WO2025200073A1 - 电池单体、电池和用电设备 - Google Patents

电池单体、电池和用电设备

Info

Publication number
WO2025200073A1
WO2025200073A1 PCT/CN2024/089895 CN2024089895W WO2025200073A1 WO 2025200073 A1 WO2025200073 A1 WO 2025200073A1 CN 2024089895 W CN2024089895 W CN 2024089895W WO 2025200073 A1 WO2025200073 A1 WO 2025200073A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
groove
wall
battery cell
absorbing structure
shell
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
PCT/CN2024/089895
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
曹梦凯
黄守君
苏华圣
郑于炼
江祥威
蔡祥虎
王鹏
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd filed Critical Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd
Publication of WO2025200073A1 publication Critical patent/WO2025200073A1/zh
Pending legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/054—Accumulators with insertion or intercalation of metals other than lithium, e.g. with magnesium or aluminium
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
    • H01M50/202—Casings or frames around the primary casing of a single cell or a single battery
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
    • H01M50/204—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
    • H01M50/204—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells
    • H01M50/207—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells characterised by their shape
    • H01M50/209—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells characterised by their shape adapted for prismatic or rectangular cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
    • H01M50/249—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders specially adapted for aircraft or vehicles, e.g. cars or trains
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
    • H01M50/572—Means for preventing undesired use or discharge
    • H01M50/584—Means for preventing undesired use or discharge for preventing incorrect connections inside or outside the batteries
    • H01M50/59—Means for preventing undesired use or discharge for preventing incorrect connections inside or outside the batteries characterised by the protection means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
    • H01M50/572—Means for preventing undesired use or discharge
    • H01M50/584—Means for preventing undesired use or discharge for preventing incorrect connections inside or outside the batteries
    • H01M50/59—Means for preventing undesired use or discharge for preventing incorrect connections inside or outside the batteries characterised by the protection means
    • H01M50/593—Spacers; Insulating plates
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present application relates to the field of battery technology, and in particular to a battery cell, a battery, and an electrical device.
  • the outer surface of a battery cell's casing is coated with an insulating film, which reduces the risk of short circuits.
  • the electrode assembly of the battery cell expands, making the connection between the battery cell casing and the top cover susceptible to cracking. Therefore, improving the stability of the connection between the casing and the top cover while minimizing interference with the insulating film has become a technical challenge.
  • the present application provides a battery cell, a battery, and an electrical device, which can improve the stability of the battery cell while reducing the impact on the insulation performance of the battery cell.
  • the battery cell of the embodiment of the present application includes a shell, an electrode assembly, a top cover and an insulating film.
  • the shell has a first end and a second end opposite to the first end, and the first end is formed with an opening.
  • the shell includes an inner surface and an outer surface.
  • the inner surface is provided with an energy absorption structure, and the energy absorption structure is closer to the opening than the second end.
  • the electrode assembly is arranged in the shell, the top cover is sealed with the shell and closes the opening, and the insulating film is arranged on the outer surface.
  • the electrode assembly continuously expands and contracts.
  • the energy-absorbing structure preferentially deforms during the electrode assembly expansion, reducing the degree of deformation caused by the electrode assembly expansion at the connection between the housing and the top cover, reducing the risk of cracking at the connection between the housing and the top cover, and extending the service life of the housing, thereby improving the stability of the battery cell.
  • the energy-absorbing structure is positioned on the inner surface, while the insulating film is positioned on the outer surface. This prevents the insulating film from being damaged by the energy-absorbing structure, exposing the housing, reducing the risk of short circuits in the battery cell, and thus improving the safety performance of the battery cell.
  • the shell includes a first wall and a second wall connected to the first wall, the area of the first wall is larger than the area of the second wall, the insulating film covers the outer surface of the first wall and the outer surface of the second wall, and the inner surface of the first wall forms an energy absorption structure.
  • the first wall is more susceptible to deformation under the action of the electrode assembly. Therefore, by providing an energy-absorbing structure on the inner surface of the first wall, the energy-absorbing structure can better absorb deformation caused by the casing, reducing deformation caused by the expansion of the electrode assembly at the connection between the first wall and the top cover, reducing the risk of cracking at the connection between the first wall and the top cover, and thus improving the service life of the casing.
  • the insulating film covering the outer surfaces of the first and second walls can isolate the electrical connection components within the casing from external components, reducing the risk of short circuits in the battery cells, and thus improving the safety performance of the battery cells.
  • an inner surface of the second wall is formed with an energy absorbing structure.
  • the energy-absorbing structure can preferentially absorb the impact of the inner surface of the second wall when the electrode assembly expands, reduce the deformation of the connection between the second wall and the top cover caused by the expansion of the electrode assembly, and reduce the risk of cracking at the connection between the second wall and the top cover, thereby improving the service life of the shell.
  • the energy absorbing structure has a groove formed on the inner surface of the shell, and the groove located on the inner surface of the first wall is connected to the groove located on the inner surface of the second wall.
  • the groove can reduce the thickness of the shell, making it easier to form an energy-absorbing structure.
  • the groove located on the inner surface of the first wall is connected to the groove located on the inner surface of the second wall, so that the deformation consistency of the energy-absorbing structure at the same position of the shell is better, which is beneficial to improving the ability of the energy-absorbing structure to absorb impact on the shell.
  • the housing includes a first portion and a second portion connected to the first portion, the first portion is formed with a first end, the second portion is formed away from the end of the first portion to form a second end, and the first portion and the second portion are connected along the first end to the second end.
  • the ratio of the height in the direction is greater than or equal to 3:7, and the energy absorbing structure is located on the second part.
  • the energy absorbing structure is located on the second part, so that the energy absorbing structure is far away from the top cover, and the deformation of the shell when the electrode assembly expands can be concentrated on the second part, reducing the impact on the first part and reducing the risk of cracking at the connection between the shell of the first part and the top cover, thereby improving the service life of the shell.
  • the energy absorbing structure has a groove formed on the inner surface, and a ratio of a thickness of the second portion at the groove to a maximum thickness of the second portion is greater than or equal to 0.4.
  • the energy-absorbing structure is easily deformed to absorb the impact on the shell, and has appropriate strength and is not easy to break.
  • the energy absorbing structure has grooves formed in the inner surface.
  • the groove can reduce the thickness of the shell, thereby making it easier to form an energy-absorbing structure.
  • a height of the groove along a direction from the first end to the second end is h, and 0.2 mm ⁇ h ⁇ 7 mm.
  • the height of the groove along the direction from the first end to the second end is within the above range, it can facilitate the formation of the groove, thereby making it easier to form the energy-absorbing structure, reducing the manufacturing difficulty of the shell, and at the same time, helping to improve the ability of the energy-absorbing structure to absorb the impact of the shell.
  • the height of the groove along the direction from the first end to the second end is within the above range, it can facilitate the formation of the groove, thereby making it easier to form the energy-absorbing structure, reducing the manufacturing difficulty of the shell, and at the same time, helping to improve the ability of the energy-absorbing structure to absorb the impact of the shell.
  • the distance between the groove and the opening is H, t-0.5mm ⁇ H ⁇ 8t, where t is the thickness of the top cover in mm.
  • FIG3 is a schematic structural diagram of a battery cell according to some embodiments of the present application.
  • FIG4 is a schematic diagram of the exploded structure of a battery cell according to some embodiments of the present application.
  • FIG6 is a top view of a battery cell according to some embodiments of the present application.
  • FIG7 is a left side view of a battery cell according to some embodiments of the present application.
  • FIG8 is a cross-sectional view along the A-A direction of FIG5;
  • FIG9 is an enlarged schematic diagram of part I of FIG8;
  • FIG10 is an enlarged schematic diagram of part II of FIG8 .
  • references herein to "embodiments” mean that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiments may be included in at least one embodiment of the present application.
