WO2024239159A1 - 分散剂及其制备方法、正极浆料、正极极片及其制备方法、电池单体、电池和用电装置 - Google Patents

分散剂及其制备方法、正极浆料、正极极片及其制备方法、电池单体、电池和用电装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024239159A1
WO2024239159A1 PCT/CN2023/095351 CN2023095351W WO2024239159A1 WO 2024239159 A1 WO2024239159 A1 WO 2024239159A1 CN 2023095351 W CN2023095351 W CN 2023095351W WO 2024239159 A1 WO2024239159 A1 WO 2024239159A1
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Prior art keywords
positive electrode
group
chain alkyl
dispersant
independently
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PCT/CN2023/095351
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
陆雷
彭仙明
李世松
郑拓
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Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd
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Contemporary Amperex Technology Co Ltd
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Priority to PCT/CN2023/095351 priority Critical patent/WO2024239159A1/zh
Priority to CN202380069898.5A priority patent/CN120019503A/zh
Publication of WO2024239159A1 publication Critical patent/WO2024239159A1/zh
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
    • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers

Definitions

  • the present application relates to a dispersant and a preparation method thereof, a positive electrode slurry, a positive electrode plate and a preparation method thereof, a battery cell, a battery and an electrical device.
  • the present application provides a dispersant and a preparation method thereof, a positive electrode slurry, a positive electrode plate and a preparation method thereof, a battery cell, a battery and an electrical device, which can reduce the agglomeration of the positive electrode conductive agent and enable the battery to have high energy density, low impedance and good electrochemical performance.
  • the present application provides a dispersant having a structure as shown in formula (I), wherein R1 represents a residue of an aliphatic, alicyclic and/or aromatic diisocyanate, R2 represents a residue of an aliphatic diol, R3 represents a C2-C8 alkylene group, y represents an integer of 5-60, and the number average molecular weight of the dispersant is 10,000-60,000.
  • the dispersant provided in the embodiment of the present application has good dispersibility, and can effectively reduce the agglomeration of the positive electrode conductive agent when added in a small amount, and can also reduce the resistance of the positive electrode plate, so that the battery can have high energy density, low impedance and good electrochemical performance.
  • R 1 includes at least one of the first group, the second group, the third group, and the fourth group.
  • the first group includes a C2-C10 straight chain alkylene group, and optionally includes a C2-C6 straight chain alkylene group.
  • the second group includes
  • R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 each independently include a hydrogen atom, a C1-C12 chain alkyl group, a C1-C12 oxo-chain alkyl group, a C1-C12 thio-chain alkyl group, a C3-C12 chain alkenyl group, a 3-6 membered N-containing heterocyclic group, a 3-6 membered O-containing heterocyclic group, and the group represented by A1 to A6, and R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 are not hydrogen atoms at the same time.
  • R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 independently include a hydrogen atom, a C2-C8 chain alkyl group, a C3-C8 oxo-chain alkyl group, a C3-C8 thio-chain alkyl group, a C4-C8 chain alkenyl group, or a group represented by A1 to A6, and at least one of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 includes a C3-C8 oxo-chain alkyl group, a C3-C8 thio-chain alkyl group, or a group represented by A1 to A6.
  • R 15 each independently includes a C1-C8 chain alkyl group, and may optionally include a C1-C3 chain alkyl group
  • R 16 each independently includes a C1-C8 chain alkylene group, and may optionally include a C1-C3 chain alkylene group.
  • the third group includes groups shown in B1 to B8,
  • the third group includes the following groups:
  • the fourth group includes groups shown by D1 to D7,
  • the fourth group includes the following groups:
  • Ra independently includes one or more combinations of cyano, amino, sulfonic acid and salts thereof, sulfonic acid ester, phosphate, C1-C8 oxo-chain alkyl, and C1-C8 chain alkyl
  • Rb independently includes one or more combinations of cyano, amino, sulfonic acid and salts thereof, sulfonic acid ester, phosphate, C1-C8 oxo-chain alkyl, and C1-C8 chain alkyl
  • p independently represents an integer of 0-4, optionally 0 or 1
  • q independently represents an integer of 0-6, optionally 0 or 1.
  • R 2 includes the following groups:
  • R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , and R 26 each independently include a hydrogen atom, a C1-C12 chain alkyl group, or a group represented by E1 to E4, and R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , and R 26 are not hydrogen atoms at the same time.
  • R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , and R 26 each independently include a hydrogen atom, a C1-C12 chain alkyl group, or a group represented by E1 to E4, and at least one of R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , and R 26 includes a group represented by E1 to E4.
  • R 27 each independently includes a C1-C8 chain alkyl group, and may optionally include a C1-C4 chain alkyl group
  • R 28 each independently includes a C1-C8 chain alkylene group, and may optionally include a C1-C3 chain alkylene group.
  • R 3 includes the following groups:
  • # indicates a connection position
  • R 1 includes at least one of the second group and the third group.
  • the second group includes
  • R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 each independently include a hydrogen atom, a C2-C8 chain alkyl group, a C3-C8 oxo chain alkyl group, a C3-C8 thio chain alkyl group, or a group represented by A4 to A6, and at least one of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 includes a group represented by A4 to A6;
  • R 15 each independently includes a C1-C3 chain alkyl group
  • R 16 each independently includes a C1-C3 chain alkylene group.
  • the third group includes groups shown in B1 to B3,
  • Ra independently includes one or more of cyano, amino, sulfonic acid and its salts, sulfonate, phosphate, C1-C3 oxo-chain alkyl, and C1-C3 chain alkyl, and p independently includes 0 or 1.
  • the third group includes the following groups:
  • R2 includes the following groups:
  • R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , and R 26 each independently include a hydrogen atom, a C1-C12 chain alkyl group, or a group represented by E1 to E4, and R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , and R 26 are not hydrogen atoms at the same time;
  • R 27 each independently includes a C1-C4 chain alkyl group
  • R 28 each independently includes a C1-C3 chain alkylene group.
  • the dispersant has a benzene ring structure and/or a long side chain, which can generate a certain steric hindrance, thereby achieving better dispersibility and reducing the agglomeration of the positive electrode conductive agent, reducing the resistance of the positive electrode sheet, reducing the impedance of the battery and improving the interface performance of the electrode assembly, thereby improving the interface dynamics of the battery and the cycle performance of the battery, etc.
  • the side chain groups of the dispersant also have functional groups such as carboxylate groups, sulfonate groups, and sulfinate groups, thereby achieving better dispersion effects, and reducing the agglomeration of the positive electrode conductive agent and reducing the resistance of the positive electrode sheet when the addition amount is small.
  • R 1 includes at least one of the second group and the third group.
  • the second group includes
  • R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 each independently include a hydrogen atom, a C2-C8 chain alkyl group, a C3-C8 oxo chain alkyl group, a C3-C8 thio chain alkyl group, or a group represented by A4 to A6, and at least one of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 includes a group represented by A4 to A6;
  • R 15 each independently includes a C1-C3 chain alkyl group
  • R 16 each independently includes a C1-C3 chain alkylene group.
  • the third group includes groups shown in B1 to B3,
  • Ra independently includes one or more of cyano, amino, sulfonic acid and its salts, sulfonate, phosphate, C1-C3 oxo-chain alkyl, and C1-C3 chain alkyl, and p independently includes 0 or 1.
  • the third group includes the following groups:
  • R2 includes the following groups:
  • R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , and R 26 each independently include a hydrogen atom, a C1-C12 chain alkyl group, or a group represented by E1 to E4, and at least one of R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , and R 26 includes a group represented by E1 to E4,
  • R 27 each independently includes a C1-C4 chain alkyl group
  • R 28 each independently includes a C1-C3 chain alkylene group.
  • the dispersant has a relatively long side chain, which can generate a certain amount of steric hindrance, thereby achieving better dispersion and reducing the aggregation of the positive electrode conductive agent, reducing the resistance of the positive electrode sheet, reducing the impedance of the battery and improving the interface performance of the electrode assembly, thereby improving the interface dynamics of the battery and the cycle performance of the battery.
  • the side chain groups of the dispersant also have carboxylate groups, sulfonate groups, sulfinate groups, acyl groups, etc. Functional groups such as amine and carbamate groups can thus achieve a better dispersion effect, and can reduce the agglomeration of the positive electrode conductive agent and reduce the resistance of the positive electrode sheet when the added amount is small.
  • R 1 includes at least one of the first group and the fourth group.
  • the first group includes a C2-C6 straight chain alkylene group.
  • the fourth group includes groups shown by D1 to D7,
  • Ra independently includes one or more of cyano, amino, sulfonic acid and its salts, sulfonate, phosphate, C1-C3 oxo-chain alkyl, and C1-C3 chain alkyl, and p independently includes 0 or 1.
  • the fourth group includes the following groups:
  • R2 includes the following groups:
  • R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , and R 26 each independently include a hydrogen atom, a C1-C12 chain alkyl group, or a group represented by E1 to E4, and at least one of R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , and R 26 includes a group represented by E1 to E4,
  • R 27 each independently includes a C1-C4 chain alkyl group
  • R 28 each independently includes a C1-C3 chain alkylene group.
  • the dispersant has a longer side chain, which can produce a certain steric hindrance, thereby better dispersibility and reducing the agglomeration of the positive electrode conductive agent, reducing the resistance of the positive electrode sheet, and also reducing The impedance of the battery is reduced and the interface performance of the electrode assembly is improved, which can further improve the interface dynamics of the battery and the cycle performance of the battery.
  • the side chain groups of the dispersant also have functional groups such as amide groups and carbamate groups, which can achieve a better dispersion effect, reduce the agglomeration of the positive electrode conductive agent and reduce the resistance of the positive electrode sheet when the addition amount is small.
  • x represents an integer of 28-300, and can be an integer of 58-165.
  • x is within the above range, on the one hand, a good dispersion effect can be achieved, and on the other hand, the battery can have a lower impedance.
  • y represents an integer of 15-40, and can be optionally an integer of 25-35.
  • the number average molecular weight of the dispersant is 20000-50000, and can be optionally 20000-40000.
  • the number average molecular weight of the dispersant is within the above range, it can achieve a good dispersion effect and also make the battery have a lower impedance.
  • the reaction temperature is 0-80°C.
  • the reaction time is 1-6 hours.
  • the polyether diol is added into the reaction kettle, and the obtained intermediate and the polyether diol are allowed to react for 2-4 hours.
  • the catalyst includes one or more of methacrylate, phosphonate, organic lead, organic amine, and organic tin.
  • the weight of the catalyst is 0.3-1.0 wt %, and optionally 0.4-0.6 wt %, based on the weight of the diisocyanate.
  • the solvent includes one or more of tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, toluene, xylene, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, and dioxane.
  • the third aspect of the present application provides a positive electrode slurry, comprising a solid component and a solvent, wherein the solid component comprises a positive electrode active material, a positive electrode conductor, a positive electrode binder and a dispersant, wherein the dispersant comprises the dispersant of the first aspect of the present application or a dispersant prepared by the method of the second aspect of the present application.
  • the content of the dispersant is 0.1-0.5 wt %, and optionally 0.2-0.3 wt %.
  • the content of the positive electrode active material is 91.5-99.5 wt %.
  • the content of the positive electrode conductor is 0.1-4 wt %.
  • the content of the positive electrode binder is 0.1- 4wt%.
  • the solvent comprises an organic solvent, and may optionally comprise N-methylpyrrolidone.
  • the solid content of the positive electrode slurry is 50%-75%.
  • the fourth aspect of the present application provides a positive electrode plate, comprising a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode film layer arranged on at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector, wherein the positive electrode film layer comprises a positive electrode active material, a positive electrode conductor, a positive electrode binder and a dispersant, wherein the dispersant comprises the dispersant of the first aspect of the present application or a dispersant prepared by the method of the second aspect of the present application.
  • the content of the dispersant is 0.1-0.5wt%, and can be optionally 0.2-0.3wt%.
  • the content of the dispersant is within the above range, a good dispersing effect can be achieved.
  • the functional groups such as carboxylate groups, sulfonate groups, sulfinate groups, amide groups, and carbamate groups in the polymer chain of the dispersant have a strong affinity with the electrolyte, thereby increasing the electrolyte infiltration ability of the positive electrode plate, shortening the infiltration time, and making the battery have high energy density and good dynamic performance and cycle performance.
  • the content of the positive electrode active material is 91.5-99.5 wt %.
  • the content of the positive electrode conductor is 0.1-4 wt %.
  • the content of the positive electrode binder is 0.1-4 wt %.
  • the positive electrode active material is capable of extracting and inserting lithium ions or sodium ions.
  • the fifth aspect of the present application provides a method for preparing a positive electrode sheet, comprising the steps of: coating the positive electrode slurry of the third aspect of the present application on a positive electrode collector, and obtaining a positive electrode sheet after drying and rolling.
  • the sixth aspect of the present application provides another method for preparing a positive electrode plate, comprising the steps of: mixing a positive electrode conductive agent, a positive electrode binder, a dispersant and a solvent to form a conductive slurry; kneading the positive electrode active material and the conductive slurry to form a mass material; forming a film by extruding or hot pressing the obtained mass material; thinning the obtained film by roller pressing and then compounding it with a positive electrode collector, and obtaining a positive electrode plate after drying.
  • the solid content of the conductive paste is 3-20%.
  • the solid content of the agglomerated material is 70%-95%.
  • a seventh aspect of the present application provides a battery cell, comprising the positive electrode sheet of the fourth aspect of the present application, or the positive electrode sheet prepared by the method described in the fifth aspect or the sixth aspect of the present application.
  • the battery cell comprises one or more of a lithium ion battery cell, a lithium metal battery cell, a sodium ion battery cell, and a sodium metal battery cell.
  • the present application provides a battery, comprising the battery cell of the seventh aspect of the present application.
  • a ninth aspect of the present application provides an electrical device, comprising the battery of the eighth aspect of the present application.
  • the electric device of the present application includes the battery provided by the present application, and thus has at least the same advantages as the battery.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a battery cell provided in some embodiments of the present application.
  • FIG. 2 is an exploded schematic diagram of a battery cell provided in some embodiments of the present application.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a battery module provided in some embodiments of the present application.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a battery pack provided in some embodiments of the present application.
  • FIG. 5 is an exploded schematic diagram of the battery pack shown in FIG. 4 .
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an electrical device provided in some embodiments of the present application.
  • FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the positive electrode sheet prepared in Example 4.
  • FIG8 is a cross-sectional view of the positive electrode sheet prepared in Comparative Example 1.
  • “Scope” disclosed in the present application is limited in the form of lower limit and upper limit, and a given range is limited by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit, and the selected lower limit and upper limit define the boundary of a special range.
  • the scope limited in this way can be including end values or not including end values, and can be arbitrarily combined, that is, any lower limit can form a scope with any upper limit combination. For example, if the scope of 60-120 and 80-110 is listed for a specific parameter, it is understood that the scope of 60-110 and 80-120 is also expected.
  • the numerical range "a-b" represents the abbreviation of any real number combination between a and b, wherein a and b are real numbers.
  • the numerical range "0-5" means that all real numbers between "0-5" are listed in this document, and "0-5" is just an abbreviation of these numerical combinations.
  • a parameter is expressed as an integer ⁇ 2, it is equivalent to disclosing that the parameter is, for example, an integer of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc.
  • the method includes steps (a) and (b), which means that the method may include steps (a) and (b) performed sequentially, or may include steps (b) and (a) performed sequentially.
  • the method may further include step (c), which means that step (c) may be added to the method in any order.
  • the method may include steps (a), (b) and (c), or may include steps (a), (c) and (b), or may include steps (c), (a) and (b), etc.
  • the “include” and “comprising” mentioned in this application are open-ended or closed-ended.
  • the “include” and “comprising” may mean that other components not listed may also be included or only the listed components may be included or only the listed components may be included.
  • the term "or” is inclusive.
  • the phrase “A or B” means “A, B, or both A and B”. More specifically, any of the following conditions satisfies the condition "A or B”: A is true (or exists) and B is false (or does not exist); A is false (or does not exist) and B is true (or exists); or both A and B are true (or exist).
  • the values of the parameters mentioned in this application can be measured by various test methods commonly used in the art, for example, they can be measured according to the test methods given in the examples of this application. Unless otherwise specified, the test temperature of each parameter is 25°C.
  • chain alkyl encompasses straight chain alkyl and branched chain alkyl.
  • chain alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, etc.
  • C1-C12 chain alkyl, i.e., chain alkyl may contain 1-12 carbon atoms.
  • chain alkylene encompasses straight chain alkylene and branched chain alkylene.
  • chain alkyl include, but are not limited to, methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, etc.
  • C1-C12 chain alkylene, i.e., chain alkylene may contain 1-12 carbon atoms.
  • oxo-chain alkyl refers to a chain alkyl group containing oxygen atoms in the main chain.
  • the number of oxygen atoms in the oxo-chain alkyl group may be one or more.
  • the C1-C12 oxo-chain alkyl group i.e., the oxo-chain alkyl group, may contain 1-12 carbon atoms.
  • sulfur chain alkyl refers to a chain alkyl group containing a sulfur atom in the main chain.
  • the number of sulfur atoms in the sulfur chain alkyl group may be one or more.
  • the C1-C12 sulfur chain alkyl group, i.e., the sulfur chain alkyl group may contain 1-12 carbon atoms.
  • chain alkenyl encompasses straight chain alkenyl and branched chain alkenyl.
  • the number of carbon-carbon double bonds in the chain alkenyl may be one or more.
  • chain alkenyl include, but are not limited to, vinyl, propenyl, allyl, butenyl, etc.
  • the C3-C12 chain alkenyl, i.e., chain alkenyl may contain 3-12 carbon atoms.
  • 3-6 membered N-containing heterocyclic group means that the total number of carbon atoms and N atoms in the ring is 3-6.
  • 3-6 membered N-containing heterocyclic groups include aliphatic heterocyclic groups and aromatic heterocyclic groups.
  • 3-6 membered N-containing heterocyclic groups include, but are not limited to, aziridine, azetidinyl, tetrahydropyrrolyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyridyl, etc.
  • 3-6 membered O-containing heterocyclic group means that the total number of carbon atoms and O atoms in the ring is 3-6.
  • 3-6 membered O-containing heterocyclic groups include aliphatic heterocyclic groups and aromatic heterocyclic groups.
  • 3-6 membered O-containing heterocyclic groups include, but are not limited to, propylene oxide, oxetane, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, furanyl, pyranyl, and the like.
  • a single bond passes through a ring or a ring system means that the single bond can be attached to any accessible position of the ring or the ring system.
  • substituents of compounds are disclosed in groups or ranges. It is expressly intended that such descriptions include every individual subcombination of the members of these groups and ranges.
  • C1-C6 alkyl individually C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C4-C6, C4-C5, C5-C6 alkyl are disclosed.
  • integers ranging from 3 to 10 are specifically intended to disclose 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 individually. Accordingly, other groups or ranges are specifically intended.
  • the battery mentioned in the embodiments of the present application may be a single physical module including one or more battery cells to provide higher voltage and capacity.
  • the battery mentioned in the present application may include a battery cell, a battery module or a battery pack.
  • a battery cell is the smallest unit of a battery, which can independently realize the functions of charging and discharging.
  • a battery cell can be cylindrical, flat, rectangular or other shapes, etc., which are not limited in the embodiments of the present application.
  • FIG1 is a battery cell 5 of a rectangular structure as an example.
  • the battery When there are multiple battery cells, the multiple battery cells are connected in series, in parallel, or in mixed connection through a busbar.
  • the battery may be a battery module; when there are multiple battery cells, the multiple battery cells are arranged and fixed to form a battery module.
  • the battery may be a battery pack, which includes a case and battery cells, and the battery cells or battery modules are accommodated in the case.
  • the case may serve as part of the chassis structure of the vehicle. For example, part of the case may become at least a part of the floor of the vehicle, or part of the case may become at least a part of the crossbeam and longitudinal beam of the vehicle.
  • the battery may be an energy storage device, which includes an energy storage container, an energy storage cabinet, and the like.
  • the battery cells provided in the embodiments of the present application include lithium-ion battery cells, lithium metal battery cells, sodium-ion battery cells, sodium metal battery cells, etc., but the embodiments of the present application are not limited to this.
  • a battery cell generally includes an electrode assembly and an electrolyte.
  • the electrode assembly generally includes a positive electrode sheet, a negative electrode sheet, and a separator between the positive electrode sheet and the negative electrode sheet.
  • the electrode assembly may be a wound structure or a laminated structure, which is not limited in the present application.
  • the battery cell may also include an outer package, which may be used to encapsulate the electrode assembly and the electrolyte.
  • the outer package may be a hard shell, such as a hard plastic shell, an aluminum shell, a steel shell, etc.
  • the outer package may also be a soft package, such as a bag-type soft package.
  • the material of the soft package may be plastic, such as one or more of polypropylene (PP), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) and polybutylene succinate (PBS).
  • PP polypropylene
  • PBT polybutylene terephthalate
  • PBS polybutylene succinate
  • the outer package may include a shell 51 and a cover plate 53.
  • the shell 51 may include a bottom plate and a side plate connected to the bottom plate, and the bottom plate and the side plate enclose a receiving cavity.
  • the shell 51 has an opening connected to the receiving cavity, and the cover plate 53 is used to cover the opening to close the receiving cavity.
  • the electrode assembly 52 is encapsulated in the receiving cavity.
