Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
  • A01G7/00—Botany in general
  • A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
  • A01N25/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing liquids as carriers, diluents or solvents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
  • A01N37/44—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing at least one carboxylic group or a thio analogue, or a derivative thereof, and a nitrogen atom attached to the same carbon skeleton by a single or double bond, this nitrogen atom not being a member of a derivative or of a thio analogue of a carboxylic group, e.g. amino-carboxylic acids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01P—BIOCIDAL, PEST REPELLANT, PEST ATTRACTANT OR PLANT GROWTH REGULATORY ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR PREPARATIONS
  • A01P21/00—Plant growth regulators

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-containing composition, and in particular to a GABA-containing composition for promoting plant growth.
• GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid
• GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid
• GABA 4-aminobutyric acid
• GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter found in large quantities in the central nervous system of mammals, and is known to suppress the excessive secretion of excitatory neurotransmitters, calm nerve excitement, and exert a relaxing effect and anti-stress action. It is also known to have a wide range of physiological activities, such as lowering blood pressure, lowering cholesterol, and suppressing a decline in immunity.
• GABA is found in vegetables, grains, and the human body, making it easy to add to food, and GABA-containing chocolate and many other supplements are on the market.
• GABA GABA
• (Item 1) A composition for promoting plant growth comprising GABA.
• (Item 2a) A composition for promoting plant growth according to the above item, which is a composition for promoting the reproductive growth of a plant.
• (Item 2b) A plant growth promoting composition according to any one of the preceding items for promoting the reproductive growth of a plant.
• (Item 2c) A plant growth promoting composition according to any one of the above items for controlling the rate of reproductive growth of a plant.
• (Item 3a) A composition for promoting plant growth according to any one of the preceding claims, which is an aqueous solution containing about 0.2 ⁇ M or more of GABA.
• Item 5 Item 3. The plant growth promoting composition according to any one of the preceding items, comprising a salt, an amino acid, or a combination thereof.
• Item 8) A plant growth promoting composition according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising a GABA:alanine ratio of about 1000:about 1 to about 1:about 1000. (Item 8a) 2.
• the plant growth promoting composition according to any one of the preceding claims comprising a nitrogen fertilizer, a phosphate fertilizer, a potassium fertilizer, or a combination thereof.
• a composition for promoting plant growth according to any one of the above items characterized in that the composition is a concentrate containing the GABA, and the concentrate is diluted and applied to the plant.
• the concentrate contains about 25% to about 50% by weight of GABA.
• the plant growth promoting composition according to any one of the above items, wherein the plant includes plants of the Solanaceae, Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Rosaceae, Malvaceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Convolvulaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Liliaceae, Araceae, Convolvulaceae, Lamiaceae, Rutaceae, Musaceae, Vitaceae, Ebenaceae, Actinidiaceae, Bromeliaceae, Violaceae, and Orchidaceae families.
• (Item A1a) A method for promoting plant growth, comprising the step of applying to a plant the plant growth promoting composition described in any one of the preceding items.
• (Item A1b) A method for controlling plant growth, comprising the step of applying to a plant the plant growth promoting composition described in any one of the preceding items.
• (Item A2) The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the step of applying the plant growth promoting composition to a plant is carried out during the reproductive growth stage or maturity stage of the plant.
• (Item A3a) The method according to any one of the preceding items, further comprising growing the plant under conditions of about 10°C to about 50°C.
• (Item A3b) The method according to any one of the preceding items, further comprising growing the plant under conditions of about 38°C to about 50°C.
• (Item A4) The method according to any one of the preceding items, wherein the plant growth promotion is achieved by improving the expression level of a gibberellin receptor gene.
• (Item B1) A composition for increasing the amino acid content of plants, including GABA.
• (Item B2a) The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, which is an aqueous solution containing about 0.2 ⁇ M or more of GABA.
• (Item B2b) The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, which is an aqueous solution containing about 1 mM or more GABA.
• composition according to any one of the preceding items which is an aqueous solution containing GABA at about 0.2 ⁇ M or more and about 5 M or less.
• composition according to any one of the preceding claims which is an aqueous solution containing about 1 mM or more and about 5 M or less GABA.
• composition according to any one of the preceding claims which is an aqueous solution containing about 50 ⁇ M GABA.
• composition of any one of the preceding items comprising a salt, an amino acid, or a combination thereof.
• composition of any one of the preceding claims wherein the amino acid comprises alanine, proline, aspartic acid, arginine, or glycine, or a combination thereof.
• the composition of any one of the preceding claims comprising about 0.01 mM or more alanine.
• composition of any one of the preceding items comprising a ratio of GABA:alanine of about 1000:about 1 to about 1:about 1000.
• composition according to any one of the preceding items further comprising a nitrogen fertilizer, a phosphorus fertilizer, a potassium fertilizer, or a combination thereof.
• composition according to any one of the above items which is a concentrate containing the GABA, and is characterized in that the concentrate is diluted and applied to plants.
• composition of any one of the preceding items, wherein the concentrate contains about 25% to about 50% GABA by weight.
• composition of any one of the preceding items, wherein the original solution further comprises about 25% to about 50% by weight of water, about 5% to about 10% by weight of salt, less than about 5% by weight of alanine, and less than about 5% by weight of amino acids other than alanine.
• (Item B12a) The composition according to any one of the preceding items, which is used for growing a plant under conditions of about 10°C to about 50°C.