  • the appearance of this phrase in various places in the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor does it constitute an independent or alternative embodiment that is mutually exclusive of other embodiments. It is understood, both explicitly and implicitly, by those skilled in the art that the embodiments described herein may be combined with other embodiments.
  • the term "and/or” is simply a description of the association relationship between associated objects, indicating that three relationships can exist.
  • a and/or B can represent the following three situations: A exists alone, A and B exist simultaneously, and B exists alone.
  • the character "/" in this document generally indicates that the associated objects are in an "or" relationship.
  • multiple refers to more than two (including two).
  • multiple groups refers to more than two groups (including two groups), and “multiple pieces” refers to more than two pieces (including two pieces).
  • battery cells may include lithium-ion secondary batteries, lithium-ion primary batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, sodium-lithium-ion batteries, The present invention does not limit the use of sodium-ion batteries or magnesium-ion batteries.
  • the battery cells may be cylindrical, flat, rectangular, or other shapes, and the present invention does not limit this. Battery cells are generally divided into three types based on packaging: cylindrical, prismatic, and soft-pack. The present invention does not limit this either.
  • the battery referred to in the embodiments of this application refers to a single physical module that includes one or more battery cells to provide higher voltage and capacity.
  • the battery referred to in this application may include a battery module or a battery pack.
  • a battery generally includes a casing that encloses one or more battery cells. The casing prevents liquids or other foreign matter from affecting the charging or discharging of the battery cells.
  • a battery cell includes an electrode assembly and an electrolyte.
  • the electrode assembly consists of a positive electrode sheet, a negative electrode sheet, and a separator.
  • a battery cell primarily operates by the movement of metal ions between the positive and negative electrode sheets.
  • the positive electrode sheet includes a positive current collector and a positive active material layer.
  • the positive active material layer is coated on the surface of the positive current collector.
  • the current collector uncoated with the positive active material layer protrudes from the current collector coated with the positive active material layer, and the current collector uncoated with the positive active material layer serves as the positive electrode tab.
  • the positive current collector can be made of aluminum, and the positive active material can be lithium cobalt oxide, lithium iron phosphate, ternary lithium, or lithium manganese oxide.
  • the negative electrode sheet includes a negative current collector and a negative active material layer.
  • the negative active material layer is coated on the surface of the negative current collector.
  • the current collector uncoated with the negative active material layer protrudes from the current collector coated with the negative active material layer, and the current collector uncoated with the negative active material layer serves as the negative electrode tab.
  • the negative current collector can be made of copper, and the negative active material can be carbon or silicon, among others. To ensure that high currents can pass without melting, the positive electrode tabs are multiple and stacked together, and the negative electrode tabs are multiple and stacked together.
  • the separator can be made of materials such as PP (polypropylene) or PE (polyethylene).
  • the battery cell also includes a housing and a top cover.
  • the housing protects the electrode assembly from the outside to prevent external foreign matter from affecting the charging or discharging of the electrode assembly.
  • the top cover and the housing together define a housing for the electrode assembly, electrolyte, and other components.
  • the outer surface of the battery cell housing is provided with an insulating film to reduce the risk of short circuits in the battery cell.
  • the electrode assembly of the battery cell expands, which can easily cause cracking at the connection between the battery cell housing and the top cover, thereby reducing the stability of the connection between the housing and the top cover.
  • the present application provides a housing for a battery cell.
  • the inner surface of the housing is provided with an energy-absorbing structure. Deformation of the housing caused by expansion of the electrode assembly is concentrated on the energy-absorbing structure, thereby reducing the degree of deformation at the connection between the housing and the top cover, reducing the risk of cracking at the connection between the housing and the top cover, and improving the connection stability between the housing and the top cover, thereby improving the stability of the battery cell.
  • the energy-absorbing structure is provided on the inner surface
  • the insulating film is provided on the outer surface, which can prevent the insulating film from being damaged by the energy-absorbing structure and exposing the housing.
  • the battery cells disclosed in the embodiments of the present application can be used, but are not limited to, in electrical equipment such as vehicles, ships, or aircraft.
  • a power supply system comprising the battery cells and batteries disclosed in the present application can be used to form the electrical equipment.
  • the embodiments of the present application provide an electric device that uses a battery as a power source.
  • the electric device may be, but is not limited to, a mobile phone, a tablet, a laptop computer, an electric toy, an electric tool, a battery-powered vehicle, an electric car, a ship, a spacecraft, etc.
  • the electric toy may include a fixed or mobile electric toy, such as a game console, an electric car toy, an electric ship toy, and an electric airplane toy, etc.
  • the spacecraft may include an airplane, a rocket, a space shuttle, and a spacecraft, etc.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a vehicle 1000 provided in some embodiments of the present application.
  • the vehicle 1000 can be a fuel vehicle, a gas vehicle or a new energy vehicle.
  • the new energy vehicle can be a pure electric vehicle, a hybrid vehicle or an extended-range vehicle, etc.
  • a battery 200 is provided inside the vehicle 1000, and the battery 200 can be provided at the bottom, head or tail of the vehicle 1000.
  • the battery 200 can be used to power the vehicle 1000.
  • the battery 200 can serve as an operating power source for the vehicle 1000.
  • the vehicle 1000 may also include a controller 300 and a motor 400.
  • the controller 300 is used to control the battery 200 to power the motor 400, for example, for starting, navigating and driving the vehicle 1000.
  • the battery 200 can serve not only as an operating power source for the vehicle 1000, but also as a driving power source for the vehicle 1000, replacing or partially replacing fuel or natural gas to provide driving power for the vehicle 1000.
  • the top cover 20 is a component that seals the opening 111 of the shell 10 to isolate the internal environment of the battery cell 100 from the external environment.
  • the top cover 20 and the shell 10 together define a storage space for accommodating the electrode assembly 40, electrolyte and other components.
  • the shape of the top cover 20 can be adapted to the shape of the shell 10. For example, if the shell 10 is a rectangular parallelepiped structure, the top cover 20 is a rectangular plate structure adapted to the shell 10. For another example, if the shell 10 is a cylindrical structure, the top cover 20 is a circular plate structure adapted to the shell 10.
  • the material of the top cover 20 can also be various, such as copper, iron, aluminum, steel, aluminum alloy, plastic, etc.
  • the material of the top cover 20 and the shell 10 can be the same or different.
  • the number of top covers 20 can be one, and the top cover 20 and the shell 10 can be connected by welding.
  • the electrode assembly 40 continuously expands and contracts.
  • the energy-absorbing structure 141 can preferentially deform when the electrode assembly 40 expands, reducing the degree of deformation caused by the expansion of the electrode assembly 40 at the connection between the housing 10 and the top cover 20, reducing the risk of cracking at the connection between the housing 10 and the top cover 20, and increasing the service life of the housing 10, thereby improving the stability of the battery cell 100.
  • the energy-absorbing structure 141 is arranged on the inner surface 13, and the insulating film 30 is arranged on the outer surface 14. This prevents the insulating film 30 from being damaged by the energy-absorbing structure 141, thereby exposing the housing 10. This reduces the risk of short circuiting the battery cell 100, thereby improving the safety performance of the battery cell 100.
  • the first wall 15 and the second wall 16 can be side walls of the housing 10.
  • the first wall 15 can be perpendicular to the second wall 16, and the first wall 15 and the second wall 16 can be perpendicular to the second end 12.
  • the first wall 15 and the second wall 16 can be rectangular plate-shaped structures.
  • the number of the first wall 15 and the second wall 16 can be two, and the two first walls 15 are opposite to each other.
  • the two second walls 16 are arranged opposite to each other.
  • the width of the first wall 15 can be greater than the width of the second wall 16.
  • the insulating film 30 may cover the outer surface 14 of the first wall 15, the outer surface 14 of the second wall 16, or both.
