WO2025044444A1 - 一种含三苯基硅侧基的环磷腈化合物及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种含三苯基硅侧基的环磷腈化合物及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2025044444A1 WO2025044444A1 PCT/CN2024/101340 CN2024101340W WO2025044444A1 WO 2025044444 A1 WO2025044444 A1 WO 2025044444A1 CN 2024101340 W CN2024101340 W CN 2024101340W WO 2025044444 A1 WO2025044444 A1 WO 2025044444A1
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- cyclophosphazene compound
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- triphenylsilanol
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
- C07F9/6564—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms
- C07F9/6581—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms having phosphorus and nitrogen atoms with or without oxygen or sulfur atoms, as ring hetero atoms
- C07F9/65812—Cyclic phosphazenes [P=N-]n, n>=3
- C07F9/65815—Cyclic phosphazenes [P=N-]n, n>=3 n = 3
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present application relates to the technical field of electrolyte flame retardants, and in particular to a cyclophosphazene compound containing triphenylsilyl side groups, and a preparation method and application thereof.
- Lithium battery is one of the most widely used chemical energy storage methods at present, and has been widely used in consumer digital electronic devices, new energy vehicles, energy storage base stations, aerospace and military equipment.
- electrolyte plays a vital role.
- the electrolyte consists of three parts: lithium salt, solvent and functional additives.
- functional additives can play an important role in the energy density, cycle life, safety performance, temperature range of lithium batteries, etc.
- the functional additives of electrolyte can be divided into flame retardant additives, positive electrode protective agents, lithium salt stabilizers, anti-corrosion agents, SEI film-forming agents, etc.
- the present application provides a cyclophosphazene compound containing a triphenylsilyl side group and a preparation method and application thereof, so as to solve the technical problem of excessively high addition amount of cyclophosphazene compound in the functional additive of electrolyte in the prior art.
- R1 is a halogen atom or a trifluoroethanol group
- R2 is at least one of a halogen atom, a trifluoroethanol group and a silanol structure.
- the cyclophosphazene compound has a molecular structure as shown in Formula 2,
- the cyclophosphazene compound has a molecular structure as shown in Formula 3,
- the present application provides a method for preparing the cyclophosphazene compound described in the first aspect, the method comprising:
- the strong base, the hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene and the solvent of the first mixed solution are respectively low-boiling-point inert aprotic solvents.
- the molar ratio of the triphenylsilanol organic salt to the hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene is 1-6.
- the present application provides another method for preparing the cyclophosphazene compound described in the first aspect, the method comprising:
- the strong base, the first mixed solution, the second mixed solution and the solvent of the hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene are respectively low-boiling-point inert aprotic solvents.
- the second mixed solution, the first mixed solution and the hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene satisfy:
- M is the amount of substance of the trifluoroethanol organic salt
- N is the amount of substance of the triphenylsilanol organic salt
- Q is the amount of substance of the hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene.
- the low boiling point inert aprotic solvent includes at least one of tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, acetone, dioxane, 1,2, toluene and xylene.
- the first stirring time is 4 hours to 12 hours; and/or,
- the second stirring time is 4 hours to 24 hours; and/or,
- the third stirring time is 12 hours to 24 hours, and the third stirring temperature is 30° C. to 60° C.
- the present application provides an application of a cyclophosphazene compound containing a triphenylsilyl side group, wherein the application includes using the cyclophosphazene compound described in the first aspect in a flame retardant for a lithium battery electrolyte.
- the present application provides a cyclophosphazene compound containing triphenylsilicon side groups.
- a phenylsilicon side group is introduced on the phosphorus atom thereof, and an oxygen atom is used to connect the silicon atom and the phosphorus atom connected to the phenylsilicon side group.
- the bond energy of the overall cyclophosphazene compound is increased, thereby reducing the release of flammable gas, increasing the flash point of the cyclophosphazene compound, and further increasing the flash point of the overall electrolyte.
- the silicon-oxygen structure formed by the silicon atom and the oxygen atom also has good film-forming properties, which can enable the flame retardant to quickly form a film in the electrolyte, thereby improving the film-forming performance of the electrolyte.
- the side groups can also effectively remove hydrogen fluoride and phosphorus pentafluoride generated during the working process of the electrolyte, thereby improving the acid removal ability of the electrolyte.
- the introduction of the benzene ring can also cooperate with the polymerization-promoting effect of the oxygen atom so that the electrolyte in which the cyclophosphazene compound is located also has an anti-overcharge effect, which can further improve the flame retardancy of the electrolyte.
- the flame retardancy, film-forming properties, anti-overcharge ability and acid removal ability of the electrolyte can be organically combined. Due to its excellent flame retardancy, it can be added to the electrolyte in a lower amount without affecting the performance of the electrolyte.
- FIG1 is a schematic flow diagram of a method for preparing a cyclophosphazene compound containing a triphenylsilyl side group provided in an embodiment of the present application;
- FIG2 is a schematic flow chart of another method for preparing a cyclophosphazene compound containing a triphenylsilyl side group provided in an embodiment of the present application.
- an embodiment of the present application provides a cyclophosphazene compound containing a triphenylsilicon side group, wherein at least one phenylsilicon side group is connected to a phosphorus atom in the cyclophosphazene compound, and the phosphorus atom and the phenylsilicon side group are connected via an oxygen atom;
- R1 is a halogen atom or a trifluoroethanol group
- an embodiment of the present application provides a method for preparing the cyclophosphazene compound, the method comprising:
- Low-boiling-point inert aprotic solvents refer to a class of inert solvents in which proton self-transfer reaction is extremely weak or has no proton self-transfer tendency, and this type of solvent has a low boiling point, so the corresponding organic salt mixed solution can be generated in the reaction stage, which is convenient for the subsequent acquisition of a pentafluorotriphenylsilyloxycyclotriphosphazene product with a molecular structure as shown in Formula 2.
- the method is a method for preparing the above-mentioned cyclophosphazene compound.
- the specific structure of the cyclophosphazene compound can refer to the above-mentioned embodiment. Since the method adopts part or all of the technical solutions of the above-mentioned embodiment, it at least has all the beneficial effects brought by the technical solutions of the above-mentioned embodiment, which will not be repeated here one by one.
- the second mixed solution, the first mixed solution and the hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene satisfy:
- M is the amount of substance of the trifluoroethanol organic salt
- N is the amount of substance of the triphenylsilanol organic salt
- Q is the amount of substance of the hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene.
- the specific mass ratio of trifluoroethanol organic salt, triphenylsilanol organic salt and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene is controlled so that the trifluoroethanol organic salt, triphenylsilanol organic salt and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene react completely, thereby obtaining the triphenylsilanol co-substituted phosphazene derivative shown in Formula 3.