• (Item B12b) The composition according to any one of the preceding items, which is used for growing a plant under conditions of about 38°C to about 50°C.
• (Item C1) A composition for improving plant resistance to physical and/or mechanical stimuli, comprising GABA.
• (Item C2a) The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, which is an aqueous solution containing about 0.2 ⁇ M or more of GABA.
• (Item C2b) The composition according to any one of the preceding claims, which is an aqueous solution containing about 1 mM or more GABA.
• composition according to any one of the preceding items which is an aqueous solution containing GABA at about 0.2 ⁇ M or more and about 5 M or less.
• composition according to any one of the preceding claims which is an aqueous solution containing about 1 mM or more and about 5 M or less GABA.
• composition according to any one of the preceding claims which is an aqueous solution containing about 50 ⁇ M GABA.
• composition of any one of the preceding items comprising a salt, an amino acid, or a combination thereof.
• composition of any one of the preceding claims wherein the amino acid comprises alanine, proline, aspartic acid, arginine, or glycine, or a combination thereof.
• the composition of any one of the preceding claims comprising about 0.01 mM or more alanine.
• composition of any one of the preceding items comprising a ratio of GABA:alanine of about 1000:about 1 to about 1:about 1000.
• composition of any one of the preceding items comprising a nitrogen fertilizer, a phosphate fertilizer, a potassium fertilizer, or a combination thereof.
• composition according to any one of the above items which is a concentrate containing the GABA, and is characterized in that the concentrate is diluted and applied to plants.
• composition of any one of the preceding items, wherein the concentrate contains about 25% to about 50% GABA by weight.
• composition of any one of the preceding items, wherein the original solution further comprises about 25% to about 50% by weight of water, about 5% to about 10% by weight of salt, less than about 5% by weight of alanine, and less than about 5% by weight of amino acids other than alanine.
• composition according to any one of the above items, wherein the plant includes a plant of the Solanaceae, Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Rosaceae, Malvaceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Convolvulaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Liliaceae, Araceae, Convolvulaceae, Lamiaceae, Rutaceae, Musaceae, Vitaceae, Ebenaceae, Actinidiaceae, Bromeliaceae, Violaceae, and Orchidaceae families.
• (Item C12a) The composition according to any one of the preceding items, which is used for growing a plant under conditions of about 10°C to about 50°C.
• (Item C12b) The composition according to any one of the preceding items, which is used for growing a plant under conditions of about 38°C to about 50°C.
• (Item D1) 1. A storage and/or transport product comprising GABA, a container for storing and/or transporting GABA; and about 25% to about 50% by weight of GABA.
• the present invention is expected to promote plant growth by applying a GABA-containing composition to plants. This also allows GABA to be used as a fertilizer, which poses less risk of ecosystem destruction and is highly useful compared to conventional fertilizers such as chemically synthesized fertilizers and hormone drugs.
• FIG. 1 is a graph showing the flowering promotion effect on roses in one embodiment of the present invention, comparing a water spray area (control area 1), a mixed solution of amino acids, polysaccharides, and fulvic acid spray area (control area 2), a GABA solution spray area, and a GABA+Ala solution spray area.
• FIG. 2 is a graph and photographs showing the growth-promoting effect on broccoli leaves, comparing a water-sprayed area (control area) with a GABA solution-sprayed area in one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 1 is a graph showing the flowering promotion effect on roses in one embodiment of the present invention, comparing a water spray area (control area 1), a mixed solution of amino acids, polysaccharides, and fulvic acid spray area (control area 2), a GABA solution spray area, and a GABA+Ala solution spray area.
• FIG. 2 is a graph and photographs showing the growth-promoting effect on broccoli leaves, comparing a water-sprayed area (control area) with
• FIG. 3 is a graph showing the flowering promotion effect in cherry tomatoes, comparing a group sprayed with an aqueous solution, a group sprayed with an ammonium nitrate solution, a group sprayed with a glutamic acid solution, and a group sprayed with GABA+Ala in one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 4 is a graph showing the fruit-setting promoting effect in cherry tomatoes, comparing a spray area with an aqueous solution, a spray area with an ammonium nitrate solution, a spray area with a glutamic acid solution, and a spray area with GABA+Ala in one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 4 is a graph showing the fruit-setting promoting effect in cherry tomatoes, comparing a spray area with an aqueous solution, a spray area with an ammonium nitrate solution, a spray area with a glutamic acid solution, and a spray area with GABA+Ala in one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 5 is a graph showing the reproductive growth promoting effect in cherry tomatoes, comparing spray areas of water, 100 mM GABA + 1 mM Ala solution, 10 mM GABA + 0.1 mM Ala solution, and 1 mM GABA + 0.01 mM Ala solution in one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 6 is a graph showing the effect of inhibiting the decrease in the number of flowers caused by a typhoon, comparing a water-sprayed area (control area) with a GABA+Ala solution-sprayed area in one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 6 is a graph showing the effect of inhibiting the decrease in the number of flowers caused by a typhoon, comparing a water-sprayed area (control area) with a GABA+Ala solution-sprayed area in one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 7 is a graph showing the effect of promoting amino acid content in fruit (strawberry) comparing a water spray group (control group) with a GABA+Ala solution spray group in one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 8 is a graph showing the effect of promoting amino acid content in a fruit (tomato) comparing a water spray group (control group) with a GABA+Ala solution spray group in one embodiment of the present invention.
