Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D201/00—Coating compositions based on unspecified macromolecular compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
  • C09D5/16—Antifouling paints; Underwater paints

Definitions

• the present disclosure relates to an antifouling agent for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms, an antifouling agent composition for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms, and a cured product of the antifouling agent for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms, as well as an antifouling coating film and a substrate with an antifouling coating film.
• a wide variety of aquatic organisms are likely to attach to the surfaces of substrates (ships, underwater structures, fishing nets, seawater supply and drainage pipes for factories, etc.) that are exposed to water (oceans, rivers, lakes, etc.) in the natural environment for long periods of time.
• substrates ships, underwater structures, fishing nets, seawater supply and drainage pipes for factories, etc.
• water oceans, rivers, lakes, etc.
• aquatic organisms attach to the surface of a substrate, they can mar the substrate's appearance and cause various problems.
• the adhesion of aquatic organisms to the ship may increase the resistance of the adhesion surface caused by the water current, which may lead to a decrease in the ship's speed and an increase in fuel consumption.
• the corrosion-resistant coating applied to the substrate surface of the underwater structure may be damaged, resulting in damage such as a decrease in the strength and function of the underwater structure and a significant shortening of the lifespan of the underwater structure.
• the substrate is a fishing net such as an aquaculture net or a fixed net
• the meshes can become clogged with aquatic organisms, causing serious problems such as the death of cultured or caught organisms due to lack of oxygen.
• aquatic organisms attach to and multiply in seawater supply and drainage pipes in factories, thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, etc., they can cause the pipes to become clogged or the flow rate to decrease.
• an antifouling paint is applied to the surface of the substrate to form an antifouling coating film.
• Cuprous oxide has been widely used as an antifouling agent in such antifouling paints because it exhibits excellent antifouling properties against the adhesion of aquatic organisms, but in recent years, alternative substances to cuprous oxide have been considered.
• Patent Document 1 development of an antifouling paint that uses medetomidine as an antifouling agent is underway.
• the present disclosure aims to provide an antifouling agent for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms that prevents adhesion of aquatic organisms, an antifouling agent composition for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms, and a cured product of the antifouling agent for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms, as well as an antifouling coating film and a substrate with an antifouling coating film.
• the inventors of the present disclosure conducted intensive research to solve the above problems, and discovered that a specific fatty acid metal salt is effective as an antifouling agent for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms, leading to the completion of an embodiment of the present disclosure. That is, the gist of the present disclosure is as follows.
• a fatty acid metal salt comprising a fatty acid component having 1 to 22 carbon atoms and a metal component
• the metal component is lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, boron, magnesium, aluminum, calcium, manganese, iron, cobalt, cobalt borate, nickel, antimony, copper, silver, zinc, molybdenum, vanadium, strontium, zirconium, barium, bismuth, lead, gold, platinum, or a rare earth, and is an antifouling agent for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms, which prevents the adhesion of aquatic organisms.
• the fatty acid component is 2-ethylhexanoic acid, neodecanoic acid, isononanoic acid, naphthenic acid, stearic acid, isostearic acid, palmitic acid, lauric acid or myristic acid.
• An antifouling agent for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms according to any one of [1] to [3], wherein the metal component is copper, zinc, bismuth, lead, cobalt borate, or a rare earth.
• the fatty acid component is 2-ethylhexanoic acid, neodecanoic acid, or stearic acid,
• the antifouling agent for suppressing adhesion of aquatic organisms according to any one of [1] to [4], wherein the metal component is copper, zinc, bismuth or a rare earth.
• An antifouling composition for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms comprising the antifouling agent for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms described in any one of [1] to [5] and a solvent.
• a cured antifouling agent for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms obtained by curing the antifouling agent composition for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms described in [6] or [7].
• a substrate with an antifouling coating film comprising a substrate and the antifouling coating film described in [9] provided on the substrate surface.
• an antifouling agent for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms which prevents adhesion of aquatic organisms
• an antifouling composition for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms, which prevents adhesion of aquatic organisms.
• the antifouling agent for suppressing the attachment of aquatic organisms contains a fatty acid metal salt composed of a fatty acid component having 1 to 22 carbon atoms and a metal component, and the metal component is lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, boron, magnesium, aluminum, calcium, manganese, iron, cobalt, cobalt borate, nickel, antimony, copper, silver, zinc, molybdenum, vanadium, strontium, zirconium, barium, bismuth, lead, gold, platinum, or a rare earth, and prevents the attachment of aquatic organisms.
