WO2024005159A1 - 熱電材料、熱電素子、熱電モジュール、デバイス、および熱電材料の製造方法 - Google Patents
熱電材料、熱電素子、熱電モジュール、デバイス、および熱電材料の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- H10N10/00—Thermoelectric devices comprising a junction of dissimilar materials, i.e. devices exhibiting Seebeck or Peltier effects
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- H10N10/851—Thermoelectric active materials comprising inorganic compositions
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N10/00—Thermoelectric devices comprising a junction of dissimilar materials, i.e. devices exhibiting Seebeck or Peltier effects
- H10N10/80—Constructional details
- H10N10/85—Thermoelectric active materials
- H10N10/851—Thermoelectric active materials comprising inorganic compositions
- H10N10/855—Thermoelectric active materials comprising inorganic compositions comprising compounds containing boron, carbon, oxygen or nitrogen
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- H10N10/00—Thermoelectric devices comprising a junction of dissimilar materials, i.e. devices exhibiting Seebeck or Peltier effects
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- H10N10/857—Thermoelectric active materials comprising compositions changing continuously or discontinuously inside the material
Definitions
- thermoelectric materials thermoelectric elements, thermoelectric modules, devices, and methods of manufacturing thermoelectric materials.
- This application claims priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2022-104443 filed in Japan on June 29, 2022, the contents of which are incorporated herein.
- Bi-Te based thermoelectric material Conventionally, a material called a Bi-Te based thermoelectric material has been mainly used as a thermoelectric material.
- the compositional formula of the Bi-Te based thermoelectric material is expressed as Bi 2 Te 3 , where some or all of the Bi sites in the thermoelectric material are replaced with Sb, and some or all of the Te sites are replaced with Se or S. Composition materials are used.
- ⁇ is the Seebeck coefficient
- ⁇ is the electrical conductivity
- ⁇ is the thermal conductivity.
- attempts have been made to reduce lattice thermal conductivity and improve carrier mobility, but since both thermal conductivity and Seebeck coefficient are functions of carrier concentration, in many cases , it is a trade-off.
- Patent Document 1 discloses that Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Zr, Thermoelectric materials to which Nb, Mo, Y, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, and Mm (misch metal) are added have been proposed.
- Non-Patent Document 1 describes that Zn is added to a p-type Bi-Te based thermoelectric material and that the segregated ZnTe contributes to a reduction in thermal conductivity.
- Patent Document 2 describes a plurality of zinc oxide nanoparticles within a plurality of bismuth antimony telluride matrix particles of a p-type Bi-Te based thermoelectric material, and a zinc antimony modified grain boundary between a plurality of bismuth antimony telluride matrix particles.
- Thermoelectric materials have been proposed that include.
- thermoelectric material of Patent Document 1 improves the figure of merit by promoting amorphization.
- amorphization and crystal refinement in Bi-Te thermoelectric materials result in a decrease in carrier mobility as well as a decrease in thermal conductivity, making it difficult to improve the figure of merit.
- Non-patent Document 1 discloses an example showing the effect of reducing thermal conductivity due to segregated ZnTe, but in the case of a Zn-added sample with little oxidation, although the effect of reducing thermal conductivity due to ZnTe precipitation is seen, At the same time, the carrier mobility also decreases, and there is a problem that the effect of improving the figure of merit is insufficient.
- Patent Document 2 mobility is improved by antimony oxide modified grain boundaries.
- Zinc-antimony modified grain boundaries are formed in solution-based manufacturing methods such as wet chemical synthesis.
- Zinc-antimony modified grain boundaries are not formed in the melting method used for general mass production of thermoelectric materials, so it is not suitable for mass production.
- zinc antimony is unsuitable for industrial products due to its weak brittleness and oxidizability.
- Zn is used in the form of zinc oxide from the beginning during synthesis, there is no reducing effect on the oxide by Zn, and the amount of Sb oxide is at a level that can be easily observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Contains many. It is preferable that this Sb oxide is not contained, since it becomes a factor in deteriorating the characteristics.
- the present invention was made in view of the above circumstances, and aims to provide a thermoelectric material, a thermoelectric element, a thermoelectric module, a device, and a method for manufacturing a thermoelectric material that have an excellent figure of merit.
- thermoelectric material has a composition formula represented by A 2 B 3 , where A in the composition formula is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Bi and Sb, and B has a matrix in which B is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Te, Se, and S, and Zn, Nb, and Oxide particles containing one or more elements selected from the group C consisting of Al and telluride particles containing one or more elements selected from the group C are precipitated, and the oxide particles
- the major axis of the oxide particles is 1 nm to 1000 nm
- the minor axis of the oxide particles is 1 nm to 500 nm
- the major axis of the telluride particles is 0.4 ⁇ m to 40 ⁇ m
- the minor axis of the telluride particles is 0.4 ⁇ m to 40 ⁇ m. It is 20 ⁇ m.