• 9 is a graph showing the change in the umami taste of a fruit (tomato) in an embodiment of the present invention, comparing a water-sprayed area (control area) with a GABA+Ala solution-sprayed area. 1: Water-sprayed area, -: GABA+Ala solution-sprayed area.
• FIG. 10 is a graph showing the effect of improving the bolting induction rate by mixing GABA and Ala in one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 11 is a graph showing the optimal concentration of GABA that induces promotion of flowering in one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 12 is a graph showing the effect of GABA on gibberellin receptor gene expression in one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 13 is a graph showing the effect of GABA in inducing accelerated flowering under high temperature conditions in one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 14 is a graph showing the effect of increasing fresh weight by combining GABA with fertilizer components in one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 15 is a graph showing the root elongation effect of a combination of GABA and fertilizer components in one embodiment of the present invention.
• plant growth refers to the development and enlargement of plant cells, tissues, organs, etc., and includes vegetative growth and reproductive growth in plants.
• reproductive growth refers to growth in plants that is related to reproduction, such as budding, flowering, and fruiting.
• vegetative growth refers to the growth of only vegetative organs such as plant stems, leaves, and roots.
• plant resistance to physical and/or mechanical stimuli refers to the strength or ability of a plant to prevent fruit dropping, leaves and flowers falling, branches breaking, etc., when exposed to physical and/or mechanical stimuli such as rain, wind, and typhoons.
• high temperature conditions refers to temperatures between 28°C and 50°C.
• composition for promoting plant growth containing GABA is provided.
• GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid
• GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid
• a plant extract or purified product containing GABA may be used, or it can be prepared from a fermented product obtained by adding glutamic acid decarboxylase or a microorganism having said enzyme, such as lactic acid bacteria or Bacillus subtilis, to a raw material containing glutamic acid.
• GABA-containing products and commercially available GABA can also be used in the method of the present invention as long as the effects of the method of the present invention are not impaired.
• the GABA-containing composition of the present invention can be used as a composition for promoting the reproductive growth of plants.
• Plant growth is divided into vegetative growth and reproductive growth; specifically, the growth of mainly vegetative organs such as stems, leaves, and roots is called vegetative growth, while growth related to reproduction such as budding, flowering, and fruiting is called reproductive growth.
• vegetative growth the growth of mainly vegetative organs such as stems, leaves, and roots
• reproductive growth growth related to reproduction
• reproductive growth Normally, plants move from a vegetative growth stage to a reproductive growth stage. It is known that the growth condition and harvest amount change depending on the balance between vegetative growth and reproductive growth, and generally, promoting reproductive growth promotes the growth of flowers and fruits, leading to a higher fruit yield and higher quality fruit.
• the reproductive growth of a plant can include maturation from a juvenile stage, flower bud formation, flowering, fruiting, fruit enlargement, coloring, or a combination thereof.
• spraying the plant growth-promoting composition of the present invention on a plant can lead to earlier flowering, increased fruiting, earlier bud development, and the like.
• the concentration of the plant growth-promoting composition for exerting such effects can be appropriately set depending on the type and size of the plant, spraying time, soil type, nutritional conditions, and the like, and may be, for example, about 0.1 ⁇ M or more, about 0.2 ⁇ M or more, about 0.5 ⁇ M or more, about 1 ⁇ M or more, about 0.01 mM or more, about 0.02 mM or more, about 0.03 mM or more, about 0.04 mM or more, about 0.05 mM or more, about 0.06 mM or more, about 0.08 mM or more, about 0.09 mM or more, about 0.10 mM or more, about 0.11 mM or more, about 0.12 mM or more, about 0.13 mM or more, about 0.14 mM or more, about 0.15 mM or more, about 0.16 mM or more, about 0.17 mM or more, about 0.18 mM or more, about 0.19 mM or more, about 0.20 m
• the aqueous solution may contain GABA at a concentration of about 0.7mM or less, about 0.6mM or less, about 0.5mM or less, about 0.4mM or less, about 0.3mM or less, about 0.2mM or less, about 0.1mM or less, etc.
• the plant growth promoting composition of the present invention may contain, in addition to GABA, any ingredient that does not substantially impair the effect of the plant growth promoting composition of the present invention, for example, salt, amino acid, or a combination thereof.
• the plant growth promoting composition of the present invention may contain an ingredient known as a fertilizer ingredient, for example, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potassium fertilizer, or a combination thereof.
• Nitrogen fertilizers include urea, nitrate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, and lime nitrogen.
• Potassium fertilizers include potassium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium humate, potassium silicate, crude potassium salt, processed bittern potassium, coated potassium, liquid potassium silicate, fused potassium silicate, by-product potassium, and mixed potassium.
• Phosphate fertilizers include superphosphate, triple superphosphate, magnesium phosphate, fused phosphate, calcined phosphate, humic acid phosphate, fused silicic acid phosphate, slag phosphate, processed slag phosphate, coated phosphate, liquid phosphate, fused sludge ash, silicic acid phosphate, processed phosphate, by-product phosphate, and mixed phosphate.
• the amino acids that can be contained in the plant growth promotion composition of the present invention are not particularly limited, but can include, for example, protein-constituting amino acids such as isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, histidine, tyrosine, cysteine, aspartic acid, asparagine, serine, glutamic acid, glutamine, proline, glycine, alanine, arginine, or combinations thereof, as well as hydroxyproline, an amino acid produced by modification after protein synthesis, and non-protein-constituting amino acids (free amino acids) such as ornithine and citrulline, or combinations thereof.