• the aquatic organisms mentioned above include marine organisms and freshwater organisms, including shellfish.
• the aquatic organisms referred to above are, in the narrow sense, fouling organisms.
• the phenomenon in which organisms form colonies on artificial objects placed in water or in contact with water (especially on their surfaces), resulting in undesirable effects on the artificial structures, is called "fouling.”
• Fouling organisms are organisms that cause this "fouling.”
• the antifouling agent for suppressing adhesion of aquatic organisms of the present disclosure can suppress the adhesion of organisms that live a floating life in the sea or freshwater during their larval stage, but when the time comes, attach to a suitable substrate, metamorphose into adults, and switch to a fixed lifestyle.
• the antifouling agent for suppressing adhesion of aquatic organisms of the present disclosure can suppress the settlement of barnacles, mussels, hydrozoans, jellyfish polyps, golden mussels, etc.
• the antifouling agent for suppressing adhesion of aquatic organisms of the present disclosure can also suppress the settlement of worms that have the ability to secrete calcareous matter and adhere to substrates.
• the antifouling agent for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms contains the above-mentioned fatty acid metal salt. It is believed that when aquatic organisms start to attach (adhere) to the coating surface using an adhesive component made of protein, the fatty acid metal salt coordinates to the nitrogen moiety or amide bond of the protein, denaturing the protein structure, thereby inhibiting the attachment of the aquatic organisms to the coating surface.
• the antifouling agent for controlling adhesion of aquatic organisms according to this embodiment will be described in detail.
• the fatty acid metal salt contained in the antifouling agent for suppressing the adhesion of aquatic organisms according to this embodiment is, for example, a compound represented by the following general formula (1).
• the fatty acid component and the metal component will be described in detail below.
• R 1 is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 21 carbon atoms; n1 is an integer ranging from 1 to 4; M1 is a metal component.
• n1 is an integer of 2 or more, multiple R 1s may be the same or different.
• the alkyl group having 1 to 21 carbon atoms for R 1 may be a straight-chain alkyl group, a branched alkyl group, or may contain an alicyclic structure.
• the hydrogen atom or alkyl group having 1 to 21 carbon atoms of R 1 corresponds to a carboxylic acid residue obtained by removing a carboxyl group (COOH) from a carboxylic acid having 1 to 22 carbon atoms represented by R 1 COOH used in the production of a fatty acid metal salt.
• carboxylic acid residue examples include formic acid residue, acetic acid residue, propionic acid residue, butanoic acid residue, pentanoic acid residue, hexanoic acid residue, 2-ethylbutyric acid residue, heptanoic acid residue, octanoic acid residue, acrylic acid residue, methacrylic acid residue, octylic acid residue (2-ethylhexanoic acid residue), neodecanoic acid residue, naphthenic acid residue, isononanoic acid residue, tung oil acid residue, tall oil fatty acid residue, coconut oil fatty acid residue, soybean oil fatty acid residue, linseed oil fatty acid residue, safflower oil fatty acid residue, dehydrated castor oil fatty acid residue, tung oil fatty acid residue, lauric acid residue, myristic acid residue, palmitic acid residue, stearic acid residue, isostearic acid residue, and oleic acid residue.
• the alkyl group having 1 to 21 carbon atoms for R1 preferably has 1 or more carbon atoms, more preferably 6 or more carbon atoms, while it preferably has 18 or less carbon atoms, more preferably 18 or less carbon atoms, and even more preferably 17 or less carbon atoms.
• R1 is preferably a formic acid residue, an acetic acid residue, a propionic acid residue, a butanoic acid residue, a pentanoic acid residue, a hexanoic acid residue, a 2-ethylbutyric acid residue, a heptanoic acid residue, an octanoic acid residue, a 2-ethylhexanoic acid residue, an isononanoic acid residue, a neodecanoic acid residue, a naphthenic acid residue, a stearic acid residue, an oleic acid residue, a palmitic acid residue, a lauric acid residue, or a myristic acid residue.
• M1 is lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, boron, magnesium, aluminum, calcium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, antimony, copper, silver, zinc, molybdenum, vanadium, strontium, zirconium, barium, bismuth, lead, gold, platinum or a rare earth.
• rare earth means one or more elements selected from scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), and lutetium (Lu).
• M1 is preferably copper, zinc, bismuth, lead, cobalt, or a rare earth, more preferably copper, zinc, bismuth, or a rare earth, and in the case of a rare earth, lanthanum, gadolinium, samarium, or neodymium is preferred.