  • the insulating film 30 may be larger than the first wall 15, i.e., the length of the insulating film 30 may be greater than the length of the first wall 15, and the width of the insulating film 30 may be greater than the width of the first wall 15.
  • the insulating film 30 may be larger than the second wall 16, i.e., the length of the insulating film 30 may be greater than the length of the second wall 16, and the width of the insulating film 30 may be greater than the width of the second wall 16.
  • the energy-absorbing structure 141 can be formed by removing a portion of material from the inner surface 13 of the first wall 15 toward the outer surface 14 of the first wall 15, for example by scoring or grooving the inner surface 13 of the first wall 15. On the inner surface 13 of the first wall 15, the thickness of the area surrounding the energy-absorbing structure 141 is greater than the thickness at the energy-absorbing structure 141 itself.
  • the insulating film 30 covering the outer surface 14 of the first wall 15 and the outer surface 14 of the second wall 16 can isolate the electrical connection components within the housing 10 from external components, reducing the risk of short circuiting the battery cell 100, and thus improving the safety performance of the battery cell 100.
  • an energy absorbing structure 141 is formed on the inner surface 13 of the second wall 16 .
  • the energy-absorbing structure 141 can be formed by removing a portion of material from the inner surface 13 of the second wall 16 toward the outer surface 14 of the second wall 16, for example by scoring or grooving the inner surface 13 of the second wall 16. On the inner surface 13 of the second wall 16, the thickness of the area surrounding the energy-absorbing structure 141 is greater than the thickness at the energy-absorbing structure 141 itself.
  • the energy-absorbing structure 141 can preferentially absorb the impact of the inner surface 13 of the second wall 16 when the electrode assembly 40 expands, reduce the deformation of the connection between the second wall 16 and the top cover 20 caused by the expansion of the electrode assembly 40, and reduce the risk of cracking at the connection between the second wall 16 and the top cover 20, thereby improving the service life of the shell 10.
  • Figure 8 is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of Figure 5;
  • Figure 9 is an enlarged schematic view of portion I of Figure 8;
  • Figure 10 is an enlarged schematic view of portion II of Figure 8.
  • the energy-absorbing structure 141 comprises a groove 142 formed on the inner surface 13 of the housing 10.
  • the groove 142 on the inner surface 13 of the first wall 15 is interconnected with the groove 142 on the inner surface 13 of the second wall 16.
  • the shell 10 includes a first part 17 and a second part 18 connected to the first part 17.
  • the first part 17 forms a first end 11, and the end of the second part 18 away from the first part 17 forms a second end 12.
  • the ratio of the height of the first part 17 to the second part 18 along the direction from the first end 11 to the second end 12 is greater than or equal to 3:7, and the energy absorption structure 141 is located on the second part 18.
  • the first portion 17 may be the portion connecting the housing 10 and the top cover 20.
  • the thickness of the first portion 17 gradually decreases along the direction from the first end 11 to the second end 12.
  • the second portion 18 may be a structure of equal thickness.
  • the first portion 17 and the second portion 18 may be integrally formed.
  • the ratio of the height of the first portion 17 to the second portion 18 along the direction from the first end 11 to the second end 12 may be 3:7, 2:3, 1:1, etc.
  • the height of the first portion 17 may be 30 mm and the height of the second portion 18 may be 70 mm.
  • the height of the first portion 17 may be 40 mm and the height of the second portion 18 may be 60 mm.
  • the height of the first portion 17 may be 50 mm and the height of the second portion 18 may be 50 mm.
  • the energy-absorbing structure 141 is easily deformed to absorb the impact on the shell 10 and has appropriate strength and is not easy to break.
  • the height of the groove 142 along the direction from the first end 11 to the second end 12 is h, and 0.2 mm ⁇ h ⁇ 7 mm.
  • the height of the groove 142 along the direction from the first end 11 to the second end 12 can be the distance between the two connection points of the groove 142 and the inner surface 13, and h can be any one of 0.2mm, 0.5mm, 1mm, 1.5mm, 2mm, 2.5mm, 3mm, 3.5mm, 4mm, 4.5mm, 5mm, 5.5mm, 6mm, 6.5mm, 7mm or a range value between any two of them.
  • the processing difficulty of the groove 142 is relatively large, thereby increasing the manufacturing difficulty of the shell 10; when the height of the groove 142 along the direction from the first end 11 to the second end 12 is greater than 7 mm, the effect of the energy-absorbing structure 141 in withstanding deformation is not significantly improved.
  • the height of the groove 142 along the direction from the first end 11 to the second end 12 is within the above range, it can facilitate the formation of the groove 142, thereby making it easier to form the energy-absorbing structure 141, reducing the manufacturing difficulty of the shell 10, and at the same time, helping to improve the ability of the energy-absorbing structure 141 to absorb the impact of the shell 10.
  • h can be any point value of 0.5 mm, 1 mm, 1.5 mm, 2 mm, 2.5 mm, 3 mm, 3.5 mm, and 4 mm, or a range value between any two of them.
  • the height of the groove 142 along the direction from the first end 11 to the second end 12 is within the above range, it can facilitate the formation of the groove 142, thereby making it easier to form the energy-absorbing structure 141, reducing the manufacturing difficulty of the shell 10, and at the same time, helping to improve the ability of the energy-absorbing structure 141 to absorb the impact of the shell 10.
  • the distance between the groove 142 and the opening 111 is H, t-0.5mm ⁇ H ⁇ 8t, where t is the thickness of the top cover 20 in mm.
  • the distance between the groove 142 and the opening 111 can be the distance between the connection point between the groove 142 and the inner surface 13 close to the first end 11 and the opening 111.
  • the distance H between the groove 142 and the opening 111 is 1 mm to 12 mm, that is, the distance H between the groove 142 and the opening 111 can be any one of 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm, 7 mm, 8 mm, 9 mm, 10 mm, 11 mm, and 12 mm, or a range value between any two of them.
  • the groove 142 When the distance H between the groove 142 and the opening 111 is less than t-0.5 mm, the groove 142 is close to the opening 111, so that the deformation of the shell 10 when the electrode assembly 40 expands will affect the opening 111 area, thereby increasing the risk of cracking at the connection between the shell 10 and the top cover 20; when the distance H between the groove 142 and the opening 111 is greater than 8t, the groove 142 is far away from the opening 111, reducing the concentration of the deformation of the shell 10 at the energy absorbing structure 141, thereby increasing the risk of cracking at the connection between the shell 10 and the top cover 20.
  • the groove 142 may be formed by a bottom surface 143 and two side surfaces 144.
  • the bottom surface 143 of the groove 142 may be parallel to the inner surface 13, and the side surfaces 144 of the groove 142 may connect the bottom surface 143 of the groove 142 and the inner surface 13 of the housing 10.
  • the angle ⁇ formed by the bottom surface 143 of the groove 142 and the side surfaces 144 of the groove 142 may be 90°; when the cross-sectional shape of the groove 142 is trapezoidal, the angle ⁇ formed by the bottom surface 143 of the groove 142 and the side surfaces 144 of the groove 142 may be greater than 90°.
  • the angle ⁇ formed by the bottom surface 143 of the groove 142 and the side surface 144 of the groove 142 is an obtuse angle, which can facilitate the formation of the groove 142 and reduce the manufacturing difficulty of the shell 10, thereby improving the processing accuracy of the shell 10 and the service life of the mold.
  • an angle ⁇ formed between the bottom surface 143 of the groove 142 and the side surface 144 of the groove 142 is in a range of 95° to 175°.
  • the angle ⁇ formed by the bottom surface 143 of the groove 142 and the side surface 144 of the groove 142 can be any point value of 95°, 105°, 115°, 125°, 135°, 145°, 155°, 165°, 175° or a range value between any two of them.