• the plant growth promotion composition of the present invention contains alanine, proline, aspartic acid, arginine, or glycine, or combinations thereof, and more preferably, the plant growth promotion composition of the present invention contains alanine
• the plant growth promoting composition of the present invention can contain alanine in any amount or ratio.
• the plant growth promoting composition of the present invention can contain GABA:alanine in a ratio of about 1000:about 1 to about 1:about 1000.
• the plant growth promoting composition of the present invention can contain about 0.01 mM or more alanine.
• the plant growth promoting composition of the present invention can contain about 1 mM or more GABA and about 0.01 mM or more alanine.
• compositions of the present invention may also include one or more other agriculturally or genetically acceptable ingredients.
• ingredients include water, nutrient substances, plant health or growth promoting substances, vegetable oils, metabolic stimulants, emulsifiers, thickeners, suspending agents, dispersing agents, carriers or excipients, solubilizers, wetting agents, binders, and essential oils.
• compositions of the invention can be applied or sprayed to plants in a manner conventional in the art, such as by soil or foliar spraying.
• the compositions of the invention can also be applied or sprayed to roots, stems, seeds, grains, tubers, flowers, fruits, etc., as needed. Examples of application means include spraying with a conventional sprayer or direct spraying of the soil or plants.
• the composition of the present invention can be appropriately diluted before application or spraying depending on the type of plant to which it is applied or sprayed, the part of the plant, the means of spraying, the time of spraying, the amount, the mixture, etc.
• the composition of the present invention can be made by directly using the lactic acid bacteria fermentation liquid used in the production of GABA, or a solution obtained by filtering the lactic acid bacteria fermentation liquid can be used.
• the composition of the present invention can be made by diluting such a fermentation liquid or filtrate as necessary.
• the composition of the present invention may include a solvent in which the composition of the present invention can be dispersed or dissolved.
• a solvent is preferably water.
• the lactic acid bacteria fermentation liquid (raw liquid) used to produce GABA can contain at least about 10% by mass or more, about 15% by mass or more, about 20% by mass or more, about 25% by mass or more, about 30% by mass or more, about 35% by mass or more, about 40% by mass or more, about 45% by mass or more, or about 50% by mass or more of GABA, and preferably contains about 25% to about 50% by mass of GABA.
• the lactic acid bacteria fermentation liquid (stock solution) used to produce GABA can contain, in addition to GABA, a suitable solvent (preferably water), any salt, and amino acids.
• a suitable solvent preferably water
• the lactic acid bacteria fermentation liquid (stock solution) can contain at least about 10% by mass or more, about 15% by mass or more, about 20% by mass or more, about 25% by mass or more, about 30% by mass or more, about 35% by mass or more, about 40% by mass or more, about 45% by mass or more, or about 50% by mass or more of water, and can preferably contain about 30% to about 50% by mass of water.
• the lactic acid bacteria fermentation liquid (raw liquid) used to produce GABA can contain at least about 1% by mass or more, about 2% by mass or more, about 3% by mass or more, about 4% by mass or more, about 5% by mass or more, about 6% by mass or more, about 7% by mass or more, about 8% by mass or more, about 9% by mass or more, or about 10% by mass or more of salt, and preferably about 5% to about 10% by mass of salt.
• the lactic acid bacteria fermentation liquid (raw liquid) used to produce GABA can contain less than about 1% by mass, less than about 2% by mass, less than about 3% by mass, less than about 4% by mass, or less than about 5% by mass of alanine, and preferably less than about 5% by mass of alanine.
• the lactic acid bacteria fermentation liquid (raw liquid) used to produce GABA can contain less than about 1% by mass, less than about 2% by mass, less than about 3% by mass, less than about 4% by mass, or less than about 5% by mass of amino acids other than alanine, and preferably less than about 5% by mass of amino acids other than alanine.
• the plant to which the plant growth promoting composition of the present invention is applied is not particularly limited, and can be applied to all plants such as various monocotyledonous plants, dicotyledonous plants, gymnosperms, and trees.
• dicotyledonous plants include, but are not limited to, tubers, beans, and Solanaceae
• monocotyledonous plants include Poales, Zingiberales, and Palms
• gymnosperms include cedar, cypress, pine, and spruce.
• plants to which the plant growth promoting composition of the present invention is applied include plants of the Solanaceae, Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Rosaceae, Malvaceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Convolvulaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Liliaceae, Araceae, Convolvulaceae, Lamiaceae, Rutaceae, Musaceae, Vitaceae, Ebenaceae, Actinidiaceae, Bromeliaceae, Violaceae, and Orchidaceae.
• the plant growth promoting composition of the present invention can achieve plant growth promotion by improving the expression level of gibberellin receptor genes such as GID1a and GID1c.
• the plant growth promoting composition of the present invention can exhibit a plant growth promoting effect even when the plant is grown under a specified temperature condition, particularly under a high temperature condition.
• the lower limit of the temperature condition is, for example, about 10°C or higher, about 11°C or higher, about 12°C or higher, about 13°C or higher, about 14°C or higher, about 15°C or higher, about 16°C or higher, about 17°C or higher, about 18°C or higher, about 19°C or higher, about 20°C or higher, about 21°C or higher, about 22°C or higher, about 23°C or higher, about 24°C or higher, about 25°C or higher, about 26°C or higher, about 27°C or higher, about 28°C or higher, about 29°C or higher. or above, about 30° C. or above, about 31° C. or above, about 32° C. or above, about 33° C. or above, about 34° C.
