WO2024196233A1 - 스커미온 메모리 소자 및 이를 이용한 크로스바 어레이 회로 - Google Patents
스커미온 메모리 소자 및 이를 이용한 크로스바 어레이 회로 Download PDFInfo
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- H10B—ELECTRONIC MEMORY DEVICES
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a skyrmion memory device and a crossbar array circuit using the same, and more particularly, to a technology for implementing a skyrmion memory device having a resistive switching vertical electrode for generating skyrmions, a skyrmion channel layer for moving skyrmions, and a magnetic tunnel junction for sensing skyrmions, in which the resistance change is linear according to the number of skyrmions, and a crossbar array circuit using the same.
- CMOS FET cross-point and next-generation memory (RRAM, PCRAM, STT-MRAM, SOT-MRAM)-based cross-point arrays have been reported, but they have the disadvantage of poor linearity during potentiation and depression, requiring additional compensation circuits.
- the artificial synaptic device announced by MIT is composed of a Ta SOT channel / free layer (information storage layer) / tunnel barrier layer / pinned layer (magnetic layer) / connection layer / lower synthetic anti-ferromagnetic multi-layers (SyAF MLs) / separation layer / upper synthetic anti-ferromagnetic multi-layers (SyAF MLs) / capping layer / upper electrode structure.
- Conventional artificial synapse devices are devices that implement the strengthening/inhibition operation of synapses by changing the resistance as the spin direction of the free layer of the sensing pSTT-MRAM is switched due to the movement of the domain wall of the free layer caused by the SOT effect generated in the Ta SOT channel.
- the minimum feature size is 93F 2 , which is a fatal disadvantage in terms of integration.
- the conventional SOT MRAM-based synaptic device structure has a three-terminal structure, making high integration impossible, and the SOT MRAM-based synaptic device requires a lot of energy by utilizing domain wall motion and has the problem of being affected by pinning by defect sites.
- the present invention aims to implement a skyrmion memory device in which the resistance change is linear according to the number of skyrmions, and a crossbar array circuit using the same, which is composed of a resistive switching vertical electrode for generating skyrmions, a skyrmion channel layer for moving skyrmions, and a magnetic tunnel junction for sensing skyrmions.
- the present invention provides a skyrmion memory device having a structure in which skyrmions form a stable skyrmion channel by adding an insertion layer to the interface between a free layer and a tunneling barrier, and a resistance-changing vertical electrode including an electrochemical metallization memory (ECM), a valence change memory (VCM), and a mixture of an ECM and a VCM forms skyrmions with an input pulse to change the free layer of a magnetic tunnel junction, and thus the resistance changes according to the number of skyrmions, thereby linearly achieving potentiation and depression, and a crossbar array circuit using the same.
- ECM electrochemical metallization memory
- VCM valence change memory
- the present invention aims to implement a multi-level bit by controlling the number of skyrmions in a single magnetic tunnel junction by controlling the size of skyrmions according to the type and thickness of the forming material of the insertion layer, wherein an insertion layer is positioned between a free layer and a tunnel barrier layer in a skyrmion channel layer for moving skyrmions.
- the present invention aims to implement an ultra-low-power synapse device based on a skyrmion memory device in which the change in resistance according to the number of skyrmions is linear, with a voltage of less than 1 V for generating skyrmions and a voltage of about 0.1 V for detecting skyrmions moved through a magnetic tunnel junction.
- the present invention aims to reduce the writing energy required for moving skyrmions by controlling the type and thickness of the forming material of an insertion layer in a skyrmion channel layer that moves skyrmions.
- the purpose of the present invention is to control the coercivity of a free layer by controlling the type and thickness of the forming material of an insertion layer in a skyrmion channel layer that moves skyrmions, and to eliminate remanence by forming a stripe domain.
- a skyrmion memory device includes a resistance-variable vertical electrode forming a skyrmion, a skyrmion channel layer for moving the formed skyrmion, and a magnetic tunnel junction for sensing the moved skyrmion and determining the state as either a low-resistance state or a high-resistance state depending on the magnetization directions of a free layer and a fixed layer, wherein the skyrmion channel layer includes a spin orbit torque (SOT) channel layer, the free layer, an insertion layer, and a tunnel barrier layer, and based on the thickness of the insertion layer and the type of forming material, the size and number of the moved skyrmion are controlled, thereby controlling the area of the free layer.
- SOT spin orbit torque
- the above magnetic tunnel junction can detect multi-bit skyrmions when the number of the skyrmions is large, and the area of the free layer can increase according to the multi-bit skyrmions.
- the above magnetic tunnel junction can secure linearity of potentiation and depression implemented at multiple levels by gradually changing the resistance level as the area of the free layer increases.
- the above resistance change vertical electrode may be any one of an electrochemical metallization memory (ECM) vertical electrode, a valence change memory (VCM) vertical electrode, and a vertical electrode combining ECM and VCM.
- ECM electrochemical metallization memory
- VCM valence change memory
- the above resistance-changing vertical electrode includes an electrode and a resistive switching layer, and the resistive switching layer is formed of any one of SiO x , MgO, HfO x , AlO x , TiO x , TaO x , GeSe, GeS 2 , GeTe, and ZnTe, and the electrode can be formed of any one of Al, TiN, Ti, Ag, Cu, CuTe, W, Pt, and Ru.