  • the angle ⁇ formed by the bottom surface 143 of the groove 142 and the side surface 144 of the groove 142 is within the above range, the formation of the groove 142 can be facilitated, the manufacturing difficulty of the shell 10 can be reduced, and the processing accuracy of the shell 10 and the service life of the mold can be improved.
  • the angle ⁇ formed by the bottom surface 143 of the groove 142 and the side surface 144 of the groove 142 is within the above range, the formation of the groove 142 can be facilitated, the manufacturing difficulty of the shell 10 can be reduced, and the processing accuracy of the shell 10 and the service life of the mold can be improved.

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Abstract

一种电池单体(100)、电池(200)和用电设备。电池单体(100)包括壳体(10)、电极组件(40)、顶盖(20)和绝缘膜(30)，壳体(10)具有第一端部(11)和与第一端部(11)相对的第二端部(12)，第一端部(11)形成有开口(111)，壳体(10)包括内表面(13)和外表面(14)，内表面(13)设有吸能结构(141)，吸能结构(141)相对于第二端部(12)更加靠近开口(111)，电极组件(40)设置在壳体(10)中，顶盖(20)与壳体(10)密封连接并封闭开口(111)，绝缘膜(30)设置在外表面(14)。

Description

电池单体、电池和用电设备
优先权信息
本申请请求2024年03月25日向中国国家知识产权局提交的、专利申请号为202420584494.1的专利申请的优先权和权益，并且通过参照将其全文并入此处。
技术领域
本申请涉及电池技术领域，具体涉及一种电池单体、电池和用电设备。
背景技术
节能减排是汽车产业可持续发展的关键。在这种情况下，电动车辆由于其节能环保的优势成为汽车产业可持续发展的重要组成部分。而对于电动车辆而言，电池技术又是关乎其发展的一项重要因素。
一般地，电池单体的壳体的外表面设置有绝缘膜，绝缘膜可以降低电池单体短路的风险。在电池单体的使用过程中，电池单体的电极组件会膨胀致使电池单体的壳体与顶盖的连接处容易开裂。因此，如何在减少与绝缘膜的干涉的情况下，提高壳体与顶盖的连接处的连接稳定性成为待解决的技术问题。
发明内容
本申请提供一种电池单体、电池和用电设备，可以提高电池单体的稳定性的同时降低对电池单体绝缘性能的影响。
本申请实施方式的电池单体包括壳体、电极组件、顶盖和绝缘膜，壳体具有第一端部和与第一端部相对的第二端部，第一端部形成有开口，壳体包括内表面和外表面，内表面设有吸能结构，吸能结构相对于第二端部更加靠近开口，电极组件设置在壳体中，顶盖与壳体密封连接并封闭开口，绝缘膜设置在外表面。
本申请实施方式的电池单体在充放电过程中，电极组件会不断膨胀和收缩，吸能结构可以在电极组件膨胀时优先变形，减少电极组件膨胀对壳体和顶盖连接处产生的变形程度，降低壳体与顶盖的连接处的开裂风险，提高壳体的使用寿命，从而提高电池单体的稳定性。另外，吸能结构设置在内表面，绝缘膜设置在外表面，可以避免绝缘膜被吸能结构破坏而使得壳体暴露，降低电池单体短路的风险，从而提高电池单体的安全性能。
在某些实施方式中，壳体包括第一壁和与第一壁连接的第二壁，第一壁的面积大于第二壁的面积，绝缘膜包覆第一壁的外表面和第二壁的外表面，第一壁的内表面形成有吸能结构。
如此，由于第一壁的面积大于第二壁的面积，第一壁在电极组件的作用下更加容易变形，因此，通过在第一壁的内表面设置吸能结构，吸能结构可以更好地吸收壳体产生的变形，减少电极组件膨胀对第一壁和顶盖连接处产生的变形，降低第一壁与顶盖的连接处的开裂风险，从而提高壳体的使用寿命。同时，绝缘膜包覆第一壁和第二壁的外表面，可以隔离壳体内的电连接部件与外部部件的电连接，降低电池单体短路的风险，从而提高电池单体的安全性能。
在某些实施方式中，第二壁的内表面形成有吸能结构。
如此，通过在第二壁的内表面设置吸能结构，吸能结构可以优先吸收第二壁的内表面受到电极组件膨胀时的冲击，减少电极组件膨胀对第二壁和顶盖连接处产生的变形，降低第二壁与顶盖的连接处的开裂风险，从而提高壳体的使用寿命。
在某些实施方式中，吸能结构具有形成在壳体的内表面的凹槽，位于第一壁的内表面的凹槽与位于第二壁的内表面的凹槽相互连接。
如此，凹槽可以减薄壳体的厚度，从而更加容易形成吸能结构，位于第一壁的内表面的凹槽与位于第二壁的内表面的凹槽相互连接，使得吸能结构在壳体的同一位置处变形一致性更佳，有利于提高吸能结构吸收壳体受到冲击的能力。
在某些实施方式中，壳体包括第一部分和与第一部分连接的第二部分，第一部分形成有第一端部，第二部分远离第一部分的端部形成第二端部，第一部分与第二部分沿第一端部向第二端部 方向的高度的比值大于或等于3：7，吸能结构位于第二部分上。
如此，吸能结构位于第二部分上，使得吸能结构距离顶盖较远，进而可以使得壳体在电极组件膨胀时的变形集中在第二部分，减少对第一部分造成的影响，降低第一部分的壳体与顶盖的连接处开裂的风险，从而提高壳体的使用寿命。
在某些实施方式中，吸能结构具有形成在内表面的凹槽，第二部分于凹槽处的厚度与第二部分的最大厚度的比值大于或等于0.4。
如此，吸能结构易变形吸收壳体受到的冲击，并且强度适宜，不易断裂。
在某些实施方式中，吸能结构具有形成在内表面的凹槽。
如此，凹槽可以减薄壳体的厚度，从而更加容易形成吸能结构。
在某些实施方式中，凹槽沿第一端部向第二端部方向的高度为h，0.2mm≤h≤7mm。
如此，凹槽沿第一端部向第二端部方向的高度在上述范围时，可以便于凹槽的形成，从而更加容易形成吸能结构，降低壳体的制造难度，同时，有利于提高吸能结构吸收壳体受到冲击的能力。
在某些实施方式中，0.5mm≤h≤4mm。
如此，凹槽沿第一端部向第二端部方向的高度在上述范围时，可以便于凹槽的形成，从而更加容易形成吸能结构，降低壳体的制造难度，同时，有利于提高吸能结构吸收壳体受到冲击的能力。
在某些实施方式中，凹槽与开口的距离为H，t-0.5mm≤H≤8t，其中，t为顶盖的厚度，单位为mm。
如此，凹槽与开口的距离在上述范围时，可以使得壳体在电极组件膨胀时的变形集中在吸能结构，减少对开口区域造成的影响，降低壳体与顶盖的连接处开裂的风险，从而提高壳体的使用寿命。
在某些实施方式中，t≤H≤5t。
如此，凹槽与开口的距离在上述范围时，可以使得壳体在电极组件膨胀时的变形集中在吸能结构，减少对开口区域造成的影响，降低壳体与顶盖的连接处开裂的风险，从而提高壳体的使用寿命。
在某些实施方式中，凹槽的底面与凹槽的侧面形成的角度为钝角。
如此，凹槽的底面与凹槽的侧面形成的角度为钝角，可以便于凹槽的形成，降低壳体的制造难度，从而提升壳体的加工精度和磨具的使用寿命。
在某些实施方式中，凹槽的底面与凹槽的侧面形成的角度为95°～175°。
如此，凹槽的底面与凹槽的侧面形成的角度在上述范围时，可以便于凹槽的形成，降低壳体的制造难度，从而提升壳体的加工精度和磨具的使用寿命。