  • the number of electrode assemblies 52 contained in the battery cell 5 can be one or more, which can be adjusted according to demand.
  • battery cells can be assembled into a battery module, and the number of battery cells contained in the battery module can be multiple, and the specific number can be adjusted according to the application and capacity of the battery module.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a battery module 4 as an example. As shown in FIG. 3, in the battery module 4, multiple battery cells 5 can be arranged in sequence along the length direction of the battery module 4. Of course, they can also be arranged in any other manner. Further, the multiple battery cells 5 can be fixed by fasteners.
  • the battery module 4 may further include a housing having a receiving space, and the plurality of battery cells 5 are received in the receiving space.
  • the battery modules described above may also be assembled into a battery pack, and the number of battery modules contained in the battery pack may be adjusted according to the application and capacity of the battery pack.
  • FIG4 and FIG5 are schematic diagrams of a battery pack 1 as an example.
  • the battery pack 1 may include a box body and a plurality of battery modules 4 disposed in the box body.
  • the box body includes an upper box body 2 and a lower box body 3, and the upper box body 2 is used to cover the lower box body 3 and form a closed space for accommodating the battery modules 4.
  • the plurality of battery modules 4 can be arranged in the box body in any manner.
  • the positive electrode sheet includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode film layer disposed on at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector, and the positive electrode film layer generally includes a positive electrode active material, a positive electrode conductor and a positive electrode binder.
  • the positive electrode sheet can be prepared by a wet process or a dry process.
  • the wet process usually involves coating the positive electrode slurry on the positive electrode collector, and then making the positive electrode sheet through processes such as drying and cold pressing.
  • the positive electrode slurry is usually formed by dispersing the positive electrode active material, positive electrode conductive agent, positive electrode binder, etc. in a solvent and stirring them evenly.
  • the positive electrode conductive agent usually selects nanoparticles with good conductivity, which usually have a large specific surface area. As a result, the positive electrode conductive agent is prone to self-agglomeration during the mixing process with the positive electrode active material, resulting in excessive viscosity of the positive electrode slurry or too low solid content, which in turn causes coating difficulties. There is also the problem of agglomeration of the positive electrode conductive agent in the process of preparing the positive electrode sheet by the dry process, which leads to uneven dispersion of the positive electrode film layer.
  • the dispersibility of the positive electrode slurry and/or the positive electrode film layer will affect the consistency of the battery. Adding a dispersant to the positive electrode plate helps to reduce the surface energy of the positive electrode conductive agent particles, reduce the agglomeration of the positive electrode conductive agent, and improve the dispersion uniformity of the positive electrode slurry and/or the positive electrode film layer.
  • the dispersant currently used can only effectively reduce the agglomeration of the positive electrode conductive agent when used in a large amount, thereby reducing the energy density of the battery.
  • the inventors provide a new dispersant, which can effectively reduce the agglomeration of the positive electrode conductive agent with a small addition amount and without affecting the battery energy density, and can also reduce the battery impedance and improve the electrochemical performance of the battery.
  • the dispersant provided in the embodiments of the present application has a structure shown in formula (I).
  • R1 represents a residue of an aliphatic, alicyclic and/or aromatic diisocyanate
  • R2 represents a residue of an aliphatic diol
  • R3 represents a C2-C8 alkylene group
  • y represents an integer of 5-60
  • the number average molecular weight of the dispersant is 10000-60000.
  • HO—R 2 —OH represents aliphatic diol
  • H—(O—R 3 ) y —OH represents polyether diol.
  • R 2 represents a residue of an aliphatic diol, that is, a group remaining after removing the hydroxyl groups at both ends of the aliphatic diol HO—R 2 —OH.
  • the dispersant provided in the embodiments of the present application can be used in the positive electrode of the battery.
  • the dispersant provided in the embodiment of the present application has a relatively long molecular chain, so that it can be well adsorbed on the surface of the positive electrode conductive agent particles, change the charge distribution state on the surface of the positive electrode conductive agent particles, and form a double electric layer, so that electrostatic repulsion is generated between adjacent positive electrode conductive agent particles; in addition, the dispersant is adsorbed on the surface of the positive electrode conductive agent particles, and can also generate an adsorption layer of a certain thickness anchored on the surface of the positive electrode conductive agent particles, and the polyether segment in the molecular chain can enhance the dispersant and the solvent.
  • the miscibility makes the dispersants on adjacent positive electrode conductive agent particles repel each other due to the volume effect, thereby maintaining the stability of the system and improving the dispersion effect of the positive electrode conductive agent.
  • the end group of the dispersant is hydroxyl, which can enable the dispersant to better react with the positive electrode binder, positive electrode conductor and positive electrode active material, thereby further improving its dispersion effect; at the same time, it can also increase the affinity between the positive electrode binder and the positive electrode active material, reduce the drying shrinkage stress, and thus improve the problem of electrode cracking.
  • the number average molecular weight of the dispersant is 10000-60000.
  • the dispersant can have a good dispersing effect, and at the same time, the battery can have a lower impedance, and thus the battery can have good dynamic performance and cycle performance.
  • the inventors have found that when the number average molecular weight of the dispersant is too small, at the same addition amount, the dispersing effect of the dispersant is poor, and it cannot effectively reduce the agglomeration problem of the positive electrode conductive agent and/or the gel problem of the positive electrode slurry; when the number average molecular weight of the dispersant is too large, the viscosity of the dispersant itself will be too large, thereby greatly reducing its reaction activity and increasing the ion migration resistance, which will further affect the battery's kinetic performance and cycle performance.
  • the dispersant provided in the embodiment of the present application has good dispersibility, and can effectively reduce the agglomeration of the positive electrode conductive agent when added in a small amount, and can also reduce the resistance of the positive electrode plate, so that the battery can have high energy density, low impedance and good electrochemical properties.
  • the battery can have good kinetic performance and cycle performance.
  • the number average molecular weight of the dispersant may be 20000-50000, and may be 20000-40000. When the number average molecular weight of the dispersant is within the above range, it can achieve a good dispersion effect and also make the battery have a lower impedance.
  • the number average molecular weight of the dispersant has a well-known meaning in the art and can be tested using instruments and methods known in the art, for example, by gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
  • y represents an integer of 5-60, for example, y can represent 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, or a range consisting of any of the above values. In some embodiments, y can represent an integer of 15-40, and can be an integer of 25-35.
  • x may represent an integer of 28-300, for example, x may represent 28, 45, 58, 65, 77, 88, 95, 100, 110, 125, 135, 150, 165, 180, 220, 250, 300, or a range consisting of any of the above values. Alternatively, x may represent an integer of 58-165. When x is within the above range, on the one hand, a good dispersion effect can be achieved, and on the other hand, the battery can have a lower impedance.
  • R1 includes at least one of the first group, the second group, the third group, and the fourth group.
  • the first group includes a C2-C10 straight chain alkylene group, and optionally includes a C2-C6 straight chain alkylene group.
  • the second group includes
  • R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 each independently include a hydrogen atom, a C1-C12 chain alkyl group, a C1-C12 oxo-chain alkyl group, a C1-C12 thio-chain alkyl group, a C3-C12 chain alkenyl group, a 3-6 membered N-containing heterocyclic group, a 3-6 membered O-containing heterocyclic group, and the group represented by A1 to A6, and R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 are not hydrogen atoms at the same time.
  • R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 are independently selected from hydrogen atom, C2-C8 chain alkyl, C3-C8 oxo chain alkyl, C3-C8 thio chain alkyl, C4-C8 chain alkenyl, and the groups represented by A1 to A6, and R 11 , R 12 , At least one of R 13 and R 14 includes C3-C8 oxo-chain alkyl, C3-C8 thio-chain alkyl, or a group represented by A1 to A6.
  • R 15 each independently includes a C1-C8 chain alkyl group, and may optionally include a C1-C3 chain alkyl group.
  • R 16 each independently includes a C1-C8 chain alkylene group, and may optionally include a C1-C3 chain alkylene group.
  • R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 may each independently include a hydrogen atom, -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 4 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 5 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 6 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 7 CH 3 , -CH 2 OCH 3 , -CH 2 OCH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 O(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 O(CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 , -CH 2 O(CH 2 ) 4 CH 3 , -CH 2 O(CH 2 ) 5 CH 3 , -CH 2 O(CH 2 ) 6 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 2 O(CH 2 ) 5 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 3 O(CH 2 ) 4 CH 3 , -CH 2 SCH 3
  • the third group includes groups shown in B1 to B8,
  • the third group includes the following groups:
  • the fourth group includes groups shown by D1 to D7,
  • the fourth group includes the following groups:
  • Ra independently includes one or more combinations of cyano, amino, sulfonic acid and salts thereof, sulfonic acid ester, phosphate, C1-C8 oxo-chain alkyl, and C1-C8 chain alkyl
  • Rb independently includes one or more combinations of cyano, amino, sulfonic acid and salts thereof, sulfonic acid ester, phosphate, C1-C8 oxo-chain alkyl, and C1-C8 chain alkyl
  • p independently represents an integer of 0-4, optionally 0 or 1
  • q independently represents an integer of 0-6, optionally 0 or 1.
  • R 2 includes the following groups:
  • R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , and R 26 each independently include a hydrogen atom, a C1-C12 chain alkyl group, or a group represented by E1 to E4, and R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , and R 26 are not hydrogen atoms at the same time.
  • R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , and R 26 each independently include a hydrogen atom, a C1-C12 chain alkyl group, or a group represented by E1 to E4, and at least one of R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , and R 26 includes a group represented by E1 to E4.
  • R 27 each independently includes a C1-C8 chain alkyl group, and may optionally include a C1-C4 chain alkyl group.
  • R 28 each independently includes a C1-C8 chain alkylene group, and may optionally include a C1-C3 chain alkylene group.
  • R21 , R22 , R23 , R24 , R25 , and R26 may each independently include a hydrogen atom, -CH3 , -CH2CH3 , -( CH2 ) 2CH3- , -( CH2 ) 3CH3 , -( CH2 ) 4CH3 , -CONHCH3 , -CONHCH2CH3 , -CONH ( CH2 ) 2CH3 , -CONH( CH2 ) 3CH3 , -CH2CONHCH2CH3 , -CH2CONHCH2CH3 , -CH2CONHCH ( CH2 ) 2CH3 , - ( CH2 ) 2CONHCH2CH3 , -( CH2 ) 3CONHCH3 , -CHOCONHCH3 , or , -CHOCONHCH 2 CH 3 , and R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , and R 26 are not hydrogen atom,
  • R 3 includes the following groups:
  • R1 includes at least one of the second group and the third group.
  • the second group includes
  • R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 each independently include a hydrogen atom, a C2-C8 chain alkyl group, a C3-C8 oxo-chain alkyl group, a C3-C8 thio-chain alkyl group, or a group represented by A4 to A6, and at least one of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 includes a group represented by A4 to A6.
  • R 15 each independently includes a C1-C3 chain alkyl group
  • R 16 each independently includes a C1-C3 chain alkylene group.
  • the third group includes the groups shown in B1 to B3,
  • Ra independently includes one or more of cyano, amino, sulfonic acid and its salts, sulfonate, phosphate, C1-C3 oxo-chain alkyl, and C1-C3 chain alkyl, and p independently includes 0 or 1.
  • the third group includes the following groups:
  • R2 includes the following groups:
  • R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , and R 26 each independently include a hydrogen atom, a C1-C12 chain alkyl group, or a group represented by E1 to E4, and R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , and R 26 are not hydrogen atoms at the same time.
  • R 27 each independently includes a C1-C4 chain alkyl group
  • R 28 each independently includes a C1-C3 chain alkylene group.
  • the dispersant has a benzene ring structure and/or a long side chain, which can generate a certain steric hindrance, thereby achieving better dispersibility and reducing the agglomeration of the positive electrode conductive agent, reducing the resistance of the positive electrode sheet, reducing the impedance of the battery and improving the interface performance of the electrode assembly, thereby improving the interface dynamics of the battery and the cycle performance of the battery, etc.
  • the side chain groups of the dispersant also have functional groups such as carboxylate groups, sulfonate groups, and sulfinate groups, thereby achieving better dispersion effects, and reducing the agglomeration of the positive electrode conductive agent and reducing the resistance of the positive electrode sheet when the addition amount is small.
  • R1 includes at least one of the first group and the fourth group.
  • the first group includes a C2-C6 straight chain alkylene group.
  • the fourth group includes groups shown by D1 to D7,
  • Ra independently includes one or more of cyano, amino, sulfonic acid and its salts, sulfonate, phosphate, C1-C3 oxo-chain alkyl, and C1-C3 chain alkyl, and p independently includes 0 or 1.
  • the fourth group includes the following groups:
  • R2 includes the following groups:
  • R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , and R 26 each independently include a hydrogen atom, a C1-C12 chain alkyl group, or a group represented by E1 to E4, and at least one of R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , and R 26 includes a group represented by E1 to E4.
  • R 27 each independently includes a C1-C4 chain alkyl group
  • R 28 each independently includes a C1-C3 chain alkylene group.
  • the dispersant has a relatively long side chain, which can generate a certain amount of steric hindrance, thereby achieving better dispersion and reducing the aggregation of the positive electrode conductive agent, reducing the resistance of the positive electrode sheet, reducing the impedance of the battery and improving the interface performance of the electrode assembly, thereby improving the interface dynamics of the battery and the cycle performance of the battery.
  • the side chain groups of the dispersant also have functional groups such as amide groups and carbamate groups, thereby It can achieve a better dispersion effect, and can reduce the agglomeration of the positive electrode conductive agent and reduce the resistance of the positive electrode sheet when the added amount is small.
  • R1 includes at least one of the second group and the third group.
  • the second group includes
  • R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 each independently include a hydrogen atom, a C2-C8 chain alkyl group, a C3-C8 oxo-chain alkyl group, a C3-C8 thio-chain alkyl group, or a group represented by A4 to A6, and at least one of R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 includes a group represented by A4 to A6.
  • R 15 each independently includes a C1-C3 chain alkyl group
  • R 16 each independently includes a C1-C3 chain alkylene group.
  • the third group includes the groups shown in B1 to B3,
  • Ra independently includes one or more of cyano, amino, sulfonic acid and its salts, sulfonate, phosphate, C1-C3 oxo-chain alkyl, and C1-C3 chain alkyl, and p independently includes 0 or 1.
  • the third group includes the following groups:
  • R2 includes the following groups:
  • R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , and R 26 each independently include a hydrogen atom, a C1-C12 chain alkyl group, or a group represented by E1 to E4, and at least one of R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , and R 26 includes a group represented by E1 to E4.
  • R 27 each independently includes a C1-C4 chain alkyl group
  • R 28 each independently includes a C1-C3 chain alkylene group.
  • the dispersant has a relatively long side chain, which can generate a certain steric hindrance, thereby achieving better dispersibility and reducing the agglomeration of the positive electrode conductive agent, reducing the resistance of the positive electrode sheet, reducing the impedance of the battery and improving the interface performance of the electrode assembly, thereby improving the interface dynamics of the battery and the cycle performance of the battery, etc.
  • the side chain groups of the dispersant also have functional groups such as carboxylate groups, sulfonate groups, sulfinate groups, amide groups, and carbamate groups, thereby achieving better dispersing effects, reducing the agglomeration of the positive electrode conductive agent and reducing the resistance of the positive electrode sheet when the addition amount is small.
  • the present application also provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned dispersant.
  • a solvent, a catalyst, a diisocyanate and an aliphatic diol are added to a reactor to perform a stepwise polymerization reaction to obtain an intermediate; then, a polyether diol is added to the reactor to allow the obtained intermediate to continue to react with the polyether diol, and a dispersant is obtained after the reaction is completed.
  • the reaction temperature may be 0-80°C, and may be 30-55°C.
  • the reaction time may be 1-6 hours, and may be 1.5-4 hours.
  • the polyether diol is added to the reaction kettle, and the obtained intermediate and the polyether diol are allowed to continue to react for 2-4 hours, and optionally 2.5-3.5 hours.
  • the catalyst may include, but is not limited to, one or more of methacrylates, phosphonates, organic leads (such as lead acetate, lead octoate), organic amines (such as triethylenediamine DABCO, triethylamine, trimethylbenzylamine, dimethylethanolamine, morpholine), and organic tin (such as dibutyltin dilaurate, stannous octoate).
  • organic leads such as lead acetate, lead octoate
  • organic amines such as triethylenediamine DABCO, triethylamine, trimethylbenzylamine, dimethylethanolamine, morpholine
  • organic tin such as dibutyltin dilaurate, stannous octoate
  • the weight of the catalyst may be 0.3-1.0 wt %, optionally 0.4-0.6 wt %, based on the weight of the diisocyanate.
  • the solvent may include, but is not limited to, one or more of tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, toluene, xylene, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, and dioxane.
  • the embodiment of the present application also provides a positive electrode plate.
  • the positive electrode plate includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode film layer arranged on at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector, the positive electrode film layer includes a positive electrode active material, a positive electrode conductor, a positive electrode binder and a dispersant, wherein the dispersant includes the dispersant provided in the embodiment of the present application or the dispersant prepared by the method provided in the embodiment of the present application.
  • the positive electrode current collector has two surfaces opposite to each other in the thickness direction thereof, and the positive electrode film layer is arranged on any one or both of the two opposite surfaces of the positive electrode current collector.
  • the content of the dispersant can be 0.1-0.5wt%, optionally 0.1-0.4wt%, 0.2-0.4wt%, 0.2-0.3wt%.
  • the content of the dispersant is within the above range, a good dispersing effect can be achieved.
  • the carboxylate group, sulfonate group, sulfinate group, amide group, Functional groups such as carbamate groups have a strong affinity with the electrolyte, which can increase the electrolyte wetting ability of the positive electrode plate, shorten the wetting time, and also enable the battery to have a high energy density as well as good kinetic and cycle performance.
  • the content of the positive electrode active material may be 91.5-99.5 wt %.
  • the battery may have a high energy density.
  • the content of the positive electrode conductive agent may be 0.1-4 wt %.
  • the content of the positive electrode binder may be 0.1-4 wt %.
  • the positive electrode active material may be any material known in the art, and the embodiments of the present application are not limited thereto.
  • the positive electrode active material is capable of extracting and inserting lithium ions or sodium ions.
  • the positive electrode active material may include, but is not limited to, one or more of lithium transition metal oxides, lithium-containing phosphates, and their respective modified compounds.
  • lithium transition metal oxides may include, but are not limited to, one or more of lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel cobalt oxide, lithium manganese cobalt oxide, lithium nickel manganese oxide, lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, and their respective modified compounds.
  • lithium-containing phosphates may include, but are not limited to, one or more of lithium iron phosphate, a composite material of lithium iron phosphate and carbon, lithium manganese phosphate, a composite material of lithium manganese phosphate and carbon, lithium iron manganese phosphate, a composite material of lithium iron manganese phosphate and carbon, and their respective modified compounds.
  • These positive electrode active materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
  • the positive electrode active material may include one or more of lithium transition metal oxides of the general formula Li a Ni b Co c M d O e A f and modified compounds thereof. 0.8 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.2, 0.5 ⁇ b ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 1, 1 ⁇ e ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ f ⁇ 1, M includes one or more of Mn, Al, Zr, Zn, Cu, Cr, Mg, Fe, V, Ti and B, and A includes one or more of N, F, S and Cl.
  • the positive electrode active material may include LiCoO2 , LiNiO2 , LiMnO2 , LiMn2O4 , LiNi1 / 3Co1 / 3Mn1 / 3O2 (abbreviated as NCM333), LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (abbreviated as NCM523 ) , LiNi0.5Co0.25Mn0.25O2 (abbreviated as NCM211) , LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 ( abbreviated as NCM622 ) , LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 ( abbreviated as NCM811 ) , LiNi0.96Co0.02Mn0.02O2 ( abbreviated as Ni96 ) , LiNi0.85Co0.15Al0.05O2 , LiFePO 4 , LiMnPO 4 or more.
  • LiCoO2 LiNiO2 , LiMnO2 , LiMn2O4 , LiNi1
  • the positive electrode active material may include, but is not limited to, one or more of sodium transition metal oxides, polyanion materials (such as phosphates, fluorophosphates, pyrophosphates, sulfates, etc.), Prussian blue materials, and their respective modified compounds. These positive electrode active materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
  • the positive electrode active material may include, but is not limited to, sodium iron composite oxides (such as NaFeO2 ), sodium cobalt composite oxides (such as NaCoO2 ), sodium chromium composite oxides (such as NaCrO2 ), sodium manganese composite oxides (such as NaMnO2 ), sodium nickel composite oxides (such as NaNiO2 ), sodium nickel titanium composite oxides (such as NaNi1 / 2Ti1 / 2O2 ), sodium nickel manganese composite oxides (such as NaNi1/ 2Mn1 / 2O2 ) , sodium iron manganese composite oxides (such as Na2 / 3Fe1 / 3Mn2 / 3O2 ), sodium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxides (such as NaNi1 / 3Co1/ 3Mn1 / 3O2 ), sodium iron phosphate compounds (such as NaFePO4 ), sodium manganese phosphate compounds (such as NaMnPO4 ) ,
  • the modified compounds of the above-mentioned positive electrode active materials may be the ones that undergo doping modification and/or surface coating modification on the positive electrode active materials.
  • the present application has no particular limitation on the type of positive electrode conductive agent.