- thermoelectric material a thermoelectric element, a thermoelectric module, a device, and a method for manufacturing a thermoelectric material that have an excellent figure of merit.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining the cutout position of a measurement sample.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the temperature dependence of the Seebeck coefficient ⁇ of a p-type thermoelectric material produced by turning an ingot into powder in the atmosphere.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity ⁇ of a p-type thermoelectric material produced by turning an ingot into powder in the atmosphere.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity ⁇ of a p-type thermoelectric material produced by turning an ingot into powder in the atmosphere.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the temperature dependence of the figure of merit Z of a p-type thermoelectric material produced by turning an ingot into powder in the atmosphere. It is a figure which shows the temperature dependence of the weighted mobility ⁇ w of a p-type thermoelectric material produced by turning an ingot into powder in the atmosphere.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the temperature dependence of the lattice thermal conductivity ⁇ lat of a p-type thermoelectric material produced by turning an ingot into powder in the atmosphere.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the temperature dependence of the figure of merit Z of a p-type thermoelectric material produced by powdering an ingot in the air and a p-type thermoelectric material produced by powdering an ingot in an inert gas atmosphere.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the temperature dependence of Quality factor B of a p-type thermoelectric material produced by powdering an ingot in the air and a p-type thermoelectric material produced by powdering an ingot in an inert gas atmosphere (inside a glove box).
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the distribution of the major axis of zinc telluride particles in a p-type thermoelectric material produced by turning an ingot into powder in the atmosphere.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the distribution of the minor axis of zinc telluride particles in a p-type thermoelectric material produced by pulverizing an ingot into powder in the atmosphere.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the distribution of the major axis of zinc oxide particles in a p-type thermoelectric material produced by turning an ingot into powder in the atmosphere.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the distribution of the minor axis of zinc oxide particles in a p-type thermoelectric material produced by pulverizing an ingot into powder in the atmosphere. It is a figure which shows the result of Sb and O element mapping of the thermoelectric material which did not add Zn.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity of a p-type thermoelectric material in which zinc oxide is added to the raw material and a p-type thermoelectric material in which zinc alone is added to the raw material.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the dependence of the dimensionless figure of merit ZT of the n-type thermoelectric material 2 on the amount of ZnTe near room temperature (325K).
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the elemental mapping results of n-type thermoelectric material 2.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the temperature dependence of the lattice thermal conductivity ⁇ lat of Bi 2 Se 0.3 Te 2.7 , n-type thermoelectric material 3, and n-type thermoelectric material 4.
- FIG. It is a figure showing the relationship between Quality factor B and the amount of Al.
- 2 is a diagram showing the temperature dependence of the dimensionless figure of merit ZT of Bi 0.45 Sb 1.55 Te 3 , p-type thermoelectric material 2, and p-type thermoelectric material 3.
- thermoelectric material according to the embodiment of the present invention has a composition formula represented by A 2 B 3 , where A in the composition formula is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Bi and Sb, and B in the composition formula is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Bi and Sb. It has a matrix that is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Te, Se, and S, and C that is made of Zn, Nb, and Al in at least one of the crystal grains of the matrix and the grain boundaries of the matrix.
- Oxide particles containing one or more elements selected from the group C (hereinafter referred to as oxide particles containing elements of group C) and telluride containing one or more elements selected from group C Particles (hereinafter referred to as telluride particles containing elements of group C) are precipitated, oxide particles containing elements of group C have a major axis of 1 nm to 1000 nm, and oxide particles containing elements of group C are precipitated.
- the short axis of the telluride particles containing an element of group C is 0.4 ⁇ m to 40 ⁇ m, and the short axis of the telluride particles containing an element of group C is 0.4 ⁇ m. ⁇ 20 ⁇ m.
- thermoelectric material according to this embodiment can be used for both n-type semiconductors and p-type semiconductors.
- a numerical range expressed using “ ⁇ ” means a range that includes the numerical values written before and after " ⁇ " as the lower limit and upper limit. Numerical values indicated as “less than” or “greater than” do not include the value within the numerical range. Each element will be explained below.
- thermoelectric material according to the present embodiment has a composition formula A 2 B 3 , and A in the composition formula is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Bi and Sb (hereinafter referred to as elements of the group A). B in the compositional formula is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Te, Se, and S (hereinafter sometimes referred to as elements of the B group).
- the ratio of the total number of atoms of elements in group A to the total number of atoms of elements in group B (element in group A: element in group B) is 2:3.
- the matrix examples include Bi 2 Te 3 , Sb 2 Te 3 , Bi 2 Se 3 , Sb 2 Se 3 , Bi 2 S 3 , Sb 2 S 3 , Bi 0.46 Sb 1.54 Te 3 , (Bi 0 .225 Sb 0.775 ) 2 Te 3 and the like.