- the above-mentioned skyrmion channel layer can be formed as a first structure in which the spin torque channel layer, the free layer, the insertion layer, and the tunnel barrier layer are sequentially stacked.
- the above-mentioned skyrmion channel layer can be formed as a second structure in which the spin torque channel layer, the oxide seed layer, the insertion layer, the first free layer, the spacer layer, the second free layer, and the tunnel barrier layer are sequentially stacked.
- the first free layer and the second free layer can cancel the skyrmion Hall effect by moving the formed skyrmion into an anti-ferro-coupled skyrmion.
- the above-mentioned skyrmion channel layer can be formed as a third structure in which the tunnel barrier layer, the insertion layer, the free layer, and the spin torque channel layer are sequentially stacked.
- the above insertion layer is formed of any one of Ta, W, Pt, Mo, and Ti, and the thickness of the insertion layer can be inversely proportional to the size and number of the skyrmions.
- the magnetic tunnel junction may be formed with a structure in which the spin torque channel layer, the free layer, the insertion layer, the tunnel barrier layer, the pinned layer, the bridge layer, the first exchange anti-ferromagnetic multi-layers, the spacing layer, the second exchange anti-ferromagnetic multi-layer, and the upper electrode are sequentially laminated.
- a crossbar array circuit includes a resistance-variable vertical electrode forming a skyrmion, a skyrmion channel layer for moving the formed skyrmion, and a magnetic tunnel junction for sensing the moved skyrmion and determining the state as either a low-resistance state or a high-resistance state depending on the magnetization direction of a free layer and a fixed layer, wherein the skyrmion channel layer includes a spin orbit torque (SOT) channel layer, the free layer, an insertion layer, and a tunnel barrier layer, and wherein the area of the free layer is controlled as the size and number of the moved skyrmions are controlled based on the thickness of the insertion layer and the type of forming material, in a crossbar array circuit using a skyrmion memory element, the skyrmion memory element and the switching element may form one bitcell, and may include an array in which the bitcells are arranged in multiple numbers, and a driving unit for applying
- SOT spin orbit torque
- the above bit cell may have a two-terminal structure in which the resistance change vertical electrode is connected to the drain terminal of the switching element and the upper electrode of the magnetic tunnel junction is connected to the bit line.
- the present invention can implement a skyrmion memory device whose resistance changes linearly according to the number of skyrmions, and a crossbar array circuit using the same, which is composed of a resistive switching vertical electrode for generating skyrmions, a skyrmion channel layer for moving skyrmions, and a magnetic tunnel junction for sensing skyrmions.
- the present invention provides a skyrmion memory device and a crossbar array circuit using the same, which has a structure in which skyrmions form stable skyrmion channels by adding an insertion layer to the interface between a free layer and a tunneling barrier, and changes the free layer of a magnetic tunnel junction by forming skyrmions with an input pulse through a resistance-changing vertical electrode consisting of an electrochemical metallization memory (ECM), a valence change memory (VCM), and a mixture of an ECM and a VCM, and thus change the resistance according to the number of skyrmions, thereby linearly achieving potentiation and depression.
- ECM electrochemical metallization memory
- VCM valence change memory
- the present invention is a method for implementing multi-level bits by controlling the number of skyrmions in a single magnetic tunnel junction by controlling the size of skyrmions by positioning an insertion layer between a free layer and a tunnel barrier layer in a skyrmion channel layer that moves skyrmions and by controlling the type and thickness of the forming material of the insertion layer.
- the present invention can implement an ultra-low-power synapse device based on a skyrmion memory device in which the change in resistance according to the number of skyrmions is linear, with a voltage of less than 1 V for generating skyrmions and a voltage of about 0.1 V for detecting skyrmions moved through a magnetic tunnel junction.
- the present invention can reduce the writing energy required for moving skyrmions by controlling the type and thickness of the forming material of an insertion layer in a skyrmion channel layer that moves skyrmions.
- the present invention controls the coercivity of a free layer by controlling the type and thickness of the forming material of an insertion layer in a skyrmion channel layer that moves skyrmions, and can eliminate remanence by forming a stripe domain.
- FIG. 1 is a drawing for explaining a skyrmion memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a drawing explaining the structure and operational concept of a two-terminal skyrmion memory element according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a drawing illustrating a cross bar array circuit using a skyrmion memory element according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 4A to 5B are drawings explaining a spin torque channel layer included in a skyrmion channel layer in a skyrmion memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 6A to 10 are drawings explaining an insertion layer included in a skyrmion channel layer in a skyrmion memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a drawing explaining the structure and operational concept of a synaptic element using an anti-ferro coupled skyrmion channel layer according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating cancellation of the skyrmion Hall effect using an anti-ferro coupled skyrmion channel layer according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is a drawing explaining the structure of a resistance-changing vertical electrode for generating skyrmions according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 14 is a drawing explaining an I-V curve in the structure of a resistance change vertical electrode for generating skyrmions according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 15 is a drawing illustrating skyrmion generation and movement based on a resistance-changing vertical electrode for skyrmion generation according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 16A to 16D are drawings explaining a multi-level implementation according to the number of skyrmions according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 17 and 18 are drawings explaining another structure of a skyrmion memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- a certain (e.g., a first) component is "(functionally or communicatively) connected” or “connected” to another (e.g., a second) component, that component may be directly connected to the other component, or may be connected through another component (e.g., a third component).
- the expression “a device configured to” may mean that the device is “capable of” doing something in conjunction with other devices or components.