  • the positive electrode conductive agent may include one or more of superconducting carbon, conductive graphite, acetylene black, carbon black, Ketjen black, carbon dots, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and carbon nanofibers.
  • the positive electrode binder may include one or more of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene-propylene terpolymer, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene terpolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, and fluorine-containing acrylic resin.
  • PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
  • PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
  • PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
  • vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene-propylene terpolymer vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene terpolymer
  • tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer tetrafluoroethylene-he
  • the positive electrode current collector may be a metal foil or a composite current collector.
  • a metal foil aluminum foil may be used.
  • the composite current collector may include a polymer material base layer and a metal material layer formed on at least one surface of the polymer material base layer.
  • the metal material may include one or more of aluminum, aluminum alloy, nickel, nickel alloy, titanium, titanium alloy, silver and silver alloy.
  • the polymer material base layer may include one or more of polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene (PE).
  • the embodiment of the present application also provides a positive electrode slurry.
  • the positive electrode slurry includes a solid component (i.e., a non-solvent component) and a solvent, wherein the solid component includes a positive electrode active material, a positive electrode conductor, a positive electrode binder and a dispersant, wherein the dispersant includes the dispersant provided in the embodiments of the present application or a dispersant prepared by the method provided in the embodiments of the present application.
  • a solid component i.e., a non-solvent component
  • the solid component includes a positive electrode active material, a positive electrode conductor, a positive electrode binder and a dispersant, wherein the dispersant includes the dispersant provided in the embodiments of the present application or a dispersant prepared by the method provided in the embodiments of the present application.
  • the content of the dispersant may be 0.1-0.5 wt %, optionally 0.2-0.3 wt %.
  • the positive electrode active material may be included in an amount of 91.5-99.5 wt % based on the total weight of the solid component.
  • the positive electrode conductive agent may be present in an amount of 0.1-4 wt % based on the total weight of the solid components.
  • the positive electrode binder may be present in an amount of 0.1-4 wt % based on the total weight of the solid components.
  • the positive electrode slurry is usually formed by dispersing the positive electrode active material, positive electrode conductor, positive electrode binder, dispersant and any other components in a solvent according to a predetermined ratio and stirring them uniformly.
  • the solvent may include an organic solvent, for example, the solvent may be N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), but is not limited thereto.
  • NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
  • the solid content of the positive electrode slurry may be 50%-75%.
  • the present application also provides a method for preparing a positive electrode sheet by a wet process, which comprises the steps of: coating the positive electrode slurry provided in the present application on a positive electrode current collector, and drying and rolling to obtain a positive electrode sheet.
  • dispersants can reduce the agglomeration of positive electrode conductive agents, reduce the impedance of batteries, improve the interface performance of electrode components, and improve the interface dynamics and cycle performance of batteries. In addition, dispersants can also reduce the gel problem of positive electrode slurry, thereby improving the coating performance and processing performance of positive electrode sheets.
  • the present application also provides another method for preparing a positive electrode sheet by dry method.
  • the method comprises the steps of: mixing a positive electrode conductive agent, a positive electrode binder, a dispersant and a solvent to form a conductive slurry; kneading a positive electrode active material and the conductive slurry to form a mass material; extruding or hot pressing the obtained mass material to form a film; thinning the obtained film by roller pressing, and then compounding it with a positive electrode current collector, and drying to obtain a positive electrode sheet.
  • the dispersant can reduce the agglomeration of the positive electrode conductive agent, reduce the impedance of the battery, and improve the interface performance of the electrode assembly, thereby improving the interface dynamics of the battery and the cycle performance of the battery.
  • the equipment used may be an internal mixer, a kneader, a twin-screw equipment, and the like.
  • the equipment used may be a twin-screw extruder, a hydraulic extruder, a plunger extruder, a hot press, an open mill, etc.
  • the screw element of the twin-screw extruder may be a combination of one or more of a screw piece, a meshing block, and a toothed disk, thereby fully balancing the shear mixing and conveying capabilities.
  • the solid content of the conductive paste may be 3-20%.
  • the solid content of the mass material can be 70%-95%.
  • the mass material contains a small amount of solvent, which is beneficial to the subsequent roller thinning process of the membrane formed by extrusion or hot pressing.
  • the role of a small amount of solvent is similar to that of a "lubricant", which can promote particle slippage, so that the membrane is not prone to excessive rolling during the subsequent roller thinning process, and the membrane formed by extrusion or hot pressing can also be softer, have better processing performance, and be easier to be compacted and form thicker pole pieces, which is beneficial to obtain a high energy density battery.
  • the amount of solvent used in the process of dry preparation of positive electrode sheets is lower than that in the process of wet preparation of positive electrode sheets, which can also reduce raw material costs and energy consumption costs, and at the same time reduce environmental pollution.
  • the battery cell includes a negative electrode plate.
  • the structure and composition of the negative electrode plate can be selected according to the type of the battery cell, and the embodiment of the present application is not limited to this.
  • the negative electrode sheet may include a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode film layer disposed on at least one surface of the negative electrode current collector, wherein the negative electrode film layer includes a negative electrode active material.
  • the negative electrode current collector has two surfaces opposite to each other in the thickness direction thereof, and the negative electrode film layer is arranged on any one or both of the two opposite surfaces of the negative electrode current collector.
  • the negative electrode current collector may be a metal foil or a composite current collector.
  • metal foils copper foil, copper alloy foil, aluminum foil, and aluminum alloy foil may be used.
  • the composite current collector may include a polymer material base layer and a metal material layer formed on at least one surface of the polymer material base layer.
  • the metal material may include one or more of copper, copper alloy, nickel, nickel alloy, titanium, titanium alloy, silver, and silver alloy.
  • the polymer material base layer may include one or more of polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene (PE).
  • the negative electrode active material may be a negative electrode active material for a battery that is well known in the art.
  • the negative electrode active material may include, but is not limited to, one or more of natural graphite, artificial graphite, soft carbon, hard carbon, silicon-based materials, tin-based materials, and lithium titanate.
  • Silicon-based materials may include one or more of elemental silicon, silicon oxide, silicon-carbon composites, silicon-nitrogen composites, and silicon alloy materials.
  • Tin-based materials may include one or more of elemental tin, tin oxide, and tin alloy materials. The present application is not limited to these materials, and other conventionally known materials that can be used as negative electrode active materials for batteries may also be used. These negative electrode active materials may be used alone, or two or more may be used in combination. Use in combination.
  • the negative electrode film layer may further include a negative electrode conductive agent.
  • a negative electrode conductive agent may include one or more of superconducting carbon, conductive graphite, acetylene black, carbon black, Ketjen black, carbon dots, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and carbon nanofibers.
  • the negative electrode film layer may further include a negative electrode binder.
  • the negative electrode binder may include styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), water-soluble unsaturated resin SR-1B, water-based acrylic resin (e.g., polyacrylic acid PAA, polymethacrylic acid PMAA, sodium polyacrylate PAAS), polyacrylamide (PAM), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), sodium alginate (SA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS).
  • SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
  • SR-1B water-soluble unsaturated resin
  • PAM polyacrylamide
  • PVA polyvinyl alcohol
  • SA sodium alginate
  • CMCS carboxymethyl chitosan
  • the negative electrode film layer may further include other additives.
  • the other additives may include a thickener, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), a PTC thermistor material, and the like.
  • the negative electrode film layer is usually formed by coating the negative electrode slurry on the negative electrode current collector, drying and cold pressing.
  • the negative electrode slurry is usually formed by dispersing the negative electrode active material, the optional negative electrode conductive agent, the optional negative electrode binder, and other optional additives in a solvent and stirring them uniformly.
  • the solvent can be N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) or deionized water, but is not limited thereto.
  • the negative electrode plate does not exclude other additional functional layers besides the negative electrode film layer.
  • the negative electrode plate may also include a conductive primer layer (e.g., composed of a conductive agent and a binder) sandwiched between the negative electrode current collector and the negative electrode film layer and disposed on the surface of the negative electrode current collector; in some embodiments, the negative electrode plate may also include a protective layer covering the surface of the negative electrode film layer.
  • the negative electrode sheet may include a negative electrode current collector and a first metal layer disposed on at least one surface of the negative electrode current collector, and the metal element in the first metal layer may include one or more alkali metal elements.
  • the metal material in the first metal layer may include one or more of lithium, lithium alloy, sodium, and sodium alloy.
  • the lithium alloy may be an alloy formed by metallic lithium and other metallic elements or non-metallic elements.
  • the other metallic elements in the lithium alloy may include one or more of tin, zinc, aluminum, magnesium, silver, gold, gallium, indium, and platinum
  • the non-metallic elements in the lithium alloy may include one or more of boron, carbon, and silicon.
  • the sodium alloy may be an alloy formed by metallic sodium and other metallic elements or non-metallic elements.
  • the other metallic elements in the sodium alloy may include one or more of tin, zinc, aluminum, magnesium, silver, gold, gallium, indium, and platinum
  • the non-metallic elements in the sodium alloy may include one or more of boron, carbon, and silicon.
  • the negative electrode sheet may include a negative electrode current collector but not include the first metal layer, and thus may be assembled to form a negative electrode metal-free battery cell.
  • the negative electrode plate may also be made of sheets (or foils) of lithium, lithium alloy, sodium, or sodium alloy.
  • the battery cell includes an electrolyte.
  • the electrolyte plays the role of conducting ions between the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate.
  • the present application does not specifically limit the type of electrolyte, and it can be selected according to needs.
  • the electrolyte may include one or more of a solid electrolyte, a gel electrolyte, and a liquid electrolyte (i.e., an electrolyte).
  • the electrolyte is an electrolyte solution, which includes an electrolyte salt and a solvent.
  • the electrolyte salt may include hexadecene.
  • the electrolyte salt may include one or more of sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF 6 ), sodium tetrafluoroborate (NaBF 4 ), sodium perchlorate (NaClO 4 ), sodium hexafluoroarsenate (NaAsF 6 ), sodium bisfluorosulfonyl imide (NaFSI), sodium bistrifluoromethanesulfonyl imide (NaTFSI), sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate (NaTFS), sodium difluorooxalatoborate (NaDFOB), sodium dioxalatoborate (NaBOB), sodium difluorophosphate (NaPO 2 F 2 ), sodium difluorobisoxalatophosphate (NaDFOP) and sodium tetrafluorooxalatophosphate (NaTFOP).
  • NaPF 6 sodium hexafluorophosphate
  • NaBF 4 sodium perchlorate
  • the solvent may include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), dipropyl carbonate (DPC), methyl propyl carbonate (MPC), ethyl propyl carbonate (EPC), butylene carbonate (BC), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), methyl formate (MF), methyl acetate (MA), ethyl acetate (EA), propyl acetate (PA), methyl propionate (MPC), propyl propionate (EPC), butylene carbonate (BC), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), methyl formate (MF), methyl acetate (MA), ethyl acetate (EA), propyl acetate (PA), methyl propionate (MPC), propyl propionate (EPC), butylene carbonate (BC), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), methyl formate (
  • EP ethyl acetate
  • PP propyl propionate
  • MB methyl butyrate
  • EB ethyl butyrate
  • GBL 1,4-butyrolactone
  • SF sulfolane
  • MSM dimethyl sulfone
  • EMS ethyl methyl sulfone
  • ESE diethyl sulfone
  • dimethoxymethane diethoxymethane, dipropoxymethane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, dimethoxypropane
  • 1,2-diethoxyethane ethylene glycol methyl ethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether.
  • the electrolyte may further include additives.
  • the additives may include negative electrode film-forming additives, positive electrode film-forming additives, and additives that can improve certain battery properties, such as additives that improve battery overcharge performance, additives that improve battery high temperature performance, and additives that improve battery low temperature power performance.
  • the battery cell may also include a separator.
  • the separator may be disposed between the positive electrode sheet and the negative electrode sheet, and mainly serves to prevent internal short circuits.
  • the present application has no particular restrictions on the type of separator, and any known porous structure membrane with good chemical stability and mechanical stability may be selected.
  • the material of the isolation membrane may include one or more of glass fiber, non-woven fabric, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polyimide.
  • the isolation membrane may be a single-layer film or a multi-layer composite film. When the isolation membrane is a multi-layer composite film, the materials of each layer are the same or different.
  • the positive electrode sheet, the separator, the negative electrode sheet and the electrolyte can be assembled to form a battery cell.
  • the positive electrode sheet, the separator, and the negative electrode sheet can be formed into an electrode assembly through a winding process and/or a lamination process, and the electrode assembly is placed in an outer package, and the above-mentioned electrolyte is injected after drying. After vacuum packaging, standing, formation, shaping and other processes, a battery cell is obtained.
  • Multiple battery cells can also be further connected in series, in parallel or in mixed connection to form a battery module.
  • Multiple battery modules can also be connected in series, in parallel or in mixed connection to form a battery pack. In some embodiments, multiple battery cells can also directly form a battery pack.
  • the present application also provides an electrical device, which includes a battery provided in the present application.
  • the battery can be used as a power source for the electrical device, or as an energy storage unit for the electrical device.
  • the electrical device can be, but is not limited to, a mobile device (such as a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, etc.), an electric vehicle (such as a pure electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, an electric bicycle, an electric scooter, an electric golf cart, an electric truck, etc.), an electric train, a ship and a satellite, an energy storage system, etc.
  • the electrical device can select a specific type of battery, such as a battery cell, a battery module or a battery pack, according to its usage requirements.
  • Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of an electric device as an example.
  • the electric device is a pure electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, etc.
  • a battery pack or a battery module may be used.
  • the electric device may be a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a notebook computer, etc.
  • the electric device is usually required to be light and thin, and a battery cell may be used as a power source.
  • the catalyst dibutyltin dilaurate and the diisocyanate and aliphatic diol (molar ratio 1:1) shown in Table 1 are added to the reactor, and tetrahydrofuran is used as the solvent. Then, the reaction temperature is controlled to be 50°C in a N2 atmosphere, and the reaction time is 2.5 hours. After the reaction, the polyether diol shown in Table 1 is added and stirred for 3 hours to obtain the dispersant shown in Table 1.
  • the molar amount of the diisocyanate and the aliphatic diol is x mol
  • the degree of polymerization of the polyether diol is y
  • the molar amount is 1 mol.
  • the values of x and y are shown in Table 1.
  • the weight of the catalyst is 0.4-0.6wt% of the weight of the diisocyanate.
  • the positive electrode conductive agent carbon black, the positive electrode binder PVDF, the above-prepared dispersant and the solvent NMP are mixed to form a conductive slurry with a solid content of 4.3%; the positive electrode active material and the conductive slurry are kneaded by a kneader to form a mass material with a solid content of 75%; the obtained mass material is extruded by a twin-screw extruder to obtain a film with uniform thickness, and the prepared film is rolled to be thinned to obtain a soft film, which is then compounded with the positive electrode current collector aluminum foil, and then put into an oven for drying, and then further cold pressed and cut to obtain a positive electrode sheet.
  • the weight ratio of the positive electrode active material, the positive electrode conductive agent, the positive electrode binder, and the dispersant is 97.2:0.7:1.8:0.3.
  • the negative electrode active material graphite, the binder styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), the thickener sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na), and the conductive agent carbon black (Super P) are fully stirred and mixed in a proper amount of solvent deionized water at a mass ratio of 96.2:1.8:1.2:0.8 to form a uniform negative electrode slurry; the negative electrode slurry is evenly coated on the surface of the negative electrode collector copper foil, and after drying and cold pressing, a negative electrode sheet is obtained.
  • SBR styrene butadiene rubber
  • CMC-Na thickener sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
  • Super P conductive agent carbon black
  • Ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) were added in a volume ratio of The organic solvent is obtained by mixing the two solvents in a ratio of 1:1:1, and then the fully dried LiPF 6 is dissolved in the organic solvent to prepare an electrolyte with a concentration of 1 mol/L.
  • a porous polyethylene membrane was used as the separator.
  • the positive electrode sheet, the separator, and the negative electrode sheet are stacked and wound in order to obtain an electrode assembly; the electrode assembly is placed in an outer package, and after drying, the electrolyte is injected, and the battery is obtained after vacuum packaging, standing, forming, shaping and other processes.
  • the preparation method of the battery of Example 2 is similar to that of Example 1, except that the type and preparation process of the dispersant are different.
  • the catalyst dibutyltin dilaurate and the diisocyanate and aliphatic diol shown in Table 1 are added to the reactor, and tetrahydrofuran is used as the solvent. Then, the reaction temperature is controlled to be 45°C in a N2 atmosphere, and the reaction time is 2h. After the reaction, the polyether diol shown in Table 1 is added and stirred for 3h to obtain the dispersant shown in Table 1.
  • the molar amount of the diisocyanate and the aliphatic diol is x mol, the degree of polymerization of the polyether diol is y, and the molar amount is 1 mol.
  • the values of x and y are shown in Table 1.
  • the weight of the catalyst is 0.4-0.6wt% of the weight of the diisocyanate.
  • the preparation method of the battery of Example 3 is similar to that of Example 1, except that the type and preparation process of the dispersant are different.
  • the catalyst dibutyltin dilaurate and the diisocyanate and aliphatic diol shown in Table 1 are added to the reactor, and tetrahydrofuran is used as the solvent. Then, the reaction temperature is controlled to be 50°C in a N2 atmosphere, and the reaction time is 2h. After the reaction, the polyether diol shown in Table 1 is added and stirred for 3h to obtain the dispersant shown in Table 1.
  • the molar amount of the diisocyanate and the aliphatic diol is x mol, the degree of polymerization of the polyether diol is y, and the molar amount is 1 mol.
  • the values of x and y are shown in Table 1.
  • the weight of the catalyst is 0.4-0.6wt% of the weight of the diisocyanate.
  • the preparation method of the battery of Example 4 is similar to that of Example 1, except that the type and preparation process of the dispersant are different.
  • the catalyst dibutyltin dilaurate and the diisocyanate and aliphatic diol (molar ratio 1:1) shown in Table 1 are added to the reactor, and tetrahydrofuran is used as the solvent. Then, the reaction temperature is controlled to be 30°C in a N2 atmosphere, and the reaction time is 2.5 hours. After the reaction, the polyether diol shown in Table 1 is added and stirred for 3 hours to obtain the dispersant shown in Table 1.
  • the molar amount of the diisocyanate and the aliphatic diol is x mol
  • the degree of polymerization of the polyether diol is y
  • the molar amount is 1 mol.
  • the values of x and y are shown in Table 1.
  • the weight of the catalyst is 0.4-0.6wt% of the weight of the diisocyanate.
  • the preparation method of the battery of Example 5 is similar to that of Example 1, except that the type and preparation process of the dispersant are different.
  • the catalyst dibutyltin dilaurate and the diisocyanate and aliphatic diol shown in Table 1 are added to the reactor, and tetrahydrofuran is used as the solvent. Then, the reaction temperature is controlled to be 50°C in a N2 atmosphere, and the reaction time is 2h. After the reaction, the polyether diol shown in Table 1 is added and stirred for 3h to obtain the dispersant shown in Table 1.
  • the molar amount of the diisocyanate and the aliphatic diol is x mol, the degree of polymerization of the polyether diol is y, and the molar amount is 1 mol.
  • the values of x and y are shown in Table 1.
  • the weight of the catalyst is 0.4-0.6wt% of the weight of the diisocyanate.
  • the preparation method of the battery of Example 6 is similar to that of Example 1, except that the type and preparation process of the dispersant are different.
  • the catalyst dibutyltin dilaurate and the diisocyanate and aliphatic diol shown in Table 1 are added to the reactor, and tetrahydrofuran is used as the solvent. Then, the reaction temperature is controlled to be 55°C in a N2 atmosphere, and the reaction time is 2.5 hours. After the reaction, the polyether diol shown in Table 1 is added and stirred for 3 hours to obtain the dispersant shown in Table 1.
  • the molar amount of the diisocyanate and the aliphatic diol is x mol, the degree of polymerization of the polyether diol is y, and the molar amount is 1 mol.
  • the values of x and y are shown in Table 1.
  • the weight of the catalyst is 0.4-0.6wt% of the weight of the diisocyanate.
  • the preparation method of the battery of Example 7 is similar to that of Example 1, except that the type and preparation process of the dispersant are different.
  • the catalyst dibutyltin dilaurate and the diisocyanate and aliphatic diol (molar ratio 1:1) shown in Table 1 are added to the reactor, and tetrahydrofuran is used as the solvent. Then, the reaction temperature is controlled to be 55°C in a N2 atmosphere, and the reaction time is 3.5h. After the reaction, the polyether diol shown in Table 1 is added and stirred for 3h to obtain the dispersant shown in Table 1.
  • the molar amount of the diisocyanate and the aliphatic diol is x mol
  • the degree of polymerization of the polyether diol is y
  • the molar amount is 1 mol.
  • the values of x and y are shown in Table 1.
  • the weight of the catalyst is 0.4-0.6wt% of the weight of the diisocyanate.
  • the preparation method of the battery of Example 8 is similar to that of Example 1, except that the type and preparation process of the dispersant are different.
  • the catalyst dibutyltin dilaurate and the diisocyanate and aliphatic diol (molar ratio 1:1) shown in Table 1 are added to the reactor, and tetrahydrofuran is used as the solvent. Then, the reaction temperature is controlled to be 55°C in a N2 atmosphere, and the reaction time is 3.5h. After the reaction, the polyether diol shown in Table 1 is added and stirred for 3h to obtain the dispersant shown in Table 1.