- the matrix contains Te.
- thermoelectric material according to the embodiment is used as an n-type semiconductor, it is preferable to increase the proportions of Se and S in the elements of the B group in the matrix.
- the atomic ratio of Se and S to Te ((Se+S)/(Te+Se+S)) in the matrix is preferably 0 to 0.33.
- thermoelectric material according to the embodiment is used as a p-type semiconductor, it is preferable to increase the proportion of Sb in the elements of group A in the matrix. Specifically, it is preferable that the atomic ratio (Bi/(Sb+Bi)) between Bi and Sb in the matrix is 0 to 0.30.
- thermoelectric material according to the embodiment is used as an n-type semiconductor, it is preferable to contain a halogen element such as Cl, Se, or I.
- the content of the halogen element is preferably 0.030 at% to 0.20 at% based on the entire matrix. More preferably, the content of the halogen element is 0.050 at% to 0.12 at%.
- thermoelectric material according to the embodiment When the thermoelectric material according to the embodiment is used as a p-type semiconductor, a Group 14 element such as Ge, Sn, or Pb may be contained in the matrix.
- the content of the Group 14 element is preferably 0 at% to 0.20 at% based on the entire matrix. More preferably, the content of the Group 14 element is 0 at% to 0.15 at%.
- the at% of each element can be analyzed using, for example, an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS).
- the matrix of the thermoelectric material according to the embodiment is preferably polycrystalline. It is further preferable that no halo pattern derived from the amorphous phase be seen by X-ray diffraction.
- thermoelectric material oxide particles containing one or more elements of the group C selected from the group consisting of Zn, Nb, and Al inside the crystal grains of the matrix and at least one of the grain boundaries of the matrix. is precipitated.
- the oxide particles containing an element of group C contain at least Zn.
- the oxide particles containing elements of the C group contain at least Nb.
- the oxide particles containing an element of group C contain at least Al.
- the major axis of the oxide particles containing elements of group C is 1 nm to 1000 nm.
- the major axis of the oxide particles containing elements of group C is preferably 20 nm to 480 nm. More preferably, the longer diameter of the oxide particles containing an element of group C is 20 nm to 350 nm. Note that it is sufficient that 75% or more of the oxide particles containing elements of group C satisfy this numerical range of the major axis. It is more preferable that 80% or more of the oxide particles containing elements of group C satisfy this numerical range of the major axis. It is further preferable that 90% or more of the oxide particles containing elements of group C satisfy this numerical range of the major axis.
- the minor axis of the oxide particles containing elements of group C is 1 nm to 500 nm.
- the short diameter of the oxide particles containing an element of group C is preferably 10 nm to 260 nm. More preferably, the minor axis of the oxide particles containing an element of group C is 10 nm to 190 nm. Note that it is sufficient that 75% or more of the oxide particles containing elements of group C satisfy this numerical range of the minor axis. More preferably, 80% or more of the oxide particles containing elements of group C satisfy this numerical range of the minor axis. It is further preferable that 90% or more of the oxide particles containing elements of group C satisfy this numerical range of the minor axis.
- thermoelectric material a telluride containing one or more elements of the C group selected from the group consisting of Zn, Nb, and Al in at least one of the inside of the crystal grains of the matrix and the grain boundaries of the matrix. Particles precipitate.
- the elements of the group C are elements that do not easily substitute the A or B sites in A 2 B 3 , do not enter between the crystal lattices of A 2 B 3 , and do not significantly change the carrier concentration, and It is an element that has a higher ionization tendency than the elements of the group B and the elements of the group B.
- the elements of group C have a higher ionization tendency than the elements of group A and the elements of group B, they are elements that function as getter materials that absorb oxygen.
- the telluride particles containing an element of group C preferably contain at least Zn.
- the telluride particles containing an element of group C preferably contain at least Nb.
- the telluride particles containing an element of group C preferably contain at least Al.
- the telluride particles containing elements of group C contain at least Zn.
- the telluride particles are, for example, zinc telluride (ZnTe) particles.
- At least one of the oxide particles containing an element of group C and the telluride particles containing an element of group C may contain at least Zn. At least one of the oxide particles containing an element of group C and the telluride particles containing an element of group C may contain at least Nb. At least one of the oxide particles containing an element of group C and the telluride particles containing an element of group C may contain at least Al.
- the major axis of the telluride particles containing elements of group C is 0.4 ⁇ m to 40 ⁇ m.
- the major diameter of the telluride particles containing an element of group C is preferably 0.6 ⁇ m to 21 ⁇ m. More preferably, the longer diameter of the telluride particles containing an element of group C is 0.6 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m. Note that it is sufficient that 75% or more of the telluride particles containing elements of group C satisfy this numerical range of the major axis. More preferably, 80% or more of the telluride particles containing elements of group C satisfy this numerical range of the major axis. It is further preferable that 90% or more of the telluride particles containing elements of group C satisfy this numerical range of the major axis.