- a processor configured (or set) to perform A, B, and C can mean a dedicated processor (e.g., an embedded processor) to perform those operations, or a general-purpose processor (e.g., a CPU or application processor) that can perform those operations by executing one or more software programs stored in a memory device.
- a dedicated processor e.g., an embedded processor
- a general-purpose processor e.g., a CPU or application processor
- FIG. 1 is a drawing for explaining a skyrmion memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 illustrates the structure of a skyrmion memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- a skyrmion memory device (100) can be implemented as a synaptic device as a skyrmion-based p-MTJ memory device.
- a skyrmion memory device replaces the 1T1C (1 transistor and 1 capacitor), which is the basic cell unit of DRAM, with a 1T1R (1 transistor 1 magnetic tunneling junction) structure using a transistor and skyrmion-based p-MTJ, thereby maintaining the characteristics of a high-speed DRAM and adding the non-volatile characteristics of the p-MTJ, thereby enabling a high-speed rewritable non-volatile memory to replace all existing memory fields (DRAM, SRAM, Flash memory), and enabling multi-level implementation according to the number of skyrmions.
- 1T1C transistor and 1 capacitor
- 1T1R (1 transistor 1 magnetic tunneling junction
- a skyrmion memory element (100) includes a resistance-variable vertical electrode (110) forming a skyrmion, a skyrmion channel layer (120) for moving the skyrmion, and a magnetic tunnel junction (130) that senses the skyrmion and determines either a low-resistance state or a high-resistance state depending on the magnetization direction of a free layer (122) and a fixed layer (131).
- the skyrmion channel layer (120) includes a spin orbit torque (SOT) channel layer (121), a free layer (122), an insertion layer (123), and a tunnel barrier layer (124).
- SOT spin orbit torque
- 121 free layer
- 122 free layer
- 123 insertion layer
- 124 tunnel barrier layer
- the area of the free layer (122) can be controlled by controlling the number of skyrmions moved to the skyrmion channel layer (120) based on the thickness of the insertion layer (123) and the type of forming material of the magnetic tunnel junction (130).
- the area of the free layer of the skyrmion memory element (100) can be controlled as the size and number of moved skyrmions are controlled based on the thickness of the insertion layer (123) and the type of forming material.
- a resistance change vertical electrode (110) includes an electrode (111) and a resistance change layer (112).
- the electrode (111) may be referred to as a lower electrode.
- the resistance change layer (112) may be formed of any one of binary oxides such as SiO x , MgO, HfO x , AlO x , TiO x , TaO x , and chalcogenides such as GeSe, GeS 2 , GeTe, and ZnTe
- the electrode (111) may be formed of any one of Al, TiN, Ti, Ag, Cu, CuTe, W, Pt, and Ru.
- the resistance change vertical electrode (110) may be any one of an electrochemical metallization memory (ECM) vertical electrode, a valence change memory (VCM) vertical electrode, and a vertical electrode combining ECM and VCM.
- ECM electrochemical metallization memory
- VCM valence change memory
- a vertical electrode combining an ECM and a VCM may be a vertical electrode having both the characteristics of an ECM vertical electrode and the characteristics of a VCM vertical electrode.
- the ECM vertical electrode may be a vertical electrode using a metal filament-based RS (resistive switching) element, and the VCM vertical electrode may be a vertical electrode using an oxide-based RS element.
- RS resistive switching
- the resistance change vertical electrode (110) is a VCM vertical electrode
- oxygen vacancies move to the resistance change layer (112) to form a filament, forming a low-resistance vertical electrode.
- the resistance change vertical electrode (110) is an ECM vertical electrode
- the metal material forming the metal electrode moves to the resistance change layer (112) to form a filament, thereby forming a vertical electrode in a low resistance state.
- the skermion channel layer (120) may be formed as a first structure in which a spin torque channel layer (121), a free layer (122), an insertion layer (123), and a tunnel barrier layer (124) are sequentially laminated.
- the insertion layer (123) is formed of a non-magnetic metal, one of Mo, Ta, W, PT, and Ti.
- the thickness of the insertion layer (123) is controlled, the coercivity of the free layer (122) is controlled, stripe domains are formed, and the stripe width is controlled in relation to the formed stripe domains, and the number and size of skyrmions are proportional to the controlled stripe width.
- the width of the striped domain decreases.
- the thickness of the insertion layer (123) and the number and size of skyrmions generated in the free layer (122) are inversely proportional.
- the skyrmion channel layer (120) moves skyrmions according to a voltage pulse applied from the vertical electrode (110).
- the magnetic tunnel junction (130) is a p-MTJ (perpendicular-Magneto Tunneling Junction) spin valve, and is formed with a bottom free structure, and has a structure in which a spin torque channel layer (121), a free layer (122), an insertion layer (123), a tunnel barrier layer (124), a fixed layer (131), a bridge layer (132), a first exchange diamagnetic layer (134), a separation layer (135), a second exchange diamagnetic layer (136), and an upper electrode (140) are sequentially laminated, and may additionally include a capping layer (137).
- the first exchange anti-ferromagnetic layer (134), the separation layer (135), and the second exchange anti-ferromagnetic layer (136) form synthetic anti-ferromagnetic multi-layers (SyAF) (133).
- the p-MTJ spin valve may include a skyrmion channel layer (120).
- the vertical electrode (110) forms a skyrmion when a write voltage pulse (V write ) is applied through the electrode (111).