  • the molar amount of the diisocyanate and the aliphatic diol is x mol
  • the degree of polymerization of the polyether diol is y
  • the molar amount is 1 mol.
  • the values of x and y are shown in Table 1.
  • the weight of the catalyst is 0.4-0.6wt% of the weight of the diisocyanate.
  • the preparation method of the battery of Example 9 is similar to that of Example 1, except that the type and preparation process of the dispersant are different.
  • the catalyst dibutyltin dilaurate and the diisocyanate and aliphatic diol shown in Table 1 were added to the reactor, and tetrahydrofuran was used as the solvent.
  • the reaction temperature was then controlled to be 45°C in a N2 atmosphere, and the reaction time was 3h.
  • the polyether diol shown in Table 1 was added and stirred for 3h to obtain the dispersant shown in Table 1.
  • the molar amount of diisocyanate and aliphatic diol is x mol
  • the degree of polymerization of polyether diol is y
  • the molar amount of The amount is 1 mol
  • the values of x and y are shown in Table 1.
  • the weight of the catalyst is 0.4-0.6 wt% of the weight of the diisocyanate.
  • the preparation method of the battery of Example 10 is similar to that of Example 1, except that the type and preparation process of the dispersant are different.
  • the catalyst dibutyltin dilaurate and the diisocyanate and aliphatic diol (molar ratio 1:1) shown in Table 1 are added to the reactor, and tetrahydrofuran is used as the solvent. Then, the reaction temperature is controlled to be 35°C in a N2 atmosphere, and the reaction time is 1.5h. After the reaction, the polyether diol shown in Table 1 is added and stirred for 3h to obtain the dispersant shown in Table 1.
  • the molar amount of the diisocyanate and the aliphatic diol is x mol
  • the degree of polymerization of the polyether diol is y
  • the molar amount is 1 mol.
  • the values of x and y are shown in Table 1.
  • the weight of the catalyst is 0.4-0.6wt% of the weight of the diisocyanate.
  • the preparation method of the battery of Example 11 is similar to that of Example 1, except that the type and preparation process of the dispersant are different.
  • the catalyst dibutyltin dilaurate and the diisocyanate and aliphatic diol (molar ratio 1:1) shown in Table 1 are added to the reactor, and tetrahydrofuran is used as the solvent. Then, the reaction temperature is controlled to be 35°C in a N2 atmosphere, and the reaction time is 2.5 hours. After the reaction, the polyether diol shown in Table 1 is added and stirred for 3 hours to obtain the dispersant shown in Table 1.
  • the molar amount of the diisocyanate and the aliphatic diol is x mol
  • the degree of polymerization of the polyether diol is y
  • the molar amount is 1 mol.
  • the values of x and y are shown in Table 1.
  • the weight of the catalyst is 0.4-0.6wt% of the weight of the diisocyanate.
  • the preparation method of the battery of Example 12 is similar to that of Example 1, except that the type and preparation process of the dispersant are different.
  • the catalyst dibutyltin dilaurate and the diisocyanate and aliphatic diol shown in Table 1 are added to the reactor, and tetrahydrofuran is used as the solvent. Then, the reaction temperature is controlled to be 45°C in a N2 atmosphere, and the reaction time is 2h. After the reaction, the polyether diol shown in Table 1 is added and stirred for 3h to obtain the dispersant shown in Table 1.
  • the molar amount of the diisocyanate and the aliphatic diol is x mol, the degree of polymerization of the polyether diol is y, and the molar amount is 1 mol.
  • the values of x and y are shown in Table 1.
  • the weight of the catalyst is 0.4-0.6wt% of the weight of the diisocyanate.
  • the preparation method of the battery of Example 13 is similar to that of Example 4, except that the number average molecular weight of the dispersant is different.
  • the catalyst dibutyltin dilaurate and the diisocyanate and aliphatic diol shown in Table 1 are added to the reactor, and tetrahydrofuran is used as the solvent. Then, the reaction temperature is controlled to be 30°C in a N2 atmosphere, and the reaction time is 1.5h. After the reaction, the polyether diol shown in Table 1 is added and stirred for 3h to obtain the dispersant shown in Table 1.
  • the molar amount of the diisocyanate and the aliphatic diol is x mol, the degree of polymerization of the polyether diol is y, and the molar amount is 1 mol.
  • the values of x and y are shown in Table 1.
  • the weight of the catalyst is 0.4-0.6wt% of the weight of the diisocyanate.
  • the preparation method of the battery of Example 14 is similar to that of Example 4, except that the number average molecular weight of the dispersant is not same.
  • the catalyst dibutyltin dilaurate and the diisocyanate and aliphatic diol shown in Table 1 are added to the reactor, and tetrahydrofuran is used as the solvent. Then, the reaction temperature is controlled to be 30°C in a N2 atmosphere, and the reaction time is 2h. After the reaction, the polyether diol shown in Table 1 is added and stirred for 3h to obtain the dispersant shown in Table 1.
  • the molar amount of the diisocyanate and the aliphatic diol is x mol, the degree of polymerization of the polyether diol is y, and the molar amount is 1 mol.
  • the values of x and y are shown in Table 1.
  • the weight of the catalyst is 0.4-0.6wt% of the weight of the diisocyanate.
  • the preparation method of the battery of Example 15 is similar to that of Example 4, except that the number average molecular weight of the dispersant is different.
  • the catalyst dibutyltin dilaurate and the diisocyanate and aliphatic diol (molar ratio 1:1) shown in Table 1 are added to the reactor, and tetrahydrofuran is used as the solvent. Then, the reaction temperature is controlled to be 30°C in a N2 atmosphere, and the reaction time is 3h. After the reaction, the polyether diol shown in Table 1 is added and stirred for 3h to obtain the dispersant shown in Table 1.
  • the molar amount of the diisocyanate and the aliphatic diol is x mol
  • the degree of polymerization of the polyether diol is y
  • the molar amount is 1 mol.
  • the values of x and y are shown in Table 1.
  • the weight of the catalyst is 0.4-0.6wt% of the weight of the diisocyanate.
  • the preparation method of the battery of Example 16 is similar to that of Example 4, except that the number average molecular weight of the dispersant is different.
  • the catalyst dibutyltin dilaurate and the diisocyanate and aliphatic diol shown in Table 1 are added to the reactor, and tetrahydrofuran is used as the solvent. Then, the reaction temperature is controlled to be 35°C in a N2 atmosphere, and the reaction time is 3.5h. After the reaction, the polyether diol shown in Table 1 is added and stirred for 3h to obtain the dispersant shown in Table 1.
  • the molar amount of the diisocyanate and the aliphatic diol is x mol
  • the degree of polymerization of the polyether diol is y
  • the molar amount is 1 mol.
  • the values of x and y are shown in Table 1.
  • the weight of the catalyst is 0.4-0.6wt% of the weight of the diisocyanate.
  • the preparation method of the battery of Example 17 is similar to that of Example 4, except that the number average molecular weight of the dispersant is different.
  • the catalyst dibutyltin dilaurate and the diisocyanate and aliphatic diol shown in Table 1 are added to the reactor, and tetrahydrofuran is used as the solvent. Then, the reaction temperature is controlled to be 35°C in a N2 atmosphere, and the reaction time is 4h. After the reaction, the polyether diol shown in Table 1 is added and stirred for 3h to obtain the dispersant shown in Table 1.
  • the molar amount of the diisocyanate and the aliphatic diol is x mol, the degree of polymerization of the polyether diol is y, and the molar amount is 1 mol.
  • the values of x and y are shown in Table 1.
  • the weight of the catalyst is 0.4-0.6wt% of the weight of the diisocyanate.
  • the preparation method of the battery of Example 18 is similar to that of Example 1, except that the number average molecular weight of the dispersant is different.
  • the catalyst dibutyltin dilaurate and the diisocyanate and aliphatic diol (molar ratio 1:1) shown in Table 1 were added into the reactor, and tetrahydrofuran was used as the solvent. Then, the reaction temperature was controlled at 50°C in a N2 atmosphere. The reaction time is 4 hours; after the reaction is finished, the polyether diol shown in Table 1 is continuously added and stirred for 3 hours to obtain the dispersant shown in Table 1.
  • the molar amount of diisocyanate and aliphatic diol is x mol
  • the polymerization degree of polyether diol is y
  • the molar amount is 1 mol
  • the values of x and y are shown in Table 1.
  • the weight of the catalyst is 0.4-0.6wt% of the weight of the diisocyanate.
  • the preparation method of the battery is similar to that of Example 4, except that the weight content of the dispersant in the positive electrode film layer is different, as shown in Table 2 for details, and the weight content of the positive electrode conductor and the positive electrode binder remains unchanged.
  • the preparation method of the battery is similar to that of Example 1, except that the positive electrode film layer does not contain a dispersant.
  • the positive electrode active material lithium iron phosphate and the positive electrode conductive agent carbon black are dry-mixed to form solvent-free particles, and then the positive electrode binder PVDF and NMP are added and kneaded to obtain a positive electrode slurry with a solid content of 75%.
  • the positive electrode slurry is extruded through a twin-screw extruder to obtain a film with uniform thickness, and the prepared film is rolled and thinned to obtain a soft film, which is then compounded with the positive electrode current collector aluminum foil, and then placed in an oven for drying, and then further cold pressed and cut to obtain a positive electrode sheet.
  • the weight ratio of the positive electrode active material, the positive electrode conductive agent and the positive electrode binder is 97.5:0.7:1.8.
  • the preparation method of the battery of Comparative Example 2 is similar to that of Example 4, except that the number average molecular weight of the dispersant is different.
  • the catalyst dibutyltin dilaurate and the diisocyanate and aliphatic diol shown in Table 1 are added to the reactor, and tetrahydrofuran is used as the solvent. Then, the reaction temperature is controlled to be 35°C in a N2 atmosphere, and the reaction time is 6 hours. After the reaction, the polyether diol shown in Table 1 is added and stirred for 3 hours to obtain the dispersant shown in Table 1.
  • the molar amount of the diisocyanate and the aliphatic diol is x mol
  • the degree of polymerization of the polyether diol is y
  • the molar amount is 1 mol.
  • the values of x and y are shown in Table 1.
  • the weight of the catalyst is 0.4-0.6wt% of the weight of the diisocyanate.
  • the preparation method of the battery of Comparative Example 3 is similar to that of Example 4, except that the number average molecular weight of the dispersant is different.
  • the catalyst dibutyltin dilaurate and the diisocyanate and aliphatic diol shown in Table 1 are added to the reactor, and tetrahydrofuran is used as the solvent. Then, the reaction temperature is controlled to be 30°C in a N2 atmosphere, and the reaction time is 1h. After the reaction, the polyether diol shown in Table 1 is added and stirred for 3h to obtain the dispersant shown in Table 1.
  • the molar weight of the diisocyanate and the aliphatic diol is x mol
  • the degree of polymerization of the polyether diol is y
  • the molar weight is 1 mol.
  • the values of x and y are shown in Table 1.
  • the weight of the catalyst is 0.4-0.6wt% of the weight of the diisocyanate.
  • the preparation method of the battery is similar to that of Example 1, except that the dispersant uses the following compound, where x is 40.
  • the resistance tester can be Yuanneng Technology BER2500.
  • the battery was charged at a constant current of 0.33C to a full charge state (100% SOC), and then discharged at a constant current of 0.33C to 0.5Cn (Cn represents the battery capacity) to adjust the battery to 50% SOC; the battery was allowed to stand for 30 minutes, and the voltage after the end of the standing period was recorded as V1; thereafter, the battery was discharged at a current of 3C (recorded as I) for 30 seconds, and the discharge cut-off voltage was recorded as V2.
  • the DC internal resistance DCR of the battery is (V1-V2)/I, where V1 represents the static end voltage, V2 represents the discharge cut-off voltage, and I represents the discharge current.
  • the battery was charged to 3.65V at a constant current of 0.33C, and then continued to charge at a constant voltage to a current of 0.05C. After standing for 5 minutes, the battery was discharged to 2.5V at a constant current of 0.33C to obtain the discharge capacity of the battery at a rate of 0.33C; after the battery was allowed to stand for 30 minutes, it was charged to 3.65V at a constant current of 0.33C, and then charged to a current of 0.05C at a constant voltage. After standing for 5 minutes, the battery was discharged to 2.5V at a constant current of 3C to obtain the discharge capacity of the battery at a rate of 3C.
  • the rate performance of a battery is expressed as the ratio of the discharge capacity of the battery at a 3C rate to the discharge capacity of the battery at a 0.33C rate. The larger the ratio, the better the rate performance of the battery.
  • the battery was charged to 3.65V at 1C constant current, then continued to be charged at constant voltage to a current of 0.05C, and after standing for 30 minutes, the battery was discharged to 2.5V at 1C constant current, and stood for 30 minutes, and the discharge capacity C 0 of the battery was recorded.
  • the battery was cycled as follows: at 25°C, the battery was charged to 3.65V at 1C 0 constant current, then continued to be charged at constant voltage to a current of 0.05C, and after standing for 30 minutes, the battery was discharged to 2.5V at 1C 0 constant current, and stood for 30 minutes.
  • the discharge capacity of the first cycle of the battery is C 1 ; the battery was cycled according to the above method, the discharge capacity of the second cycle is C 2 , ..., and the discharge capacity of the 1200th cycle is C 1200 .
  • the cycle performance of the battery is represented by C 1200 /C 1. The larger the C 1200 /C 1 , the better the cycle performance of the battery.
  • Figure 7 is a cross-sectional view of the positive electrode sheet prepared in Example 4.
  • Figure 8 is a cross-sectional view of the positive electrode sheet prepared in Comparative Example 1.
  • the positive electrode conductive agent has obvious agglomeration problem; when the positive electrode sheet contains the dispersant provided in the embodiment of the present application, the positive electrode conductive agent particles are more evenly dispersed and the agglomeration problem is significantly reduced.
  • the dispersant provided in the embodiment of the present application has good dispersibility, can effectively reduce the agglomeration of the positive electrode conductive agent when added in a small amount, and can also reduce the resistance of the positive electrode plate, so that the battery can have high energy density, low impedance, good rate performance and cycle performance.
  • the dispersant includes the structure shown in B1 to B3 and/or includes a long side chain group with a specific functional group (carboxylate group, sulfonate group, sulfinate group, amide group, carbamate group, etc.), the resistance of the positive electrode sheet can be further reduced, and the impedance of the battery can be further reduced, and the rate performance and cycle performance of the battery can be improved.
  • a specific functional group carboxylate group, sulfonate group, sulfinate group, amide group, carbamate group, etc.
  • the structure and/or long side chain group shown in B1 to B3 can produce a certain steric hindrance at this time, and the functional groups such as carboxylate group, sulfonate group, sulfinate group, amide group, carbamate group in the side chain group of the dispersant can also make the dispersant have a better dispersion effect, so that it can better play a role in dispersibility and reduce the agglomeration of the positive electrode conductive agent, thereby further reducing the resistance of the positive electrode sheet, and can also reduce the impedance of the battery, and improve the rate performance and cycle performance of the battery.