- the short axis of the telluride particles containing elements of group C is 0.4 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m.
- the short diameter of the telluride particles containing an element of group C is preferably 0.4 ⁇ m to 10.5 ⁇ m. More preferably, the short axis of telluride particles containing an element of group C is 0.4 ⁇ m to 7.5 ⁇ m. Note that it is sufficient that 75% or more of the telluride particles containing elements of group C satisfy this numerical range of the minor axis. More preferably, 80% or more of the telluride particles containing elements of group C satisfy this numerical range of the minor axis. It is further preferable that 90% or more of the telluride particles containing elements of group C satisfy this numerical range of the minor axis.
- thermoelectric material is processed by, for example, ion milling or focused ion beam (FIB) to obtain a sample for cross-sectional observation.
- FIB focused ion beam
- the obtained sample for cross-sectional observation is subjected to cross-sectional observation using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) or a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to obtain a cross-sectional image.
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- elemental mapping is performed using, for example, an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) attached to a TEM.
- EDS energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer
- particles in which elements of group C and oxygen were detected are treated as oxide particles containing elements in group C
- particles in which elements of group C and Te were detected are treated as tellurium particles containing elements in group C.
- a particle in which only an element of group C is detected is defined as a particle of a single element of group C.
- image analysis software such as ImageJ Fiji to set a threshold value (for example, setting a concentration distribution histogram for binarization) so that the outlines of oxide particles and telluride particles become clear.
- 8-field observation e.g., measurement field of view: 3.3 ⁇ m x 3.3 ⁇ m
- 4-field observation for telluride particles containing elements of group C e.g., Measurement field of view: 414 ⁇ m x 285 ⁇ m
- the Zn content of the thermoelectric material according to the embodiment is preferably 0.40 to 2.3 at% based on the entire thermoelectric material.
- a more preferable Zn content is 0.40 to 1.2 at%. More preferably, it is 0.79 to 1.2 at%.
- the content of Zn in the thermoelectric material according to the embodiment can be measured using, for example, an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). Note that the content values were rounded to two digits.
- the content of Al according to the embodiment is preferably 1.99 to 3.97 at% based on the entire thermoelectric material.
- the content of Zn in the thermoelectric material according to the embodiment can be measured using, for example, an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). Note that the content values were rounded to three digits.
- the maximum value of the number density of Sb oxide particles is 31.2 particles/ ⁇ m 2 or less. It is more preferable that the maximum number density of Sb oxide particles is 12.4 particles/ ⁇ m 2 or less. More preferably, the maximum value of the number density of Sb oxide particles is 1.6 particles/ ⁇ m 2 or less. Since the amount of Sb oxide is small but preferable, the lower limit of the number density of Sb oxide particles is 0 pieces/mm 2 .
- the Sb oxide is, for example, Sb 2 O 3 .
- the maximum number density of Bi oxide particles is preferably 31.2 particles/ ⁇ m 2 or less. It is more preferable that the maximum number density of Bi oxide particles is 12.4 particles/ ⁇ m 2 or less. More preferably, the maximum number density of Bi oxide particles is 1.6 particles/ ⁇ m 2 or less. Since the amount of Sb oxide is small but preferable, the lower limit of the maximum number density of Bi oxide particles is 0 particles/mm 2 . Bi oxide is Bi 2 O 3 , for example.
- the number density of Sb oxide particles and Bi oxide particles can be measured, for example, by the following method.
- the thermoelectric material is processed using, for example, a focused ion beam (FIB) to obtain a sample for cross-sectional observation.
- the obtained sample for cross-sectional observation is observed using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) or the like to obtain a cross-sectional image.
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- elemental mapping is performed using an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer attached to a TEM, for example, and particles in which Sb and oxygen are detected are treated as Sb oxide particles, and particles in which Bi and oxygen are detected are treated as Bi oxide particles. It is determined to be a physical particle.
- the number density of oxide particles and the number density of Bi oxide particles are calculated.
- the maximum value of the number densities of Sb oxide particles in each field of view obtained in the measurement of 8 fields of view is defined as the maximum value of the number density of Sb oxide particles.
- the maximum value of the number densities of Bi oxide particles in each field of view obtained in the measurement of 8 fields of view is defined as the maximum value of the number density of Bi oxide particles.
- the oxygen concentration of the thermoelectric material according to the embodiment is preferably 100 ppm or more. A more preferable oxygen concentration is 400 ppm or more. A more preferable oxygen concentration is 1000 ppm or more.
- the oxygen concentration of the thermoelectric material can be measured, for example, by inert gas melting-day dispersive infrared absorption method (NDIR).
- thermoelectric material according to the embodiment has been described above.