在某些实施方式中，凹槽的底面与凹槽的侧面形成的角度为110°～160°。
如此，凹槽的底面与凹槽的侧面形成的角度在上述范围时，可以便于凹槽的形成，降低壳体的制造难度，从而提升壳体的加工精度和磨具的使用寿命。
本申请实施方式的电池包括电池单体。
本申请实施方式的用电设备包括电池单体或电池，电池单体或电池用于为用电设备提供电能。
上述说明仅是本申请技术方案的概述，为了能够更清楚了解本申请的技术手段，而可依照说明书的内容予以实施，并且为了让本申请的上述和其它目的、特征和优点能够更明显易懂，以下特举本申请的具体实施方式。
附图说明
通过阅读对下文优选实施方式的详细描述，各种其他的优点和益处对于本领域普通技术人员将变得清楚明了。附图仅用于示出优选实施方式的目的，而并不认为是对本申请的限制。而且在全部附图中，用相同的附图标号表示相同的部件。在附图中：
图1为本申请一些实施例的车辆的结构示意图；
图2为本申请一些实施例的电池的结构示意图；
图3为本申请一些实施例的电池单体的结构示意图；
图4为本申请一些实施例的电池单体的分解结构示意图；
图5为本申请一些实施例的电池单体的主视图；
图6为本申请一些实施例的电池单体的俯视图；
图7为本申请一些实施例的电池单体的左视图；
图8为图5沿A-A方向的剖视图；
图9为图8的Ⅰ部分的放大示意图；
图10为图8的Ⅱ部分的放大示意图。
附图标记说明：100、电池单体；10、壳体；11、第一端部；111、开口；12、第二端部；13、内表面；14、外表面；141、吸能结构；142、凹槽；143、底面；144、侧面；15、第一壁；16、第二壁；17、第一部分；18、第二部分；20、顶盖；30、绝缘膜；40、电极组件；200、电池；210、箱体；300、控制器；400、马达；1000、车辆。
具体实施方式
下面将结合附图对本申请技术方案的实施例进行详细的描述。以下实施例仅用于更加清楚地说明本申请的技术方案，因此只作为示例，而不能以此来限制本申请的保护范围。
除非另有定义，本文所使用的所有的技术和科学术语与属于本申请的技术领域的技术人员通常理解的含义相同；本文中所使用的术语只是为了描述具体的实施例的目的，不是旨在于限制本申请；本申请的说明书和权利要求书及上述附图说明中的术语“包括”和“具有”以及它们的任何变形，意图在于覆盖不排他的包含。
在本申请实施例的描述中，技术术语“第一”“第二”等仅用于区别不同对象，而不能理解为指示或暗示相对重要性或者隐含指明所指示的技术特征的数量、特定顺序或主次关系。在本申请实施例的描述中，“多个”的含义是两个以上，除非另有明确具体的限定。
在本文中提及“实施例”意味着，结合实施例描述的特定特征、结构或特性可以包含在本申请的至少一个实施例中。在说明书中的各个位置出现该短语并不一定均是指相同的实施例，也不是与其它实施例互斥的独立的或备选的实施例。本领域技术人员显式地和隐式地理解的是，本文所描述的实施例可以与其它实施例相结合。
在本申请实施例的描述中，术语“和/或”仅仅是一种描述关联对象的关联关系，表示可以存在三种关系，例如A和/或B，可以表示：单独存在A，同时存在A和B，单独存在B这三种情况。另外，本文中字符“/”，一般表示前后关联对象是一种“或”的关系。
在本申请实施例的描述中，术语“多个”指的是两个以上(包括两个)，同理，“多组”指的是两组以上(包括两组)，“多片”指的是两片以上(包括两片)。
在本申请实施例的描述中，技术术语“中心”“纵向”“横向”“长度”“宽度”“厚度”“上”“下”“前”“后”“左”“右”“竖直”“水平”“顶”“底”“内”“外”“顺时针”“逆时针”“轴向”“径向”“周向”等指示的方位或位置关系为基于附图所示的方位或位置关系，仅是为了便于描述本申请实施例和简化描述，而不是指示或暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位、以特定的方位构造和操作，因此不能理解为对本申请实施例的限制。
在本申请实施例的描述中，除非另有明确的规定和限定，技术术语“安装”“相连”“连接”“固定”等术语应做广义理解，例如，可以是固定连接，也可以是可拆卸连接，或成一体；也可以是机械连接，也可以是电连接；可以是直接相连，也可以通过中间媒介间接相连，可以是两个元件内部的连通或两个元件的相互作用关系。对于本领域的普通技术人员而言，可以根据具体情况理解上述术语在本申请实施例中的具体含义。
目前，从市场形势的发展来看，动力电池的应用越加广泛。动力电池不仅被应用于水力、火力、风力和太阳能电站等储能电源系统，而且还被广泛应用于电动自行车、电动摩托车、电动汽车等电动交通工具，以及军事装备和航空航天等多个领域。随着动力电池应用领域的不断扩大，其市场的需求量也在不断地扩增。
本申请中，电池单体可以包括锂离子二次电池、锂离子一次电池、锂硫电池、钠锂离子电池、 钠离子电池或镁离子电池等，本申请实施例对此并不限定。电池单体可呈圆柱体、扁平体、长方体或其它形状等，本申请实施例对此也不限定。电池单体一般按封装的方式分成三种：柱形电池单体、方形电池单体和软包电池单体，本申请实施例对此也不限定。
本申请的实施例所提到的电池是指包括一个或多个电池单体以提供更高的电压和容量的单一的物理模块。例如，本申请中所提到的电池可以包括电池模块或电池包等。电池一般包括用于封装一个或多个电池单体的箱体。箱体可以避免液体或其他异物影响电池单体的充电或放电。
电池单体包括电极组件和电解液，电极组件由正极极片、负极极片和隔膜组成。电池单体主要依靠金属离子在正极极片和负极极片之间移动来工作。正极极片包括正极集流体和正极活性物质层，正极活性物质层涂覆于正极集流体的表面，未涂敷正极活性物质层的集流体凸出于已涂覆正极活性物质层的集流体，未涂敷正极活性物质层的集流体作为正极极耳。以锂离子电池为例，正极集流体的材料可以为铝，正极活性物质可以为钴酸锂、磷酸铁锂、三元锂或锰酸锂等。负极极片包括负极集流体和负极活性物质层，负极活性物质层涂覆于负极集流体的表面，未涂敷负极活性物质层的集流体凸出于已涂覆负极活性物质层的集流体，未涂敷负极活性物质层的集流体作为负极极耳。负极集流体的材料可以为铜，负极活性物质可以为碳或硅等。为了保证通过大电流而不发生熔断，正极极耳的数量为多个且层叠在一起，负极极耳的数量为多个且层叠在一起。隔膜的材质可以为PP(polypropylene，聚丙烯)或PE(polyethylene，聚乙烯)等。
电池单体还包括壳体和顶盖，壳体可以从外侧保护电极组件，以避免外部的异物影响电极组件的充电或放电。顶盖与壳体共同限定出用于容纳电极组件、电解质以及其他部件的收容空间。
现有技术中，电池单体的壳体的外表面设置有绝缘膜，绝缘膜可以降低电池单体短路的风险。在电池单体的使用过程中，电池单体的电极组件会膨胀致使电池单体的壳体与顶盖的连接处容易开裂，从而降低了壳体与顶盖的连接处的连接稳定性。
为了在减少与绝缘膜的干涉的情况下，提高壳体与顶盖的连接处的连接稳定性，本申请提供了一种壳体，用于电池单体，壳体的内表面设置有吸能结构，壳体在电极组件膨胀时产生的变形集中在吸能结构处，从而减少壳体与顶盖的连接处产生的变形程度，降低壳体与顶盖的连接处开裂的风险，提高壳体与顶盖的连接处的连接稳定性，从而提高电池单体的稳定性。另外，吸能结构设置在内表面，绝缘膜设置在外表面，可以避免绝缘膜被吸能结构破坏而使得壳体暴露。
本申请实施例公开的电池单体可以但不限用于车辆、船舶或飞行器等用电设备中。可以使用具备本申请公开的电池单体、电池等组成该用电设备的电源系统。
本申请实施例提供一种使用电池作为电源的用电设备，用电设备可以为但不限于手机、平板、笔记本电脑、电动玩具、电动工具、电瓶车、电动汽车、轮船、航天器等等。其中，电动玩具可以包括固定式或移动式的电动玩具，例如，游戏机、电动汽车玩具、电动轮船玩具和电动飞机玩具等等，航天器可以包括飞机、火箭、航天飞机和宇宙飞船等等。