• the upper limit of the temperature condition is, for example, about 50° C. or less, about 49° C. or less, about 48° C. or less, about 47° C. or less, about 46° C. or less, about 45° C. or less, about 44° C.
• the temperature condition can be a range of any two values selected from the above lower limit and upper limit.
• gibberellin which is involved in elongation growth, germination promotion, dormancy breaking, etc., shows phytotoxicity when sprayed on plants under high temperature conditions, so the plant growth promoting effect of the plant growth promoting composition of the present invention under high temperature conditions is extremely surprising.
• the plant growth promoting composition of the present invention can exert a plant growth promoting effect even when the plant is grown under high temperature conditions, and can be used to grow plants, for example, under temperature conditions of about 28°C to about 50°C, preferably about 28°C to about 45°C, more preferably about 28°C to about 40°C, even more preferably about 30°C to about 45°C, and even more preferably about 30°C to about 40°C.
• the plant growth promoting composition of the present invention can be produced by fermenting glutamic acid derived from a plant such as sugar cane as a starting material with lactic acid bacteria (e.g., K-3 strain) or Bacillus subtilis to produce a high-concentration GABA fermentation liquid.
• glutamic acid derived from a plant such as sugar cane as a starting material
• lactic acid bacteria e.g., K-3 strain
• Bacillus subtilis Bacillus subtilis
• a method for promoting plant growth comprising the step of applying the plant growth promoting composition of the present invention to a plant.
• the reproductive growth of the plant can be promoted by applying the plant growth promoting composition of the present invention to the plant during the reproductive growth stage or maturity stage.
• a method for stimulating reproductive growth in a plant comprising the step of applying to the plant a plant growth promoting composition of the present invention.
• a method for promoting maturation in a plant comprising the step of applying the plant growth promoting composition of the present invention to the plant.
• a method for enhancing flowering or promoting the initiation of flowering in a plant comprising the step of applying to the plant the plant growth promoting composition of the present invention.
• a method for improving fruiting or promoting the initiation of fruiting in a plant comprising the step of applying to the plant the plant growth promoting composition of the present invention.
• composition for increasing amino acids in plants comprising GABA.
• Such a composition for increasing amino acids may optionally have the characteristics of a composition for promoting plant growth described elsewhere in this specification.
• compositions for improving plant resistance to physical and/or mechanical stimuli comprising GABA.
• Such a composition for improving plant resistance may optionally have the characteristics of a composition for promoting plant growth described elsewhere in this specification.
• the plant resistance-improving composition of the present invention can improve the plant resistance of a wide range of plants to prevent fruit drop, leaf fall, flower fall, and branch breakage of the plant body.
• the plant resistance-improving composition of the present invention can effectively prevent fruit fall of plants, and when applied to cultivated plants for agricultural and horticultural purposes, it can significantly increase the yield of fruits and other crops.
• the plant resistance improving composition of the present invention contains GABA as an active ingredient, and because it uses such a safe and reliable amino acid, unlike pesticides, it can be used as a safe and reliable flowering promoter and fruit abscission inhibitor.
• Example 1 Preparation of GABA spray solution
• the method for preparing the GABA-containing composition (spraying solution) used in the following examples will be described.
• (1) Method for preparing a GABA solution Commercially available GABA (manufactured by Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was dissolved in water to prepare an aqueous solution of a given concentration.
• Aqueous solution containing GABA and Ala used in the GABA Example A solution containing 5 M GABA and 0.05 M alanine (Ala) produced by lactic acid fermentation (manufactured by Pharma Foods Co., Ltd.) was diluted with water, or Ala (manufactured by Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was added to GABA to prepare an aqueous solution of a desired concentration.
• Ala manufactured by Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
• Example 2 Flowering promotion effect on roses
• roses were used as test plants, and the effect of increasing the number of flowers per plant when a GABA-containing spray solution was used was examined.
• Test plant Rose (variety: True Bloom Red Captain)
• Spray solution 1-2 The amino acid, polysaccharide, and fulvic acid mixed solution was diluted with water to a nitrogen content of 11 mg/kg to prepare an amino acid, polysaccharide, and fulvic acid mixed solution.
• the main component percentage and nutrient content percentage of the amino acid, polysaccharide, and fulvic acid mixed solution are shown below.
• Test soil and materials A 28L 510 type 51.6 x 34 x 26H (cm) deep pot (manufactured by Aika Co., Ltd.) was used as the planter, and 20L of "Kagome Light Vegetable Soil” (registered trademark) (manufactured by Kagome Co., Ltd.) was used as the culture soil, and 5L of stones (manufactured by Shizen Oyo Kagaku Co., Ltd.) for putting in the bottom of the home gardening pot were used.
• Kagome Light Vegetable Soil registered trademark
• 5L of stones manufactured by Shizen Oyo Kagaku Co., Ltd.
• Procedure (1) The area was divided into three spraying areas: water spraying area (control area 1), amino acid, polysaccharide, and fulvic acid mixed solution spraying area (control area 2), GABA solution spraying area, and GABA + Ala solution spraying area. Three test plants of roses were planted in each spraying area. No additional fertilization was performed after planting. (2) After planting, the flowers were removed from each of the roses before applying the spray solution so that the initial number of flower buds and flowers would be the same. Watering was performed once a day. (3) Two weeks after planting, soil irrigation with the spray solution was started and continued once a week until completion. Approximately 1 L of the spray solution was applied per 3 plants per soil irrigation. (4) The number of flowers was recorded in all test plots every Monday through Friday, and the survey was conducted over a four-week period from mid-August to mid-September.