- the thermoelectric material according to the embodiment can be used for a thermoelectric element.
- thermoelectric element can be used in a thermoelectric module.
- the thermoelectric module can be used in devices such as precision temperature control devices and power generation devices.
- thermoelectric material according to the embodiment oxide particles (major axis: 1 nm to 1000 nm, minor axis: 1 nm to 500 nm) containing an element of group C are precipitated inside the crystal grains of the matrix and at least one of the crystal grain boundaries of the matrix. Therefore, the lattice thermal conductivity can be reduced without reducing carrier mobility. Thereby, the figure of merit Z of the thermoelectric material according to the embodiment can be improved.
- thermoelectric material according to the embodiment includes telluride particles (longer diameter: 0.4 ⁇ m to 40 ⁇ m, shorter diameter: 0.4 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m) is precipitated, the lattice thermal conductivity can be reduced. Thereby, the figure of merit Z of the thermoelectric material according to the embodiment can be improved.
- the figure of merit Z of the thermoelectric material according to the embodiment can be further increased by increasing the number of oxide particles containing an element of group C than the telluride particles containing an element of group C. can be improved.
- the carrier mobility of the thermoelectric material according to the embodiment can be further improved.
- the oxygen concentration of the thermoelectric material according to the embodiment is 1000 ppm or more, oxide particles containing an appropriate number of elements of the C group are formed, and the figure of merit Z can be further improved.
- FIG. 1 is a flowchart of a method for manufacturing a thermoelectric material according to an embodiment.
- the method for producing a thermoelectric material according to the embodiment includes at least one element of group A selected from the group consisting of Bi and Sb, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Te, Se, and S.
- the melting and solidifying step S1 at least a part of one or more elements selected from the group C in the raw material exists alone. Each step will be explained below.
- ⁇ Melting and solidifying process> In the melting and solidifying step S1, at least one element selected from the group A consisting of Bi and Sb, at least one element selected from the group B consisting of Te, Se, and S, and Zn, Nb , and at least one element selected from the group C consisting of Al, is melted and solidified.
- the raw material contains at least one element selected from the group A consisting of Bi and Sb, at least one element selected from the group B consisting of Te, Se, and S, and Zn, Nb, and Al. and at least one element selected from the group C consisting of.
- the atomic ratio of each element may be determined so that the raw material is a telluride containing yat% of elements of the C group, and the remainder is a matrix represented by the composition formula A 2 B 3 .
- y in yat% means the atomic concentration of telluride containing elements of the C group with respect to all atoms in the raw material.
- a in the compositional formula means at least one element selected from the group consisting of Bi and Sb.
- B in the composition formula means at least one element selected from the group consisting of Te, Se, and S.
- Tellurides containing elements of group C include ZnTe, Al 2 Te 3 , NbTe 2 , Nb 3 Te 4, NbTe 4 and the like. Note that the telluride containing the element of group C does not need to be contained as a telluride, and it is sufficient that the element of group C and Te are each contained in the raw material as a single substance. In this embodiment, at least a portion of the raw material containing the element of group C exists alone. It is preferable that the element of group C is contained in the raw material as a simple substance. It is preferable that each element is uniformly mixed in the raw material. Further, the raw material may contain the above-mentioned halogen elements, Group 14 elements, and the like.
- the raw material is heated at the heating temperature for a certain period of time.
- the heating time is not particularly limited as long as the raw materials are completely melted.
- the heating time is 1 hour to 60 hours.
- the average temperature increase rate when raising the temperature from room temperature (for example, 20° C. to 30° C.) to the heating temperature is preferably, for example, 1° C./min to 20° C./min.
- room temperature for example, 20° C. to 30° C.
- ⁇ Temperature fall rate> In the melting and solidifying step S1, after heating the raw material for a certain period of time, the temperature is lowered from the heating temperature to room temperature to obtain a solidified product. It is preferable that the average cooling rate when lowering the temperature from the heating temperature to room temperature is, for example, 0.1° C./min to 20° C./min.
- powder is obtained from the coagulated material obtained in the melting and solidifying step. Air bubbles may remain in the solidified material, and elements may be segregated. Therefore, the coagulated material is turned into powder. At this time, it is preferable to crush the coagulated material in the atmosphere or to expose the prepared powder to the atmosphere.
- thermoelectric material is obtained by sintering the powder obtained in the powder manufacturing step S2.
- the sintering method is not particularly limited. Examples of the sintering method include hot press sintering and pulsed electric current sintering (PECS). In pulsed current sintering, the temperature can be rapidly raised to the target.
- PECS pulsed electric current sintering
- the sintering temperature, sintering pressure, and sintering time are not particularly limited as long as the desired thermoelectric material can be obtained.
- the sintering temperature is preferably 350°C to 550°C.
- the sintering pressure is preferably, for example, 10 MPa to 90 MPa.