以下实施例为了方便说明，以本申请一实施例的一种用电设备为车辆1000为例进行说明。
请参照图1，图1为本申请一些实施例提供的车辆1000的结构示意图。车辆1000可以为燃油汽车、燃气汽车或新能源汽车，新能源汽车可以是纯电动汽车、混合动力汽车或增程式汽车等。车辆1000的内部设置有电池200，电池200可以设置在车辆1000的底部或头部或尾部。电池200可以用于车辆1000的供电，例如，电池200可以作为车辆1000的操作电源。车辆1000还可以包括控制器300和马达400，控制器300用来控制电池200为马达400供电，例如，用于车辆1000的启动、导航和行驶时的工作用电需求。
在本申请一些实施例中，电池200不仅可以作为车辆1000的操作电源，还可以作为车辆1000的驱动电源，代替或部分地代替燃油或天然气为车辆1000提供驱动动力。
在一些实施例中，电池200可以为储能装置。储能装置包括储能集装箱、储能电柜等。
请参照图2，图2为本申请一些实施例提供的电池200的分解结构示意图。电池200包括箱体210和电池单体100，电池单体100容纳于箱体210内。其中，箱体210用于为电池单体100提供容纳空间，箱体210可以采用多种结构。
在电池200中，电池单体100可以是多个，多个电池单体100之间可串联或并联或混联，混联是指多个电池单体100中既有串联又有并联。多个电池单体100之间可直接串联或并联或混联在一起，再将多个电池单体100构成的整体容纳于箱体210内；当然，电池200也可以是多个电 池单体100先串联或并联或混联组成电池模块形式，多个电池模块再串联或并联或混联形成一个整体，并容纳于箱体210内。电池200还可以包括其他结构，例如，该电池200还可以包括汇流部件，用于实现多个电池单体100之间的电连接。
其中，每个电池单体100可以为二次电池或一次电池；还可以是锂硫电池、钠离子电池或镁离子电池，但不局限于此。电池单体100可呈圆柱体、扁平体、长方体或其它形状等。
根据本申请的一些实施例，请参照图3-图5，图3为本申请一些实施例的电池单体100的结构示意图；图4为本申请一些实施例的电池单体100的分解结构示意图；图5为本申请一些实施例的电池单体100的主视图。本申请实施方式的电池单体100包括壳体10、电极组件40、顶盖20和绝缘膜30，壳体10具有第一端部11和与第一端部11相对的第二端部12，第一端部11形成有开口111，壳体10包括内表面13和外表面14，内表面13设有吸能结构141，吸能结构141相对于第二端部12更加靠近开口111，电极组件40设置在壳体10中，顶盖20与壳体10密封连接并封闭开口111，绝缘膜30设置在外表面14。
具体的，壳体10为空心结构，其内部形成用于容纳电极组件40和电解液的容纳腔。壳体10可以是多种形状，比如，圆柱体、长方体等。壳体10的形状可根据电极组件40的具体形状来确定。比如，若电极组件40为圆柱体结构，则可选用为圆柱体壳体10，开口111的形状可以是圆形；若电极组件40为长方体结构，则可选用长方体壳体10，开口111的形状可以是方形。壳体10的材质可以是多种，比如，铜、铁、铝、钢、铝合金、塑料等。
第一端部11可以位于壳体10的顶部，第二端部12可以位于壳体10的底部，电极组件40可以通过第一端部11的开口111进入壳体10内部。
内表面13可以是壳体10与内部环境接触的表面，外表面14可以是壳体10与外界环境接触的表面。内表面13设置有吸能结构141，吸能结构141用于承受壳体10与顶盖20的连接处在电极组件40膨胀时的变形。吸能结构141可以通过减薄材料的方式形成，例如在内表面13上进行刻痕、开槽等。在内表面13上，吸能结构141周边区域的厚度大于吸能结构141处的厚度。
电极组件40为电池单体100实现充放电功能的核心部件，电极组件40包括正极极片、负极极片和隔离件，正极极片和负极极片的极性相反，隔离件用于将正极极片和负极极片绝缘隔离。电极组件40主要依靠金属离子在正极极片和负极极片之间移动来工作。
顶盖20是密封壳体10的开口111以将电池单体100的内部环境与外部环境隔绝的部件，顶盖20与壳体10共同限定出用于容纳电极组件40、电解质以及其他部件的收容空间。顶盖20的形状可以与壳体10的形状相适配，比如，壳体10为长方体结构，顶盖20为与壳体10相适配的矩形板状结构，再如，壳体10为圆柱体结构，顶盖20为与壳体10相适配的圆形板状结构。顶盖20的材质也可以是多种，比如，铜、铁、铝、钢、铝合金、塑料等，顶盖20与壳体10的材质可以相同，也可以不同。顶盖20的数量可以是一个，顶盖20与壳体10可以采用焊接方式连接。
绝缘膜30可以包覆至少部分壳体10，可以理解为，壳体10的一部分或全部被绝缘膜30包覆，以对电池单体100形成绝缘保护。绝缘膜30可以是麦拉片，麦拉片可以通过双面胶贴附在壳体10的外表面14，麦拉片可以由PET、PVC等材料加工形成。
本申请实施方式的电池单体100在充放电过程中，电极组件40会不断膨胀和收缩，吸能结构141可以在电极组件40膨胀时优先变形，减少电极组件40膨胀对壳体10和顶盖20连接处产生的变形程度，降低壳体10与顶盖20的连接处的开裂风险，提高壳体10的使用寿命，从而提高电池单体100的稳定性。另外，吸能结构141设置在内表面13，绝缘膜30设置在外表面14，可以避免绝缘膜30被吸能结构141破坏而使得壳体10暴露，降低电池单体100短路的风险，从而提高电池单体100的安全性能。
请参照图4、图6和图7，图6为本申请一些实施例的电池单体100的俯视图；图7为本申请一些实施例的电池单体100的左视图。在某些实施方式中，壳体10包括第一壁15和与第一壁15连接的第二壁16，第一壁15的面积大于第二壁16的面积，绝缘膜30包覆第一壁15的外表面14和第二壁16的外表面14，第一壁15的内表面13形成有吸能结构141。
具体的，第一壁15和第二壁16可以是壳体10的侧壁，当壳体10为长方体结构时，第一壁15可以与第二壁16垂直设置，且第一壁15和第二壁16可以与第二端部12垂直。第一壁15和第二壁16可以是矩形板状结构，第一壁15和第二壁16的数量可以是两个，两个第一壁15相对 设置，两个第二壁16相对设置。当第一壁15和第二壁16的长度一致时，第一壁15的宽度可以大于第二壁16的宽度。
在一些实施方式中，绝缘膜30可以包覆第一壁15的外表面14，也可以包覆第二壁16的外表面14，还可以同时包覆第一壁15的外表面14和第二壁16的外表面14。绝缘膜30的尺寸可以大于第一壁15的尺寸，也就是说，绝缘膜30的长度可以大于第一壁15的长度，绝缘膜30的宽度可以大于第一壁15的宽度。绝缘膜30的尺寸可以大于第二壁16的尺寸，也就是说，绝缘膜30的长度可以大于第二壁16的长度，绝缘膜30的宽度可以大于第二壁16的宽度。
吸能结构141可以通过在第一壁15的内表面13上向第一壁15的外表面14方向消除部分材料的方式形成，例如在第一壁15的内表面13上进行刻痕、开槽等。在第一壁15的内表面13上，吸能结构141周边区域的厚度大于吸能结构141处的厚度。
如此，由于第一壁15的面积大于第二壁16的面积，第一壁15在电极组件40的作用下更加容易变形，因此，通过在第一壁15的内表面13设置吸能结构141，吸能结构141可以更好地吸收壳体10产生的变形，减少电极组件40膨胀对第一壁15和顶盖20连接处产生的变形，降低第一壁15与顶盖20的连接处的开裂风险，从而提高壳体10的使用寿命。同时，绝缘膜30包覆第一壁15的外表面14和第二壁16的外表面14，可以隔离壳体10内的电连接部件与外部部件的电连接，降低电池单体100短路的风险，从而提高电池单体100的安全性能。
请参照图4，在某些实施方式中，第二壁16的内表面13形成有吸能结构141。