• the metal component of the fatty acid metal salt is bismuth, neodymium, magnesium, lanthanum, gadolinium, samarium, or zinc, coloring due to the addition of an antifouling agent for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms can be made less likely to occur.
• n1 is a value determined by the ionic valence of the metal atom of M1. For example, if M1 is boron, n1 is 3, and if M1 is cobalt, n1 is 2.
• Conventional antifouling agents mainly use cuprous oxide (Cu 2 O), organotin compounds (TBT, TPT), arsenic compounds, and mercury compounds as their main components.
• organotin compounds (TBT, TPT), arsenic compounds, and mercury compounds are highly likely to have adverse effects on the working environment and ecosystem due to their toxicity or low decomposition. As a result, the use of the above compounds other than cuprous oxide (Cu 2 O) is currently restricted.
• the antifouling agent for suppressing adhesion of aquatic organisms does not substantially use tin, arsenic, or organotin as the metal component of the fatty acid metal salt, and is therefore considered to be able to reduce the safety (working environment) of workers and the burden on the marine environment compared to the conventional antifouling agents.
• the fatty acid metal salt which is an antifouling agent for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms according to the present disclosure, also includes the form of a fatty acid metal borate.
• the fatty acid metal borate is, for example, a compound represented by the following general formula (2).
• R2 is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 21 carbon atoms
• M2 is boron, magnesium, aluminum, calcium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, antimony, copper, zinc, molybdenum, vanadium, strontium, zirconium, barium, bismuth, lead, gold, platinum or rare earth.
• the alkyl group having 1 to 21 carbon atoms of R2 is the same as the alkyl group having 1 to 21 carbon atoms of R1 in the general formula (1).
• the metal of M2 is the same as the metal of M1 in the general formula (1).
• R 1 in the case of general formula (1), and R 2 in the case of general formula (2) are more preferably 2-ethylhexanoic acid residue, neodecanoic acid residue, isononanoic acid residue, naphthenic acid residue, stearic acid residue, isostearic acid residue, palmitic acid, lauric acid, or myristic acid, and particularly preferably 2-ethylhexanoic acid residue, neodecanoic acid residue, or stearic acid residue.
• the antifouling agent for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms disclosed herein contains the above-mentioned fatty acid metal salt, and the fatty acid metal salt contained in the antifouling agent for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms may be a single type, or may contain two or more types of fatty acid metal salts having different structures, or may contain other optional components.
• the antifouling agent for suppressing adhesion of aquatic organisms disclosed herein may contain the above-mentioned fatty acid metal salt, for example, the antifouling agent for suppressing adhesion of aquatic organisms disclosed herein may consist essentially of the above-mentioned fatty acid metal salt, or the antifouling agent for suppressing adhesion of aquatic organisms disclosed herein may be a fatty acid metal salt.
• substantially consisting of means that the proportion of fatty acid metal salt in the antifouling agent for suppressing adhesion of aquatic organisms of the present disclosure is 90 mass % or more, 95 mass % or more, or 99 mass % or more.
• the above fatty acid metal salts can be produced by any known method, including a wet synthesis method in which a metal oxide or hydroxide is added to a fatty acid and reacted, and commercially available products may also be used.
• the antifouling composition for suppressing adhesion of aquatic organisms contains the antifouling agent for suppressing adhesion of aquatic organisms of the present disclosure and a solvent.
• this antifouling composition for suppressing adhesion of aquatic organisms preferably further contains a binder resin in addition to the antifouling agent for suppressing adhesion of aquatic organisms of the present disclosure and the solvent.
• the content of the antifouling agent for suppressing adhesion of aquatic organisms of the present disclosure in the antifouling agent composition for suppressing adhesion of aquatic organisms of the present disclosure is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, 1% by mass or more relative to the total mass of the antifouling agent composition for suppressing adhesion of aquatic organisms of the present disclosure, preferably 5% or more, more preferably 10% or more, and even more preferably 30% or more.
• the content of the antifouling agent for suppressing adhesion of aquatic organisms of the present disclosure in the antifouling agent composition for suppressing adhesion of aquatic organisms of the present disclosure may be, for example, 95% by mass or less relative to the total mass of the antifouling agent composition for suppressing adhesion of aquatic organisms of the present disclosure, preferably 90% or less, more preferably 80% or less, and even more preferably 70% or less.
• the antifouling agent for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms disclosed herein contained in the antifouling agent composition for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms of this embodiment may be one type alone or two or more types.