- the sintering time is preferably, for example, 1 minute to 120 minutes.
- the atmosphere during sintering is not particularly limited as long as the desired thermoelectric material can be obtained, but vacuum or an inert gas atmosphere is preferable in order to suppress oxidation during sintering.
- thermoelectric material according to the embodiment can function as a getter material that absorbs oxygen because at least a part of the raw material containing the element of group C exists as a single substance.
- the maximum value of the number density of Sb oxide particles and Bi oxide particles can be set to 31.2 particles/ ⁇ m 2 or less. Thereby, the figure of merit Z of the thermoelectric material can be further improved.
- oxidation can be actively promoted by crushing the coagulated material in the atmosphere or exposing it to the atmosphere. This allows the oxygen concentration in the thermoelectric material to be 1000 ppm or more. When the oxygen concentration in the thermoelectric material is 1000 ppm or more, oxide particles containing an appropriate number of elements of the C group are formed, and the figure of merit Z can be further improved.
- the conditions in the example are examples of conditions adopted to confirm the feasibility and effects of the present invention, and the present invention is based on this example of conditions. It is not limited.
- the present invention can adopt various conditions as long as the purpose of the present invention is achieved without departing from the gist of the present invention.
- Bi 2 Se 0.3 Te 2.7 and Bi 0.45 Sb 1.55 Te 3 were also produced.
- (Bi x Sb 1-x ) 2 Te 3 +y at% ZnTe below means that there is y/100 mol of ZnTe per 1 mol of (Bi x Sb 1-x ) 2 Te 3 .
- Bi 0.45 Sb 1.55 Te 3 +y at% AlTe means that y/100 mol of AlTe is present for 1 mol of Bi 0.45 Sb 1.55 Te 3 .
- Bi 0.45 Sb 1.55 Te 3 +y at% Al 2 Te 3 means that Al 2 Te 3 is present in y/100 mol per 1 mol of Bi 0.45 Sb 1.55 Te 3 .
- Bi 2 (Te 0.9 Se 0.1 ) 3 +y at%ZnTe means that there is y/100 mol of ZnTe per 1 mol of Bi 2 (Te 0.9 Se 0.1 ) 3 .
- the following Bi 2 Se 0.3 Te 2.7 +y at% ZnTe means that there is y/100 mol of ZnTe per 1 mol of Bi 2 Se 0.3 Te 2.7 .
- BiI 3 was added in combination to adjust the carrier concentration, it had no direct effect on improving thermoelectric performance.
- the following Bi 2 Se 0.3 Te 2.7 +y at% AlTe means that there is y/100 mol of AlTe for 1 mol of Bi 2 Se 0.3 Te 2.7 .
- the ingot was processed into powder in the air or an inert gas (inside a glove box), and a sintered body (thermoelectric material) was produced in an inert gas using a sintering device. Assuming that electric current and heat flow flow in the pressing direction of the sintered body or in a direction perpendicular to the pressing direction, samples for measuring Seebeck coefficient and electrical resistance and samples for measuring thermal conductivity were cut out from the sintered body as shown in FIG. 2.
- the Seebeck coefficient and electrical resistivity were measured using a thermoelectric property evaluation device (ZEM-3M8) manufactured by Advance Riko Co., Ltd. in a temperature range from room temperature to 250° C. for the Seebeck coefficient and electrical resistance measurement sample.
- ZEM-3M8 thermoelectric property evaluation device manufactured by Advance Riko Co., Ltd.
- thermoelectric material was processed by Ar ion milling to obtain a sample for cross-sectional observation.
- the obtained sample for cross-sectional observation was observed using TEM or SEM, and elemental mapping was performed using EDS.
- Particles in which zinc and oxygen were detected were defined as oxide particles containing elements of group C (zinc oxide particles), and particles in which zinc and Te were detected were defined as telluride particles containing elements in group C (zinc telluride particles). particles).
- image analysis software ImageJ Fiji is used to set a threshold (5. 94% exclusion, etc.) was set to perform image processing.
- the major axis and minor axis of the oxide particles containing the elements of the C group and the telluride particles containing the elements of the C group were obtained.
- the oxide particles were observed in 8 fields of view (measurement field: 3.3 ⁇ m x 3.3 ⁇ m), and the telluride particles were observed in 4 fields (measured field of view: 414 ⁇ m x 285 ⁇ m).
- the range was evaluated from the major axis and minor axis of the oxide particles containing the elements of the group C and the major axis and minor axis of the telluride particles containing the elements of the group C.
- thermoelectric material was processed using a focused ion beam (FIB) to obtain a sample for cross-sectional observation.
- the obtained sample for cross-sectional observation was observed using a TEM, and elemental mapping was performed using EDS.
- Particles in which Sb and oxygen were detected were determined to be Sb oxide particles, and particles in which Bi and oxygen were detected were determined to be Bi oxide particles.