  • the functional groups such as carboxylate group, sulfonate group, sulfinate group, amide group, carbamate group in the side chain group of the dispersant can also make the dispersant have a better dispersion effect, so that it can better play a role in dispersibility and reduce the agglomeration of the positive electrode conductive agent, thereby further reducing the resistance

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Abstract

本申请提供一种分散剂及其制备方法、正极浆料、正极极片及其制备方法、电池单体、电池和用电装置，正极极分散剂具有式(I)所示的结构，R1、R2、R3、x、y分别如本文所定义。

Description

分散剂及其制备方法、正极浆料、正极极片及其制备方法、电池单体、电池和用电装置 技术领域
本申请涉及一种分散剂及其制备方法、正极浆料、正极极片及其制备方法、电池单体、电池和用电装置。
背景技术
近年来，电池被广泛应用于水力、火力、风力和太阳能电站等储能电源系统，以及电动工具、电动自行车、电动摩托车、电动汽车、军事装备、航空航天等多个领域。随着电池的应用及推广，对电池循环性能和动力学性能的要求越来越高。目前，正极极片制备时，存在正极导电剂团聚的问题，其会影响电池的制备和性能。上述的陈述仅用于提供与本申请有关的背景技术信息，而不必然地构成现有技术。
发明内容
本申请提供一种分散剂及其制备方法、正极浆料、正极极片及其制备方法、电池单体、电池和用电装置，其可以减少正极导电剂的团聚，还可以使电池兼具高能量密度、低阻抗以及良好的电化学性能。
本申请第一方面提供一种分散剂，具有式(I)所示的结构，R1表示脂肪族、脂环族和/或芳香族二异氰酸酯的残基，R2表示脂肪族二元醇的残基，R3表示C2-C8亚烷基，y表示5-60的整数，所述分散剂的数均分子量为10000-60000。
本申请实施例提供的分散剂具有良好的分散性，可以在添加量较小的情况下，有效减少正极导电剂的团聚，还可以降低正极极片的电阻，从而可以使电池兼具高能量密度、低阻抗以及良好的电化学性能。
在任意实施例中，R1包括第一基团、第二基团、第三基团、第四基团中的至少一种。
在任意实施例中，所述第一基团包括C2-C10直链亚烷基，可选地包括C2-C6直链亚烷基。
在任意实施例中，所述第二基团包括
R11、R12、R13、R14分别独立地包括氢原子、C1-C12链状烷基、C1-C12氧杂链状烷基、C1-C12硫杂链状烷基、C3-C12链状烯基、3-6元含N杂环基、3-6元含O杂环基、A1至A6所示基团，并且R11、R12、R13、R14不同时为氢原子。
可选地，R11、R12、R13、R14分别独立地包括氢原子、C2-C8链状烷基、C3-C8氧杂链状烷基、C3-C8硫杂链状烷基、C4-C8链状烯基、A1至A6所示基团，并且R11、R12、R13、R14中的至少一者包括C3-C8氧杂链状烷基、C3-C8硫杂链状烷基、A1至A6所示基团。
R15分别独立地包括C1-C8链状烷基，可选地包括C1-C3链状烷基；R16分别独立地包括C1-C8链状亚烷基，可选地包括C1-C3链状亚烷基。
在任意实施例中，所述第三基团包括B1至B8所示基团，
可选地，所述第三基团包括如下基团：
在任意实施例中，所述第四基团包括D1至D7所示基团，
可选地，所述第四基团包括如下基团：
在任意实施例中，Ra分别独立地包括氰基、氨基、磺酸基及其盐、磺酸酯基、磷酸酯基、C1-C8氧杂链状烷基、C1-C8链状烷基中的一种或者多种的组合；Rb分别独立地包括氰基、氨基、磺酸基及其盐、磺酸酯基、磷酸酯基、C1-C8氧杂链状烷基、C1-C8链状烷基中的一种或者多种的组合；p分别独立地表示0-4的整数，可选地为0或1；q分别独立地表示0-6的整数，可选地为0或1。
在任意实施例中，R2包括如下基团：
R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26分别独立地包括氢原子、C1-C12链状烷基、E1至E4所示基团，并且R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26不同时为氢原子。可选地，R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26分别独立地包括氢原子、C1-C12链状烷基、E1至E4所示基团，并且R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26中的至少一者包括E1至E4所示基团。
R27分别独立地包括C1-C8链状烷基，可选地包括C1-C4链状烷基；R28分别独立地包括C1-C8链状亚烷基，可选地包括C1-C3链状亚烷基。
在任意实施例中，R3包括如下基团：
在任意实施例中，#表示连接位置。
在任意实施例中，R1包括第二基团、第三基团中的至少一种。
所述第二基团包括
R11、R12、R13、R14分别独立地包括氢原子、C2-C8链状烷基、C3-C8氧杂链状烷基、C3-C8硫杂链状烷基、A4至A6所示基团，并且R11、R12、R13、R14中的至少一者包括A4至A6所示基团；
R15分别独立地包括包括C1-C3链状烷基；R16分别独立地包括C1-C3链状亚烷基。
所述第三基团包括B1至B3所示基团，
Ra分别独立地包括氰基、氨基、磺酸基及其盐、磺酸酯基、磷酸酯基、C1-C3氧杂链状烷基、C1-C3链状烷基中的一种或者多种的组合，p分别独立地为0或1。
可选地，所述第三基团包括如下基团：
并且R2包括如下基团：
R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26分别独立地包括氢原子、C1-C12链状烷基、E1至E4所示基团，并且R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26不同时为氢原子；
R27分别独立地包括C1-C4链状烷基；R28分别独立地包括C1-C3链状亚烷基。
R1、R2在上述范围内时时，分散剂具有苯环结构和/或长侧链，由此可以产生一定的空间位阻，从而可以更好地起到分散性并减少正极导电剂的团聚，降低正极极片的电阻，还可以降低电池的阻抗和改善电极组件的界面性能，进而还可以提高电池的界面动力学和电池的循环性能等。同时，分散剂的侧链基团中还具有羧酸酯基、磺酸酯基、亚磺酸酯基等官能团，由此可以起到更好地分散效果，并可以在添加量较小的情况下，减少正极导电剂的团聚、降低正极极片的电阻。
在任意实施例中，R1包括第二基团、第三基团中的至少一种。
所述第二基团包括
R11、R12、R13、R14分别独立地包括氢原子、C2-C8链状烷基、C3-C8氧杂链状烷基、C3-C8硫杂链状烷基、A4至A6所示基团，并且R11、R12、R13、R14中的至少一者包括A4至A6所示基团；
R15分别独立地包括包括C1-C3链状烷基；R16分别独立地包括C1-C3链状亚烷基。
所述第三基团包括B1至B3所示基团，
Ra分别独立地包括氰基、氨基、磺酸基及其盐、磺酸酯基、磷酸酯基、C1-C3氧杂链状烷基、C1-C3链状烷基中的一种或者多种的组合，p分别独立地为0或1。
可选地，所述第三基团包括如下基团：
并且R2包括如下基团：
R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26分别独立地包括氢原子、C1-C12链状烷基、E1至E4所示基团，并且R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26中的至少一者包括E1至E4所示基团，
R27分别独立地包括C1-C4链状烷基；R28分别独立地包括C1-C3链状亚烷基。
R1、R2在上述范围内时，分散剂具有较长的侧链，由此可以产生一定的空间位阻，从而可以更好地起到分散性并减少正极导电剂的团聚，降低正极极片的电阻，还可以降低电池的阻抗和改善电极组件的界面性能，进而还可以提高电池的界面动力学和电池的循环性能等。同时，分散剂的侧链基团中还具有羧酸酯基、磺酸酯基、亚磺酸酯基、酰 胺基、氨基甲酸酯基等官能团，由此可以起到更好地分散效果，可以在添加量较小的情况下，减少正极导电剂的团聚、降低正极极片的电阻。
在任意实施例中，R1包括第一基团、第四基团中的至少一种。
所述第一基团包括C2-C6直链亚烷基。
所述第四基团包括D1至D7所示基团，
Ra分别独立地包括氰基、氨基、磺酸基及其盐、磺酸酯基、磷酸酯基、C1-C3氧杂链状烷基、C1-C3链状烷基中的一种或者多种的组合，p分别独立地为0或1。
可选地，所述第四基团包括如下基团：
并且R2包括如下基团：
R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26分别独立地包括氢原子、C1-C12链状烷基、E1至E4所示基团，并且R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26中的至少一者包括E1至E4所示基团，
R27分别独立地包括C1-C4链状烷基；R28分别独立地包括C1-C3链状亚烷基。
R1、R2在上述范围内时，分散剂具有较长的侧链，由此可以产生一定的空间位阻，从而可以更好地起到分散性并减少正极导电剂的团聚，降低正极极片的电阻，还可以降 低电池的阻抗和改善电极组件的界面性能，进而还可以提高电池的界面动力学和电池的循环性能等。同时，分散剂的侧链基团中还具有酰胺基、氨基甲酸酯基等官能团，由此可以起到更好地分散效果，可以在添加量较小的情况下，减少正极导电剂的团聚、降低正极极片的电阻。
在任意实施例中，x表示28-300的整数，可选为58-165的整数。x在上述范围内时，一方面可以起到良好的分散效果，另一方面还可以使电池具有较低的阻抗。
在任意实施例中，y表示15-40的整数，可选为25-35的整数。
在任意实施例中，所述分散剂的数均分子量为20000-50000，可选为20000-40000。分散剂的数均分子量在上述范围内时，一方面可以起到良好的分散效果，另一方面还可以使电池具有较低的阻抗。
本申请第二方面提供一种分散剂的制备方法，包括如下步骤：提供溶剂、催化剂、二异氰酸酯O＝C＝N—R1—N＝C＝O、脂肪族二元醇HO—R2—OH和聚醚型二元醇H—(O—R3)y—OH，所述二异氰酸酯O＝C＝N—R1—N＝C＝O、所述脂肪族二元醇HO—R2—OH、所述聚醚型二元醇H—(O—R3)y—OH的摩尔量之比为x:x:1，R1、R2、R3、x、y的定义分别如本申请第一方面所定义；将所述溶剂、所述催化剂、所述二异氰酸酯和所述脂肪族二元醇加入反应釜中进行逐步聚合反应，获得中间体；之后向反应釜中加入所述聚醚型二元醇，使所获得的中间体与所述聚醚型二元醇继续反应，结束后即获得分散剂。
在任意实施例中，将所述溶剂、所述催化剂、所述二异氰酸酯和所述脂肪族二元醇加入反应釜中进行逐步聚合反应的步骤中，反应温度为0-80℃。
在任意实施例中，将所述溶剂、所述催化剂、所述二异氰酸酯和所述脂肪族二元醇加入反应釜中进行逐步聚合反应的步骤中，反应时间为1-6h。
在任意实施例中，向反应釜中加入所述聚醚型二元醇，使所获得的中间体与所述聚醚型二元醇继续反应的时间为2-4h。
在任意实施例中，所述催化剂包括甲基丙烯酸酯、膦酸盐、有机铅、有机胺、有机锡中的一种或多种。
在任意实施例中，所述催化剂的重量为所述二异氰酸酯的重量的0.3-1.0wt％，可选为0.4-0.6wt％。
在任意实施例中，所述溶剂包括四氢呋喃、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、甲苯、二甲苯、丙酮、甲乙酮、环己酮、二氧六环中的一种或多种。
本申请第三方面提供一种正极浆料，包括固体组分以及溶剂，所述固体组分包括正极活性材料、正极导电剂、正极粘结剂和分散剂，其中，所述分散剂包括本申请第一方面的分散剂或通过本申请第二方面的方法制备的分散剂。
在任意实施例中，基于所述固体组分的总重量计，所述分散剂的含量为0.1-0.5wt％，可选为0.2-0.3wt％。
在任意实施例中，基于所述固体组分的总重量计，所述正极活性材料的含量为91.5-99.5wt％。
在任意实施例中，基于所述固体组分的总重量计，所述正极导电剂的含量为0.1-4wt％。
在任意实施例中，基于所述固体组分的总重量计，所述正极粘结剂的含量为0.1- 4wt％。
在任意实施例中，所述溶剂包括有机溶剂，可选为包括N-甲基吡咯烷酮。
在任意实施例中，所述正极浆料的固含量为50％-75％。
本申请第四方面提供一种正极极片，包括正极集流体以及设置在所述正极集流体至少一个表面上的正极膜层，其中，所述正极膜层包括正极活性材料、正极导电剂、正极粘结剂和分散剂，其中，所述分散剂包括本申请第一方面的分散剂或通过本申请第二方面的方法制备的分散剂。
在任意实施例中，基于所述正极膜层的总重量计，所述分散剂的含量为0.1-0.5wt％，可选为0.2-0.3wt％。分散剂的含量在上述范围内时，可以起到良好的分散效果，另外分散剂的聚合物链中的羧酸酯基、磺酸酯基、亚磺酸酯基、酰胺基、氨基甲酸酯基等官能团与电解液具有较强的亲和性，由此还可以增加正极极片的电解液浸润能力，缩短浸润时间，还可以使电池还具有高能量密度以及良好的动力学性能和循环性能。
在任意实施例中，基于所述正极膜层的总重量计，所述正极活性材料的含量为91.5-99.5wt％。
在任意实施例中，基于所述正极膜层的总重量计，所述正极导电剂的含量为0.1-4wt％。
在任意实施例中，基于所述正极膜层的总重量计，所述正极粘结剂的含量为0.1-4wt％。
在任意实施例中，所述正极活性材料能够脱出和嵌入锂离子或钠离子。
本申请第五方面提供一种正极极片的制备方法，包括步骤：将本申请第三方面的正极浆料涂布在正极集流体上，干燥、辊压后获得正极极片。
本申请第六方面提供另一种正极极片的制备方法，包括步骤：将正极导电剂、正极粘结剂、分散剂和溶剂混合形成导电浆料；将正极活性材料和导电浆料捏合形成团状物料；将所获得的团状物料经挤出或热压形成膜片；将所获得的膜片经辊压减薄后与正极集流体进行复合，干燥后获得正极极片。
在任意实施例中，所述导电浆料的固含量为3-20％。
在任意实施例中，所述团状物料的固含量为70％-95％。
本申请第七方面提供一种电池单体，包括本申请第四方面的正极极片，或通过本申请第五方面或第六方面所述的方法制备的正极极片。
在任意实施例中，所述电池单体包括锂离子电池单体、锂金属电池单体、钠离子电池单体、钠金属电池单体中的一种或多种。本申请第八方面提供一种电池，包括本申请第七方面的电池单体。
本申请第九方面提供一种用电装置，包括本申请第八方面的电池。
本申请的用电装置包括本申请提供的电池，因而至少具有与所述电池相同的优势。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本申请实施例的技术方案，下面将对本申请实施例中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍。显而易见地，下面所描述的附图仅仅是本申请的一些实施方式，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据附图获得其 他的附图。
图1是本申请一些实施例提供的电池单体的结构示意图。
图2是本申请一些实施例提供的电池单体的分解示意图。
图3是本申请一些实施例提供的电池模块的结构示意图。
图4是本申请一些实施例提供的电池包的结构示意图。
图5是图4所示的电池包的分解示意图。
图6是本申请一些实施例提供的用电装置的示意图。
图7是实施例4制备的正极极片的截面图。
图8是对比例1制备的正极极片的截面图。
在附图中，附图未必按照实际的比例绘制。附图标记说明如下：1、电池包；2、上箱体；3、下箱体；4、电池模块；5、电池单体；51、壳体；52、电极组件；53、盖板。
具体实施方式
以下，适当地参照附图详细说明具体公开了本申请的分散剂及其制备方法、正极浆料、正极极片及其制备方法、电池单体、电池和用电装置的实施方式。但是会有省略不必要的详细说明的情况。例如，有省略对已众所周知的事项的详细说明、实际相同结构的重复说明的情况。这是为了避免以下的说明不必要地变得冗长，便于本领域技术人员的理解。此外，附图及以下说明是为了本领域技术人员充分理解本申请而提供的，并不旨在限定权利要求书所记载的主题。
本申请所公开的“范围”以下限和上限的形式来限定，给定范围是通过选定一个下限和一个上限进行限定的，选定的下限和上限限定了特别范围的边界。这种方式进行限定的范围可以是包括端值或不包括端值的，并且可以进行任意地组合，即任何下限可以与任何上限组合形成一个范围。例如，如果针对特定参数列出了60-120和80-110的范围，理解为60-110和80-120的范围也是预料到的。此外，如果列出的最小范围值1和2，和如果列出了最大范围值3，4和5，则下面的范围可全部预料到：1-3、1-4、1-5、2-3、2-4和2-5。在本申请中，除非有其他说明，数值范围“a-b”表示a到b之间的任意实数组合的缩略表示，其中a和b都是实数。例如数值范围“0-5”表示本文中已经全部列出了“0-5”之间的全部实数，“0-5”只是这些数值组合的缩略表示。另外，当表述某个参数为≥2的整数，则相当于公开了该参数为例如整数2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12等。
如果没有特别的说明，本申请的所有实施方式以及可选实施方式可以相互组合形成新的技术方案，并且这样的技术方案应被认为包含在本申请的公开内容中。
如果没有特别的说明，本申请的所有技术特征以及可选技术特征可以相互组合形成新的技术方案，并且这样的技术方案应被认为包含在本申请的公开内容中。
如果没有特别的说明，本申请的所有步骤可以顺序进行，也可以随机进行，优选是顺序进行的。例如，所述方法包括步骤(a)和(b)，表示所述方法可包括顺序进行的步骤(a)和(b)，也可以包括顺序进行的步骤(b)和(a)。例如，所述提到所述方法还可包括步骤(c)，表示步骤(c)可以任意顺序加入到所述方法，例如，所述方法可以包括步骤(a)、(b)和(c)，也可包括步骤(a)、(c)和(b)，也可以包括步骤(c)、(a)和(b)等。
如果没有特别的说明，本申请所提到的“包括”和“包含”表示开放式，也可以是封闭式。例如，所述“包括”和“包含”可以表示还可以包括或包含没有列出的其他组分，也可以仅包括或包含列出的组分。
如果没有特别的说明，在本申请中，术语“或”是包括性的。举例来说，短语“A或B”表示“A，B，或A和B两者”。更具体地，以下任一条件均满足条件“A或B”：A为真(或存在)并且B为假(或不存在)；A为假(或不存在)而B为真(或存在)；或A和B都为真(或存在)。
如果没有特别的说明，在本申请中，术语“第一”、“第二”、“第三”等是用于区别不同对象，而不是用于描述特定顺序或主次关系。
除非另有说明，本申请中使用的术语具有本领域技术人员通常所理解的公知含义。
除非另有说明，本申请中提到的各参数的数值可以用本领域常用的各种测试方法进行测定，例如，可以按照本申请的实施例中给出的测试方法进行测定。除非另有说明，各参数的测试温度均为25℃。
术语“链状烷基”涵盖直链烷基和支链烷基。链状烷基的实例包括但不限于甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基、叔丁基、戊基、异戊基等。在各种实施例中，C1-C12链状烷基即链状烷基可含有1-12个碳原子。
术语“链状亚烷基”涵盖直链亚烷基和支链亚烷基。链状烷基的实例包括但不限于亚甲基、亚乙基、亚丙基、亚丁基等。在各种实施例中，C1-C12链状亚烷基即链状亚烷基可含有1-12个碳原子。
术语“氧杂链状烷基”是指主链上含有氧原子的链状烷基。氧杂链状烷基中的氧原子的数量可以是一个，也可以是多个。在各种实施例中，C1-C12氧杂链状烷基即氧杂链状烷基可含有1-12个碳原子。
术语“硫杂链状烷基”是指主链上含有硫原子的链状烷基。硫杂链状烷基中的硫原子的数量可以是一个，也可以是多个。在各种实施例中，C1-C12硫杂链状烷基即硫杂链状烷基可含有1-12个碳原子。
术语“链状烯基”涵盖直链烯基和支链烯基。链状烯基中碳碳双键的个数可以是一个，也可以是多个。链状烯基的实例包括但不限于乙烯基、丙烯基、烯丙基、丁烯基等。在各种实施例中，C3-C12链状烯基即链状烯基可含有3-12个碳原子。
术语“3-6元含N杂环基”是指环上碳原子与N原子的总数为3-6。3-6元含N杂环基包括脂杂环基和芳杂环基。作为示例，3-6元含N杂环基包括但不限于氮杂环丙烷基、氮杂环环丁烷基、四氢吡咯基、哌啶基、吡咯基、吡啶基等。
术语“3-6元含O杂环基”是指环上碳原子与O原子的总数为3-6。3-6元含O杂环基包括脂杂环基和芳杂环基。作为示例，3-6元含O杂环基包括但不限于环氧丙烷基、氧杂环丁烷基、四氢呋喃基、四氢吡喃基、呋喃基、吡喃基等。
在本说明书的各处，“#”出现时表示连接位置。
在本说明书的各处，单键穿过环或环体系的表示方法是指单键可以连接在该环或环体系的任意可接入位置。
在本说明书的各处，化合物的取代基以组或范围公开。明确地预期这种描述包括这些组和范围的成员的每一个单独的子组合。例如，明确地预期术语“C1-C6烷基”单独地 公开C1、C2、C3、C4、C5、C6、C1-C6、C1-C5、C1-C4、C1-C3、C1-C2、C2-C6、C2-C5、C2-C4、C2-C3、C3-C6、C3-C5、C3-C4、C4-C6、C4-C5、C5-C6烷基。作为其它实例，明确地预期范围为3-10的整数单独地公开3、4、5、6、7、8、9和10。据此，可明确地预期其它组或范围。
本申请的实施例中所提到的电池可以为包括一个或多个电池单体以提供更高的电压和容量的单一的物理模块。例如，本申请中所提到的电池可包括电池单体、电池模块或电池包等。
电池单体是组成电池的最小单元，其独自能够实现充放电的功能。电池单体可呈圆柱体、扁平体、长方体或其它形状等，本申请实施例对此并不限定。如图1是作为一个示例的长方体结构的电池单体5。
电池单体有多个时，多个电池单体通过汇流部件串联、并联或混联。在一些实施例中，电池可以为电池模块；电池单体有多个时，多个电池单体排列并固定形成一个电池模块。在一些实施例中，电池可以为电池包，电池包包括箱体和电池单体，电池单体或电池模块容纳于箱体中。在一些实施例中，箱体可以作为车辆的底盘结构的一部分。例如，箱体的部分可以成为车辆的底板的至少一部分，或者，箱体的部分可以成为车辆的横梁和纵梁的至少一部分。
在一些实施例中，电池可以为储能装置。储能装置包括储能集装箱、储能电柜等。
本申请的实施例提供的电池单体包括锂离子电池单体、锂金属电池单体、钠离子电池单体、钠金属电池单体等，本申请实施例对此并不限定。
电池单体一般包括电极组件和电解质。电极组件通常包括正极极片、负极极片以及位于正极极片和负极极片之间的隔离膜，电极组件可以是卷绕式结构，也可以是叠片式结构，本申请实施例对此并不限定。
电池单体还可包括外包装，外包装可用于封装电极组件和电解质。外包装可以是硬壳，例如硬塑料壳、铝壳、钢壳等。外包装也可以是软包，例如袋式软包。软包的材质可以是塑料，如聚丙烯(PP)、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)和聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)中的一种或多种。