- the amount ratio of the substance can be 5:5, 4:5, 3:5, 2:5 or 1:5.
- the low boiling point inert aprotic solvent includes at least one of tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, acetone, dioxane, dioxane, toluene and xylene.
- the sodium/lithium triphenylsilanol and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene can be reacted completely in the low-boiling point inert aprotic solvent, or the sodium/lithium trifluoroethoxide, sodium/lithium triphenylsilanol and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene can be reacted completely, thereby obtaining a cyclophosphazene compound with a structure shown in Formula 2 or Formula 3.
- the first stirring time is 4 hours to 12 hours; and/or,
- the second stirring time is 4 hours to 24 hours; and/or,
- the third stirring time is 12 hours to 24 hours, and the third stirring temperature is 30° C. to 60° C.
- the specific time of the first stirring is controlled so that the strong base and triphenylsilanol are mixed sufficiently.
- the first mixed solution containing triphenylsilanol organic salt is obtained to facilitate the subsequent reaction.
- the first stirring time can be 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 10 hours, or 12 hours.
- the triphenylsilanol organic salt and the hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene can be fully mixed and reacted, or the trifluoroethanol organic salt can be further fully mixed with the triphenylsilanol organic salt and the hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene, and then the subsequent reaction is completed by the third stirring, thereby obtaining the pentafluorotriphenylsiloxycyclotriphosphazene product shown in Formula 2 or the triphenylsilanol co-substituted phosphazene derivative shown in Formula 3.
- the second stirring time can be 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 10 h, 12 h, 14 h, 16 h, 18 h, 20 h, 22 h, or 24 h.
- the third stirring time may be 12 h, 14 h, 16 h, 18 h, 20 h, 22 h, or 24 h.
- the temperature of the third stirring may be 30°C, 35°C, 40°C, 45°C, 50°C, 55°C, or 60°C.
- an application of a cyclophosphazene compound containing a triphenylsilyl side group is provided, and the application includes using the cyclophosphazene compound in a flame retardant for a lithium battery electrolyte.
- the lithium battery electrolyte is composed of lithium salt, organic solvent, phosphazene derivative flame retardant additives and other functional additives.
- the phosphazene derivative flame retardant additive is a phosphazene derivative co-substituted with triphenylsilanol and/or pentafluorotriphenylsiloxy cyclotriphosphazene.
- the lithium salt includes at least one of LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiCH 3 SO 3 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiBOB, LiDFOB, LiN(FSO 2 ) 2 and LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 .
- the organic solvent comprises at least one of carbonates, ethers, carboxylates, phosphates and fluorinated organic solvents; wherein the carbonate organic solvent is a cyclic carbonate and/or a chain carbonate compound.
- the cyclic carbonate compound includes at least one of ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and butylene carbonate.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- PC propylene carbonate
- GBL gamma-butyrolactone
- the chain carbonate compound includes at least one of dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dipropyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and carbonate derivatives synthesized from a linear or branched aliphatic monoalcohol with a carbon number of 3-8 and carbonic acid.
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- carbonate derivatives synthesized from a linear or branched aliphatic monoalcohol with a carbon number of 3-8 and carbonic acid include at least one of dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dipropyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and carbonate derivatives synthesized from a linear or branched aliphatic monoalcohol with a carbon number of 3-8 and carbonic acid.
- the ether organic solvent includes at least one of tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolane, dimethoxymethane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether and tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether.
- THF tetrahydrofuran
- 2-methyltetrahydrofuran 1,3-dioxolane
- dimethoxymethane 1,2-dimethoxyethane
- diethylene glycol dimethyl ether diethylene glycol dimethyl ether
- triethylene glycol dimethyl ether triethylene glycol dimethyl ether
- tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether
- the carboxylic acid ester organic solvent includes methyl formate, ethyl formate, ethyl acetate (EA), methyl propionate (MP), At least one of ethyl propionate (EP), propyl propionate (PP), methyl butyrate (MB), ethyl butyrate (EB), propyl butyrate (PB) and butyl butyrate (BB).
- the phosphate organic solvent is selected from at least one of trimethyl phosphate (TMP), triethyl phosphate (TEP) and tributyl phosphate (TBP).
- TMP trimethyl phosphate
- TEP triethyl phosphate
- TBP tributyl phosphate
- VC vinylene carbonate
- VEC vinyl ethylene carbonate
- FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
- PS propane sultone
- PST 1-propylene-1,3-sultone
- BS butane sultone
- DTD vinyl sulfate
- ADN adiponitrile
- This application is realized based on the above-mentioned cyclophosphazene compound.
- the specific structure of the cyclophosphazene compound can refer to the above-mentioned embodiment. Since this application adopts part or all of the technical solutions of the above-mentioned embodiment, it at least has all the beneficial effects brought by the technical solutions of the above-mentioned embodiment, which will not be repeated here one by one.
- the prepared tetrahydrofuran solution of sodium triphenylsilanol was added to a tetrahydrofuran solution containing 34.76 g of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene under ice bath conditions, stirred for a second time for 24 hours, and then a tetrahydrofuran solution of sodium trifluoroethoxide was added dropwise, stirred for a second time for 24 hours, and then stirred for a third time at 60°C for 24 hours.
- Example 2 Comparing Example 2 with Example 1, the difference between Example 2 and Example 1 is:
- the prepared tetrahydrofuran solution of sodium triphenylsilanol was added to a tetrahydrofuran solution containing 43.45 g of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene under ice bath conditions, stirred for a second time for 20 hours, and then a tetrahydrofuran solution of sodium trifluoroethoxide was added dropwise, stirred for a second time for 20 hours, and then stirred for a third time at 50°C for 20 hours.
- Example 3 Comparing Example 3 with Example 1, the difference between Example 3 and Example 1 is:
- the prepared dioxane solution of lithium triphenylsilanol was added to a dioxane solution containing 57.94 g of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene in an ice bath, stirred for a second time for 18 h, and a dioxane solution of lithium trifluoroethoxide was added dropwise, stirred for a second time for 18 h, and then stirred for a third time at 50° C. for 18 h.
- Example 4 Comparing Example 4 with Example 1, the difference between Example 4 and Example 1 is:
- a tetrahydrofuran solution containing 165.8 g of triphenylsilanol was added dropwise to a tetrahydrofuran suspension containing 14.39 g of sodium hydride under ice bath conditions, and the mixture was stirred for 12 h to obtain a tetrahydrofuran solution of sodium triphenylsilanol.