• Example 3 Growth promoting effect on broccoli
• broccoli was used as a test plant, and the effect of leaf growth when a spray solution containing GABA+Ala was irrigated to the soil was examined.
• Procedure The plants were divided into two spraying areas: a water spraying area (control area) and a GABA solution spraying area. Broccoli seeds were sown in each spraying area and cultivated. The cultivation was carried out in Miyazaki Prefecture (maximum temperature: 29°C, minimum temperature: 21°C). The materials were sprayed once a week from August 5th, and the leaf area per image was counted using photos taken on August 29th. The leaf area was analyzed and calculated using the software ImageJ Fiji (ImageJ-win64). Specifically, Image ⁇ Color ⁇ Split Channels was selected. Then, the green image was used and Image ⁇ Adjust ⁇ threshold was set so that the leaves and other parts were binarized. Finally, the binarized images were used to calculate the percentage of leaves per image by selecting Analyze->Analyze Particles.
• Example 4 Effect of promoting flowering and increasing fruit number on cherry tomatoes
• cherry tomatoes were used as test plants, and the effects of promoting flowering and increasing the number of fruits when a GABA-containing spray solution was used were examined.
• Test plant Cherry tomato (variety: Junama) (manufactured by Suntory)
• Test soil and materials 27 L of Golden Granular Culture Soil (Iris Ohyama Co., Ltd.), a culture soil for flowers and vegetables, was used as the culture soil.
• Procedure (1) The plant was divided into four spraying areas: a water spraying area (control area), an ammonium nitrate solution spraying area, a glutamic acid solution spraying area, and a GABA+Ala solution spraying area. Cherry tomatoes were grown in each spraying area.
• test plants were grown in single-stalk, vertically guided planters. Three plants were planted per planter of test soil. Planting took place on June 8, 2022. No additional fertilization was performed after planting. Watering was carried out at equal rates to avoid differences between test sections. Watering was carried out at 1.5 to 4 L per day per 1-culture planter, depending on the weather and the growth stage of the plants.
• Test areas were set up with a water solution spray area, an ammonium nitrate solution spray area, a glutamic acid solution spray area, and a GABA + Ala spray area, and tomatoes were grown in each test area.
• Soil irrigation with each fertilizer began on the day of planting. Fertilizer was applied approximately once a week for a total of four times until June 29th. Soil irrigation was performed using a watering can, with approximately 300 ml of fertilizer solution per plant being applied to the base of each plant at each soil irrigation.
• Example 5 Effect of accelerating harvesting of cherry tomatoes
• Test plant Cherry tomato (variety: Ecosweet) (manufactured by Aisan Seed Co., Ltd.)
• test plants were grown in single-stalk, vertically guided soil cultivation in bags. Two plants were planted per bag of test soil. After growth, the tops were pinched off, leaving one leaf directly above the sixth inflorescence, and the second to sixth inflorescences were surveyed. Topping was performed on April 27, 2022. In order to eliminate as much of the influence of anything other than the materials to be sprayed as possible, the first inflorescence was pinched off to five flowers, and the second to sixth inflorescences were pinched off to ten flowers. In addition, no additional fertilization was performed after planting. Side buds were removed as soon as they were confirmed, and leaves were pinched off to the same extent on the same day to avoid differences in the test sections described below. Watering was performed to the same extent in each test section to avoid differences. Watering was performed at 1.5L/day to 4L/day per soil bag depending on the weather and the growth stage of the plant.
• Foliar spraying of fertilizer began one month after planting. Foliar spraying of fertilizer was carried out a total of nine times, roughly once a week, until one month had passed since top pinching. Foliar spraying was carried out using a sprayer, with the spray solution being applied evenly to the underside of each leaf at a distance of 20-30 cm from the sprayer nozzle. Approximately 50 ml of fertilizer solution was used per plant for each foliar spray.
• results in FIG. 5 the horizontal axis represents the number of days for spraying, and the vertical axis represents the average (%) of the cumulative daily yield for the test plots when the total yield for each plant is taken as 100%.
• Example 6 Effect of reducing mechanical stress and/or submersion stress
• Laurentia was used as a test plant, and the effect of using a GABA-containing spray solution in reducing mechanical stress and/or flooding stress on the plant was examined.
• Test plant Laurentia (variety: Fizz and Pop Deep Pink)
• Test soil and materials A 6L Queen Planter 450 type 450 x 208 x 170 (mm) was used as the planter, and 20L of Kagome (registered trademark) light vegetable soil (registered trademark) (manufactured by Kagome Co., Ltd.) was used as the culture soil.
• Kagome registered trademark
• light vegetable soil registered trademark
• Procedure (1) Each planter was filled with 6 L of culture soil and 0.5 L of stones (manufactured by Shizen Oyo Kagaku Co., Ltd.) to put in the bottom of the pot, and three test plants were planted. No additional fertilization was performed after planting. Watering was performed once a day at the same rate to avoid differences between test sections.
• Soil irrigation with the spray solution began four weeks before the typhoon passed. Soil irrigation with the spray solution was carried out approximately once a week until the end of the survey, with approximately 1 L of spray solution being used per 3 plants per soil irrigation.
• Results Figure 6 shows the change in the number of flowers per plant before and after the typhoon when water and GABA + Ala solution were sprayed, respectively.