在一些实施例中，如图2所示，外包装可包括壳体51和盖板53。壳体51可包括底板和连接于底板上的侧板，底板和侧板围合形成容纳腔。壳体51具有与容纳腔连通的开口，盖板53用于盖设开口，以封闭容纳腔。电极组件52封装于容纳腔。电池单体5所含电极组件52的数量可以为一个或多个，可根据需求来调节。
在一些实施例中，电池单体可以组装成电池模块，电池模块所含电池单体的数量可以为多个，具体数量可根据电池模块的应用和容量来调节。图3是作为一个示例的电池模块4的示意图。如图3所示，在电池模块4中，多个电池单体5可以是沿电池模块4的长度方向依次排列设置。当然，也可以按照其他任意的方式进行排布。进一步可以通过紧固件将该多个电池单体5进行固定。
可选地，电池模块4还可包括具有容纳空间的外壳，多个电池单体5容纳于该容纳空间。
在一些实施例中，上述电池模块还可以组装成电池包，电池包所含电池模块的数量可以根据电池包的应用和容量进行调节。
图4和图5是作为一个示例的电池包1的示意图。如图4和图5所示，在电池包1中可包括箱体和设置于箱体中的多个电池模块4。箱体包括上箱体2和下箱体3，上箱体2用于盖设下箱体3，并形成用于容纳电池模块4的封闭空间。多个电池模块4可以按照任意的方式排布于箱体中。
正极极片包括正极集流体以及设置在正极集流体至少一个表面的正极膜层，正极膜层通常包括正极活性材料、正极导电剂和正极粘结剂。正极极片可以经由湿法工艺制备，也可以经由干法工艺制备。
湿法工艺通常是将正极浆料涂布在正极集流体上，经干燥、冷压等工序制成正极极片。正极浆料通常是将正极活性材料、正极导电剂、正极粘结剂等分散于溶剂中并搅拌均匀而形成的。正极导电剂通常会选择导电性能较好的纳米颗粒，其通常具有较大的比表面积，由此使得正极导电剂与正极活性材料混合过程中容易发生自身团聚，从而导致正极浆料粘度过高或固含量过低，进而造成涂布困难。干法工艺制备正极极片的过程中也存在正极导电剂的团聚问题，由此导致正极膜层分散不均匀。
正极浆料和/或正极膜层的分散性会影响电池的一致性。在正极极片中加入分散剂有助于降低正极导电剂颗粒的表面能，减少正极导电剂的团聚，提升正极浆料和/或正极膜层的分散均匀性。但是，目前采用的分散剂需要在用量较大的情况下，才可以有效减少正极导电剂的团聚，由此会降低电池的能量密度。
鉴于此，发明人提供了一种新的分散剂，其可以在添加量较小、不影响电池能量密度的情况下，有效减少正极导电剂的团聚，还可以降低电池阻抗，改善电池的电化学性能。
本申请实施例提供的分散剂具有式(I)所示的结构。
R1表示脂肪族、脂环族和/或芳香族二异氰酸酯的残基，R2表示脂肪族二元醇的残基，R3表示C2-C8亚烷基，y表示5-60的整数，分散剂的数均分子量为10000-60000。
分散剂可由O＝C＝N—R1—N＝C＝O、HO—R2—OH、H—(O—R3)y—OH聚合得到。O＝C＝N—R1—N＝C＝O表示脂肪族、脂环族和/或芳香族二异氰酸酯，HO—R2—OH表示脂肪族二元醇，H—(O—R3)y—OH表示聚醚型二元醇。
R1表示脂肪族、脂环族和/或芳香族二异氰酸酯的残基，即脂肪族、脂环族和/或芳香族二异氰酸酯O＝C＝N—R1—N＝C＝O去掉两端的异氰酸酯基后的剩余基团。
R2表示脂肪族二元醇的残基，即脂肪族二元醇HO—R2—OH去掉两端的羟基后的剩余基团。
本申请实施例提供的分散剂可以用于电池的正极中。
本申请实施例提供的分散剂的分子链较长，由此可以很好地吸附在正极导电剂颗粒表面，改变正极导电剂颗粒表面电荷分布状态，并形成双电层，使相邻的正极导电剂颗粒之间产生静电斥力；另外，分散剂吸附在正极导电剂颗粒表面，还可以产生一定厚度的吸附层锚定在正极导电剂颗粒表面，其分子链中的聚醚链段可以增强分散剂与溶剂的 相溶性，使相邻正极导电剂颗粒上的分散剂因体积效应而相互相斥，由此可以维持体系的稳定性，提高正极导电剂的分散效果。
分散剂的端基为羟基，其可以使分散剂更好地与正极粘结剂、正极导电剂和正极活性材料作用，由此可以进一步提升其分散效果；同时还可以提高正极粘结剂与正极活性材料之间的亲和力，降低烘干收缩应力，从而还可以改善极片开裂问题。
本申请实施例提供的分散剂中，分散剂的数均分子量为10000-60000。由此可以使分散剂具有良好的分散效果，同时还可以使电池具有较低的阻抗，进而可以使电池具有良好的动力学性能和循环性能。
发明人研究发现，分散剂的数均分子量过小时，在同等添加量下，分散剂的分散效果差，不能很好地减少正极导电剂的团聚问题和/或正极浆料的凝胶问题；分散剂的数均分子量过大时，分散剂自身的粘度将过大，由此导致其反应活性大大降低，同时还会增加离子迁移阻力，进而会影响电池的动力学性能和循环性能。
因此，本申请实施例提供的分散剂具有良好的分散性，可以在添加量较小的情况下，有效减少正极导电剂的团聚，还可以降低正极极片的电阻，从而可以使电池兼具高能量密度、低阻抗以及良好的电化学性能，例如电池可以具有良好的动力学性能和循环性能。
在一些实施例中，分散剂的数均分子量可以为20000-50000，可选为20000-40000。分散剂的数均分子量在上述范围内时，一方面可以起到良好的分散效果，另一方面还可以使电池具有较低的阻抗。
分散剂的数均分子量具有本领域公知的含义，可以用本领域已知的仪器和方法进行测试。例如，可以通过凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC)进行测试。
y表示5-60的整数，例如，y可以表示5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40、45、50、55、60、或上述任意数值组成的范围。在一些实施例中，y可以表示15-40的整数，可选为25-35的整数。
在一些实施例中，x可以表示28-300的整数，例如，x可以表示28、45、58、65、77、88、95、100、110、125、135、150、165、180、220、250、300、或上述任意数值组成的范围。可选地，x可以表示58-165的整数。x在上述范围内时，一方面可以起到良好的分散效果，另一方面还可以使电池具有较低的阻抗。
在一些实施例中，R1包括第一基团、第二基团、第三基团、第四基团中的至少一种。
第一基团包括C2-C10直链亚烷基，可选地包括C2-C6直链亚烷基。
第二基团包括
R11、R12、R13、R14分别独立地包括氢原子、C1-C12链状烷基、C1-C12氧杂链状烷基、C1-C12硫杂链状烷基、C3-C12链状烯基、3-6元含N杂环基、3-6元含O杂环基、A1至A6所示基团，并且R11、R12、R13、R14不同时为氢原子。
可选地，R11、R12、R13、R14分别独立地包括氢原子、C2-C8链状烷基、C3-C8氧杂链状烷基、C3-C8硫杂链状烷基、C4-C8链状烯基、A1至A6所示基团，并且R11、R12、 R13、R14中的至少一者包括C3-C8氧杂链状烷基、C3-C8硫杂链状烷基、A1至A6所示基团。
R15分别独立地包括C1-C8链状烷基，可选地包括C1-C3链状烷基。
R16分别独立地包括C1-C8链状亚烷基，可选地包括C1-C3链状亚烷基。
作为示例，R11、R12、R13、R14可以分别独立地包括氢原子、-CH3、-CH2CH3、-(CH2)2CH3、-(CH2)3CH3、-(CH2)4CH3、-(CH2)5CH3、-(CH2)6CH3、-(CH2)7CH3、-CH2OCH3、-CH2OCH2CH3、-CH2O(CH2)2CH3、-CH2O(CH2)3CH3、-CH2O(CH2)4CH3、-CH2O(CH2)5CH3、-CH2O(CH2)6CH3、-(CH2)2O(CH2)5CH3、-(CH2)3O(CH2)4CH3、-CH2SCH3、-CH2SCH2CH3、-CH2S(CH2)2CH3、-CH2S(CH2)3CH3、-CH2S(CH2)4CH3、-CH2S(CH2)5CH3、-CH2S(CH2)6CH3、-(CH2)2S(CH2)5CH3、-(CH2)3S(CH2)4CH3、-CH2CH＝CH2、-CH2CH＝CHCH3、-CH2CH＝CHCH2CH3、-CH2CH2CH＝CHCH2CH3、-COOCH3、-COOCH2CH3、-COO(CH2)2CH3、-COO(CH2)3CH3、-COO(CH2)4CH3、-CH2COOCH2CH3、-CH2COO(CH2)2CH3、-CH2COO(CH2)3CH3、-(CH2)2COO(CH2)3CH3、-SO3CH3、-SO3CH2CH3、-SO3(CH2)2CH3、-SO3(CH2)3CH3、-SO3(CH2)4CH3、-CH2SO3CH2CH3、-CH2SO3(CH2)2CH3、-CH2SO3(CH2)3CH3、-(CH2)2SO3CH3、-(CH2)2SO3CH2CH3、-(CH2)2SO3(CH2)2CH3、-SO2CH3、-SO2CH2CH3、-SO2(CH2)2CH3、-SO2(CH2)3CH3、-SO2(CH2)4CH3、-CH2SO2CH2CH3、-CH2SO2(CH2)2CH3、-CH2SO2(CH2)3CH3、-(CH2)2SO2CH3、-(CH2)2SO2CH2CH3、-(CH2)2SO2(CH2)2CH3、氮杂环丙烷基、氮杂环环丁烷基、四氢吡咯基、哌啶基、吡咯基、吡啶基、环氧丙烷基、氧杂环丁烷基、四氢呋喃基、四氢吡喃基、呋喃基、吡喃基等，并且R11、R12、R13、R14不同时为氢原子。
第三基团包括B1至B8所示基团，
可选地，第三基团包括如下基团：
第四基团包括D1至D7所示基团，
可选地，第四基团包括如下基团：
在上述第三基团和第四基团中，Ra分别独立地包括氰基、氨基、磺酸基及其盐、磺酸酯基、磷酸酯基、C1-C8氧杂链状烷基、C1-C8链状烷基中的一种或者多种的组合；Rb分别独立地包括氰基、氨基、磺酸基及其盐、磺酸酯基、磷酸酯基、C1-C8氧杂链状烷基、C1-C8链状烷基中的一种或者多种的组合；p分别独立地表示0-4的整数，可选地为0或1；q分别独立地表示0-6的整数，可选地为0或1。
在一些实施例中，R2包括如下基团：
R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26分别独立地包括氢原子、C1-C12链状烷基、E1至E4所示基团，并且R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26不同时为氢原子。
可选地，R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26分别独立地包括氢原子、C1-C12链状烷基、E1至E4所示基团，并且R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26中的至少一者包括E1至E4所示基团。
R27分别独立地包括C1-C8链状烷基，可选地包括C1-C4链状烷基。
R28分别独立地包括C1-C8链状亚烷基，可选地包括C1-C3链状亚烷基。
作为示例，R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26可以分别独立地包括氢原子、-CH3，-CH2CH3、-(CH2)2CH3-、-(CH2)3CH3、-(CH2)4CH3、-CONHCH3、-CONHCH2CH3、-CONH(CH2)2CH3、-CONH(CH2)3CH3、-CH2CONHCH2CH3、-CH2CONHCH2CH3、-CH2CONH(CH2)2CH3、-(CH2)2CONHCH2CH3、-(CH2)3CONHCH3、-CHOCONHCH3、-CHOCONHCH2CH3，并且R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26不同时为氢原子。
在一些实施例中，R3包括如下基团：
在一些实施例中，R1包括第二基团、第三基团中的至少一种。
第二基团包括
R11、R12、R13、R14分别独立地包括氢原子、C2-C8链状烷基、C3-C8氧杂链状烷基、C3-C8硫杂链状烷基、A4至A6所示基团，并且R11、R12、R13、R14中的至少一者包括A4至A6所示基团。
R15分别独立地包括包括C1-C3链状烷基；R16分别独立地包括C1-C3链状亚烷基。
第三基团包括B1至B3所示基团，
Ra分别独立地包括氰基、氨基、磺酸基及其盐、磺酸酯基、磷酸酯基、C1-C3氧杂链状烷基、C1-C3链状烷基中的一种或者多种的组合，p分别独立地为0或1。
可选地，第三基团包括如下基团：
并且R2包括如下基团：
R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26分别独立地包括氢原子、C1-C12链状烷基、E1至E4所示基团，并且R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26不同时为氢原子。
R27分别独立地包括C1-C4链状烷基；R28分别独立地包括C1-C3链状亚烷基。
R1、R2在上述范围内时时，分散剂具有苯环结构和/或长侧链，由此可以产生一定的空间位阻，从而可以更好地起到分散性并减少正极导电剂的团聚，降低正极极片的电阻，还可以降低电池的阻抗和改善电极组件的界面性能，进而还可以提高电池的界面动力学和电池的循环性能等。同时，分散剂的侧链基团中还具有羧酸酯基、磺酸酯基、亚磺酸酯基等官能团，由此可以起到更好地分散效果，并可以在添加量较小的情况下，减少正极导电剂的团聚、降低正极极片的电阻。
在一些实施例中，R1包括第一基团、第四基团中的至少一种。
第一基团包括C2-C6直链亚烷基。
第四基团包括D1至D7所示基团，
Ra分别独立地包括氰基、氨基、磺酸基及其盐、磺酸酯基、磷酸酯基、C1-C3氧杂链状烷基、C1-C3链状烷基中的一种或者多种的组合，p分别独立地为0或1。
可选地，第四基团包括如下基团：
并且R2包括如下基团：
R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26分别独立地包括氢原子、C1-C12链状烷基、E1至E4所示基团，并且R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26中的至少一者包括E1至E4所示基团。
R27分别独立地包括C1-C4链状烷基；R28分别独立地包括C1-C3链状亚烷基。
R1、R2在上述范围内时，分散剂具有较长的侧链，由此可以产生一定的空间位阻，从而可以更好地起到分散性并减少正极导电剂的团聚，降低正极极片的电阻，还可以降低电池的阻抗和改善电极组件的界面性能，进而还可以提高电池的界面动力学和电池的循环性能等。同时，分散剂的侧链基团中还具有酰胺基、氨基甲酸酯基等官能团，由此 可以起到更好地分散效果，可以在添加量较小的情况下，减少正极导电剂的团聚、降低正极极片的电阻。
在一些实施例中，R1包括第二基团、第三基团中的至少一种。
第二基团包括
R11、R12、R13、R14分别独立地包括氢原子、C2-C8链状烷基、C3-C8氧杂链状烷基、C3-C8硫杂链状烷基、A4至A6所示基团，并且R11、R12、R13、R14中的至少一者包括A4至A6所示基团。
R15分别独立地包括包括C1-C3链状烷基；R16分别独立地包括C1-C3链状亚烷基。
第三基团包括B1至B3所示基团，
Ra分别独立地包括氰基、氨基、磺酸基及其盐、磺酸酯基、磷酸酯基、C1-C3氧杂链状烷基、C1-C3链状烷基中的一种或者多种的组合，p分别独立地为0或1。
可选地，第三基团包括如下基团：
并且R2包括如下基团：
R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26分别独立地包括氢原子、C1-C12链状烷基、E1至E4所示基团，并且R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26中的至少一者包括E1至E4所示基团。
R27分别独立地包括C1-C4链状烷基；R28分别独立地包括C1-C3链状亚烷基。
R1、R2在上述范围内时，分散剂具有较长的侧链，由此可以产生一定的空间位阻，从而可以更好地起到分散性并减少正极导电剂的团聚，降低正极极片的电阻，还可以降低电池的阻抗和改善电极组件的界面性能，进而还可以提高电池的界面动力学和电池的循环性能等。同时，分散剂的侧链基团中还具有羧酸酯基、磺酸酯基、亚磺酸酯基、酰胺基、氨基甲酸酯基等官能团，由此可以起到更好地分散效果，可以在添加量较小的情况下，减少正极导电剂的团聚、降低正极极片的电阻。
[分散剂的制备方法]
本申请实施例还提供一种制备上述分散剂的方法。
所述方法包括如下步骤：提供溶剂、催化剂、二异氰酸酯O＝C＝N—R1—N＝C＝O、脂肪族二元醇HO—R2—OH和聚醚型二元醇H—(O—R3)y—OH，二异氰酸酯O＝C＝N—R1—N＝C＝O、脂肪族二元醇HO—R2—OH、聚醚型二元醇H—(O—R3)y—OH的摩尔量之比为x:x:1，R1、R2、R3、x、y的定义分别如上文所定义。
将溶剂、催化剂、二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇加入反应釜中进行逐步聚合反应，获得中间体；之后向反应釜中加入聚醚型二元醇，使所获得的中间体与聚醚型二元醇继续反应，结束后即获得分散剂。
在一些实施例中，将溶剂、催化剂、二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇加入反应釜中进行逐步聚合反应的步骤中，反应温度可以为0-80℃，可选为30-55℃。
在一些实施例中，将溶剂、催化剂、二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇加入反应釜中进行逐步聚合反应的步骤中，反应时间可以为1-6h，可选为1.5-4h。
在一些实施例中，向反应釜中加入聚醚型二元醇，使所获得的中间体与聚醚型二元醇继续反应的时间可以为2-4h，可选为2.5-3.5h。
在一些实施例中，催化剂可以包括但不限于甲基丙烯酸酯、膦酸盐、有机铅(如醋酸铅、辛酸铅)、有机胺(如三乙烯二胺DABCO、三乙胺、三甲基苄胺、二甲基乙醇胺、吗啡啉)、有机锡(如二月桂酸二丁基锡、辛酸亚锡)中的一种或多种。
在一些实施例中，催化剂的重量可以为二异氰酸酯的重量的0.3-1.0wt％，可选为0.4-0.6wt％。
在一些实施例中，溶剂可以包括但不限于四氢呋喃、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、甲苯、二甲苯、丙酮、甲乙酮、环己酮、二氧六环中的一种或多种。
[正极极片]
本申请实施例还提供一种正极极片。
正极极片包括正极集流体以及设置在正极集流体至少一个表面上的正极膜层，正极膜层包括正极活性材料、正极导电剂、正极粘结剂和分散剂，其中，分散剂包括本申请实施例提供的分散剂或通过本申请实施例提供的方法制备的分散剂。
正极集流体具有在自身厚度方向相对的两个表面，正极膜层设置在正极集流体的两个相对表面中的任意一者或两者上。
在一些实施例中，基于正极膜层的总重量计，分散剂的含量可以为0.1-0.5wt％，可选为0.1-0.4wt％，0.2-0.4wt％，0.2-0.3wt％。分散剂的含量在上述范围内时，可以起到良好的分散效果，另外分散剂的聚合物链中的羧酸酯基、磺酸酯基、亚磺酸酯基、酰胺基、 氨基甲酸酯基等官能团与电解液具有较强的亲和性，由此还可以增加正极极片的电解液浸润能力，缩短浸润时间，还可以使电池还具有高能量密度以及良好的动力学性能和循环性能。
在一些实施例中，基于正极膜层的总重量计，正极活性材料的含量可以为91.5-99.5wt％。正极活性材料的含量在上述范围内时，可以使电池具有高能量密度。
在一些实施例中，基于正极膜层的总重量计，正极导电剂的含量可以为0.1-4wt％。
在一些实施例中，基于正极膜层的总重量计，正极粘结剂的含量可以为0.1-4wt％。
正极活性材料可以采用本领域已知的材料，本申请实施例对此并不限定。
正极活性材料能够脱出和嵌入锂离子或钠离子。
在一些实施例中，当电池单体为锂离子电池单体、锂金属电池单体时，正极活性材料可包括但不限于锂过渡金属氧化物、含锂磷酸盐、及其各自的改性化合物中的一种或多种。锂过渡金属氧化物的示例可包括但不限于锂钴氧化物、锂镍氧化物、锂锰氧化物、锂镍钴氧化物、锂锰钴氧化物、锂镍锰氧化物、锂镍钴锰氧化物、锂镍钴铝氧化物、及其各自的改性化合物中的一种或多种。含锂磷酸盐的示例可包括但不限于磷酸铁锂、磷酸铁锂与碳的复合材料、磷酸锰锂、磷酸锰锂与碳的复合材料、磷酸锰铁锂、磷酸锰铁锂与碳的复合材料、及其各自的改性化合物中的一种或多种。这些正极活性材料可以仅单独使用一种，也可以将两种以上组合使用。
在一些实施例中，为了进一步提升电池的能量密度，正极活性材料可包括通式为LiaNibCocMdOeAf的锂过渡金属氧化物及其改性化合物中的一种或多种。0.8≤a≤1.2，0.5≤b＜1，0＜c＜1，0＜d＜1，1≤e≤2，0≤f≤1，M包括Mn、Al、Zr、Zn、Cu、Cr、Mg、Fe、V、Ti和B中的一种或多种，A包括N、F、S和Cl中的一种或多种。
作为示例，正极活性材料可包括LiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiMnO2、LiMn2O4、LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2(简写为NCM333)、LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2(简写为NCM523)、LiNi0.5Co0.25Mn0.25O2(简写为NCM211)、LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2(简写为NCM622)、LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2(简写为NCM811)、LiNi0.96Co0.02Mn0.02O2(简写为Ni96)、LiNi0.85Co0.15Al0.05O2、LiFePO4、LiMnPO4中的一种或多种。
在一些实施例中，当电池单体为钠离子电池单体、钠金属电池单体时，正极活性材料可包括但不限于钠过渡金属氧化物、聚阴离子材料(如磷酸盐、氟磷酸盐、焦磷酸盐、硫酸盐等)、普鲁士蓝类材料、及其各自的改性化合物中的一种或多种。这些正极活性材料可以仅单独使用一种，也可以将两种以上组合使用。
作为示例，正极活性材料可包括但不限于钠铁复合氧化物(如NaFeO2)、钠钴复合氧化物(如NaCoO2)、钠铬复合氧化物(如NaCrO2)、钠锰复合氧化物(如NaMnO2)、钠镍复合氧化物(如NaNiO2)、钠镍钛复合氧化物(如NaNi1/2Ti1/2O2)、钠镍锰复合氧化物(如NaNi1/2Mn1/2O2)、钠铁锰复合氧化物(如Na2/3Fe1/3Mn2/3O2)、钠镍钴锰复合氧化物(如NaNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2)、钠铁磷酸化合物(如NaFePO4)、钠锰磷酸化合物(如NaMnPO4)、钠钴磷酸化合物(如NaCoPO4)、普鲁士蓝类材料和通式为XpM’q(PO4)rOxY3-x的材料中的一种或多种。在通式XpM’q(PO4)rOxY3-x中，0＜p≤4，0＜q≤2，1≤r≤3，0≤x≤2，X包括H+、Li+、Na+、K+和NH4 +中的一种或多种，M’包括过渡金属，可选为包括V、Ti、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu和Zn中的一种或多种，Y包括卤素，可选为包 括F、Cl和Br中的一种或多种。
上述各正极活性材料的改性化合物可以是对正极活性材料进行掺杂改性和/或表面包覆改性。