具体的，吸能结构141可以通过在第二壁16的内表面13上向第二壁16的外表面14方向消除部分材料的方式形成，例如在第二壁16的内表面13上进行刻痕、开槽等。在第二壁16的内表面13上，吸能结构141周边区域的厚度大于吸能结构141处的厚度。
如此，通过在第二壁16的内表面13设置吸能结构141，吸能结构141可以优先吸收第二壁16的内表面13受到电极组件40膨胀时的冲击，减少电极组件40膨胀对第二壁16和顶盖20连接处产生的变形，降低第二壁16与顶盖20的连接处的开裂风险，从而提高壳体10的使用寿命。
请参照图8-图10，图8为图5沿A-A方向的剖视图；图9为图8的Ⅰ部分的放大示意图；图10为图8的Ⅱ部分的放大示意图。在某些实施方式中，吸能结构141具有形成在壳体10的内表面13的凹槽142，位于第一壁15的内表面13的凹槽142与位于第二壁16的内表面13的凹槽142相互连接。
具体的，凹槽142可以通过在内表面13上消除部分材料的方式形成，凹槽142的截面形状可以是弧形，也可以是方形、梯形等。凹槽142可以自内表面13沿壳体10的厚度方向向外表面14延伸，凹槽142可以沿壳体10的内表面13周向设置，凹槽142的设置使得壳体10设置有吸能结构141的区域的厚度减小。
如此，凹槽142可以减薄壳体10的厚度，从而更加容易形成吸能结构141，位于第一壁15的内表面13的凹槽142与位于第二壁16的内表面13的凹槽142相互连接，使得吸能结构141在壳体10的同一位置处变形一致性更佳，有利于提高吸能结构141吸收壳体10受到冲击的能力。
请参照图4，在某些实施方式中，壳体10包括第一部分17和与第一部分17连接的第二部分18，第一部分17形成有第一端部11，第二部分18远离第一部分17的端部形成第二端部12，第一部分17与第二部分18沿第一端部11向第二端部12方向的高度的比值大于或等于3：7，吸能结构141位于第二部分18上。
具体的，第一部分17可以是壳体10与顶盖20连接的部分，第一部分17沿第一端部11向第二端部12方向的厚度逐渐减薄，第二部分18可以为等厚结构，第一部分17和第二部分18可以一体成型。第一部分17与第二部分18沿第一端部11向第二端部12方向的高度的比值可以是3：7，也可以是2：3或1：1等，例如，当壳体10沿第一端部11向第二端部12方向的高度为100mm时，第一部分17的高度可以是30mm，第二部分18的高度可以是70mm，也可以是第一部分17的高度为40mm，第二部分18的高度为60mm，还可以是第一部分17的高度为50mm，第二部分18的高度为50mm。
如此，吸能结构141位于第二部分18上，使得吸能结构141距离顶盖20较远，进而可以使得壳体10在电极组件40膨胀时的变形集中在第二部分18，减少对第一部分17造成的影响，降低第一部分17的壳体10与顶盖20的连接处开裂的风险，从而提高壳体10的使用寿命。
请参照图9和图10，在某些实施方式中，吸能结构141具有形成在内表面13的凹槽142，第二部分18于凹槽142处的厚度与第二部分18的最大厚度的比值大于或等于0.4。
具体的，第二部分18于凹槽142处的厚度可以是凹槽142的底面143与外表面14之间的距离，第二部分18的最大厚度可以是内表面13与外表面14之间的距离，第二部分18于凹槽142处的厚度与第二部分18的最大厚度的比值可以是0.4、0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9中任意一者的点值或任意两者之间的范围值。当第二部分18于凹槽142处的厚度与第二部分18的最大厚度的比值小于0.4时，吸能结构141的强度较低，吸能结构141易断裂。
如此，吸能结构141易变形吸收壳体10受到的冲击，并且强度适宜，不易断裂。
请参照图9和图10，在某些实施方式中，吸能结构141具有形成在内表面13的凹槽142。
具体的，凹槽142可以通过在内表面13上消除部分材料的方式形成，凹槽142的截面形状可以是弧形，也可以是方形、梯形等。凹槽142可以自内表面13沿壳体10的厚度方向向外表面14延伸，凹槽142可以设置在第一壁15的内表面13，也可以设置在第二壁16的内表面13，还可以沿壳体10的内表面13周向设置，凹槽142的设置使得壳体10设置有吸能结构141的区域的厚度减小。
如此，凹槽142可以减薄壳体10的厚度，从而更加容易形成吸能结构141。
请参照图4、图9和图10，在某些实施方式中，凹槽142沿第一端部11向第二端部12方向的高度为h，0.2mm≤h≤7mm。
具体的，凹槽142沿第一端部11向第二端部12方向的高度可以是凹槽142与内表面13的两个连接点之间的距离，h可以是0.2mm、0.5mm、1mm、1.5mm、2mm、2.5mm、3mm、3.5mm、4mm、4.5mm、5mm、5.5mm、6mm、6.5mm、7mm中任意一者的点值或任意两者之间的范围值。
当凹槽142沿第一端部11向第二端部12方向的高度小于0.2mm时，凹槽142的加工难度较大，从而提高了壳体10的制造难度；当凹槽142沿第一端部11向第二端部12方向的高度大于7mm时，吸能结构141承受变形的效果提升不明显。
如此，凹槽142沿第一端部11向第二端部12方向的高度在上述范围时，可以便于凹槽142的形成，从而更加容易形成吸能结构141，降低壳体10的制造难度，同时，有利于提高吸能结构141吸收壳体10受到冲击的能力。
请参照图9，在某些实施方式中，0.5mm≤h≤4mm。
具体的，h可以是0.5mm、1mm、1.5mm、2mm、2.5mm、3mm、3.5mm、4mm中任意一者的点值或任意两者之间的范围值。
如此，凹槽142沿第一端部11向第二端部12方向的高度在上述范围时，可以便于凹槽142的形成，从而更加容易形成吸能结构141，降低壳体10的制造难度，同时，有利于提高吸能结构141吸收壳体10受到冲击的能力。
请参照图4、图9和图10，在某些实施方式中，凹槽142与开口111的距离为H，t-0.5mm≤H≤8t，其中，t为顶盖20的厚度，单位为mm。
具体的，凹槽142与开口111的距离可以是凹槽142与内表面13靠近第一端部11的连接点与开口111之间的距离，当顶盖20的厚度为1.5mm时，凹槽142与开口111的距离H为1mm～12mm，即凹槽142与开口111的距离H可以是1mm、2mm、3mm、4mm、5mm、6mm、7mm、8mm、9mm、10mm、11mm、12mm中任意一者的点值或任意两者之间的范围值。
当凹槽142与开口111的距离H＜t-0.5mm时，凹槽142与开口111相距较近，使得壳体10在电极组件40膨胀时的变形会对开口111区域造成影响，从而增加了壳体10与顶盖20的连接处开裂的风险；当凹槽142与开口111的距离H＞8t时，凹槽142与开口111相距较远，减少了壳体10变形在吸能结构141处的集中，从而增加了壳体10与顶盖20的连接处开裂的风险。
如此，凹槽142与开口111的距离在上述范围时，可以使得壳体10在电极组件40膨胀时的变形集中在吸能结构141，减少对开口111区域造成的影响，降低壳体10与顶盖20的连接处开裂的风险，从而提高壳体10的使用寿命。
请参照图9，在某些实施方式中，t≤H≤5t。
具体的，当顶盖20的厚度为1.5mm时，凹槽142与开口111的距离H为1.5mm～7.5mm，即凹槽142与开口111的距离H可以是1.5mm、2.5mm、3.5mm、4.5mm、5.5mm、6.5mm、7.5mm 中任意一者的点值或任意两者之间的范围值。
如此，凹槽142与开口111的距离在上述范围时，可以使得壳体10在电极组件40膨胀时的变形集中在吸能结构141，减少对开口111区域造成的影响，降低壳体10与顶盖20的连接处开裂的风险，从而提高壳体10的使用寿命。
请参照图10，在某些实施方式中，凹槽142的底面143与凹槽142的侧面144形成的角度θ为钝角。