- the prepared tetrahydrofuran solution of sodium triphenylsiliconate was added to a tetrahydrofuran solution containing 149.32 g of hexafluorocyclotriphosphazene under ice bath conditions, stirred for a second time for 24 h, and then stirred for a third time at 60° C. for 24 h.
- Example 5 Comparing Example 5 with Example 1, the difference between Example 5 and Example 1 is:
- the prepared dioxolane solution of lithium triphenylsilanol was added to the dioxolane solution containing 74.66 g of hexafluorocyclotriphosphazene under ice bath conditions, stirred for a second time for 16 h, and then stirred for a third time at 50° C. for 16 h.
- Example 6 Comparing Example 6 with Example 1, the difference between Example 6 and Example 1 is:
- a toluene solution containing 165.8 g of triphenylsilanol was added dropwise to a toluene suspension containing 14.39 g of lithium hydride under ice bath conditions, and the mixture was stirred for 8 h to obtain a toluene solution of lithium triphenylsilanol.
- the prepared toluene solution of lithium triphenylsilanol was added to a toluene solution containing 24.88 g of hexafluorocyclotriphosphazene under ice bath conditions, stirred for a second time for 13 h, and then stirred for a third time at 40° C. for 13 h.
- the two cyclotriphosphazene flame retardants obtained in Examples 1-6 were used to conduct experiments to examine the flame retardant effect, overcharge prevention effect and battery cycle performance of the added electrolyte.
- the purity of the lithium salt used in the experiment was ⁇ 99.9%
- the purity of the organic solvent was ⁇ 99.98%
- the purity of the additive was ⁇ 99.9%.
- the abbreviations of the substances are as follows:
- Lithium hexafluorophosphate LiPF 6 ), lithium difluorooxalatoborate (LiDFOB), lithium bisfluorosulfonyl imide (LiFSI), lithium bistrifluoromethanesulfonyl imide (LiTFSI), lithium bisoxalatoborate (LiBOB), ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), triethyl phosphate (TEP), tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl acetate (TFEA), fluorodiethyl carbonate (DFDEC), trifluoroethyl methyl carbonate (FEMC), vinylene carbonate (VC), propane sultone (PS), 1-propylene-1,3-sultone (PST), vinyl sulfate (DTD), adipon
- the electrolyte preparation process is carried out in an argon glove box.
- the moisture and oxygen content in the glove box are controlled below 0.5ppm.
- 1L of solvent is mixed with lithium salt in a certain proportion, and then a certain amount of additives are added and stirred thoroughly.
- the moisture content of the electrolyte is ⁇ 20ppm and the free acid is ⁇ 50PPM.
- a 2Ah battery is used with a high-nickel electrode as the positive electrode, a silicon-carbon electrode as the negative electrode, a polyolefin diaphragm and the selected electrolyte.
- the assembly is completed in a high-purity argon (99.99%) glove box with a moisture content and an oxygen content of less than 0.5ppm. After pre-charging and formation, the next step of testing is carried out after standing for 12 hours.
- Self-extinguishing time test in the experimental example 0.5g of electrolyte is placed in a glass surface dish with a diameter of 7cm, and then ignited with an igniter, and the electrolyte is exposed to the flame for 3s. If ignition occurs, the time from the removal of the igniter (after 3s) to the complete extinguishing of the flame is recorded and converted into the burning time per unit mass of electrolyte (given in s g -1 ). All measurements are performed 5 times, and the average value is taken as the self-extinguishing time.
- Table 1 Composition, self-extinguishing time, overcharge protection and room temperature cycle performance of various electrolytes
- the flame retardant properties of the electrolyte can be significantly improved.
- the electrolytes of experimental groups 4 and 9 can achieve a completely non-flammable effect (self-extinguishing time is 0s) after adding 8% to 9% of the cyclophosphazene compound, and at the same time exhibit an excellent anti-overcharge effect; however, the mass fraction of the flame retardant additive in the electrolyte in the prior art generally reaches 10% to 40% to have a good non-flammable effect, but a higher mass fraction of the flame retardant additive will increase the viscosity of the electrolyte, affect the conductivity of the electrolyte, and further affect the battery performance of the lithium battery.
- a cyclophosphazene compound containing a triphenylsilyl side group is provided as a flame retardant additive.
- the cyclophosphazene compound can reduce the amount of electrolyte additives added, thereby reducing the production cost of the electrolyte.
- A, B can be singular or plural.
- at least one refers to one or more, and “plural” refers to two or more.
- At least one refers to any combination of these items, including any combination of singular or plural items.
- at least one of a, b, or c or “at least one of a, b and c” can both mean: a, b, c, a-b (i.e. a and b), a-c, b-c, or a-b-c, where a, b, c can be single or plural, respectively.
