025376A1 (pt) |
| AT (1) | ATE361907T1 (pt) |
| BR (1) | BR0014325A (pt) |
| CA (1) | CA2385852A1 (pt) |
| DE (1) | DE60034802T2 (pt) |
| EG (1) | EG22310A (pt) |
| ES (1) | ES2282137T3 (pt) |
| MX (1) | MXPA02003262A (pt) |
| RU (1) | RU2235086C2 (pt) |
| SA (1) | SA00210603B1 (pt) |
| TW (1) | TW579374B (pt) |
| WO (1) | WO2001023334A1 (pt) |
| ZA (1) | ZA200201449B (pt) |
Families Citing this family (24)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10050711A1 (de) * | 2000-10-13 | 2002-04-25 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur Hydrierung von Aromaten mittels Reaktivdestillation |
| US20040052703A1 (en) * | 2001-08-21 | 2004-03-18 | Catalytic Distillation Technologies | Contact structures |
| US6855853B2 (en) * | 2002-09-18 | 2005-02-15 | Catalytic Distillation Technologies | Process for the production of low benzene gasoline |
| US20060183952A1 (en) * | 2005-02-16 | 2006-08-17 | Catalytic Distillation Technologies | Process for the removal of benzene from gasoline streams |
| US7348463B2 (en) * | 2006-03-27 | 2008-03-25 | Catalytic Distillation Technologies | Hydrogenation of aromatic compounds |
| US7790943B2 (en) * | 2006-06-27 | 2010-09-07 | Amt International, Inc. | Integrated process for removing benzene from gasoline and producing cyclohexane |
| US7642393B2 (en) * | 2006-10-05 | 2010-01-05 | General Electric Company | Process for removing at least benzene from hydrocarbon streams |
| CN101205163B (zh) * | 2006-12-22 | 2010-07-21 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种制备环己烷的方法 |
| US8026402B2 (en) * | 2007-06-27 | 2011-09-27 | H R D Corporation | High shear process for cyclohexane production |
| US9315741B2 (en) * | 2008-09-08 | 2016-04-19 | Catalytic Distillation Technologies | Process for ultra low benzene reformate using catalytic distillation |
| CN102757298B (zh) * | 2011-04-28 | 2014-11-12 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | 一种苯加氢制备环己烷的方法 |
| CN102219633B (zh) * | 2011-04-29 | 2013-08-21 | 郑州大学 | 常压等离子体协同催化苯加氢制备环己烷的方法 |
| US20140128647A1 (en) * | 2012-11-06 | 2014-05-08 | Uop Llc | Method and apparatus for reducing an aromatic concentration in a hydrocarbon stream |
| EP2792729A1 (en) | 2013-04-17 | 2014-10-22 | XTLgroup bv | Process for hydroprocessing a liquid feed comprising hydrocarbons into fuel components |
| US9908824B2 (en) | 2014-01-29 | 2018-03-06 | Uop Llc | Methods for selectively hydrogenating benzene with supported organometallic catalysts and systems and methods for reducing benzene in gasoline using such catalysts |
| CN106178579B (zh) * | 2016-09-08 | 2019-01-15 | 南京大学 | 尾气处理装置和工艺以及环己烷生产装置 |
| KR102465863B1 (ko) * | 2017-11-29 | 2022-11-09 | 한화솔루션 주식회사 | 프탈레이트 화합물의 수소화 방법 |
| RU2679626C1 (ru) * | 2018-09-03 | 2019-02-12 | Публичное Акционерное Общество "Нижнекамскнефтехим" | Способ получения циклогексана |
| US11046899B2 (en) | 2019-10-03 | 2021-06-29 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Two stage hydrodearylation systems and processes to convert heavy aromatics into gasoline blending components and chemical grade aromatics |
| US11268037B2 (en) | 2020-02-13 | 2022-03-08 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Process and system for hydrodearylation and hydrogenation of aromatic complex bottoms |
| US11248173B2 (en) | 2020-02-13 | 2022-02-15 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Process and system for catalytic conversion of aromatic complex bottoms |
| US11149220B2 (en) | 2020-02-13 | 2021-10-19 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Process and system for hydrogenation, hydrocracking and catalytic conversion of aromatic complex bottoms |
| US11279888B2 (en) | 2020-02-13 | 2022-03-22 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Process and system for hydrogenation of aromatic complex bottoms |
| US11591526B1 (en) | 2022-01-31 | 2023-02-28 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Methods of operating fluid catalytic cracking processes to increase coke production |
Family Cites Families (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2373501A (en) | 1942-04-18 | 1945-04-10 | Du Pont | Preparation of cyclohexane |
| US4098683A (en) | 1975-11-03 | 1978-07-04 | Uop Inc. | Process for hydrodesulfurizing or hydrogenating a hydrocarbon distillate |