• solvents include water, 1-butanol, isobutanol, 1-pentanol, 2-methyl-2-pentanol, 3-methyl-3-pentanol, methyl ethyl ketone, methanol, ethanol, n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol and other monofunctional alcohols, various diols, polyhydric alcohols such as glycerin, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,9- Diols such as nonanediol, 1,10-decanediol, 1,12-dodecanediol, propylene glycol, 1,2 butanediol, 3-methyl-1,3 butanediol, 1,2 pentanediol, 2-methyl-1,3 propane
• the solvent contained in the antifouling agent composition for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms in this embodiment may be one type alone or two or more types.
• the solvent content in the antifouling composition for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms of this embodiment is not particularly limited, and may be appropriately set so that the solids concentration of the antifouling composition for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms is in the range of 30% by mass or more and 80% by mass or less, for example.
• the binder resin contained in the antifouling agent composition for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms disclosed herein is not particularly limited, and any type of resin can be used, such as emulsion-based resin, latex-based resin, thermosetting resin, or active energy ray-curable resin.
• the binder resin may be either a water-soluble resin or a water-insoluble resin (solvent-based resin).
• water-soluble resin means that the amount of water required to dissolve 1 g of the resin at 20° C. is less than 10 ml.
• water-insoluble resin refers to a resin other than the above-mentioned "water-soluble resin.”
• binder resins include acrylic resins, vinyl acetate resins, styrene resins, vinyl chloride resins, olefin resins, urethane resins, urea resins, urethane urea resins, acrylic urethane resins, epoxy resins, melamine resins, phenolic resins, polyester resins, alkyd resins, silicone resins, polyphenylene sulfide resins, acrylonitrile/styrene copolymer resins, acrylonitrile/butadiene copolymer resins, and acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene copolymer (ABS) resins.
• the binder resin includes modified versions of the above resins, and for example, in the case of a phenolic resin, it also includes a rosin-modified phenolic resin.
• the binder resin contained in the antifouling agent composition for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms in this embodiment may be one type alone or two or more types.
• the content of the binder resin in the antifouling composition for suppressing adhesion of aquatic organisms according to this embodiment is not particularly limited, and may be set appropriately within the range of, for example, 10 to 100% by mass relative to the total mass of the resin solids in the antifouling composition for suppressing adhesion of aquatic organisms.
• the antifouling agent composition for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms of this embodiment only needs to contain the antifouling agent for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms and a solvent disclosed herein, and may contain binder resins and other additives within the scope of the invention disclosed herein and without impairing the effects of the invention.
• binder resins and other additives include pigments, matting agents, hardeners, hardening accelerators, plasticizers, defoamers, dispersants, leveling agents, thickeners, antioxidants, weathering agents, flame retardants, antistatic agents, lubricants, preservatives, etc.
• the antifouling composition for suppressing the adhesion of aquatic organisms of this embodiment can be applied to the surface of a substrate, and a curing method (thermal curing, active energy ray curing, etc.) suitable for the antifouling composition for suppressing the adhesion of aquatic organisms can be applied to the resulting coating to form a cured product of the antifouling agent for suppressing the adhesion of aquatic organisms.
• a curing method thermal curing, active energy ray curing, etc.
• Anti-fouling coating film As for the method for applying the antifouling composition for suppressing the adhesion of aquatic organisms, any method that is publicly known and used can be used. Examples of the method include conventionally known methods such as roll coating, electrostatic coating, bar coating, gravure coating, knife coating, dipping coating, spray coating such as airless spray coating and air spray coating, shower coating, brush coating, roller coating, and the like.
• the substrate to be coated is not particularly limited, and for example, substrates for ships and the like may include FRP, steel, wood, and aluminum alloys, and in particular, in the case of steel ships and aluminum ships, the surface may be coated with a primer, an anticorrosive paint, and, if necessary, a binder paint.
• Other common substrates include paper, synthetic paper, steel plate, aluminum foil, glass, wood, woven fabric, knitted fabric, nonwoven fabric, gypsum board, wood board, resin substrate, etc.
• the resin substrate include polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film, polystyrene film, polyamide film, polyacrylonitrile film, polyethylene film (LLDPE: low density polyethylene film, HDPE: high density polyethylene film), polypropylene film (CPP: unstretched polypropylene film, OPP: biaxially stretched polypropylene film), polyvinyl alcohol film, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer film, polycarbonate film, polyethylene terephthalate film, polymethyl methacrylate film, polystyrene film, polyester film, polyolefin film, epoxy resin film, melamine resin film, triacetyl cellulose resin film, polyvinyl alcohol film, ABS resin film, norbornene-based resin film, cyclic olefin-based resin film, polyimide resin film, polyvinyl fluoride resin film, polyvinylidene fluoride resin film, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer film, and the like.