- Observe 8 visual fields (measurement visual field: 3.3 ⁇ m x 3.3 ⁇ m), and calculate the number density of Sb oxide particles in each visual field from the number of Sb oxide particles obtained from each cross-sectional image and the area of the measurement visual field. was calculated.
- the maximum value was taken as the maximum number density.
- Thermal conductivity was measured in a temperature range from room temperature to 250° C. using a laser flash device (LFA 467 HyperFlash) manufactured by Netsch.
- thermoelectric material concentration The oxygen concentration of the thermoelectric material produced above was measured using an oxygen/nitrogen analyzer EMGA-920 manufactured by HORIBA Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
- FIG. 3 shows the temperature dependence of the Seebeck coefficient ⁇ of a p-type thermoelectric material produced by turning an ingot into powder in the atmosphere.
- the horizontal axis of FIG. 3 is temperature (° C.), and the vertical axis of FIG. 3 is Seebeck coefficient ⁇ ( ⁇ V/K).
- FIG. 4 shows the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity ⁇ of a p-type thermoelectric material produced by turning an ingot into powder in the atmosphere.
- the horizontal axis of FIG. 4 is temperature (° C.), and the vertical axis of FIG. 4 is electrical resistivity ⁇ ( ⁇ cm).
- FIG. 5 shows the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity ⁇ of a p-type thermoelectric material prepared by turning an ingot into powder in the atmosphere.
- FIG. 5 is temperature (° C.), and the vertical axis of FIG. 5 is thermal conductivity ⁇ (mW/(cm ⁇ K)).
- FIG. 6 shows the temperature dependence of the figure of merit Z of a p-type thermoelectric material produced by turning an ingot into powder in the atmosphere.
- the horizontal axis of FIG. 6 is temperature (° C.), and the vertical axis of FIG. 6 is the figure of merit Z (10 ⁇ 3 /K).
- FIGS. 3 to 6 show that Zn was added so that Zn and Te were in surplus at a 1:1 ratio with respect to the stoichiometric composition of (Bi 0.225 Sb 0.775 ) 2 Te 3 at the preparation value. These are the results when the amount of Te added (0 to 12 at%) was varied. Specifically, (Bi 0.225 Sb 0.775 ) 2 Te 3 +y at%ZnTe has a ratio of y/100 mol of ZnTe to 1 mol of (Bi 0.225 Sb 0.775x ) 2 Te 3 ( y: 0 to 12). For example, when ZnTe is 2 at%, the Zn content is 0.40 at% based on the entire thermoelectric material.
- the Zn content is 0.79 at% based on the entire thermoelectric material.
- the Zn content is 1.2 at% relative to the entire thermoelectric material.
- the Zn content is 2.3 at% based on the entire thermoelectric material.
- the obtained measurement results show that the Seebeck coefficient ⁇ hardly changes even when the amount of surplus ZnTe added is increased, so the carrier concentration is the same in all samples. I found out something.
- the Seebeck coefficient ⁇ , electrical resistivity ⁇ , and thermal conductivity ⁇ are all functions of carrier concentration, but the electrical resistivity ⁇ and thermal conductivity ⁇ of Bi-Te thermoelectric materials vary depending on the crystal orientation and scattering source. Since it changes greatly, it is difficult to distinguish the main cause of the change unless the carrier concentration is made the same. On the other hand, the absolute value of the Seebeck coefficient ⁇ is little influenced by the orientation of the crystal or the scattering source, and exhibits approximately the same value if the carrier concentration is the same. Regarding the results shown in FIGS. 3 to 6, in order to more strictly eliminate the influence of carrier concentration, the weighted mobility ⁇ w expressed by the following equation (1) and the lattice expressed by the following equations (2) and (3) are used.
- ⁇ lat The properties of the above samples were then compared using the thermal conductivity ⁇ lat .
- h Planck's constant
- ⁇ conductivity
- e elementary charge
- me mass of electron
- kB Boltzmann's constant
- T absolute temperature
- ⁇ Seebeck coefficient
- ⁇ el electronic thermal conductivity
- L Lorentz number
- T absolute temperature
- ⁇ electrical conductivity
- FIG. 7 shows the temperature dependence of weighted mobility ⁇ w .
- the horizontal axis of FIG. 7 is temperature (° C.), and the vertical axis is ⁇ w (cm 2 /(V ⁇ s)).
- FIG. 8 shows the temperature dependence of the lattice thermal conductivity ⁇ lat .
- FIG. 9 shows the temperature dependence of the figure of merit Z of a p-type thermoelectric material produced by powdering an ingot in the atmosphere and a p-type thermoelectric material produced by powdering an ingot in an inert gas atmosphere (inside a glove box).