- V shift When a voltage pulse (V shift ) that moves skyrmions is injected through the electrode (111), the skyrmion channel layer (120) moves skyrmions downwards to the magnetic tunnel junction (130).
- the magnetization directions of the free layer (122) and the fixed layer (131) are anti-parallel, the current decreases and a high resistive state (HRS) occurs, and the high resistive state can be referred to as an anti-parallel state.
- HRS high resistive state
- the present invention provides a skyrmion memory device and a crossbar array circuit using the same, in which the resistance changes according to the number of skyrmions by forming a skyrmion channel in which skyrmions are stable by adding an insertion layer to the interface between the free layer and the tunneling barrier, and a resistance-changing vertical electrode including an electrochemical metallization memory (ECM), a valence change memory (VCM), and a mixture of an ECM and a VCM, thereby changing the free layer of the magnetic tunnel junction, thereby allowing for linear potentiation and depression.
- ECM electrochemical metallization memory
- VCM valence change memory
- the switching method of the magnetic tunnel junction (130) is not a spin-transfer-torque method passing through the tunnel barrier layer (124), but rather a method of forming a resistance change by the movement of skyrmions formed by a voltage pulse applied to the VCM or ECM vertical electrode, thereby increasing the thickness of the tunneling barrier layer (124), thereby increasing the resistance*area (RA) product of the p-MTJ.
- skyrmions are topologically stable, pinning effects on defects may be reduced.
- the skyrmion memory device (100) can implement multi-levels by controlling the number of skyrmions in a single magnetic tunnel junction (130) by controlling the skyrmion size according to the thickness of the insertion layer (123).
- the skyrmion memory device (100) can be utilized in high-speed rewritable magnetic non-volatile memory, neuromorphic computing, neuromorphic devices, and artificial intelligence hardware.
- FIG. 2 is a drawing explaining the structure and operational concept of a two-terminal skyrmion memory element according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 illustrates components forming the structure of a two-terminal skyrmion memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention, and illustrates operations based on the components.
- a skyrmion memory device (200) includes a spin torque channel layer (201), a free layer (202), an insertion layer (203), a tunnel barrier layer (204), and a pinned layer (205) in a region (200) where a skyrmion channel layer and a magnetic tunnel junction overlap.
- ECM is utilized as a resistance change vertical electrode.
- the skyrmion memory element (200) is divided into a low resistance state (210) and a high resistance state (220), and when a voltage pulse for a write operation is applied, it moves from the low resistance state (210) to the high resistance state (220), and when a voltage pulse for an erase operation is applied, it moves from the high resistance state (220) to the low resistance state (210).
- the low resistance state (210) of the skyrmion memory element (200) is not located at a position where the skyrmion (211) in the free layer (202) is perpendicular to the fixed layer (205).
- the high resistance state (220) of the skyrmion memory element (200) is located at a position where the skyrmion (221) in the free layer (202) is perpendicular to the fixed layer (205).
- the arrow direction of the free layer (202) under the fixed layer (205) is the same, and in the high resistance state (220), the arrow direction of the free layer (202) under the fixed layer (205) is not the same.
- FIG. 3 is a drawing illustrating a cross bar array circuit using a skyrmion memory element according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 illustrates a cross bar array circuit using a skyrmion memory element according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- a cross bar array circuit (300) using a skyrmion memory element includes a skyrmion memory element (311) and a switching element forming one bit cell (310), an array in which the bit cells (310) are arranged in multiple rows, and a driving unit (320) that applies a driving signal to the array.
- the switching element may be a MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor).
- the bit cell (310) has a two-terminal structure in which the resistance-changing vertical electrode of the skyrmion memory element (311) is connected to the drain terminal of the switching element, and the upper electrode of the magnetic tunnel junction of the skyrmion memory element (311) is connected to the bit line.
- the crossbar array circuit (300) can reduce power consumption in the array and is also easy to integrate because it uses an existing crossbar array as a frame.
- the present invention relates to a skyrmion memory device and a crossbar array circuit using the same, which comprises a resistive switching vertical electrode for generating skyrmions, a skyrmion channel layer for moving skyrmions, and a magnetic tunnel junction for sensing skyrmions, thereby enabling implementation of a skyrmion memory device in which the resistance change is linear according to the number of skyrmions, and a crossbar array circuit using the same.
- FIGS. 4A to 5B are drawings explaining a spin torque channel layer included in a skyrmion channel layer in a skyrmion memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate the A15 crystal structure of ⁇ -W, known as a high spin torque efficiency material, for reducing write energy required for skyrmion movement in a skyrmion channel layer in a skyrmion memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- peaks for ⁇ -W 5.5 o (200), 39.8 o (210), and 43.8 o (211) can be confirmed at a thickness of 5 nm or less of tungsten (W) used as a spin torque channel layer in the skyrmion channel layer.
- Graph (400) illustrates the crystal structure according to the thickness of the spin torque channel layer in relation to the skyrmion channel layer, and graph (410) illustrates the crystallinity according to the direct current (DC) sputtering power.
- DC direct current
- ⁇ -W 5.5 o (200), 39.8 o (210), 43.8 o (211) peaks can be confirmed at DC sputtering powers below 150 W in a 4 nm thick tungsten film.
- Figure 5a illustrates the surface roughness (Ra) of a skyrmion channel layer in a skyrmion memory device.