| US4079092A (en) | 1976-05-17 | 1978-03-14 | Uop Inc. | Hydroprocessing of aromatics to make cycloparaffins |
| US4070272A (en) | 1976-06-14 | 1978-01-24 | Uop Inc. | Hydrodesulfurization of hydrocarbon distillate with a catalyst composite of carrier, Pt/Pd, Rh and Sn |
| US4240900A (en) | 1979-05-18 | 1980-12-23 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Process for the hydrogenation of olefins and aromatic compounds |
| US4225418A (en) | 1979-06-07 | 1980-09-30 | Uop Inc. | Hydroprocessing of hydrocarbons |
| US4857666A (en) | 1987-09-11 | 1989-08-15 | Uop | Alkylation/transalkylation process |
| FR2684893A1 (fr) * | 1991-12-16 | 1993-06-18 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procede de distillation reactive catalytique et appareillage pour sa mise en óoeuvre. |
| US5599997A (en) | 1995-03-14 | 1997-02-04 | Chemical Research & Licensing Company | Process for the production of cyclohexyl amine |
| US5773670A (en) | 1995-03-06 | 1998-06-30 | Gildert; Gary R. | Hydrogenation of unsaturated cyclic compounds |
| CA2210863C (en) * | 1995-03-06 | 2008-07-29 | Chemical Research & Licensing Company | Hydrogenation of unsaturated cyclic compounds |
| FR2743079B1 (fr) * | 1995-12-27 | 1998-02-06 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procede et dispositif d'hydrogenation selective par distillation catalytique comportant une zone reactionnelle a co-courant ascendant liquide-gaz |
| US5856602A (en) | 1996-09-09 | 1999-01-05 | Catalytic Distillation Technologies | Selective hydrogenation of aromatics contained in hydrocarbon streams |
| US6100435A (en) * | 1998-11-13 | 2000-08-08 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Use of catalytic distillation to produce cyclopentane or cyclopentene |
-
1999
- 1999-09-29 US US09/408,358 patent/US6187980B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2000
- 2000-08-04 CA CA002385852A patent/CA2385852A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-08-04 AT AT00965592T patent/ATE361907T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-08-04 KR KR1020027002387A patent/KR100787690B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-08-04 ES ES00965592T patent/ES2282137T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-08-04 MX MXPA02003262A patent/MXPA02003262A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2000-08-04 JP JP2001526490A patent/JP2003510299A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-08-04 EP EP00965592A patent/EP1218323B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-08-04 CN CNB008120404A patent/CN1174943C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-08-04 BR BR0014325-1A patent/BR0014325A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-08-04 DE DE60034802T patent/DE60034802T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-08-04 WO PCT/US2000/040574 patent/WO2001023334A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2000-08-04 RU RU2002111366/04A patent/RU2235086C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-08-24 AR ARP000104393A patent/AR025376A1/es unknown
- 2000-08-29 EG EG20001113A patent/EG22310A/xx active
- 2000-09-14 TW TW089118828A patent/TW579374B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-12-11 SA SA00210603A patent/SA00210603B1/ar unknown
-
2002
- 2002-02-20 ZA ZA200201449A patent/ZA200201449B/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| MXPA02003262A (es) | 2002-09-30 |
| EP1218323B1 (en) | 2007-05-09 |
| BR0014325A (pt) | 2002-05-28 |
| JP2003510299A (ja) | 2003-03-18 |
| KR20020039665A (ko) | 2002-05-27 |
| US6187980B1 (en) | 2001-02-13 |
| CA2385852A1 (en) | 2001-04-05 |
| WO2001023334A1 (en) | 2001-04-05 |
| SA00210603B1 (ar) | 2006-07-30 |
| ATE361907T1 (de) | 2007-06-15 |
| TW579374B (en) | 2004-03-11 |
| EP1218323A4 (en) | 2004-08-18 |
| ES2282137T3 (es) | 2007-10-16 |
| DE60034802D1 (de) | 2007-06-21 |
| CN1371346A (zh) | 2002-09-25 |
| EG22310A (en) | 2002-12-31 |
| CN1174943C (zh) | 2004-11-10 |
| AR025376A1 (es) | 2002-11-20 |
| EP1218323A1 (en) | 2002-07-03 |
| RU2235086C2 (ru) | 2004-08-27 |
| KR100787690B1 (ko) | 2007-12-21 |
| DE60034802T2 (de) | 2008-01-31 |
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