ZA200108826B - Cardiac assist method and apparatus. - Google Patents
Cardiac assist method and apparatus. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ZA200108826B ZA200108826B ZA200108826A ZA200108826A ZA200108826B ZA 200108826 B ZA200108826 B ZA 200108826B ZA 200108826 A ZA200108826 A ZA 200108826A ZA 200108826 A ZA200108826 A ZA 200108826A ZA 200108826 B ZA200108826 B ZA 200108826B
- Authority
- ZA
- South Africa
- Prior art keywords
- myocardium
- cable
- heart
- linkage
- points
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 230000000747 cardiac effect Effects 0.000 title description 9
- 210000004165 myocardium Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 89
- 210000002216 heart Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 230000002861 ventricular Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 230000004217 heart function Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 230000003190 augmentative effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 208000010496 Heart Arrest Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010009 beating Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 13
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 13
- 210000005240 left ventricle Anatomy 0.000 description 11
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 9
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 9
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 7
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 6
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 6
- 210000000709 aorta Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 210000003516 pericardium Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000002792 vascular Effects 0.000 description 4
- 206010019280 Heart failures Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 3
- 230000000890 antigenic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002876 beta blocker Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229940097320 beta blocking agent Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 210000001124 body fluid Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000010839 body fluid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002107 myocardial effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000010016 myocardial function Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000005245 right atrium Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 210000005241 right ventricle Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 238000002689 xenotransplantation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000003444 anaesthetic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000010100 anticoagulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000017531 blood circulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000015181 infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 210000004072 lung Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000001321 subclavian vein Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000001356 surgical procedure Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004083 survival effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 210000003462 vein Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- UCTWMZQNUQWSLP-VIFPVBQESA-N (R)-adrenaline Chemical compound CNC[C@H](O)C1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 UCTWMZQNUQWSLP-VIFPVBQESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930182837 (R)-adrenaline Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 208000012661 Dyskinesia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000005189 Embolism Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000282887 Suidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000001435 Thromboembolism Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000001015 abdomen Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000002679 ablation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005856 abnormality Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001557 animal structure Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000013176 antiplatelet therapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000011510 cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000005242 cardiac chamber Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002586 coronary angiography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004351 coronary vessel Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000034994 death Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000517 death Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003205 diastolic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007831 electrophysiology Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002001 electrophysiology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002674 endoscopic surgery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960005139 epinephrine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002169 extracardiac Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003480 fibrinolytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002837 heart atrium Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000000987 immune system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000003018 immunosuppressive agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940124589 immunosuppressive drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000002513 implantation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001976 improved effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004971 interatrial septum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000004731 jugular vein Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000005246 left atrium Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004115 