- Figure 5b illustrates a MOKE (Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect microscope) image of the free layer according to the sputtering power of the skyrmion channel layer.
- MOKE Magnetic-Optical Kerr Effect microscope
- Image (510) exemplifies a case where the W sputtering power is 20 W
- image (511) exemplifies a case where the W sputtering power is 100 W
- image (512) exemplifies a case where the W sputtering power is 150 W.
- W sputtering power is the power for sputtering deposition of tungsten (W).
- the surface roughness of the skyrmion channel layer needs to be less than 1 A, as this may hinder the movement of skyrmions generated by the increase in pinning sites due to the surface roughness of the skyrmion channel layer.
- FIGS. 6A to 10 are drawings explaining an insertion layer included in a skyrmion channel layer in a skyrmion memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 6a and 6b illustrate vertical magnetization curves and MOKE stripe domain images according to the thickness of an insertion layer in a skyrmion channel layer according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the thickness of the insertion layer is 0.099 nm, as in the image (610) of Fig. 6b, in the region where the coercive force disappears, a 1 ⁇ m sized striped domain where up-spin and down-spin exist simultaneously is formed, so that locally, the vertical magnetization characteristics of up-spin and down-spin are maintained, but overall, they can be canceled out and show a characteristic of having no vertical magnetization characteristics.
- FIGS. 7a and 7b illustrate magnetic characteristics according to the forming material and thickness of an insertion layer according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the graph (700) of FIG. 7a illustrates the magnetic moment according to the type of forming material and the thickness of the insertion layer
- the graph (710) of FIG. 7b illustrates the anisotropy field (H k ) according to the type of forming material and the thickness of the insertion layer.
- the magnetic moment value continuously decreases from 49 ⁇ emu to 5 ⁇ emu as the thickness increases, and the anisotropy field also decreases with the thickness of the insertion layer formed of tungsten, but is maintained from 8.30 kOe to 3.50 kOe compared to other materials.
- the present invention can control the coercivity of the free layer by controlling the type and thickness of the forming material of the insertion layer in the skyrmion channel layer that moves skyrmions, and eliminate remanence by forming a stripe domain.
- FIG. 8a illustrates an M-H curve using MOKE, which shows magnetic properties and stripe domain width according to the thickness of a material forming an insertion layer according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8b illustrates the anisotropy field (H k ) and stripe domain width according to the thickness of the forming material of the insertion layer according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- graph (800) represents Pt
- graph (801) represents W
- graph (802) represents Ti.
- graph (810) represents Pt
- graph (811) represents W
- graph (812) represents Ti.
- Figure 9 illustrates MOKE images according to the forming material and thickness of the insertion layer in the skermion channel layer of the present invention.
- image (900) shows a case where the forming material of the insertion layer is Pt
- image (910) shows a case where the forming material of the insertion layer is W
- image (920) shows a case where the forming material of the insertion layer is Ti.
- the stripe domain width ( ⁇ 0 ) is As shown in Figs. 8a to 9, the stripe domain width decreases as the anisotropy field (H K ) decreases because it is proportional to , and it can be confirmed that a stripe width of about 1 ⁇ m can be secured at 0.1670 nm for Pt, 0.0806 nm for W, and 0.3615 nm for Ti.
- the thickness of the insertion layer is inversely proportional to the size and number of skyrmions, as the stripe width is proportional to the size and number of skyrmions.
- Figure 10 illustrates a skyrmion MOKE image according to a magnetic field while fixing the insertion layer thickness in the skyrmion channel layer of the present invention.
- image (1000) shows a case where the forming material of the insertion layer is Pt
- image (1010) shows a case where the forming material of the insertion layer is W
- image (1020) shows a case where the forming material of the insertion layer is Ti.
- the thicknesses of Pt, W, and Ti are fixed at 0.1670 nm, 0.0806 nm, and 0.3615 nm, respectively.
- the present invention can implement an ultra-low-power synapse device based on a skyrmion memory device in which the change in resistance according to the number of skyrmions is linear, with a voltage of less than 1 V for generating skyrmions and a voltage of about 0.1 V for detecting skyrmions moved through a magnetic tunnel junction.
- the present invention can reduce the writing energy required for moving skyrmions by controlling the type and thickness of the forming material of the insertion layer in the skyrmion channel layer that moves skyrmions.
- FIG. 11 is a drawing explaining the structure and operational concept of a synaptic element using an anti-ferro coupled skyrmion channel layer according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 illustrates a synaptic element structure for canceling out the skyrmion Hall effect in a skyrmion channel layer through which skyrmions move according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- a skyrmion channel layer (1100) is formed as a second structure in which a spin torque channel layer, an oxide seed layer (1101), an insertion layer (1102), a first free layer (1103), a spacer layer (1104), a second free layer (1105), and a tunnel barrier layer (1106) are sequentially laminated, and a fixed layer (1107) is positioned on top in the configuration of a magnetic tunnel junction.
- the first free layer (1103) and the second free layer (1105) have opposite spin directions through RKKY coupling via the spacer layer (1104).
- the free layer may be referred to as a magnetic layer.
- the skyrmion memory element is divided into a low resistance state (1110) and a high resistance state (1120), and when a voltage pulse for a write operation is applied, it moves from the low resistance state (1110) to the high resistance state (1120), and when a voltage pulse for an erase operation is applied, it moves from the high resistance state (1120) to the low resistance state (1110).