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Abstract
本申请涉及电解液阻燃剂技术领域,尤其涉及一种含三苯基硅侧基的环磷腈化合物及其制备方法和应用;所述环磷腈化合物中的磷原子上连接有至少一个苯基硅侧基,所述磷原子和所述苯基硅侧基之间通过氧原子连接;所述环磷腈化合物的结构式如式1所示,式1中,R1为卤素原子、三氟乙醇基;R2为卤素原子、三氟乙醇基和硅苯结构中的至少一种;该环磷腈化合物可以将提高电解液的阻燃性、成膜性以及防过充能力和除酸能力有机的结合在一起,由于其具备的优异阻燃性,因此可以在不影响电解液性能的前提下以较低的添加量加入到电解液中。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2023年08月25日提交的申请号为202311090689.7的中国专利申请的优先权,其全部内容通过引用并入本文。
本申请涉及电解液阻燃剂技术领域,尤其涉及一种含三苯基硅侧基的环磷腈化合物及其制备方法和应用。
锂电池是目前用途最为广泛的化学储能方式之一,已经大规模应用于消费级数码电子设备、新能源汽车、储能基站、航天及军事装备等领域。而作为锂离子电池的核心材料之一,电解液起到至关重要的作用,电解液组成包括锂盐、溶剂和功能添加剂三部分,其中,功能添加剂能够在锂电池的能量密度、循环寿命、安全性能、温度使用范围等方面起到重要作用。根据功能可以将电解液的功能添加剂分为阻燃添加剂、正极保护剂、锂盐稳定剂、抗腐蚀剂、SEI成膜剂等,其中,阻燃添加剂的首要作用是提高电解液的安全性,但又不能明显降低电池的性能,目前多数电解液所用阻燃剂为有机磷阻燃剂,如TMP(磷酸三甲酯)、TBP(磷酸三丁酯)、环磷腈化合物等,其中环磷腈化合物是比较理想的阻燃剂,这是由于环状结构的存在,使得阻燃剂中磷的含量较高,因此可以提高阻燃效果,从而可降低阻燃剂的用量。
即使环磷腈化合物具有上述特性,在电解液中环磷腈的添加量也要达到10%以上才能起到较好的阻燃效果,然而在该添加量下,锂电池的各项性能指标受到添加剂的影响均会有所下降,如阻抗增加、循环寿命降低等。因此如何提供一种含三苯基硅侧基的环磷腈化合物,以降低环磷腈化合物的添加量,是目前亟需解决的技术问题。
发明内容
本申请提供了一种含三苯基硅侧基的环磷腈化合物及其制备方法和应用,以解决现有技术中电解液的功能添加剂中环磷腈化合物的添加量过高的技术问题。
第一方面,本申请提供了一种含三苯基硅侧基的环磷腈化合物,所述环磷腈化合物中的
磷原子上连接有至少一个苯基硅侧基,所述磷原子和所述苯基硅侧基之间通过氧原子连接;
所述环磷腈化合物的结构式如式1所示,
式1中,
R1为卤素原子、三氟乙醇基;
R2为卤素原子、三氟乙醇基和硅苯结构中的至少一种。
可选的,所述环磷腈化合物具有如式2所示的分子结构,
可选的,所述环磷腈化合物的具有如式3所示的分子结构,
第二方面,本申请提供了一种制备第一方面所述的环磷腈化合物的方法,所述方法包括:
向强碱的有机悬浮液中加入三苯基硅醇,并进行第一搅拌,得到含三苯基硅醇有机盐的第一混合溶液;
向六氯环三磷腈中加入所述第一混合溶液,并进行第二搅拌,后进行第三搅拌和过滤,得到第一滤液;
真空干燥所述第一滤液,得到环磷腈化合物;
其中,所述强碱、所述六氯环三磷腈和所述第一混合溶液的溶剂分别为低沸点惰性非质子型溶剂。
可选的,所述三苯基硅醇有机盐和所述六氯环三磷腈的物质的量之比为1~6。
第三方面,本申请提供了另一种制备第一方面所述的环磷腈化合物的方法,所述方法包括:
向强碱的有机悬浮液中加入三苯基硅醇,并进行第一搅拌,得到含三苯基硅醇有机盐的第一混合溶液;
向强碱的有机悬浮液中加入三氟乙醇,并进行第一搅拌,得到含三氟乙醇有机盐的第二混合溶液;
向六氯环三磷腈中加入所述第一混合溶液,并进行第二搅拌,后加入所述第二混合溶液进行所述第二搅拌,并进行第三搅拌和过滤,得到第二滤液;
真空干燥所述第二滤液,得到环磷腈化合物;
所述强碱、所述第一混合溶液、所述第二混合溶液和所述六氯环三磷腈的溶剂分别为低沸点惰性非质子型溶剂。
可选的,所述第二混合溶液、所述第一混合溶液和所述六氯环三磷腈满足:
M+N=6Q,且M:N=5~1/5;
其中,M为所述三氟乙醇有机盐的物质的量,N为所述三苯基硅醇有机盐的物质的量,Q为所述六氯环三磷腈的物质的量。
可选的,所述低沸点惰性非质子型溶剂包括四氢呋喃、乙醚、丙酮、二氧五环、二氧六环、甲苯和二甲苯中的至少一种。
可选的,所述第一搅拌的时间为4h~12h;和/或,
所述第二搅拌的时间为4h~24h;和/或,
所述第三搅拌的时间为12h~24h,所述第三搅拌的温度为30℃~60℃。
第四方面,本申请提供了一种含三苯基硅侧基的环磷腈化合物的应用,所述应用包括第一方面所述的环磷腈化合物用于锂电池电解液的阻燃剂中。
本申请提供的上述技术方案与现有技术相比具有如下优点:
本申请提供的一种含三苯基硅侧基的环磷腈化合物,相比传统的环三磷腈系的阻燃剂,在其磷原子上引入苯基硅侧基,同时在连接苯基硅侧基的硅原子和磷原子之间上采用氧原子相连接,一方面增加了整体环磷腈化合物的键能,从而能够降低易燃气体的释放,提高环磷腈化合物的闪点,进而提高电解液整体的闪点,另一方面硅原子和氧原子所形成的硅氧结构还具有良好的成膜性能,能够使得阻燃剂在电解液中快速成膜,提高电解液的成膜性能,同时苯基硅侧基还能有效的清除电解液工作过程中所生成的氟化氢和五氟化磷,提高电解液的除酸能力,并且苯环的引入还能配合氧原子的促聚合作用使得环磷腈化合物所在的电解液还具备防过充的效果,能进一步提高电解液的阻燃性,因此通过上述的含三苯基硅侧基的环磷腈化合物,可以将提高电解液的阻燃性、成膜性以及防过充能力和除酸能力有机的结合在一起,由于其具备的优异阻燃性,因此可以在不影响电解液性能的前提下以较低的添加量加入到电解液中。
此处的附图被并入说明书中并构成本说明书的一部分,示出了符合本申请的实施例,并与说明书一起用于解释本申请的原理。