具体的，凹槽142可以由一个底面143和两个侧面144形成，凹槽142的底面143可以与内表面13平行，凹槽142的侧面144可以连接凹槽142的底面143和壳体10的内表面13。当凹槽142的截面形状为方形时，凹槽142的底面143与凹槽142的侧面144形成的角度θ可以为90°；当凹槽142的截面形状为梯形时，凹槽142的底面143与凹槽142的侧面144形成的角度θ可以大于90°。
如此，凹槽142的底面143与凹槽142的侧面144形成的角度θ为钝角，可以便于凹槽142的形成，降低壳体10的制造难度，从而提升壳体10的加工精度和磨具的使用寿命。
请参照图10，在某些实施方式中，凹槽142的底面143与凹槽142的侧面144形成的角度θ为95°～175°。
具体的，凹槽142的底面143与凹槽142的侧面144形成的角度θ可以是95°、105°、115°、125°、135°、145°、155°、165°、175°中任意一者的点值或任意两者之间的范围值。
如此，凹槽142的底面143与凹槽142的侧面144形成的角度θ在上述范围时，可以便于凹槽142的形成，降低壳体10的制造难度，从而提升壳体10的加工精度和磨具的使用寿命。
请参照图10，在某些实施方式中，凹槽142的底面143与凹槽142的侧面144形成的角度θ为110°～160°。
具体的，凹槽142的底面143与凹槽142的侧面144形成的角度θ可以是110°、120°、130°、140°、150°、160°中任意一者的点值或任意两者之间的范围值。
如此，凹槽142的底面143与凹槽142的侧面144形成的角度θ在上述范围时，可以便于凹槽142的形成，降低壳体10的制造难度，从而提升壳体10的加工精度和磨具的使用寿命。
最后应说明的是：以上各实施例仅用以说明本申请的技术方案，而非对其限制；尽管参照前述各实施例对本申请进行了详细的说明，本领域的普通技术人员应当理解：其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改，或者对其中部分或者全部技术特征进行等同替换；而这些修改或者替换，并不使相应技术方案的本质脱离本申请各实施例技术方案的范围，其均应涵盖在本申请的权利要求和说明书的范围当中。尤其是，只要不存在结构冲突，各个实施例中所提到的各项技术特征均可以任意方式组合起来。本申请并不局限于文中公开的特定实施例，而是包括落入权利要求的范围内的所有技术方案。

Claims (16)

  1. 一种电池单体，其中，包括：
    壳体，所述壳体具有第一端部和与所述第一端部相对的第二端部，所述第一端部形成有开口，所述壳体包括内表面和外表面，所述内表面设有吸能结构，所述吸能结构相对于所述第二端部更加靠近所述开口；
    电极组件，设置在所述壳体中；
    顶盖，所述顶盖与所述壳体密封连接并封闭所述开口；
    绝缘膜，所述绝缘膜设置在所述外表面。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的电池单体，其中，所述壳体包括第一壁和与所述第一壁连接的第二壁，所述第一壁的面积大于所述第二壁的面积，所述绝缘膜包覆所述第一壁的外表面和所述第二壁的外表面，所述第一壁的内表面形成有所述吸能结构。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的电池单体，其中，所述第二壁的内表面形成有所述吸能结构。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的电池单体，其中，所述吸能结构具有形成在所述壳体的内表面的凹槽，位于所述第一壁的内表面的所述凹槽与位于所述第二壁的内表面的所述凹槽相互连接。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的电池单体，其中，所述壳体包括第一部分和与所述第一部分连接的第二部分，所述第一部分形成有所述第一端部，所述第二部分远离所述第一部分的端部形成所述第二端部，所述第一部分与所述第二部分沿所述第一端部向所述第二端部方向的高度的比值大于或等于3：7，所述吸能结构位于所述第二部分上。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的电池单体，其中，所述吸能结构具有形成在所述内表面的凹槽，所述第二部分于所述凹槽处的厚度与所述第二部分的最大厚度的比值大于或等于0.4。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的电池单体，其中，所述吸能结构具有形成在所述内表面的凹槽。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的电池单体，其中，所述凹槽沿所述第一端部向所述第二端部方向的高度为h，0.2mm≤h≤7mm。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的电池单体，其中，0.5mm≤h≤4mm。
  10. 根据权利要求4所述的电池单体，其中，所述凹槽与所述开口的距离为H，t-0.5mm≤H≤8t，其中，t为所述顶盖的厚度，单位为mm。
  11. 根据权利要求10所述的电池单体，其中，t≤H≤5t。
  12. 根据权利要求4所述的电池单体，其中，所述凹槽的底面与所述凹槽的侧面形成的角度为钝角。
  13. 根据权利要求12所述的电池单体，其中，所述凹槽的底面与所述凹槽的侧面形成的角度为95°～175°。
  14. 根据权利要求13所述的电池单体，其中，所述凹槽的底面与所述凹槽的侧面形成的角度为110°～160°。
  15. 一种电池，其中，包括权利要求1-14中任一项所述的电池单体。
  16. 一种用电设备，其中，包括权利要求1-14中任一项所述的电池单体或权利要求15所述的电池。
PCT/CN2024/089895 2024-03-25 2024-04-25 电池单体、电池和用电设备 Pending WO2025200073A1 (zh)

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JP2016219122A (ja) * 2015-05-15 2016-12-22 三洋電機株式会社 角形二次電池及びそれを用いた組電池、並びにその製造方法
CN114830413A (zh) * 2019-12-27 2022-07-29 松下控股株式会社 蓄电装置以及蓄电模块
CN116417724A (zh) * 2021-12-30 2023-07-11 宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司 电池单体、电池、用电装置及制备电池单体的方法
CN220400728U (zh) * 2023-07-25 2024-01-26 江苏耀宁新能源创新科技有限公司 一种动力电池及新能源汽车
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JP2016219122A (ja) * 2015-05-15 2016-12-22 三洋電機株式会社 角形二次電池及びそれを用いた組電池、並びにその製造方法
CN114830413A (zh) * 2019-12-27 2022-07-29 松下控股株式会社 蓄电装置以及蓄电模块
CN116417724A (zh) * 2021-12-30 2023-07-11 宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司 电池单体、电池、用电装置及制备电池单体的方法
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