• the number of flowers was significantly higher in the GABA + Ala solution sprayed area than in the water sprayed area (control area) (p ⁇ 0.05) ( Figure 6).
• Example 7 Amino acid enhancement effect in strawberries
• strawberries were used as test plants, and changes in amino acid content in the fruit when a 1 mM GABA+0.01 mM Ala solution was used were examined.
• Test plant strawberry (variety: Yotsuboshi) (produced by Organic Nico)
• the culture soil used was a 1:1 mixture of solar-sterilized soil (fine-grained ordinary clay-accumulated red-yellow soil) collected from the production field of Organic Nico Co., Ltd. and culture soil for sowing (manufactured by Yamato Fertilizer Co., Ltd., electrical conductivity (EC): 0.46 ms/cm (at time of manufacture), pH 5.0 to pH 6.0 (at time of manufacture), N element content: 150 mg/L (calculated value), P element content: 300 mg/L (calculated value), K element content: 200 mg/L (calculated value)).
• EC electrical conductivity
• Procedure (1) The soil pots used for elevated cultivation had 3 holes each, with a capacity of 3 L per hole.
• management procedures included removing flowers and fruits that were not yet of saleable size, removing diseased leaves and fruits, removing yellowed leaves, and removing stalk branches that had already been harvested.
• the amount of water applied daily was approximately 500-750 mL/plant on sunny days and approximately 250 mL/plant on cloudy days. Watering was not performed on rainy days.
• a water spray area (control area) and a 100 mM GABA + 1 mM Ala solution spray area were set up, and 70 strawberry plants were grown in each test area.
• the strawberries to be measured were crushed in a mill and the amino acid content was measured.
• the GABA+Ala solution can increase the amino acid content in the plant's fruit (strawberry), and has the effect of promoting the reproductive growth of the plant.
• Example 8 Amino acid enhancement effect in cherry tomatoes
• cherry tomatoes were used as test plants, and changes in amino acid content and umami taste in the fruit when a GABA-containing spray solution was used were examined.
• Test plant Cherry tomato (variety: Ecosweet) (manufactured by Aisan Seeds)
• the spray solution was prepared using water and a 100 mM GABA + 1 mM Ala solution (GABA + Ala A solution) was used.
• the culture soil used was Uma Tomato Bag Culture Soil 27L (organic culture soil, Kawai Fertilizer Co., Ltd.).
• Procedure (1) The test plants were cultivated in a single-stalk, vertically guided bag soil cultivation. Two plants were planted per bag of test soil. After growth, the top of the sixth inflorescence was pinched off, leaving one leaf just above it, and the second to sixth inflorescences were surveyed. The topping was performed on April 27, 2022. In order to eliminate as much of the influence of materials other than those to be sprayed as possible, the first inflorescence was pinched off to five flowers, and the second to sixth inflorescences were pinched off to ten flowers. In addition, no additional fertilization was performed after planting. The lateral buds were removed as soon as they were confirmed, and the leaves were pinched off to the same extent on the same day so that there would be no difference in the test sections described below. Watering was performed to the same extent in each test section so that there would be no difference in the test sections. Watering was performed at 1.5 L/day to 4 L/day per culture soil bag depending on the weather and the growth stage of the plant.
• the GABA+Ala solution can increase the amino acid content of the plant's fruit (tomato), and has the effect of promoting the reproductive growth of the plant.
• Example 9 Antibacterial effect of GABA
• the antibacterial effect of GABA was examined.
• the limit of detection is set to 10 bacteria/g or less, and if the number of bacteria is 3,000 bacteria or more, it is impossible to judge by visual inspection, so the limit is set to 3,000 bacteria/g or more.
• Example 10 Boulding induction rate by GABA
• the bolting induction rate was measured to evaluate the reproductive growth promoting effect of GABA and Ala.
• Test plant Arabidopsis thaliana
• Culture media were prepared by mixing a GABA solution and an alanine solution with Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium and diluting the mixture to the concentrations shown in the table below.
• MS Murashige-Skoog
• Bolting induction rate (%) (bolting rate (%) of each sample) - (bolting rate (%) of control)
• Example 11 Optimal concentration of GABA to induce flowering promotion
• the number of days from vernalization treatment to flowering was measured.
• Test plant Arabidopsis thaliana
• Water spraying area (control, distilled water), 0.2 ⁇ M GABA solution, 1 ⁇ M GABA solution, 10 ⁇ M GABA solution, 50 ⁇ M GABA solution, 200 ⁇ M GABA solution, 1000 ⁇ M GABA solution and 50 ⁇ M gibberellin solution spraying area (positive control) were set up, and eight Arabidopsis plants were grown in each test area.
• Soil spraying of the materials began on June 23, 2023. Soil spraying of the materials was carried out once a week until all plants flowered. Soil spraying was carried out using a Pipetman P5000, with 3 ml of each solution being sprayed onto an area within a 1 cm radius of the base of the plant.
• the horizontal axis represents the name of the test plot
• the vertical axis represents the average date from vernalization treatment to flowering for each test plot
• the error bars represent the standard error.
• the flowering date was examined for each test section using Student's t-test.
• the sections sprayed with GABA solutions at all concentrations from 0.2 ⁇ M to 1000 ⁇ M, and with 50 ⁇ M gibberellin solution showed an effect of shortening the number of days to flowering.
• the sections sprayed with 10 ⁇ M, 50 ⁇ M, and 200 ⁇ M GABA solutions showed significantly improved flowering promotion effects compared to the control section.