- the low resistance state (1110) of the skyrmion memory element is such that the anti-magnetic field coupled skyrmions (1111) in the first free layer (1103) and the second free layer (1105) are not located at a position perpendicular to the fixed layer (1107).
- the high resistance state (1120) of the skyrmion memory element is located at a position where the anti-magnetic field coupled skyrmion (1121) in the first free layer (1103) and the second free layer (1105) is perpendicular to the fixed layer (1107).
- the arrow directions of the first free layer (1103) and the second free layer (1105) under the fixed layer (1107) are the same, and in the high resistance state (1120), the arrow directions of the free layer (1103) and the second free layer (1105) under the fixed layer (1107) are not the same.
- FIG. 12 is a drawing explaining cancellation of the skyrmion Hall effect using an anti-ferro coupled skyrmion channel layer according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- image (1200) illustrates a problem that occurs when a skyrmion is subjected to a magnus force due to the skyrmion Hall effect, causing its path to bend
- image (1201) illustrates that the skyrmion Hall effect is canceled out as the first free layer and the second free layer are formed by anti-ferro coupling through a spacer layer to have opposite spin directions.
- the Magnus force acts on each of the first and second free layers, so that the Magnus force is canceled out, and the skyrmion Hall effect can be canceled out.
- the first free layer and the second free layer can offset the skyrmion Hall effect by moving the formed skyrmion into an anti-ferro-coupled skyrmion.
- FIG. 13 is a drawing explaining the structure of a resistance-changing vertical electrode for generating skyrmions according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 14 is a drawing explaining an I-V curve in the structure of a resistance-changing vertical electrode for generating skyrmions according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 13 illustrates a VCM-based vertical electrode structure for skyrmion generation according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 14 illustrates forming, set, and reset voltages through I-V curves in a VCM-based vertical electrode structure.
- a structure (1300) of a resistance-variable vertical electrode for generating skyrmions is composed of a lower electrode (1310) formed of Ru, a skyrmion channel layer (1320), and a resistance-variable vertical electrode (1330), and the skyrmion channel layer (1320) is composed of a spin torque channel layer (1321), a free layer (1322), an insertion layer (1323), and a tunnel barrier layer (1324), and the resistance-variable vertical electrode (1330) is composed of a resistance-variable layer (1331) formed of HfO x and an electrode (1332) formed of Pt.
- the free layer (1322) can be formed of CoFeB
- the insertion layer (1323) can be formed of Ta, W, Pt, Ti
- the tunnel barrier layer (1324) can be formed of MgO.
- the graph (1400) illustrates a structure in which the forming voltage is -3.6 V, the set voltage is -1.56 V, and the reset voltage is +5.4 V when the thickness of the resistance change layer (1331) in the structure (1300) of the resistance change vertical electrode described in FIG. 13 is 2 nm.
- FIG. 15 is a drawing illustrating skyrmion generation and movement based on a resistance-changing vertical electrode for skyrmion generation according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 15 illustrates an example of a skyrmion generation and movement according to an input voltage pulse input to a resistance change vertical electrode for skyrmion generation according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- a pulse amplitude of +0.9 V and a pulse width of 200 ms are exemplified.
- a pulse amplitude of +0.3 V and a pulse width of 50 ms are exemplified.
- a pulse amplitude of -0.3 V and a pulse width of 50 ms are exemplified.
- a skyrmion is generated as an input pulse is applied and the skyrmion moves in the current direction according to successive input pulses.
- the resistance of the MTJ can be changed between low resistance (parallel state) and high resistance (anti-parallel state) depending on the position of the skyrmion in the free layer of the skyrmion channel layer.
- FIGS. 16A to 16D are drawings explaining a multi-level implementation according to the number of skyrmions according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 16a illustrates various appearances of skyrmion numbers according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 16b illustrates changes in resistance states according to skyrmion numbers according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 16c illustrates 16-level multi-bit skyrmion according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 16d illustrates reinforcement and suppression of 16-level multi-bit skyrmion as a resistance level according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- image (1601) exemplifies a case where there is one skyrmion
- image (1602) exemplifies a case where there are three skyrmions
- image (1603) exemplifies a case where there are five skyrmions
- image (1604) exemplifies a case where there are seven skyrmions.
- the image (1620) illustrates a 16-level multi-bit skyrmion
- the graph (1630) of Fig. 16d illustrates the potentiation and depression of a synapse according to the number of skyrmions.
- a magnetic tunnel junction of a skyrmion memory device detects multi-bit skyrmions when the number of skyrmions is large, and as the area of a free layer increases according to the multi-bit skyrmions, the resistance level gradually changes, thereby ensuring linearity of reinforcement and suppression implemented at multiple levels.
- the present invention can implement a multi-level bit by controlling the number of skyrmions in a single magnetic tunnel junction by controlling the size of skyrmions by positioning an insertion layer between a free layer and a tunnel barrier layer in a skyrmion channel layer that moves skyrmions and by controlling the type and thickness of the forming material of the insertion layer.
- FIGS. 17 and 18 are drawings explaining another structure of a skyrmion memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 17 and 18 are exemplified as a design structure for an experiment, similar to FIG. 13.
- FIG. 17 illustrates a first alternative structure of a skyrmion memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the first alternative structure may be a structure different from the skyrmion memory device described in FIG. 1.
- a skyrmion memory element (1700) according to one embodiment of the present invention shows a structure that is inverted from the skyrmion memory element (100) illustrated in FIG. 1.