为了更清楚地说明本申请实施例或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,显而易见地,对于本领域普通技术人员而言,在不付出创造性劳动性的前提下,还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1为本申请实施例提供的制备含三苯基硅侧基的环磷腈化合物的一种方法流程示意图;
图2为本申请实施例提供的制备含三苯基硅侧基的环磷腈化合物的另一种方法流程示意图。
为使本申请实施例的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚,下面将结合本申请实施例中的附图,对本申请实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例是本申请的一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本申请中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动的前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本申请保护的范围。
除非另有特别说明,本申请中用到的各种原材料、试剂、仪器和设备等,均可通过市场购买得到或者可通过现有方法制备得到。
如图1所示,本申请实施例提供一种含三苯基硅侧基的环磷腈化合物,所述环磷腈化合物中的磷原子上连接有至少一个苯基硅侧基,所述磷原子和所述苯基硅侧基之间通过氧原子连接;
所述环磷腈化合物的结构式如式1所示,
式1中,
R1为卤素原子、三氟乙醇基;
R2为卤素原子、三氟乙醇基和硅苯结构中的至少一种。
本申请实施例中,通过在环三磷腈系阻燃剂的磷原子上接枝苯基硅侧基,再利用氧原子使得苯基硅侧基中硅原子和磷原子连接,不仅可以有效降低易燃气体的释放,还能提高该阻燃剂的闪点,从而提高电解液的闪点,因此在同等阻燃性能的要求下,可以有效的降低阻燃剂的加入量。
该苯基硅侧基是一类以硅原子为中心活性基团,且硅原子的三个支链连接有苯基所形成的苯硅烷基团。
在一些可选的实施例中,所述环磷腈化合物具有如式2所示的分子结构,
本申请式2实施例中,通过具体细化式1中的R1和R2基团都为F,从而可以得到五氟三苯基硅氧基环三磷腈,由于R1和R2基团都为卤素原子,因此该五氟三苯基硅氧基环三磷腈的阻燃性较好,可以有效的提高电解液的闪点,因此在同等阻燃性能的要求下,可以有效的降低阻燃剂的加入量。
同时苯基硅侧基能够清除电解液中的氟化氢、五氟化磷,可以提高电解液的除酸能力,而硅氧结构具有良好的成膜性能,并且苯环的引入还能配合氧原子的促聚合作用使得环磷腈化合物所在的电解液还具备防过充的效果。
在一些可选的实施例中,所述环磷腈化合物具有如式3所示的分子结构,
本申请式3实施例中,通过细化式1中R1基团为三氟乙醇基,R2基团为三氟乙醇基,可以得到三苯基硅醇共取代的磷腈衍生物,由于该衍生物中含有多个三氟乙醇基,因此可以极大的提高阻燃剂的键能,并提高阻燃剂的阻燃性能,可以有效的提高电解液的闪点,因此在同等阻燃性能的要求下,可以有效的降低阻燃剂的加入量。
同时苯基硅侧基能够清除电解液中的氟化氢、五氟化磷,可以提高电解液的除酸能力,而硅氧结构具有良好的成膜性能,并且苯环的引入还能配合氧原子的促聚合作用使得环磷腈化合物所在的电解液还具备防过充的效果。
如图1所示,基于一个总的发明构思,本申请实施方式提供了一种制备所述环磷腈化合物的方法,所述方法包括:
S1.向强碱的有机悬浮液中加入三苯基硅醇,并进行第一搅拌,得到含三苯基硅醇有机盐的第一混合溶液;
S2.向六氯环三磷腈中加入所述第一混合溶液,并进行第二搅拌,后进行第三搅拌和过滤,得到第一滤液;
S3.真空干燥所述第一滤液,得到环磷腈化合物;
其中,所述强碱、所述六氯环三磷腈和所述第一混合溶液的溶剂分别为低沸点惰性非质子型溶剂。
本申请实施方式中,强碱是指酸碱度在氢氧化钠以上的碱性氧化物,包括氢化钠或者氢
化锂等碱土金属氢化物。
低沸点惰性非质子型溶剂是指质子自递反应极其微弱或没有自递倾向的一类惰性溶剂,且这类溶剂的沸点较低,因此可以在反应阶段生成对应的有机盐混合溶液,方便后续得到如式2所示的分子结构的五氟三苯基硅氧基环三磷腈产品。
三苯基硅醇有机盐中的阳离子与强碱中所用阳离子相对应,例如当采用氢化钠作为强碱时,则所得的第一混合溶液中含有三苯基硅醇钠;当采用氢化锂作为强碱时,则所得的第一混合溶液中含有三苯基硅醇锂。
该方法是针对上述环磷腈化合物的制备方法,该环磷腈化合物的具体结构可参照上述实施方式,由于该方法采用了上述实施方式的部分或全部技术方案,因此至少具有上述实施方式的技术方案所带来的所有有益效果,在此不再一一赘述。
在一些可选的实施方式中,所述三苯基硅醇有机盐和所述六氯环三磷腈的物质的量之比为1~6。
本申请实施方式中,控制三苯基硅醇有机盐和六氯环三磷腈的具体物质的量之比,可以在低沸点惰性非质子型溶液中使得三苯基硅醇有机盐和六氯环三磷腈之间反应完全,从而可以得到式2所示的五氟三苯基硅氧基环三磷腈产品。
该物质的量之比可以是1,也可以是2,也可以是3,也可以是4,也可以是5,还可以是6。
如图2所示,基于一个总的发明构思,本申请实施方式提供了另一种制备所述环磷腈化合物的方法,所述方法包括:
S1.向强碱的有机悬浮液中加入三苯基硅醇,并进行第一搅拌,得到含三苯基硅醇有机盐的第一混合溶液;
S2.向强碱的有机悬浮液中加入三氟乙醇,并进行第一搅拌,得到含三氟乙醇有机盐的第二混合溶液;
S3.向六氯环三磷腈中加入所述第一混合溶液,并进行第二搅拌,后加入所述第二混合溶液进行所述第二搅拌,并进行第三搅拌和过滤,得到第二滤液;
S4.真空干燥所述第二滤液,得到环磷腈化合物;
其中,所述强碱、所述第一混合溶液、所述第二混合溶液和所述六氯环三磷腈的溶剂分别为低沸点惰性非质子型溶剂。
本申请实施方式中,强碱是指酸碱度在氢氧化钠以上的碱性氧化物,包括氢化钠或者氢化锂等碱土金属氢化物。
低沸点惰性非质子型溶剂是指质子自递反应极其微弱或没有自递倾向的一类惰性溶剂,且这类溶剂的沸点较低,因此可以在反应阶段生成对应的有机盐混合溶液,方便后续得到如式2所示的分子结构的五氟三苯基硅氧基环三磷腈产品。