• the 50 ⁇ M GABA solution showed a flowering promotion effect compared to other GABA concentrations, and showed a flowering promotion effect equivalent to that of gibberellin solution.
• Example 12 Effect of GABA on gibberellin receptor gene expression
• GID1a, GID1c changes in gene expression of gibberellin receptors
• Test plant Arabidopsis thaliana
• Soil spraying of the materials began on August 3, 2023.
• the materials were sprayed onto the soil using a Pipetman P5000, with 3 ml of the solution being applied to each plant once within a 1 cm radius of the base of the plant.
• Sampling was carried out 24 hours after treatment with the materials. Three Arabidopsis plants were randomly selected from each of the nine plants, and one leaf was sampled from each plant. This sampling was repeated five times to form one test sample. The samples were stored frozen at -80°C.
• UBQ was used as a PCR housekeeping gene for the target genes and as a normalization control.
• the gibberellin receptors GID1a and GID1c were used as the target genes, and the enzyme used was TB Green Premix Ex Taq II (TaKaRa).
• the thermal profile was 95°C for 30 seconds for one cycle, and 95°C for 5 seconds and 60°C for 30 seconds for 40 cycles.
• Dissociation curve analysis was performed at 95°C for 15 seconds, 60°C for 30 seconds, and 95°C for 15 seconds.
• the gene expression levels were evaluated by quantifying the relative expression levels of GID1a and GID1c mRNA to the mRNA expression level of UBQ using the ⁇ CT value using real-time PCR.
• the expression levels of the samples were expressed as relative values when the expression level without the sample was set to 1.
• FIG. 12 shows the expression levels of the indicated genes in the water-sprayed area and the 50 ⁇ M GABA solution-sprayed area 24 hours after the spraying of the materials, and is shown as the mean ⁇ standard deviation of five values.
• Example 13 Effect of GABA on promoting flowering under high temperature conditions
• the number of days from vernalization treatment to flowering was measured.
• Test plant Arabidopsis thaliana
• Soil spraying of the materials began on October 27, 2023. The materials were sprayed once a week. Soil spraying was performed using a Pipetman P5000, with 3 ml of each solution sprayed onto an area within a 1 cm radius of the base of the plant.
• results in FIG. 13 the horizontal axis represents the name of the test plot, the vertical axis represents the average flowering date from vernalization treatment for each test plot, and the error bars represent the average value ⁇ standard error.
• the flowering date was examined using Student's t-test for the spraying intervals of each material.
• the area sprayed with 50 ⁇ M GABA solution showed a significant promotion of the flowering date compared to water spraying.
• 50 ⁇ M gibberellin solution was sprayed under high temperature conditions, none of the individuals were able to flower and all died. From these results, gibberellin showed phytotoxicity under high temperature conditions, and all individuals died.
• the area sprayed with GABA solution showed promotion of flowering even under high temperature conditions, making it clear that GABA solution has a reproductive growth-promoting effect even under high temperature conditions.
• Example 14 Effect of GABA and fertilizer components on increasing fresh weight
• the fresh weight of the above-ground parts was evaluated in order to evaluate the synergistic effect of GABA and fertilizer components.
• Test plant Arabidopsis thaliana
• spray solution distilled water, GABA solution, urea (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), ammonium nitrate (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), potassium sulfate (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) were mixed, and the spray solution was diluted to the concentrations shown in Table 5 below.
• Soil spraying of the materials began on May 2, 2024. The materials were sprayed once a week for a total of three times until all plants flowered. Soil spraying was performed using a Pipetman P5000, with 3 ml of solution being sprayed on the soil within a 1 cm radius of the base of the plant.
• the fresh weight of the above-ground part was calculated by cutting off the roots and measuring their weight on May 23, 2024. Furthermore, to calculate the theoretical value when each material was mixed, the rate of increase or decrease in fresh weight due to the application of each material was calculated in comparison with the control area.
• Colby formula was used to evaluate whether a synergistic effect on the rate of increase or decrease in fresh weight could be obtained by mixing the GABA solution with the fertilizer components of each material. If the actual measured value was greater than the theoretical value calculated by the Colby formula below, it was determined that a synergistic effect existed.
• Colby's formula: theoretical value A + B - (A x B) / 100 A: Percentage of increase or decrease in fresh weight due to GABA solution B: Percentage of increase or decrease in fresh weight due to the fertilizer components of each material (%)
• Arabidopsis thaliana was grown for 35 days by spraying a mixture of GABA solution with urea fertilizer, nitrate fertilizer, and potassium fertilizer, and the increase/decrease rate of fresh weight was confirmed to be 42%, 58%, and 45%, respectively, exceeding the theoretical values of 30%, 32%, and 43%, respectively.
• Example 15 Effect of GABA and fertilizer components on root growth
• the length of the taproot was evaluated in order to evaluate the synergistic effect of GABA and fertilizer components.
• Test plant Arabidopsis thaliana
• a GABA solution a GABA solution, a GABA solution, urea (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), ammonium nitrate (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), potassium sulfate (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) were mixed into Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium, and the culture medium was diluted to the concentrations shown in Table 6 to prepare a culture medium.
• MS Murashige-Skoog
• Root length was calculated by measuring the length of the taproot using ImageJ on June 11, 2024. Error bars represent standard error.
• the present invention uses GABA to control flowering and harvest times without destroying the ecosystem, making it useful in the fields of horticulture and plant breeding.

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