mitral valve Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000012806 monitoring device Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000003205 muscle Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000003144 pneumothorax Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000541 pulsatile effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000024977 response to activity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000033764 rhythmic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007920 subcutaneous administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008093 supporting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002560 therapeutic procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000000115 thoracic cavity Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000000596 ventricular septum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M60/00—Blood pumps; Devices for mechanical circulatory actuation; Balloon pumps for circulatory assistance
- A61M60/10—Location thereof with respect to the patient's body
- A61M60/122—Implantable pumps or pumping devices, i.e. the blood being pumped inside the patient's body
- A61M60/165—Implantable pumps or pumping devices, i.e. the blood being pumped inside the patient's body implantable in, on, or around the heart
- A61M60/187—Implantable pumps or pumping devices, i.e. the blood being pumped inside the patient's body implantable in, on, or around the heart mechanically acting upon the inside of the patient's native heart, e.g. contractile structures placed inside the heart
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M60/00—Blood pumps; Devices for mechanical circulatory actuation; Balloon pumps for circulatory assistance
- A61M60/20—Type thereof
- A61M60/289—Devices for mechanical circulatory actuation assisting the residual heart function by means mechanically acting upon the patient's native heart or blood vessel structure, e.g. direct cardiac compression [DCC] devices
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M60/00—Blood pumps; Devices for mechanical circulatory actuation; Balloon pumps for circulatory assistance
- A61M60/40—Details relating to driving
- A61M60/465—Details relating to driving for devices for mechanical circulatory actuation
- A61M60/468—Details relating to driving for devices for mechanical circulatory actuation the force acting on the actuation means being hydraulic or pneumatic
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M60/00—Blood pumps; Devices for mechanical circulatory actuation; Balloon pumps for circulatory assistance
- A61M60/50—Details relating to control
- A61M60/508—Electronic control means, e.g. for feedback regulation
- A61M60/515—Regulation using real-time patient data
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M60/00—Blood pumps; Devices for mechanical circulatory actuation; Balloon pumps for circulatory assistance
- A61M60/50—Details relating to control
- A61M60/508—Electronic control means, e.g. for feedback regulation
- A61M60/562—Electronic control means, e.g. for feedback regulation for making blood flow pulsatile in blood pumps that do not intrinsically create pulsatile flow
- A61M60/569—Electronic control means, e.g. for feedback regulation for making blood flow pulsatile in blood pumps that do not intrinsically create pulsatile flow synchronous with the native heart beat
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M60/00—Blood pumps; Devices for mechanical circulatory actuation; Balloon pumps for circulatory assistance
- A61M60/80—Constructional details other than related to driving
- A61M60/839—Constructional details other than related to driving of devices for mechanical circulatory actuation
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M60/00—Blood pumps; Devices for mechanical circulatory actuation; Balloon pumps for circulatory assistance
- A61M60/80—Constructional details other than related to driving
- A61M60/855—Constructional details other than related to driving of implantable pumps or pumping devices
- A61M60/861—Connections or anchorings for connecting or anchoring pumps or pumping devices to parts of the patient's body
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M15/00—Inhalators
- A61M15/009—Inhalators using medicine packages with incorporated spraying means, e.g. aerosol cans
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Cardiology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Anesthesiology (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Medical Informatics (AREA)
- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- Electrotherapy Devices (AREA)
- Prostheses (AREA)
- External Artificial Organs (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Plant Substances (AREA)
- Dry Shavers And Clippers (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US13243199P | 1999-05-04 | 1999-05-04 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ZA200108826B true ZA200108826B (en) | 2003-04-25 |
Family
ID=22454022
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZA200108826A ZA200108826B (en) | 1999-05-04 | 2001-10-25 | Cardiac assist method and apparatus. |
Country Status (15)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1176998B1 (zh) |
| JP (1) | JP2002542899A (zh) |
| CN (1) | CN1165348C (zh) |
| AT (1) | ATE383178T1 (zh) |
| AU (1) | AU763826B2 (zh) |
| BR (1) | BR0010269A (zh) |
| CA (1) | CA2368765C (zh) |
| DE (1) | DE60037728D1 (zh) |
| HK (2) | HK1039289A1 (zh) |
| MX (1) | MXPA01011316A (zh) |
| NO (1) | NO20015377L (zh) |
| NZ (1) | NZ515045A (zh) |
| RU (1) | RU2255767C2 (zh) |
| WO (1) | WO2000066196A1 (zh) |
| ZA (1) | ZA200108826B (zh) |
Families Citing this family (25)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1343112A1 (en) * | 2002-03-08 | 2003-09-10 | EndoArt S.A. | Implantable device |