三苯基硅醇有机盐中的阳离子与强碱中所用阳离子相对应,例如当采用氢化钠作为强碱时,则所得的第一混合溶液中含有三苯基硅醇钠;当采用氢化锂作为强碱时,则所得的第一混合溶液中含有三苯基硅醇锂。
三氟乙醇有机盐中的阳离子与强碱中所用阳离子相对应,例如当采用氢化钠作为强碱时,则所得的第一混合溶液中含有三氟乙醇钠;当采用氢化锂作为强碱时,则所得的第一混合溶液中含有三氟乙醇锂。
该方法是针对上述环磷腈化合物的制备方法,该环磷腈化合物的具体结构可参照上述实施方式,由于该方法采用了上述实施方式的部分或全部技术方案,因此至少具有上述实施方式的技术方案所带来的所有有益效果,在此不再一一赘述。
在一些可选的实施方式中,所述第二混合溶液、所述第一混合溶液和所述六氯环三磷腈满足:
M+N=6Q,且M:N=5~1/5;
其中,M为所述三氟乙醇有机盐的物质的量,N为所述三苯基硅醇有机盐的物质的量,Q为所述六氯环三磷腈的物质的量。
本申请实施方式中,控制三氟乙醇有机盐、三苯基硅醇有机盐和六氯环三磷腈的具体质量之比的关系,可以使得三氟乙醇有机盐、三苯基硅醇有机盐和六氯环三磷腈之间反应完全,从而得到式3所示的三苯基硅醇共取代的磷腈衍生物。
该物质的量之比可以是5:5,也可以是4:5,也可以是3:5,也可以是2:5,还可以是1:5。
在一些可选的实施方式中,所述低沸点惰性非质子型溶剂包括四氢呋喃、乙醚、丙酮、二氧五环、二氧六环、甲苯和二甲苯中的至少一种。
本申请实施方式中,控制低沸点惰性非质子型溶剂的具体种类,可以在低沸点惰性非质子型溶剂中使得三苯基硅醇钠/锂和六氯环三磷腈之间反应完全,或者使得三氟乙醇钠/锂、三苯基硅醇钠/锂和六氯环三磷腈之间反应完全,从而得到式2或式3所示结构的环磷腈化合物。
在一些可选的实施方式中,所述第一搅拌的时间为4h~12h;和/或,
所述第二搅拌的时间为4h~24h;和/或,
所述第三搅拌的时间为12h~24h,所述第三搅拌的温度为30℃~60℃。
本申请实施方式中,控制第一搅拌的具体时间,可以使得强碱与三苯基硅醇之间混合充
分,得到含三苯基硅醇有机盐的第一混合溶液,方便后续反应的进行。
该第一搅拌的时间可以是4h,也可以是6h,也可以是8h,也可以是10h,还可以是12h。
控制第二搅拌的具体时间和第三搅拌的具体温度和时间,可以使得三苯基硅醇有机盐和六氯环三磷腈混合充分,并进行反应,或者使三氟乙醇有机盐进一步与三苯基硅醇有机盐、六氯环三磷腈混合充分,再通过第三搅拌使得后续反应完全,从而得到式2所示的五氟三苯基硅氧基环三磷腈产品或如式3所示的三苯基硅醇共取代的磷腈衍生物。
该第二搅拌的时间可以是4h,也可以是6h,也可以是8h,也可以是10h,也可以是12h,也可以是14h,也可以是16h,也可以是18h,也可以是20h,也可以是22h,也可以是24h。
该第三搅拌的时间可以是12h,也可以是14h,也可以是16h,也可以是18h,也可以是20h,也可以是22h,也可以是24h。
该第三搅拌的温度可以是30℃,也可以是35℃,也可以是40℃,也可以是45℃,也可以是50℃,也可以是55℃,还可以是60℃。
基于一个总的发明构思,本申请再一些实施方式中,提供了一种含三苯基硅侧基的环磷腈化合物的应用,所述应用包括所述环磷腈化合物用于锂电池电解液的阻燃剂中。
本申请实施方式中,该锂电池电解液由锂盐、有机溶剂、磷腈衍生物类阻燃添加剂和其他功能添加剂组成。
该磷腈衍生物类阻燃添加剂为三苯基硅醇共取代的磷腈衍生物和/或五氟三苯基硅氧基环三磷腈。
该锂盐包括LiPF6、LiClO4、LiAsF6、LiBF4、LiCH3SO3、LiCF3SO3、LiBOB、LiDFOB、LiN(FSO2)2及LiN(CF3SO2)2中的至少一种。
该有机溶剂包括碳酸酯类、醚类、羧酸酯类、磷酸酯类和氟代有机溶剂中的至少一种;其中,该碳酸酯类有机溶剂为环状碳酸酯类和/或链状碳酸酯类化合物。
该环状碳酸酯类化合物包括碳酸乙烯酯(EC)、碳酸丙烯酯(PC)、γ-丁内酯(GBL)和碳酸亚丁酯中至少一种。
该链状碳酸酯类化合物包括碳酸二甲酯(DMC)、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)、碳酸二丙酯、碳酸甲基乙基酯(EMC)、以及碳数为3-8的直链或支链脂肪单醇与碳酸合成的碳酸酯衍生物中的至少一种。
该醚类有机溶剂包括四氢呋喃(THF)、2-甲基四氢呋喃、1,3-二氧环戊烷、二甲氧甲烷、1,2-二甲氧乙烷、二甘醇二甲醚、三乙二醇二甲醚和四乙二醇二甲醚中的至少一种。
该羧酸酯类有机溶剂包括甲酸甲酯、甲酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯(EA)、丙酸甲酯(MP)、
丙酸乙酯(EP)、丙酸丙酯(PP)、丁酸甲酯(MB)、丁酸乙酯(EB)、丁酸丙酯(PB)和丁酸丁酯(BB)中的至少一种。
该磷酸酯类有机溶剂选自磷酸三甲酯(TMP)、磷酸三乙酯(TEP)和磷酸三丁酯(TBP)中的至少一种。
而其他功能添加剂为本领域人员熟知的添加剂,包括碳酸亚乙烯酯(VC)、碳酸乙烯亚乙酯(VEC)、氟代碳酸乙烯酯(FEC)、丙烷磺酸内酯(PS)、1-丙烯-1,3-磺酸内酯(PST)、丁烷磺酸内酯(BS)、硫酸乙烯酯(DTD)、己二腈(ADN)、丁二腈(SN)中的至少一种。
该应用是基于上述环磷腈化合物来实现,该环磷腈化合物的具体结构可参照上述实施方式,由于该应用采用了上述实施方式的部分或全部技术方案,因此至少具有上述实施方式的技术方案所带来的所有有益效果,在此不再一一赘述。
下面结合具体的实施例,进一步阐述本申请。应理解,这些实施例仅用于说明本申请而不用于限制本申请的范围。下列实施例中未注明具体条件的实验方法,通常按照国家标准测定。若没有相应的国家标准,则按照通用的国际标准、常规条件、或按照制造厂商所建议的条件进行。
实施例1
如图2所示,在冰浴条件下将50.2g的三氟乙醇滴加入含有12g的氢化钠的四氢呋喃悬浮液中,第一搅拌10h,制得三氟乙醇钠的四氢呋喃溶液;
在冰浴条件下将27.6g的三苯基硅醇的四氢呋喃溶液滴加入含有12g的氢化钠的四氢呋喃悬浮液中,第一搅拌10h,制得三苯基硅醇钠的四氢呋喃溶液;