本申请对正极导电剂的种类没有特别的限制。在一些实施例中，作为示例，正极导电剂可包括超导碳、导电石墨、乙炔黑、炭黑、科琴黑、碳点、碳纳米管、石墨烯和碳纳米纤维中的一种或多种。
本申请对正极粘结剂的种类没有特别的限制。在一些实施例中，作为示例，正极粘结剂可包括聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、偏氟乙烯-四氟乙烯-丙烯三元共聚物、偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯-四氟乙烯三元共聚物、四氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物和含氟丙烯酸酯类树脂中的一种或多种。
在一些实施例中，正极集流体可采用金属箔片或复合集流体。作为金属箔片的示例，可采用铝箔。复合集流体可包括高分子材料基层以及形成于高分子材料基层至少一个表面上的金属材料层。作为示例，金属材料可包括铝、铝合金、镍、镍合金、钛、钛合金、银和银合金中的一种或多种。作为示例，高分子材料基层可包括聚丙烯(PP)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)、聚苯乙烯(PS)和聚乙烯(PE)中的一种或多种。
[正极浆料]
本申请实施例还提供一种正极浆料。
正极浆料包括固体组分(即非溶剂组分)以及溶剂，固体组分包括正极活性材料、正极导电剂、正极粘结剂和分散剂，其中，分散剂包括本申请实施例提供的分散剂或通过本申请实施例提供的方法制备的分散剂。
在一些实施例中，基于固体组分的总重量计，分散剂的含量可以为0.1-0.5wt％，可选为0.2-0.3wt％。
在一些实施例中，基于固体组分的总重量计，正极活性材料的含量可以为91.5-99.5wt％。
在一些实施例中，基于固体组分的总重量计，正极导电剂的含量可以为0.1-4wt％。
在一些实施例中，基于固体组分的总重量计，正极粘结剂的含量可以为0.1-4wt％。
正极浆料通常是将正极活性材料、正极导电剂、正极粘结剂、分散剂以及任意的其他组分按照预定比例分散于溶剂中并搅拌均匀而形成的。
在一些实施例中，溶剂可以包括有机溶剂，例如，溶剂可以是N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)，但不限于此。
在一些实施例中，正极浆料的固含量可以为50％-75％。
[正极极片的制备方法]
本申请实施例还提供一种湿法制备正极极片的方法。所述方法包括步骤：将本申请实施例提供的正极浆料涂布在正极集流体上，干燥、辊压后获得正极极片。
在湿法制备正极极片的过程中，分散剂可以减少正极导电剂的团聚，降低电池的阻抗，还可以改善电极组件的界面性能，提高电池的界面动力学和电池的循环性能。另外，分散剂还可以减少正极浆料的凝胶问题，由此还可以改善正极极片的涂布性能和加工性能。
本申请实施例还提供另一种干法制备正极极片的方法。所述方法包括步骤：将正极导电剂、正极粘结剂、分散剂和溶剂混合形成导电浆料；将正极活性材料与导电浆料捏合形成团状物料；将所获得的团状物料经挤出或热压形成膜片；将所获得的膜片经辊压减薄后与正极集流体进行复合，干燥后获得正极极片。
在干法制备正极极片的过程中，分散剂可以减少正极导电剂的团聚，降低电池的阻抗，还可以改善电极组件的界面性能，提高电池的界面动力学和电池的循环性能。
在一些实施例中，将正极活性材料与导电浆料捏合形成团状物料的步骤中，采用的设备可以为密炼机、捏合机、双螺杆设备等。
在一些实施例中，将所获得的团状物料经挤出或热压形成膜片的步骤中，采用的设备可以为双螺杆挤出机、液压挤出机、柱塞挤出机、热压机、开炼机等。双螺杆挤出设备的螺纹元件可以由螺纹件、啮合块、齿形盘中的一种或多种进行组合，由此可以充分平衡剪切混合以及输送能力。
在一些实施例中，导电浆料的固含量可以为3-20％。
在一些实施例中，团状物料的固含量可以为70％-95％。团状物料含有少量溶剂，由此有利于挤出或热压形成的膜片的后续辊压减薄工艺。少量溶剂的作用类似“润滑剂”的作用，可以促进颗粒滑移，进而膜片在后续辊压减薄过程中不容易出现辊压过度的情况，并且挤出或热压形成的膜片还可以更柔软、加工性能可以更好、且更容易被压实和形成较厚的极片，进而有利于获得高能量密度的电池。在干法制备正极极片的过程中使用的溶剂量低于湿法制备正极极片的工艺，由此还可以降低原料成本和能耗成本，同时还可以减少环境污染。
[负极极片]
电池单体包括负极极片。负极极片的结构和组成可以根据电池单体的种类进行选择，本申请实施例对此并不限定。
在一些实施例中，负极极片可包括负极集流体以及设置在负极集流体至少一个表面上的负极膜层，负极膜层包括负极活性材料。
负极集流体具有在自身厚度方向相对的两个表面，负极膜层设置在负极集流体的两个相对表面中的任意一者或两者上。
在一些实施例中，负极集流体可采用金属箔片或复合集流体。作为金属箔片的示例，可采用铜箔、铜合金箔、铝箔、铝合金箔。复合集流体可包括高分子材料基层以及形成于高分子材料基层至少一个表面上的金属材料层。作为示例，金属材料可包括铜、铜合金、镍、镍合金、钛、钛合金、银和银合金中的一种或多种。作为示例，高分子材料基层可包括聚丙烯(PP)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)、聚苯乙烯(PS)和聚乙烯(PE)中的一种或多种。
负极活性材料可采用本领域公知的用于电池的负极活性材料。在一些实施例中，作为示例，负极活性材料可包括但不限于天然石墨、人造石墨、软碳、硬碳、硅基材料、锡基材料和钛酸锂中的一种或多种。硅基材料可包括单质硅、硅氧化物、硅碳复合物、硅氮复合物和硅合金材料中的一种或多种。锡基材料可包括单质锡、锡氧化物和锡合金材料中的一种或多种。本申请并不限定于这些材料，还可以使用其他可被用作电池负极活性材料的传统公知的材料。这些负极活性材料可以仅单独使用一种，也可以将两种以 上组合使用。
在一些实施例中，负极膜层还可选地包括负极导电剂。本申请对负极导电剂的种类没有特别的限制，作为示例，负极导电剂可包括超导碳、导电石墨、乙炔黑、碳黑、科琴黑、碳点、碳纳米管、石墨烯和碳纳米纤维中的一种或多种。
在一些实施例中，负极膜层还可选地包括负极粘结剂。本申请对负极粘结剂的种类没有特别的限制，作为示例，负极粘结剂可包括丁苯橡胶(SBR)、水溶性不饱和树脂SR-1B、水性丙烯酸类树脂(例如，聚丙烯酸PAA、聚甲基丙烯酸PMAA、聚丙烯酸钠PAAS)、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、聚乙烯醇(PVA)、海藻酸钠(SA)和羧甲基壳聚糖(CMCS)中的一种或多种。
在一些实施例中，负极膜层还可选地包括其他助剂。作为示例，其他助剂可包括增稠剂，例如，羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)、PTC热敏电阻材料等。
负极膜层通常是将负极浆料涂布在负极集流体上，经干燥、冷压而成的。负极浆料通常是将负极活性材料、可选的负极导电剂、可选地负极粘结剂、其他可选的助剂分散于溶剂中并搅拌均匀而形成的。溶剂可以是N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)或去离子水，但不限于此。
负极极片并不排除除了负极膜层之外的其他附加功能层。例如，在一些实施例中，负极极片还可包括夹在负极集流体和负极膜层之间、设置于负极集流体表面的导电底涂层(例如由导电剂和粘结剂组成)；在一些实施例中，负极极片还可包括覆盖在负极膜层表面的保护层。
在一些实施例中，负极极片可包括负极集流体以及设置在负极集流体至少一个表面上的第一金属层，第一金属层中的金属元素可包括碱金属元素中的一种或多种。
在一些实施例中，第一金属层中的金属材料可包括锂单质、锂合金、钠单质、钠合金中的一种或多种。
锂合金可以是金属锂与其他金属元素或非金属元素形成的合金。作为示例，锂合金中的其他金属元素可包括锡、锌、铝、镁、银、金、镓、铟、铂中的一种或多种元素，锂合金中的非金属元素可包括硼、碳、硅中的一种或多种元素。
钠合金可以是金属钠与其他金属元素或非金属元素形成的合金。作为示例，钠合金中的其他金属元素可包括锡、锌、铝、镁、银、金、镓、铟、铂中的一种或多种元素，钠合金中的非金属元素可包括硼、碳、硅中的一种或多种元素。
在一些实施例中，负极极片可包括负极集流体、不包括第一金属层，由此可以组装形成无负极金属电池单体。
在一些实施例中，负极极片还可以采用锂单质、锂合金、钠单质、钠合金的片材(或箔材)。
[电解质]
电池单体包括电解质。电解质在正极极片和负极极片之间起到传导离子的作用。本申请对电解质的种类没有具体的限制，可根据需求进行选择。例如，电解质可包括固态电解质、凝胶态电解质及液态电解质(即电解液)中的一种或多种。
在一些实施例中，电解质采用电解液，电解液包括电解质盐和溶剂。
当电池单体为锂离子电池单体、锂金属电池单体时，作为示例，电解质盐可包括六 氟磷酸锂(LiPF6)、四氟硼酸锂(LiBF4)、高氯酸锂(LiClO4)、六氟砷酸锂(LiAsF6)、双氟磺酰亚胺锂(LiFSI)、双三氟甲磺酰亚胺锂(LiTFSI)、三氟甲磺酸锂(LiTFS)、二氟草酸硼酸锂(LiDFOB)、二草酸硼酸锂(LiBOB)、二氟磷酸锂(LiPO2F2)、二氟二草酸磷酸锂(LiDFOP)和四氟草酸磷酸锂(LiTFOP)中的一种或多种。
当电池单体为钠离子电池单体、钠金属电池单体时，作为示例，电解质盐可包括六氟磷酸钠(NaPF6)、四氟硼酸钠(NaBF4)、高氯酸钠(NaClO4)、六氟砷酸钠(NaAsF6)、双氟磺酰亚胺钠(NaFSI)、双三氟甲磺酰亚胺钠(NaTFSI)、三氟甲磺酸钠(NaTFS)、二氟草酸硼酸钠(NaDFOB)、二草酸硼酸钠(NaBOB)、二氟磷酸钠(NaPO2F2)、二氟二草酸磷酸钠(NaDFOP)和四氟草酸磷酸钠(NaTFOP)中的一种或多种。
溶剂的种类不受具体的限制，可根据实际需求进行选择。在一些实施例中，作为示例，溶剂可包括碳酸乙烯酯(EC)、碳酸亚丙酯(PC)、碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)、碳酸二甲酯(DMC)、碳酸二丙酯(DPC)、碳酸甲丙酯(MPC)、碳酸乙丙酯(EPC)、碳酸亚丁酯(BC)、氟代碳酸亚乙酯(FEC)、甲酸甲酯(MF)、乙酸甲酯(MA)、乙酸乙酯(EA)、乙酸丙酯(PA)、丙酸甲酯(MP)、丙酸乙酯(EP)、丙酸丙酯(PP)、丁酸甲酯(MB)、丁酸乙酯(EB)、1,4-丁内酯(GBL)、环丁砜(SF)、二甲砜(MSM)、甲乙砜(EMS)、二乙砜(ESE)、二甲氧基甲烷、二乙氧基甲烷、二丙氧基甲烷、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、二甲氧基丙烷、1,2-二乙氧基乙烷、乙二醇甲基乙基醚、二乙二醇二甲醚、三乙二醇二甲醚、四乙二醇二甲醚中的一种或多种。
在一些实施例中，电解液中还可选地包括添加剂。例如，添加剂可包括负极成膜添加剂，也可包括正极成膜添加剂，还可包括能够改善电池某些性能的添加剂，例如改善电池过充性能的添加剂、改善电池高温性能的添加剂、改善电池低温功率性能的添加剂等。
[隔离膜]
电池单体还可以包括隔离膜。隔离膜可设置在正极极片和负极极片之间，主要起到防止内部短路的作用。本申请对隔离膜的种类没有特别的限制，可以选用任意公知的具有良好的化学稳定性和机械稳定性的多孔结构膜。
在一些实施例中，隔离膜的材质可包括玻璃纤维、无纺布、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚偏二氟乙烯、聚酰亚胺中的一种或多种。隔离膜可以是单层薄膜，也可以是多层复合薄膜。隔离膜为多层复合薄膜时，各层的材料相同或不同。
电池单体的制备方法是公知的。在一些实施例中，可将正极极片、隔离膜、负极极片和电解液组装形成电池单体。作为示例，可将正极极片、隔离膜、负极极片经卷绕工艺和/或叠片工艺形成电极组件，将电极组件置于外包装中，烘干后注入上述电解液，经过真空封装、静置、化成、整形等工序，得到电池单体。多个电池单体还可以进一步经由串联或并联或混联组成电池模块。多个电池模块还可以经由串联或并联或混联形成电池包。在一些实施例中，多个电池单体还可以直接组成电池包。
用电装置
本申请实施例还提供一种用电装置，用电装置包括本申请实施例提供的电池。电池可以用作用电装置的电源，也可以用作用电装置的能量存储单元。用电装置可以但不限于是移动设备(例如手机、平板电脑、笔记本电脑等)、电动车辆(例如纯电动车、混合动力电动车、插电式混合动力电动车、电动自行车、电动踏板车、电动高尔夫球车、电动卡车等)、电气列车、船舶及卫星、储能系统等。
用电装置可以根据其使用需求来选择电池的具体类型，例如电池单体、电池模块或电池包。
图6是作为一个示例的用电装置的示意图。该用电装置为纯电动车、混合动力电动车、或插电式混合动力电动车等。为了满足该用电装置对高功率和高能量密度的需求，可以采用电池包或电池模块。
作为另一个示例的用电装置可以是手机、平板电脑、笔记本电脑等。该用电装置通常要求轻薄化，可以采用电池单体作为电源。
实施例
下述实施例更具体地描述了本申请公开的内容，这些实施例仅仅用于阐述性说明，因为在本申请公开内容的范围内进行各种修改和变化对本领域技术人员来说是明显的。除非另有声明，以下实施例中所报道的所有份、百分比和比值都是基于重量计，而且实施例中使用的所有试剂都可商购获得或是按照常规方法进行合成获得，并且可直接使用而无需进一步处理，以及实施例中使用的仪器均可商购获得。
实施例1
(1)分散剂的制备
将催化剂二月桂酸二丁基锡以及表1所示的二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇(摩尔比1:1)加入反应釜中，溶剂采用四氢呋喃，之后在N2氛围中控制反应温度为50℃，反应时间为2.5h；结束后继续加入表1所示的聚醚型二元醇搅拌反应3h，即可得到表1所示的分散剂。二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇的摩尔量为x mol，聚醚型二元醇的聚合度为y，摩尔量为1mol，x和y的数值分别如表1所示。催化剂的重量为二异氰酸酯的重量的0.4-0.6wt％。
(2)正极极片的制备
将正极导电剂炭黑、正极粘结剂PVDF、上述制备的分散剂和溶剂NMP混合形成导电浆料，固含量为4.3％；将正极活性材料与导电浆料通过捏合机捏合形成团状物料，固含量为75％；将所获得的团状物料经双螺杆挤出机挤出得到厚度均匀的膜片，将制备好的膜片经辊压减薄得到柔软薄膜，之后与正极集流体铝箔进行复合，之后进入烘箱进行烘干，再经进一步冷压、分切后，得到正极极片。正极活性材料、正极导电剂、正极粘结剂、分散剂的重量比为97.2:0.7:1.8:0.3。
(3)负极极片的制备
将负极活性材料石墨、粘结剂丁苯橡胶(SBR)、增稠剂羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)、导电剂碳黑(Super P)按质量比96.2:1.8:1.2:0.8在适量的溶剂去离子水中充分搅拌混合，形成均匀的负极浆料；将负极浆料均匀涂覆于负极集流体铜箔的表面上，经干燥、冷压后，得到负极极片。
(4)电解液的制备
将碳酸亚乙酯(EC)、碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)按照按体积比 1:1:1进行混合得到有机溶剂，接着将充分干燥的LiPF6溶解于上述有机溶剂中，配制成浓度为1mol/L的电解液。
(5)隔离膜的制备
采用多孔聚乙烯膜作为隔离膜。
(6)电池的制备
将正极极片、隔离膜、负极极片按顺序堆叠并卷绕，得到电极组件；将电极组件置于外包装中，干燥后注入电解液，经过真空封装、静置、化成、整形等工序，得到电池。
实施例2
实施例2的电池的制备方法与实施例1类似，不同之处在于分散剂的种类和制备工艺不同。
将催化剂二月桂酸二丁基锡以及表1所示的二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇(摩尔比1:1)加入反应釜中，溶剂采用四氢呋喃，之后在N2氛围中控制反应温度为45℃，反应时间为2h；结束后继续加入表1所示的聚醚型二元醇搅拌反应3h，即可得到表1所示的分散剂。二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇的摩尔量为x mol，聚醚型二元醇的聚合度为y，摩尔量为1mol，x和y的数值分别如表1所示。催化剂的重量为二异氰酸酯的重量的0.4-0.6wt％。
实施例3
实施例3的电池的制备方法与实施例1类似，不同之处在于分散剂的种类和制备工艺不同。
将催化剂二月桂酸二丁基锡以及表1所示的二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇(摩尔比1:1)加入反应釜中，溶剂采用四氢呋喃，之后在N2氛围中控制反应温度为50℃，反应时间为2h；结束后继续加入表1所示的聚醚型二元醇搅拌反应3h，即可得到表1所示的分散剂。二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇的摩尔量为x mol，聚醚型二元醇的聚合度为y，摩尔量为1mol，x和y的数值分别如表1所示。催化剂的重量为二异氰酸酯的重量的0.4-0.6wt％。
实施例4
实施例4的电池的制备方法与实施例1类似，不同之处在于分散剂的种类和制备工艺不同。
将催化剂二月桂酸二丁基锡以及表1所示的二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇(摩尔比1:1)加入反应釜中，溶剂采用四氢呋喃，之后在N2氛围中控制反应温度为30℃，反应时间为2.5h；结束后继续加入表1所示的聚醚型二元醇搅拌反应3h，即可得到表1所示的分散剂。二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇的摩尔量为x mol，聚醚型二元醇的聚合度为y，摩尔量为1mol，x和y的数值分别如表1所示。催化剂的重量为二异氰酸酯的重量的0.4-0.6wt％。
实施例5
实施例5的电池的制备方法与实施例1类似，不同之处在于分散剂的种类和制备工艺不同。
将催化剂二月桂酸二丁基锡以及表1所示的二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇(摩尔比1:1)加入反应釜中，溶剂采用四氢呋喃，之后在N2氛围中控制反应温度为50℃，反应时间为2h；结束后继续加入表1所示的聚醚型二元醇搅拌反应3h，即可得到表1所示的分散剂。二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇的摩尔量为x mol，聚醚型二元醇的聚合度为y，摩尔量为1mol，x和y的数值分别如表1所示。催化剂的重量为二异氰酸酯的重量的0.4-0.6wt％。
实施例6
实施例6的电池的制备方法与实施例1类似，不同之处在于分散剂的种类和制备工艺不同。
将催化剂二月桂酸二丁基锡以及表1所示的二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇(摩尔比1:1)加入反应釜中，溶剂采用四氢呋喃，之后在N2氛围中控制反应温度为55℃，反应时间为2.5h；结束后继续加入表1所示的聚醚型二元醇搅拌反应3h，即可得到表1所示的分散剂。二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇的摩尔量为x mol，聚醚型二元醇的聚合度为y，摩尔量为1mol，x和y的数值分别如表1所示。催化剂的重量为二异氰酸酯的重量的0.4-0.6wt％。
实施例7
实施例7的电池的制备方法与实施例1类似，不同之处在于分散剂的种类和制备工艺不同。
将催化剂二月桂酸二丁基锡以及表1所示的二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇(摩尔比1:1)加入反应釜中，溶剂采用四氢呋喃，之后在N2氛围中控制反应温度为55℃，反应时间为3.5h；结束后继续加入表1所示的聚醚型二元醇搅拌反应3h，即可得到表1所示的分散剂。二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇的摩尔量为x mol，聚醚型二元醇的聚合度为y，摩尔量为1mol，x和y的数值分别如表1所示。催化剂的重量为二异氰酸酯的重量的0.4-0.6wt％。
实施例8
实施例8的电池的制备方法与实施例1类似，不同之处在于分散剂的种类和制备工艺不同。
将催化剂二月桂酸二丁基锡以及表1所示的二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇(摩尔比1:1)加入反应釜中，溶剂采用四氢呋喃，之后在N2氛围中控制反应温度为55℃，反应时间为3.5h；结束后继续加入表1所示的聚醚型二元醇搅拌反应3h，即可得到表1所示的分散剂。二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇的摩尔量为x mol，聚醚型二元醇的聚合度为y，摩尔量为1mol，x和y的数值分别如表1所示。催化剂的重量为二异氰酸酯的重量的0.4-0.6wt％。
实施例9
实施例9的电池的制备方法与实施例1类似，不同之处在于分散剂的种类和制备工艺不同。
将催化剂二月桂酸二丁基锡以及表1所示的二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇(摩尔比1:1)加入反应釜中，溶剂采用四氢呋喃，之后在N2氛围中控制反应温度为45℃，反应时间为3h；结束后继续加入表1所示的聚醚型二元醇搅拌反应3h，即可得到表1所示的分散剂。二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇的摩尔量为x mol，聚醚型二元醇的聚合度为y，摩尔 量为1mol，x和y的数值分别如表1所示。催化剂的重量为二异氰酸酯的重量的0.4-0.6wt％。
实施例10
实施例10的电池的制备方法与实施例1类似，不同之处在于分散剂的种类和制备工艺不同。
将催化剂二月桂酸二丁基锡以及表1所示的二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇(摩尔比1:1)加入反应釜中，溶剂采用四氢呋喃，之后在N2氛围中控制反应温度为35℃，反应时间为1.5h；结束后继续加入表1所示的聚醚型二元醇搅拌反应3h，即可得到表1所示的分散剂。二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇的摩尔量为x mol，聚醚型二元醇的聚合度为y，摩尔量为1mol，x和y的数值分别如表1所示。催化剂的重量为二异氰酸酯的重量的0.4-0.6wt％。
实施例11
实施例11的电池的制备方法与实施例1类似，不同之处在于分散剂的种类和制备工艺不同。
将催化剂二月桂酸二丁基锡以及表1所示的二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇(摩尔比1:1)加入反应釜中，溶剂采用四氢呋喃，之后在N2氛围中控制反应温度为35℃，反应时间为2.5h；结束后继续加入表1所示的聚醚型二元醇搅拌反应3h，即可得到表1所示的分散剂。二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇的摩尔量为x mol，聚醚型二元醇的聚合度为y，摩尔量为1mol，x和y的数值分别如表1所示。催化剂的重量为二异氰酸酯的重量的0.4-0.6wt％。
实施例12