- a skyrmion memory element (1700) has a magnetic tunnel junction (1730) including a buffer layer (1738), a seed layer (1737), a first exchange diamagnetic layer (1736), a separation layer (1735), a second exchange diamagnetic layer (1734), a bridge layer (1732), and a pinned layer (1731) positioned on a lower electrode (1740).
- the buffer layer (1738) can be formed with a thickness of 5 nm of Ta, and the seed layer (1737) can be formed with a thickness of 3 nm of Pt.
- the bridge layer (1732) can be formed with W to a thickness of 0.3 nm to 0.5 nm.
- the first exchange anti-ferromagnetic layer (1736), the separation layer (1735), and the second exchange anti-ferromagnetic layer (1734) form synthetic anti-ferromagnetic multi-layers (SyAF) (1733).
- the magnetic tunnel junction (1730) also includes a tunnel barrier layer (1724), an insertion layer (1723), a free layer (1722), and a spin torque channel layer (1711).
- a magnetic tunnel junction (1730) may be formed as a second structure in which a buffer layer (1738), a seed layer (1737), a first exchange diamagnetic layer (1736), a separation layer (1735), a second exchange diamagnetic layer (1734), a bridge layer (1732), a pinned layer (1731), a tunnel barrier layer (1724), an insertion layer (1723), a free layer (1722), and a spin torque channel layer (1711) are sequentially stacked on a lower electrode (1740).
- the tunnel barrier layer (1724), the insertion layer (1723), the free layer (1722), and the spin torque channel layer (1711) form a skyrmion channel layer (1720).
- the skyrmion channel layer (1720) can be formed as a third structure in which a tunnel barrier layer (1724), an insertion layer (1723), a free layer (1722), and a spin torque channel layer (1721) are sequentially stacked.
- the magnetic tunnel junction (1730) includes a skyrmion channel layer (1720).
- the insertion layer (123) is formed of one of the forming materials of Ta, W, PT, and Ti.
- a resistance change vertical electrode (1710) is positioned on a spin torque channel layer (1711), and the resistance change vertical electrode (1710) includes an electrode (1711) and a resistance change layer (1712).
- the electrode (1711) may be referred to as an upper electrode.
- the resistance change layer (1712) may be formed of HfO x
- the electrode (1711) may be formed of either Pt or Ru.
- the resistance change vertical electrode (1710) may be any one of an electrochemical metallization memory (ECM) vertical electrode, a valence change memory (VCM) vertical electrode, and a vertical electrode combining an ECM and a VCM.
- ECM electrochemical metallization memory
- VCM valence change memory
- FIG. 18 illustrates a second alternative structure of a skyrmion memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the second alternative structure may be a structure different from the skyrmion memory device described in FIG. 1 and FIG. 17.
- a skyrmion memory element (1800) according to one embodiment of the present invention has a different location of a resistance change vertical electrode from that of the skyrmion memory element (100) illustrated in FIG. 1.
- a skyrmion memory element (1800) has a resistance-variable vertical electrode (1810) positioned on a skyrmion channel layer (1820) and a magnetic tunnel junction (1830) tunnel barrier layer (1824).
- the skyrmion channel layer (1820) can be formed as a first structure in which a spin torque channel layer (1821), a free layer (1822), an insertion layer (1823), and a tunnel barrier layer (1824) are sequentially stacked.
- a magnetic tunnel junction (1830) is formed with a structure in which a spin torque channel layer (1821), a free layer (1822), an insertion layer (1823), a tunnel barrier layer (1824), a pinned layer (1831), a bridge layer (1832), a first exchange demagnetizing layer (1834), a separation layer (1835), a second exchange demagnetizing layer (1836), and an upper electrode (1840) are sequentially laminated, and may additionally include a capping layer (1837).
- the magnetic tunnel junction (1830) includes a skyrmion channel layer (1820).
- the first exchange diamagnetic layer (1834), the separation layer (1835), and the second exchange diamagnetic layer (1836) form a composite exchange diamagnetic layer (1833).
- the skyrmion memory element (1800) can be formed into a new structure by changing the position of the resistance change vertical electrode (1810).
- the present invention relates to a skyrmion memory device and a crossbar array circuit using the same, which comprises a resistive switching vertical electrode for generating skyrmions, a skyrmion channel layer for moving skyrmions, and a magnetic tunnel junction for sensing skyrmions, thereby enabling implementation of a skyrmion memory device in which the resistance change is linear according to the number of skyrmions, and a crossbar array circuit using the same.
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Abstract
Description
Claims (13)
- 스커미온(skyrmion)을 형성하는 저항 변화 수직 전극;상기 형성된 스커미온을 이동시키는 스커미온 채널층; 및상기 스커미온 채널층을 포함하고, 상기 이동된 스커미온을 감지(sensing)하여 자유층과 고정층의 자화 방향에 따라 저저항 상태 및 고저항 상태 중 어느 하나의 상태로 결정되는 자기 터널 접합을 포함하고,상기 스커미온 채널층은 스핀 토크(spin orbit torque, SOT) 채널층, 상기 자유층, 삽입층 및 터널 배리어층을 포함하며,상기 삽입층의 두께 및 형성 물질의 종류에 기반하여 상기 이동된 스커미온의 크기 및 개수가 제어됨에 따라 상기 자유층의 면적이 제어되는 것을 특징으로 하는스커미온 메모리 소자.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 자기 터널 접합은 상기 스커미온의 개수가 다수인 경우에 멀티 비트의 스커미온을 감지하고, 상기 멀티 비트의 스커미온에 따라 상기 자유층의 면적이 증가하는 것을 특징으로 하는스커미온 메모리 소자.