在冰浴条件下将所制得的三苯基硅醇钠的四氢呋喃溶液加入含34.76g的六氯环三磷腈的四氢呋喃溶液,第二搅拌24h,再滴加三氟乙醇钠的四氢呋喃溶液,第二搅拌24h,然后在60℃下继续第三搅拌24h。
过滤、真空干燥,得到三苯基硅醇共取代的磷腈衍生物(如式3所示),所得产品产率为83%。
实施例2
将实施例2和实施例1进行对比,实施例2和实施例1的区别在于:
如图2所示,在冰浴条件下将50.2g的三氟乙醇滴加入含有12g的氢化钠的四氢呋喃悬浮液中,第一搅拌12h,制得三氟乙醇钠的四氢呋喃溶液;
在冰浴条件下将69.1g的三苯基硅醇的四氢呋喃溶液滴加入含有6g的氢化钠的四氢呋喃悬浮液中,第一搅拌12h,制得三苯基硅醇钠的四氢呋喃溶液;
在冰浴条件下将所制得的三苯基硅醇钠的四氢呋喃溶液加入含43.45g的六氯环三磷腈的四氢呋喃溶液,第二搅拌20h,再滴加三氟乙醇钠的四氢呋喃溶液,第二搅拌20h,然后在50℃下继续第三搅拌20h。
过滤、真空干燥,得到三苯基硅醇共取代的磷腈衍生物(如式3所示),所得产品产率为79%。
实施例3
将实施例3和实施例1进行对比,实施例3和实施例1的区别在于:
如图2所示,在冰浴条件下将50.2g的三氟乙醇滴加入含有12g的氢化锂的二氧六环悬浮液中,第一搅拌8h,制得三氟乙醇锂的二氧六环溶液;
在冰浴条件下将138.2g的三苯基硅醇的二氧六环溶液滴加入含有12g的氢化锂的二氧六环悬浮液中,第一搅拌8h,制得三苯基硅醇锂的二氧六环溶液;
在冰浴条件下将所制得的三苯基硅醇锂的二氧六环溶液加入含57.94g的六氯环三磷腈的二氧六环溶液,第二搅拌18h,滴加三氟乙醇锂的二氧六环溶液,第二搅拌18h,然后在50℃下继续第三搅拌18h。
过滤、真空干燥,得到三苯基硅醇共取代的磷腈衍生物(如式3所示),所得产品产率为71%。
实施例4
将实施例4和实施例1进行对比,实施例4和实施例1的区别在于:
如图1所示,在冰浴条件下将含165.8g的三苯基硅醇的四氢呋喃溶液滴加入含有14.39g的氢化钠的四氢呋喃悬浮液中,第一搅拌12h,制得三苯基硅醇钠的四氢呋喃溶液;
在冰浴条件下将所制得的三苯基硅醇钠的四氢呋喃溶液加入含149.32g的六氟环三磷腈的四氢呋喃溶液,第二搅拌24h,然后在60℃下继续第三搅拌24h。
过滤、真空干燥,得到五氟三苯基硅氧基环三磷腈(如式2所示),所得产品产率为94%。
实施例5
将实施例5和实施例1进行对比,实施例5和实施例1的区别在于:
在冰浴条件下将含165.8g的三苯基硅醇的四氢呋喃溶液滴加入含有14.39g的氢化锂的二氧五环悬浮液中,第一搅拌10h,制得三苯基硅醇锂的二氧五环溶液;
在冰浴条件下将所制得的三苯基硅醇锂的二氧五环溶液加入含74.66g的六氟环三磷腈的二氧五环溶液,第二搅拌16h,然后在50℃下继续第三搅拌16h。
过滤、真空干燥,得到五氟三苯基硅氧基环三磷腈(如式2所示),所得产品产率为88%。
实施例6
将实施例6和实施例1进行对比,实施例6和实施例1的区别在于:
在冰浴条件下将含165.8g的三苯基硅醇的甲苯溶液滴加入含有14.39g的氢化锂的甲苯悬浮液中,第一搅拌8h,制得三苯基硅醇锂的甲苯溶液;
在冰浴条件下将所制得的三苯基硅醇锂的甲苯溶液加入含24.88g的六氟环三磷腈的甲苯溶液,第二搅拌13h,然后在40℃下继续第三搅拌13h。
过滤、真空干燥,得到五氟三苯基硅氧基环三磷腈(如式2所示),所得产品产率为62%。
相关实验及效果数据:
分别采用如实施例1-6中所得的两种环三磷腈系阻燃剂进行实验,考察所加入的电解液的阻燃效果、防过充效果和电池循环性能,实验过程中所用的锂盐纯度≥99.9%,有机溶剂纯度≥99.98%,添加剂纯度≥99.9%。各物质缩写如下:
六氟磷酸锂(LiPF6)、二氟草酸硼酸锂(LiDFOB)、双氟磺酰亚胺锂(LiFSI)、双三氟甲磺酰亚胺锂(LiTFSI)、双草酸硼酸锂(LiBOB)、碳酸乙烯酯(EC)、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)、碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)、磷酸三乙酯(TEP)、四乙二醇二甲醚(TEGDME)、氟代碳酸乙烯酯(FEC)、2,2,2-三氟乙酸乙酯(TFEA)、氟代碳酸二乙酯(DFDEC)、三氟乙基甲基碳酸酯(FEMC)、碳酸亚乙烯酯(VC)、丙磺酸内酯(PS)、1-丙烯-1,3-磺酸内酯(PST)、硫酸乙烯酯(DTD)、己二腈(ADN)、如式2所示的五氟三苯基硅氧基环三磷腈(PFTPSiCPN)、如式3所示的三苯基硅醇共取代的磷腈(TPSiCPN)。
电解液的配制过程在氩气手套箱中进行,手套箱中水分和氧含量均控制在0.5ppm以下,将溶剂1L与锂盐按照一定比例混合,然后加入一定量的添加剂,充分搅拌均匀。
经检测,电解液的水分<20ppm、游离酸<50PPM。
采用2Ah的电池,并以高镍极片为正极、硅碳极片为负极、采用聚烯烃隔膜和所选电解液,在水分含量和氧含量均低于0.5ppm的高纯氩气(99.99%)手套箱中完成组装,经预充化成后,静止12h后进行下一步测试。
实验例中自熄时间测试:将0.5g的电解液放入直径为7cm的玻璃表面民皿中,然后采用点火器点火,将电解液暴露于火焰中3s。如果发生点火,则记录下从点火器移走(3s后)到火焰完全熄灭之间的时间,换算为单位质量电解液的燃烧时间(以s g-1给出)。所有测量进行5次,并将平均值作为自熄时间。
实验例中采用恒流恒压充电/恒流放电,在1C倍率下对电池进行充放电测试。
上述结果如表1所示。
表1各种电解液的成分、自熄时间、防过充性能及常温循环性能的情况表
由表1可知,通过在电解液中加入含三苯基硅侧基的环磷腈化合物,可以显著提高电解液的阻燃性能,如实验组4和实验组9的电解液,在加入8%~9%的环磷腈化合物后,可以达到完全不可燃的效果(自熄时间为0s),同时表现出优异的防过充效果;然而现有技术中的阻燃添加剂在电解液中的质量分数一般达到10%~40%才能具有较好的不可燃的效果,但是较高质量分数的阻燃添加剂会使的电解液的粘度升高,影响电解液的导电性,进而影响锂电池的电池性能。