实施例12的电池的制备方法与实施例1类似，不同之处在于分散剂的种类和制备工艺不同。
将催化剂二月桂酸二丁基锡以及表1所示的二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇(摩尔比1:1)加入反应釜中，溶剂采用四氢呋喃，之后在N2氛围中控制反应温度为45℃，反应时间为2h；结束后继续加入表1所示的聚醚型二元醇搅拌反应3h，即可得到表1所示的分散剂。二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇的摩尔量为x mol，聚醚型二元醇的聚合度为y，摩尔量为1mol，x和y的数值分别如表1所示。催化剂的重量为二异氰酸酯的重量的0.4-0.6wt％。
实施例13
实施例13的电池的制备方法与实施例4类似，不同之处在于分散剂数均分子量不同。
将催化剂二月桂酸二丁基锡以及表1所示的二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇(摩尔比1:1)加入反应釜中，溶剂采用四氢呋喃，之后在N2氛围中控制反应温度为30℃，反应时间为1.5h；结束后继续加入表1所示的聚醚型二元醇搅拌反应3h，即可得到表1所示的分散剂。二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇的摩尔量为x mol，聚醚型二元醇的聚合度为y，摩尔量为1mol，x和y的数值分别如表1所示。催化剂的重量为二异氰酸酯的重量的0.4-0.6wt％。
实施例14
实施例14的电池的制备方法与实施例4类似，不同之处在于分散剂的数均分子量不 同。
将催化剂二月桂酸二丁基锡以及表1所示的二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇(摩尔比1:1)加入反应釜中，溶剂采用四氢呋喃，之后在N2氛围中控制反应温度为30℃，反应时间为2h；结束后继续加入表1所示的聚醚型二元醇搅拌反应3h，即可得到表1所示的分散剂。二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇的摩尔量为x mol，聚醚型二元醇的聚合度为y，摩尔量为1mol，x和y的数值分别如表1所示。催化剂的重量为二异氰酸酯的重量的0.4-0.6wt％。
实施例15
实施例15的电池的制备方法与实施例4类似，不同之处在于分散剂的数均分子量不同。
将催化剂二月桂酸二丁基锡以及表1所示的二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇(摩尔比1:1)加入反应釜中，溶剂采用四氢呋喃，之后在N2氛围中控制反应温度为30℃，反应时间为3h；结束后继续加入表1所示的聚醚型二元醇搅拌反应3h，即可得到表1所示的分散剂。二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇的摩尔量为x mol，聚醚型二元醇的聚合度为y，摩尔量为1mol，x和y的数值分别如表1所示。催化剂的重量为二异氰酸酯的重量的0.4-0.6wt％。
实施例16
实施例16的电池的制备方法与实施例4类似，不同之处在于分散剂的数均分子量不同。
将催化剂二月桂酸二丁基锡以及表1所示的二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇(摩尔比1:1)加入反应釜中，溶剂采用四氢呋喃，之后在N2氛围中控制反应温度为35℃，反应时间为3.5h；结束后继续加入表1所示的聚醚型二元醇搅拌反应3h，即可得到表1所示的分散剂。二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇的摩尔量为x mol，聚醚型二元醇的聚合度为y，摩尔量为1mol，x和y的数值分别如表1所示。催化剂的重量为二异氰酸酯的重量的0.4-0.6wt％。
实施例17
实施例17的电池的制备方法与实施例4类似，不同之处在于分散剂的数均分子量不同。
将催化剂二月桂酸二丁基锡以及表1所示的二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇(摩尔比1:1)加入反应釜中，溶剂采用四氢呋喃，之后在N2氛围中控制反应温度为35℃，反应时间为4h；结束后继续加入表1所示的聚醚型二元醇搅拌反应3h，即可得到表1所示的分散剂。二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇的摩尔量为x mol，聚醚型二元醇的聚合度为y，摩尔量为1mol，x和y的数值分别如表1所示。催化剂的重量为二异氰酸酯的重量的0.4-0.6wt％。
实施例18
实施例18的电池的制备方法与实施例1类似，不同之处在于分散剂的数均分子量不同。
将催化剂二月桂酸二丁基锡以及表1所示的二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇(摩尔比1:1)加入反应釜中，溶剂采用四氢呋喃，之后在N2氛围中控制反应温度为50℃，反应时 间为4h；结束后继续加入表1所示的聚醚型二元醇搅拌反应3h，即可得到表1所示的分散剂。二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇的摩尔量为x mol，聚醚型二元醇的聚合度为y，摩尔量为1mol，x和y的数值分别如表1所示。催化剂的重量为二异氰酸酯的重量的0.4-0.6wt％。
实施例19至22
电池的制备方法与实施例4类似，不同之处在于正极膜层中的分散剂的重量含量不同，具体详见表2，并且正极导电剂和正极粘结剂的重量含量保持不变。
对比例1
电池的制备方法与实施例1类似，不同之处在于正极膜层中不含分散剂。
将正极活性材料磷酸铁锂、正极导电剂炭黑干混形成无溶剂颗粒，之后加入正极粘结剂PVDF和NMP进行捏合，获得正极浆料，固含量为75％。将正极浆料经双螺杆挤出机挤出得到厚度均匀的膜片，将制备好的膜片经辊压减薄得到柔软薄膜，之后与正极集流体铝箔进行复合，之后进入烘箱进行烘干，再经进一步冷压、分切后，得到正极极片。正极活性材料、正极导电剂和正极粘结剂的重量比为97.5:0.7:1.8。
对比例2
对比例2的电池的制备方法与实施例4类似，不同之处在于分散剂的数均分子量不同。
将催化剂二月桂酸二丁基锡以及表1所示的二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇(摩尔比1:1)加入反应釜中，溶剂采用四氢呋喃，之后在N2氛围中控制反应温度为35℃，反应时间为6h；结束后继续加入表1所示的聚醚型二元醇搅拌反应3h，即可得到表1所示的分散剂。二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇的摩尔量为x mol，聚醚型二元醇的聚合度为y，摩尔量为1mol，x和y的数值分别如表1所示。催化剂的重量为二异氰酸酯的重量的0.4-0.6wt％。
对比例3
对比例3的电池的制备方法与实施例4类似，不同之处在于分散剂的数均分子量不同。
将催化剂二月桂酸二丁基锡以及表1所示的二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇(摩尔比1:1)加入反应釜中，溶剂采用四氢呋喃，之后在N2氛围中控制反应温度为30℃，反应时间为1h；结束后继续加入表1所示的聚醚型二元醇搅拌反应3h，即可得到表1所示的分散剂。二异氰酸酯和脂肪族二元醇的摩尔量为x mol，聚醚型二元醇的聚合度为y，摩尔量为1mol，x和y的数值分别如表1所示。催化剂的重量为二异氰酸酯的重量的0.4-0.6wt％。
对比例4
电池的制备方法与实施例1类似，不同之处在于分散剂采用如下化合物，x为40。





性能测试
(1)正极极片的电阻测试
将冷压后的正极极片裁成5cm×5cm，之后放置于电阻测试仪的两电极之间，测试正极极片的电阻值。电阻测试仪可以采用元能科技BER2500。
(2)电池的直流内阻(DCR)测试
在25℃下，将电池以0.33C恒流充电至满充状态(100％SOC)，然后以0.33C恒流放电至0.5Cn(Cn表示电池容量)以将电池调节至50％SOC；将电池静置30分钟，静置结束后的电压记为V1；之后将电池以3C的电流(记为I)放电30秒，放电截止电压记为V2。
电池的直流内阻DCR＝(V1-V2)/I，V1表示静置结束电压，V2表示放电截止电压，I表示放电电流。
(3)电池的倍率性能测试
在25℃下，将电池以0.33C恒流充电至3.65V，之后继续恒压充电至电流为0.05C，静置5分钟后，再将电池以0.33C恒流放电至2.5V，获得电池0.33C倍率下的放电容量；将电池静置30分钟后，以0.33C恒流充电至3.65V，之后恒压充电至电流为0.05C，静置5分钟后，再将电池以3C恒流放电至2.5V，获得电池3C倍率下的放电容量。
以电池3C倍率下的放电容量与电池0.33C倍率下的放电容量的比值表示电池的倍率性能。该比值越大，电池的倍率性能越好。
(4)循环性能能测试
在25℃下，将电池以1C恒流充电至3.65V，之后继续恒压充电至电流为0.05C，静置30分钟后，再将电池以1C恒流放电至2.5V，静置30分钟，记录电池的放电容量C0。
将电池按照如下方法进行循环测试：在25℃下，将电池以1C0恒流充电至3.65V，之后继续恒压充电至电流为0.05C，静置30分钟后，再将电池以1C0恒流放电至2.5V，静置30分钟，电池第一圈的放电容量为C1；将电池按照上述方法进行循环充放电，第二圈的放电容量为C2，……，第1200圈的放电容量为C1200。以C1200/C1表示电池的循环性能，C1200/C1越大，电池的循环性能越好。
表2

图7是实施例4制备的正极极片的截面图。图8是对比例1制备的正极极片的截面图。由图7和图8可知，对比例1制备的正极极片中，正极导电剂存在明显的团聚问题；当正极极片包含本申请实施例提供的分散剂后，正极导电剂颗粒分散更均匀、团聚问题明显减少。
由表2测试结果还可知，本申请实施例提供的分散剂具有良好的分散性，可以在添加量较小的情况下，有效减少正极导电剂的团聚，还可以降低正极极片的电阻，从而可以使电池兼具高能量密度、低阻抗、良好的倍率性能和循环性能。
由表2测试结果还可知，当分散剂包括B1至B3所示的结构和/或包括具有特定官能团(羧酸酯基、磺酸酯基、亚磺酸酯基、酰胺基、氨基甲酸酯基等)的长侧链基团时，可以进一步降低正极极片的电阻，还可以进一步降低电池的阻抗、改善电池的倍率性能和循环性能。这是由于，此时B1至B3所示的结构和/或长侧链基团可以产生一定的空间位阻，并且分散剂侧链基团中的羧酸酯基、磺酸酯基、亚磺酸酯基、酰胺基、氨基甲酸酯基等官能团，还可以使分散剂具有更好地分散效果，从而可以更好地起到分散性并减少正极导电剂的团聚，进而可以进一步降低正极极片的电阻，还可以降低电池的阻抗、改善电池的倍率性能和循环性能。
需要说明的是，本申请不限定于上述实施方式。上述实施方式仅为示例，在本申请的技术方案范围内具有与技术思想实质相同的构成、发挥相同作用效果的实施方式均包含在本申请的技术范围内。此外，在不脱离本申请主旨的范围内，对实施方式施加本领域技术人员能够想到的各种变形、将实施方式中的一部分构成要素加以组合而构筑的其他方式也包含在本申请的范围内。

Claims (21)

  1. 一种分散剂，具有式(I)所示的结构，
    R1表示脂肪族、脂环族和/或芳香族二异氰酸酯的残基，R2表示脂肪族二元醇的残基，R3表示C2-C8亚烷基，y表示5-60的整数，所述分散剂的数均分子量为10000-60000。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的分散剂，其中，
    R1包括第一基团、第二基团、第三基团、第四基团中的至少一种；
    所述第一基团包括C2-C10直链亚烷基，可选地包括C2-C6直链亚烷基；
    所述第二基团包括
    R11、R12、R13、R14分别独立地包括氢原子、C1-C12链状烷基、C1-C12氧杂链状烷基、C1-C12硫杂链状烷基、C3-C12链状烯基、3-6元含N杂环基、3-6元含O杂环基、A1至A6所示基团，并且R11、R12、R13、R14不同时为氢原子；
    可选地，R11、R12、R13、R14分别独立地包括氢原子、C2-C8链状烷基、C3-C8氧杂链状烷基、C3-C8硫杂链状烷基、C4-C8链状烯基、A1至A6所示基团，并且R11、R12、R13、R14中的至少一者包括C3-C8氧杂链状烷基、C3-C8硫杂链状烷基、A1至A6所示基团；
    R15分别独立地包括C1-C8链状烷基，可选地包括C1-C3链状烷基；
    R16分别独立地包括C1-C8链状亚烷基，可选地包括C1-C3链状亚烷基；
    所述第三基团包括B1至B8所示基团，
    可选地，所述第三基团包括如下基团：
    所述第四基团包括D1至D7所示基团，
    可选地，所述第四基团包括如下基团：
    Ra分别独立地包括氰基、氨基、磺酸基及其盐、磺酸酯基、磷酸酯基、C1-C8氧杂链状烷基、C1-C8链状烷基中的一种或者多种的组合；
    Rb分别独立地包括氰基、氨基、磺酸基及其盐、磺酸酯基、磷酸酯基、C1-C8氧杂链状烷基、C1-C8链状烷基中的一种或者多种的组合；
    p分别独立地表示0-4的整数，可选地为0或1；
    q分别独立地表示0-6的整数，可选地为0或1；
    和/或，
    R2包括如下基团：
    R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26分别独立地包括氢原子、C1-C12链状烷基、E1至E4所示基团，并且R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26不同时为氢原子；
    可选地，R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26分别独立地包括氢原子、C1-C12链状烷基、E1至E4所示基团，并且R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26中的至少一者包括E1至E4所示基团，
    R27分别独立地包括C1-C8链状烷基，可选地包括C1-C4链状烷基；
    R28分别独立地包括C1-C8链状亚烷基，可选地包括C1-C3链状亚烷基；
    和/或，
    R3包括如下基团：
    #表示连接位置。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的分散剂，其中，
    R1包括第二基团、第三基团中的至少一种；
    所述第二基团包括
    R11、R12、R13、R14分别独立地包括氢原子、C2-C8链状烷基、C3-C8氧杂链状烷基、C3-C8硫杂链状烷基、A4至A6所示基团，并且R11、R12、R13、R14中的至少一者包括A4至A6所示基团；
    R15分别独立地包括包括C1-C3链状烷基；
    R16分别独立地包括C1-C3链状亚烷基；
    所述第三基团包括B1至B3所示基团，
    Ra分别独立地包括氰基、氨基、磺酸基及其盐、磺酸酯基、磷酸酯基、C1-C3氧杂链状烷基、C1-C3链状烷基中的一种或者多种的组合，p分别独立地为0或1；
    可选地，所述第三基团包括如下基团：
    并且R2包括如下基团：
    R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26分别独立地包括氢原子、C1-C12链状烷基、E1至E4所示基团，并且R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26不同时为氢原子；
    R27分别独立地包括C1-C4链状烷基；
    R28分别独立地包括C1-C3链状亚烷基。
  4. 根据权利要求2所述的分散剂，其中，
    R1包括第二基团、第三基团中的至少一种；
    所述第二基团包括
    R11、R12、R13、R14分别独立地包括氢原子、C2-C8链状烷基、C3-C8氧杂链状烷基、C3-C8硫杂链状烷基、A4至A6所示基团，并且R11、R12、R13、R14中的至少一者包括A4至A6所示基团；
    R15分别独立地包括包括C1-C3链状烷基；
    R16分别独立地包括C1-C3链状亚烷基；
    所述第三基团包括B1至B3所示基团，
    Ra分别独立地包括氰基、氨基、磺酸基及其盐、磺酸酯基、磷酸酯基、C1-C3氧杂链状烷基、C1-C3链状烷基中的一种或者多种的组合，p分别独立地为0或1；
    可选地，所述第三基团包括如下基团：
    并且R2包括如下基团：
    R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26分别独立地包括氢原子、C1-C12链状烷基、E1至E4所示基团，并且R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26中的至少一者包括E1至E4所示基团，
    R27分别独立地包括C1-C4链状烷基；
    R28分别独立地包括C1-C3链状亚烷基。
  5. 根据权利要求2所述的分散剂，其中，
    R1包括第一基团、第四基团中的至少一种；
    所述第一基团包括C2-C6直链亚烷基；
    所述第四基团包括D1至D7所示基团，
    Ra分别独立地包括氰基、氨基、磺酸基及其盐、磺酸酯基、磷酸酯基、C1-C3氧杂链状烷基、C1-C3链状烷基中的一种或者多种的组合，p分别独立地为0或1；
    可选地，所述第四基团包括如下基团：
    并且R2包括如下基团：
    R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26分别独立地包括氢原子、C1-C12链状烷基、E1至E4所示基团，并且R21、R22、R23、R24、R25、R26中的至少一者包括E1至E4所示基团，
    R27分别独立地包括C1-C4链状烷基；
    R28分别独立地包括C1-C3链状亚烷基。
  6. 根据权利要求1-5任一项所述的分散剂，其中，
    x表示28-300的整数，可选为58-165的整数；和/或，
    y表示15-40的整数，可选为25-35的整数。
  7. 根据权利要求1-6任一项所述的分散剂，所述分散剂的数均分子量为20000-50000，可选为20000-40000。
  8. 一种用于制备权利要求1-7任一项所述的分散剂的方法，包括如下步骤：
    提供溶剂、催化剂、二异氰酸酯O＝C＝N—R1—N＝C＝O、脂肪族二元醇HO—R2—OH和聚醚型二元醇H—(O—R3)y—OH，所述二异氰酸酯O＝C＝N—R1—N＝C＝O、所述脂肪族二元醇HO—R2—OH、所述聚醚型二元醇H—(O—R3)y—OH的摩尔量之比为x:x:1，R1、R2、R3、x、y的定义分别如权利要求1-7任一项所定义；
    将所述溶剂、所述催化剂、所述二异氰酸酯和所述脂肪族二元醇加入反应釜中进行逐步聚合反应，获得中间体；
    之后向反应釜中加入所述聚醚型二元醇，使所获得的中间体与所述聚醚型二元醇继续反应，结束后即获得分散剂。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的方法，其中，
    将所述溶剂、所述催化剂、所述二异氰酸酯和所述脂肪族二元醇加入反应釜中进行逐步聚合反应的步骤中，反应温度为0-80℃；和/或，
    将所述溶剂、所述催化剂、所述二异氰酸酯和所述脂肪族二元醇加入反应釜中进行逐步聚合反应的步骤中，反应时间为1-6h；和/或，
    向反应釜中加入所述聚醚型二元醇，使所获得的中间体与所述聚醚型二元醇继续反应的时间为2-4h。
  10. 根据权利要求8或9所述的方法，其中，
    所述催化剂包括甲基丙烯酸酯、膦酸盐、有机铅、有机胺、有机锡中的一种或多种；和/或，
    所述催化剂的重量为所述二异氰酸酯的重量的0.3-1.0wt％，可选为0.4-0.6wt％；和/或，
    所述溶剂包括四氢呋喃、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、甲苯、二甲苯、丙酮、甲乙酮、环己酮、二氧六环中的一种或多种。
  11. 一种正极浆料，包括固体组分以及溶剂，所述固体组分包括正极活性材料、正极导电剂、正极粘结剂和分散剂，其中，所述分散剂包括权利要求1-7任一项所述的分散剂或通过权利要求8-10任一项所述的方法制备的分散剂。
  12. 根据权利要求11所述的正极浆料，其中，
    基于所述固体组分的总重量计，所述分散剂的含量为0.1-0.5wt％，可选为0.2-0.3wt％；和/或，
    基于所述固体组分的总重量计，所述正极活性材料的含量为91.5-99.5wt％；和/或，
    基于所述固体组分的总重量计，所述正极导电剂的含量为0.1-4wt％；和/或，
    基于所述固体组分的总重量计，所述正极粘结剂的含量为0.1-4wt％；和/或，
    所述溶剂包括有机溶剂，可选为包括N-甲基吡咯烷酮；和/或，
    所述正极浆料的固含量为50％-75％。
  13. 一种正极极片，包括正极集流体以及设置在所述正极集流体至少一个表面上的正极膜层，其中，所述正极膜层包括正极活性材料、正极导电剂、正极粘结剂和分散剂，其中，所述分散剂包括权利要求1-7任一项所述的分散剂或通过权利要求8-10任一项所述的方法制备的分散剂。
  14. 根据权利要求13所述的正极极片，其中，
    基于所述正极膜层的总重量计，所述分散剂的含量为0.1-0.5wt％，可选为0.2-0.3wt％；和/或，
    基于所述正极膜层的总重量计，所述正极活性材料的含量为91.5-99.5wt％；和/或，
    基于所述正极膜层的总重量计，所述正极导电剂的含量为0.1-4wt％；和/或，
    基于所述正极膜层的总重量计，所述正极粘结剂的含量为0.1-4wt％；和/或，
    所述正极活性材料能够脱出和嵌入锂离子或钠离子。
  15. 一种用于制备权利要求13或14所述的正极极片的方法，包括步骤：将权利要求11-12任一项所述的正极浆料涂布在正极集流体上，干燥、辊压后获得正极极片。
  16. 一种用于制备权利要求13或14所述的正极极片的方法，包括步骤：
    将正极导电剂、正极粘结剂、分散剂和溶剂混合形成导电浆料；
    将正极活性材料和导电浆料捏合形成团状物料；
    将所获得的团状物料经挤出或热压形成膜片；
    将所获得的膜片经辊压减薄后与正极集流体进行复合，干燥后获得正极极片。
  17. 根据权利要求16所述的方法，其中，
    所述导电浆料的固含量为3-20％；和/或，
    所述团状物料的固含量为70％-95％。
  18. 一种电池单体，包括权利要求13或14所述的正极极片，或通过权利要求15-17任一项所述的方法制备的正极极片。
  19. 根据权利要求18所述的电池单体，其中，所述电池单体包括锂离子电池单体、锂金属电池单体、钠离子电池单体、钠金属电池单体中的一种或多种。
  20. 一种电池，包括权利要求18或19所述的电池单体。
  21. 一种用电装置，包括权利要求20所述的电池。
PCT/CN2023/095351 2023-05-19 2023-05-19 分散剂及其制备方法、正极浆料、正极极片及其制备方法、电池单体、电池和用电装置 Ceased WO2024239159A1 (zh)

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