- 제2항에 있어서,상기 자기 터널 접합은 상기 자유층의 면적이 증가함에 따라 저항 레벨(resistance level)이 점차적으로 변하여 멀티 레벨로 구현되는 강화(potentiation) 및 억제(depression) 의 선형성을 확보하는 것을 특징으로 하는스커미온 메모리 소자.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 저항 변화 수직 전극은 ECM(electrochemical metallization memory) 수직 전극, VCM(valence change memory) 수직 전극 및 ECM과 VCM이 결합된 수직 전극 중 어느 하나인 것을 특징으로 하는스커미온 메모리 소자.
- 제4항에 있어서,상기 저항 변화 수직 전극은 전극과 저항 변화층(resistive switching layer)을 포함하고,상기 저항 변화층은 SiOx, MgO, HfOx, AlOx, TiOx, TaOx, GeSe, GeS2, GeTe, ZnTe 중 어느 하나로 형성되며,상기 전극은 Al, TiN, Ti, Ag, Cu, CuTe, W, Pt 및 Ru 중 어느 하나로 형성되는 것을 특징으로 하는스커미온 메모리 소자.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 스커미온 채널층은 상기 스핀 토크 채널층, 상기 자유층, 상기 삽입층 및 상기 터널 배리어층이 순차적으로 적층된 제1 구조로 형성되는 것을 특징으로 하는스커미온 메모리 소자.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 스커미온 채널층은 상기 스핀 토크 채널층, 산화물 시드층, 상기 삽입층, 제1 자유층, 스페이서(spacer)층, 제2 자유층 및 상기 터널 배리어층이 순차적으로 적층된 제2 구조로 형성되는 것을 특징으로 하는스커미온 메모리 소자.
- 제7항에 있어서,상기 스커미온 채널층은 상기 제2 구조로 형성되는 경우에 상기 제1 자유층과 상기 제2 자유층이 상기 형성된 스커미온을 반자장 결합 스커미온(anti-ferro-coupled skyrmion)으로 이동 시킴에 따라 스커미온 홀 효과(skyrmion hall effect)를 상쇄(cancel)시키는 것을 특징으로 하는스커미온 메모리 소자.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 스커미온 채널층은 상기 터널 배리어층, 상기 삽입층, 상기 자유층 및 상기 스핀 토크 채널층이 순차적으로 적층된 제3 구조로 형성되는 것을 특징으로 하는스커미온 메모리 소자.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 삽입층은 Ta, W, Pt, Mo 및 Ti 중 어느 하나의 물질로 형성되고,상기 삽입층의 두께는 상기 스커미온의 크기 및 개수와 반비례하는 것을 특징으로 하는스커미온 메모리 소자.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 자기 터널 접합은 상기 스핀 토크 채널층, 상기 자유층, 상기 삽입층, 상기 터널 배리어층, 상기 고정층, 브릿지층(bridge layer), 제1 교환 반자장층(synthetic anti-ferromagnetic multi-layers), 분리층(spacing layer), 제2 교환 반자장층 및 상부 전극이 순차적으로 적층된 구조로 형성되는 것을 특징으로 하는스커미온 메모리 소자.
- 스커미온(skyrmion)을 형성하는 저항 변화 수직 전극, 상기 형성된 스커미온을 이동시키는 스커미온 채널층 및 상기 스커미온 채널층을 포함하고, 상기 이동된 스커미온을 감지(sensing)하여 자유층과 고정층의 자화 방향에 따라 저저항 상태 및 고저항 상태 중 어느 하나의 상태로 결정되는 자기 터널 접합을 포함하고, 상기 스커미온 채널층은 스핀 토크(spin orbit torque, SOT) 채널층, 상기 자유층, 삽입층 및 터널 배리어층을 포함하며, 상기 삽입층의 두께 및 형성 물질의 종류에 기반하여 상기 이동된 스커미온의 크기 및 개수가 제어됨에 따라 상기 자유층의 면적이 제어되는 스커미온 메모리 소자를 이용한 크로스바 어레이 회로에 있어서,상기 스커미온 메모리 소자와 스위칭 소자가 하나의 비트셀을 이루고, 상기 비트셀이 복수로 배열한 어레이 및 상기 어레이에 구동 신호를 인가하는 구동부를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는크로스바 어레이 회로.
- 제12항에 있어서,상기 비트셀은 상기 저항 변화 수직 전극이 상기 스위칭 소자의 드레인 단에 연결되고, 상기 자기 터널 접합의 상부 전극이 비트 라인에 연결되어 2단자 구조를 가지는 것을 특징으로 하는크로스바 어레이 회로.
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| LONE AIJAZ H., FARIBORZI H.: "Skyrmion-Magnetic Tunnel Junction Synapse With Long-Term and Short-Term Plasticity for Neuromorphic Computing", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES, IEEE, USA, vol. 70, no. 1, 1 January 2023 (2023-01-01), USA, pages 371 - 378, XP093212201, ISSN: 0018-9383, DOI: 10.1109/TED.2022.3220492 * |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR102693380B1 (ko) | 2024-08-12 |
| CN120917918A (zh) | 2025-11-07 |
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