| US7338433B2 (en) | 2002-08-13 | 2008-03-04 | Allergan, Inc. | Remotely adjustable gastric banding method |
| AU2005208721B2 (en) | 2004-01-23 | 2010-09-23 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Releasably-securable one-piece adjustable gastric band |
| US7878966B2 (en) * | 2005-02-04 | 2011-02-01 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Ventricular assist and support device |
| US8043206B2 (en) | 2006-01-04 | 2011-10-25 | Allergan, Inc. | Self-regulating gastric band with pressure data processing |
| US8382830B2 (en) * | 2007-06-06 | 2013-02-26 | World Heart Corporation | Implantable VAD with replaceable percutaneous cable |
| WO2009048384A2 (en) * | 2007-10-11 | 2009-04-16 | Milux Holding Sa | A device for treatment of aneurysm |
| US20100185049A1 (en) | 2008-10-22 | 2010-07-22 | Allergan, Inc. | Dome and screw valves for remotely adjustable gastric banding systems |
| US8840541B2 (en) | 2010-02-25 | 2014-09-23 | Apollo Endosurgery, Inc. | Pressure sensing gastric banding system |
| SE535140C2 (sv) * | 2010-03-25 | 2012-04-24 | Jan Otto Solem | En implanterbar anordning, kit och system för förbättring av hjärtfunktionen, innefattande medel för generering av longitudinell rörelse av mitralisklaffen |
| SE535690C2 (sv) * | 2010-03-25 | 2012-11-13 | Jan Otto Solem | En implanterbar anordning och kit för hjärtunderstöd, innefattande medel för generering av longitudinell rörelse av mitralisklaffen |
| US9028394B2 (en) | 2010-04-29 | 2015-05-12 | Apollo Endosurgery, Inc. | Self-adjusting mechanical gastric band |
| US9044298B2 (en) | 2010-04-29 | 2015-06-02 | Apollo Endosurgery, Inc. | Self-adjusting gastric band |
| US20110270024A1 (en) | 2010-04-29 | 2011-11-03 | Allergan, Inc. | Self-adjusting gastric band having various compliant components |
| US20110270025A1 (en) | 2010-04-30 | 2011-11-03 | Allergan, Inc. | Remotely powered remotely adjustable gastric band system |
| US9226840B2 (en) | 2010-06-03 | 2016-01-05 | Apollo Endosurgery, Inc. | Magnetically coupled implantable pump system and method |
| US9211207B2 (en) | 2010-08-18 | 2015-12-15 | Apollo Endosurgery, Inc. | Power regulated implant |
| US20120059216A1 (en) | 2010-09-07 | 2012-03-08 | Allergan, Inc. | Remotely adjustable gastric banding system |
| US8961393B2 (en) | 2010-11-15 | 2015-02-24 | Apollo Endosurgery, Inc. | Gastric band devices and drive systems |
| US8876694B2 (en) | 2011-12-07 | 2014-11-04 | Apollo Endosurgery, Inc. | Tube connector with a guiding tip |
| JP5984372B2 (ja) * | 2011-12-09 | 2016-09-06 | オリンパス株式会社 | 心嚢内液量制御システム |
| US8961394B2 (en) | 2011-12-20 | 2015-02-24 | Apollo Endosurgery, Inc. | Self-sealing fluid joint for use with a gastric band |
| RU2672804C2 (ru) * | 2013-01-25 | 2018-11-19 | Медтентиа Интернэшнл Лтд Ой | Система для восстановления клапана сердца |
| WO2016101991A1 (en) * | 2014-12-22 | 2016-06-30 | Synergio Ab | An implantable hydraulic displacement actuator, system, manufacturing and methods thereof |
| CN110403646B (zh) * | 2018-04-28 | 2021-10-26 | 上海微创医疗器械（集团）有限公司 | 医用手柄及其医用输送装置与心肌锚定系统 |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3827426A (en) * | 1971-07-16 | 1974-08-06 | P Sawyer | Prosthetic pump |
| US4925443A (en) * | 1987-02-27 | 1990-05-15 | Heilman Marlin S | Biocompatible ventricular assist and arrhythmia control device |
| DE4314269A1 (de) * | 1993-04-30 | 1994-11-03 | Georg Dr Berg | Vorrichtung zur Unterstützung des Herzens und/oder zum Ersatz der Herzmuskelkraft |
| US5713954A (en) * | 1995-06-13 | 1998-02-03 | Abiomed R&D, Inc. | Extra cardiac ventricular assist device |
| US6050936A (en) | 1997-01-02 | 2000-04-18 | Myocor, Inc. | Heart wall tension reduction apparatus |
-
2000
- 2000-05-03 MX MXPA01011316A patent/MXPA01011316A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2000-05-03 BR BR0010269-5A patent/BR0010269A/pt active Search and Examination
- 2000-05-03 WO PCT/GB2000/001526 patent/WO2000066196A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2000-05-03 JP JP2000615079A patent/JP2002542899A/ja active Pending
- 2000-05-03 AT AT00929656T patent/ATE383178T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-05-03 RU RU2001132594/14A patent/RU2255767C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-05-03 NZ NZ515045A patent/NZ515045A/en unknown
- 2000-05-03 CN CNB008099677A patent/CN1165348C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-05-03 CA CA002368765A patent/CA2368765C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-05-03 EP EP00929656A patent/EP1176998B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-05-03 AU AU47665/00A patent/AU763826B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2000-05-03 DE DE60037728T patent/DE60037728D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2001
- 2001-10-25 ZA ZA200108826A patent/ZA200108826B/en unknown
- 2001-11-02 NO NO20015377A patent/NO20015377L/no unknown
-
2002
- 2002-02-06 HK HK02100913.2A patent/HK1039289A1/zh unknown
- 2002-08-06 HK HK02105763.2A patent/HK1045467A1/zh unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1176998A1 (en) | 2002-02-06 |
| ATE383178T1 (de) | 2008-01-15 |
| DE60037728D1 (de) | 2008-02-21 |
| CN1360510A (zh) | 2002-07-24 |
| HK1045467A1 (zh) | 2002-11-29 |
| EP1176998B1 (en) | 2008-01-09 |
| NZ515045A (en) | 2005-05-27 |
| NO20015377D0 (no) | 2001-11-02 |
| AU763826B2 (en) | 2003-07-31 |
| WO2000066196A1 (en) | 2000-11-09 |
| CA2368765A1 (en) | 2000-11-09 |
| BR0010269A (pt) | 2002-02-13 |
| MXPA01011316A (es) | 2003-07-14 |
| AU4766500A (en) | 2000-11-17 |
| RU2255767C2 (ru) | 2005-07-10 |
| NO20015377L (no) | 2001-12-07 |
| CN1165348C (zh) | 2004-09-08 |
| CA2368765C (en) | 2005-01-11 |
| JP2002542899A (ja) | 2002-12-17 |
| HK1039289A1 (zh) | 2002-04-19 |
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