• PET
• the antifouling agent composition for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms obtained using the antifouling agent for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms disclosed herein, the antifouling agent cured product for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms obtained using the antifouling agent for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms disclosed herein, and the antifouling coating film and substrate with the antifouling coating film obtained using the antifouling agent for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms disclosed herein can be suitably used as a substrate having antifouling properties for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms, and can be used for a wide range of applications, including ships, underwater structures where at least a part of the outer surface is placed or installed underwater, such as wave-dissipating blocks and breakwaters, coastal roads, undersea tunnels, port facilities, canals, waterways, quays and parts of bridges, fishing materials such as fishing nets, ropes, floats and buoys, piping such as seawater supply and drainage pipes, water intake
• the prepared antifouling composition for suppressing adhesion of aquatic organisms was then applied to a 188 ⁇ m-thick PET film substrate using an applicator to give a wet film thickness of 64 ⁇ m.
• the obtained substrate was then dried at room temperature for 12 hours and then further dried at 150° C. for 15 minutes to produce a substrate coated with the antifouling composition for suppressing adhesion of aquatic organisms, which was then used as a test specimen.
• the fatty acid metal salts prepared in Synthesis Examples 2 to 8 were used instead of the fatty acid metal salt in Synthesis Example 1 in Example 1 to produce antifouling compositions for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms, and test pieces were prepared.
• the drying time was 80° C. for 60 minutes in Examples 5 and 8, and 150° C. for 15 minutes in Examples 2 to 4, 6 and 7, the same as in Example 1.
• Comparative Examples 1 and 2 In Examples 1 to 8, a fatty acid metal salt was used, whereas in Comparative Example 1, a blank test piece was prepared consisting of only a binder resin without any fatty acid metal salt, and in Comparative Example 2, a test piece was prepared consisting of only a glass piece.
• a test piece coated with the antifouling composition for suppressing adhesion of aquatic organisms prepared in the examples and a certain number of cypris larvae are placed in a test container, and the number of cypris larvae is counted.
• the "cyprid larvae” referred to here are the larvae of barnacles in their attachment stage.
• the adhesion rate on the test piece is calculated from the number of individual pieces measured at the end of the test.
• Test vessel and conditions The test pieces obtained in Examples 1 to 8 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 were placed on the bottom of the test container, and seawater and the attached stage larvae were poured in. The test was carried out under the following test container and conditions.
• Test vessel - Material Polypropylene Dimensions: Length 111mm, width 81mm, depth 46mm
• Test container attachment - Barnacles that are attached to the test container in any of the following states: exploration/primary attachment, metamorphosis, or juvenile barnacles.
• the barnacles are in the state of juveniles present on the side of the test piece that is not coated with the antifouling composition for inhibiting adhesion of aquatic organisms.
• the number of barnacles in each state measured at each time point 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 5 days, 7 days, 9 days, and 12 days, was evaluated.
• the final barnacle attachment rate was calculated based on the number of barnacles that were metamorphosing or had become juvenile barnacles and were attached to the sample surface among the barnacles attached to the test piece after 12 days, and the antifouling properties were evaluated based on this final attachment rate.
• the state and number of barnacles at each time point are shown in Table 1.
• Example 3 in which the metal component of the fatty acid metal salt is cobalt borate, Example 5, in which the metal component of the fatty acid metal salt is bismuth, and Example 8, in which the metal component of the fatty acid metal salt is lead, were 12% or less, and the antifouling properties can be evaluated as excellent.
• the adhesion rate was low, but the swimming rate of cypris larvae was high, confirming the high aquatic organism repellency and low toxicity of the fatty acid metal salt.
• the prepared antifouling composition for suppressing adhesion of aquatic organisms was applied to a 188 ⁇ m-thick PET film substrate using an applicator so that the wet film thickness was 254 ⁇ m.
• the obtained substrate was then dried at room temperature for one week and cut to a size of 5 cm x 5 cm to produce a substrate coated with the antifouling composition for suppressing adhesion of aquatic organisms, which was then used as a test specimen.
• the prepared antifouling composition for suppressing adhesion of aquatic organisms was applied to a 188 ⁇ m-thick PET film substrate using an applicator so that the wet film thickness was 254 ⁇ m.
• the obtained substrate was then dried at room temperature for one week and cut to a size of 5 cm x 5 cm to produce a substrate coated with the antifouling composition for suppressing adhesion of aquatic organisms, which was then used as a test specimen.
• Examples 18 to 20 Preparation of test pieces

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