同时由表1可知,电解液中添加入含三苯基硅侧基的环磷腈化合物,可以提高电池的电性能,即使在没有其他添加剂的情况下,也能保持较好的循环性能,如实验组5和实验组10。
综上所述,传统的阻燃添加剂能够降低电解液的可燃性,但是大多数阻燃添加剂的添加对锂电池的电池性能有较大的负面影响,即使少量阻燃添加剂也会使得锂电池的电池性能有所下降。
而本申请实施例中提供含三苯基硅侧基的环磷腈化合物作为阻燃添加剂在加入到电解液的过程中,仅需要加入少量,就可以在保证优异阻燃效果和防过充效果的前提下,提高电池的循环性能,因此该环磷腈化合物能够降低电解液添加剂的添加量,从而降低电解液的生产成本。
本申请的各种实施例可以以一个范围的形式存在;应当理解,以一范围形式的描述仅仅是因为方便及简洁,不应理解为对本申请范围的硬性限制;因此,应当认为所述的范围描述已经具体公开所有可能的子范围以及该范围内的单一数值。例如,应当认为从1到6的范围描述已经具体公开子范围,例如从1到3,从1到4,从1到5,从2到4,从2到6,从3到6等,以及所述范围内的单一数字,例如1、2、3、4、5及6,此不管范围为何皆适用。另外,每当在本文中指出数值范围,是指包括所指范围内的任何引用的数字(分数或整数)。
在本申请中,在未作相反说明的情况下,使用的方位词如“上”和“下”具体为附图中的图面方向。另外,在本申请说明书的描述中,术语“包括”“包含”等是指“包括但不限于”。在本文中,诸如“第一”和“第二”等之类的关系术语仅仅用来将一个实体或者操作与另一个实体或操作区分开来,而不一定要求或者暗示这些实体或操作之间存在任何这种实际的关系或者顺序。在本文中,“和/或”,描述关联对象的关联关系,表示可以存在三种关系,例如,A和/或B,可以表示:单独存在A,同时存在A和B,单独存在B的情况。其中A,B可以是单数或者复数。在本文中,“至少一个”是指一个或者多个,“多个”是指两个或两个以上。“至少一种”、“以下至少一项(个)”或其类似表达,是指的这些项中的任意组合,包括单项(个)或复数项(个)的任意组合。例如,“a,b,或c中的至少一项(个)”,或,“a,b,和c中的至少一项(个)”,均可以表示:a,b,c,a-b(即a和b),a-c,b-c,或a-b-c,其中a,b,c分别可以是单个,也可以是多个。
以上所述仅是本申请的具体实施方式,使本领域技术人员能够理解或实现本申请。对这些实施例的多种修改对本领域的技术人员来说将是显而易见的,本文中所定义的一般原理可以在不脱离本申请的精神或范围的情况下,在其它实施例中实现。因此,本申请将不会被限制于本文所示的这些实施例,而是要符合与本文所申请的原理和新颖特点相一致的最宽的范围。
Claims (10)
- 一种含三苯基硅侧基的环磷腈化合物,所述环磷腈化合物中的磷原子上连接有至少一个苯基硅侧基,所述磷原子和所述苯基硅侧基之间通过氧原子连接;所述环磷腈化合物的结构式如式1所示,
式1中,R1为卤素原子、三氟乙醇基;R2为卤素原子、三氟乙醇基和硅苯结构中的至少一种。 - 根据权利要求1所述的环磷腈化合物,其中,所述环磷腈化合物具有如式2所示的分子结构,
- 根据权利要求1所述的环磷腈化合物,其中,所述环磷腈化合物具有如式3所示的分子结构,
- 一种制备如权利要求1-3任一项所述的环磷腈化合物的方法,所述方法包括:向强碱的有机悬浮液中加入三苯基硅醇,并进行第一搅拌,得到含三苯基硅醇有机盐的第一混合溶液;向六氯环三磷腈中加入所述第一混合溶液,并进行第二搅拌,后进行第三搅拌和过滤,得到第一滤液;真空干燥所述第一滤液,得到环磷腈化合物;其中,所述强碱、所述六氯环三磷腈和所述第一混合溶液的溶剂分别为低沸点惰性非质子型溶剂。
- 根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中,所述三苯基硅醇有机盐和所述六氯环三磷腈的物质的量之比为1~6。
- 一种制备如权利要求1-3任一项所述的环磷腈化合物的方法,所述方法包括:向强碱的有机悬浮液中加入三苯基硅醇,并进行第一搅拌,得到含三苯基硅醇有机盐的第一混合溶液;向强碱的有机悬浮液中加入三氟乙醇,并进行第一搅拌,得到含三氟乙醇有机盐的第二混合溶液;向六氯环三磷腈中加入所述第一混合溶液,并进行第二搅拌,后加入所述第二混合溶液进行所述第二搅拌,并进行第三搅拌和过滤,得到第二滤液;真空干燥所述第二滤液,得到环磷腈化合物;其中,所述强碱、所述第一混合溶液、所述第二混合溶液和所述六氯环三磷腈的溶剂分别为低沸点惰性非质子型溶剂。
- 根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中,所述第二混合溶液、所述第一混合溶液和所述六氯环三磷腈满足:
M+N=6Q,且M:N=5~1/5;其中,M为所述三氟乙醇有机盐的物质的量,N为所述三苯基硅醇有机盐的物质的量,Q为所述六氯环三磷腈的物质的量。 - 根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中,所述低沸点惰性非质子型溶剂包括四氢呋喃、乙醚、丙酮、二氧五环、二氧六环、甲苯和二甲苯中的至少一种。
- 根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中,所述第一搅拌的时间为4h~12h;和/或,所述第二搅拌的时间为4h~24h;和/或,所述第三搅拌的时间为12h~24h,所述第三搅拌的温度为30℃~60℃。
- 一种含三苯基硅侧基的环磷腈化合物的应用,所述应用包括将如权利要求1-3任一项所述的环磷腈化合物用于锂电池电解液的阻燃剂中。
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| CN117229325A (zh) * | 2023-08-25 | 2023-12-15 | 东风汽车集团股份有限公司 | 一种含三苯基硅侧基的环磷腈化合物及其制备方法和应用 |
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