- the horizontal axis in FIG. 9 is temperature (° C.), and the vertical axis is the figure of merit Z (10 ⁇ 3 /K).
- Figure 10 shows the temperature dependence of Quality factor B of the p-type thermoelectric material produced by powdering an ingot in the air and the p-type thermoelectric material produced by powdering an ingot in an inert gas atmosphere (inside a glove box). shows.
- the horizontal axis in FIG. 10 is the amount of ZnTe added (at%), and the vertical axis is Quality factor B.
- Quality factor B is expressed by the following formula (4).
- h Planck's constant
- e elementary charge
- m e mass of electron
- k B is Boltzmann's constant
- T absolute temperature
- ⁇ w weighted mobility
- ⁇ lat lattice thermal conductivity. It is.
- the figure of merit of the thermoelectric material was higher when it was ground into powder in the air than when it was ground in an inert gas atmosphere.
- the quality factor B when pulverized in the air, the quality factor B was maximum at a ZnTe concentration of 4 at%, whereas in an inert gas atmosphere, the quality factor B decreased as the ZnTe increased. From these results, it was found that adding ZnTe and introducing oxygen could further improve the figure of merit.
- FIGS. 11 and 12 show the distribution of the major axis of zinc telluride particles.
- the horizontal axis of FIG. 11 shows the particle diameter ( ⁇ m), and the vertical axis shows the frequency (number of particles).
- FIG. 12 shows the distribution of the short diameter of zinc telluride particles.
- the horizontal axis of FIG. 12 shows the particle diameter ( ⁇ m), and the vertical axis shows the frequency (number of particles).
- the major axis of 90% or more of the telluride particles was 0.4 ⁇ m to 40 ⁇ m, and the minor axis was 0.4 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m.
- FIGS. 13 and 14 show the distribution of the major axis of zinc oxide particles.
- the horizontal axis of FIG. 13 shows the particle diameter ( ⁇ m), and the vertical axis of FIG. 13 shows the frequency (number of particles).
- FIG. 14 shows the distribution of the minor axis of zinc oxide particles.
- the horizontal axis in FIG. 14 shows the particle diameter ( ⁇ m), and the vertical axis shows the frequency (number of particles).
- [x, y] on the horizontal axis in FIGS. 13 and 4 indicates that x is greater than y. More than 90% of the zinc oxide particles had a major axis of 1 nm to 1000 nm and a minor axis of 1 nm to 500 nm. Although many zinc oxide particles were observed, no Sb oxide particles were observed (number density: 0 pieces/mm 2 ). Furthermore, the number of particles of Zn alone was zero, and the number of particles of zinc oxide was larger.
- FIG. 16 shows the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity of a p-type thermoelectric material in which zinc oxide is added to the raw material and a p-type thermoelectric material in which zinc alone is added to the raw material.
- the horizontal axis in FIG. 16 represents absolute temperature (K), and the vertical axis represents thermal conductivity ⁇ (WK ⁇ 1 m ⁇ 1 ).
- K absolute temperature
- WK ⁇ 1 m ⁇ 1 thermal conductivity
- FIG. 17 shows the ZnTe content dependence of the dimensionless figure of merit ZT of the n-type thermoelectric material 2 near room temperature (325K).
- the horizontal axis of FIG. 17 is the ZnTe amount (at%), and the vertical axis is the dimensionless figure of merit ZT.
- FIG. 18 shows the elemental mapping results of the n-type thermoelectric material 2. As shown in FIG. 18, since Zn and O were detected in the particles confirmed, it was confirmed that there were many zinc oxide nanoparticles.
- FIG. 19 shows the temperature dependence of the lattice thermal conductivity ⁇ lat of Bi 2 Se 0.3 Te 2.7 , n-type thermoelectric material 3, and n-type thermoelectric material 4.
- the horizontal axis of FIG. 19 is temperature (° C.), and the vertical axis of FIG. 19 is thermal conductivity ⁇ (mW/(cm ⁇ K)).
- the Al-added samples tended to have lower lattice thermal conductivity than the Al-free samples. Since these samples had significantly different Seebeck coefficients, electrical resistivities, and thermal conductivities that are functions of carrier concentration, Quality factor B, which is an index of performance that is not affected by carrier concentration, was calculated.
- FIG. 20 shows the relationship between the quality factor B and the amount of Al.
- FIG. 21 shows the temperature dependence of the dimensionless figure of merit ZT of Bi 0.45 Sb 1.55 Te 3 , p-type thermoelectric material 2, and p-type thermoelectric material 3.
- the horizontal axis in FIG. 21 is temperature (K).
- the dimensionless figure of merit ZT of the p-type thermoelectric material 3 was larger than that of Bi 0.45 Sb 1.55 Te 3 . From the above, it was confirmed that the performance of thermoelectric materials can be improved by adding Al alone to the raw material and melting and solidifying it.
- thermoelectric material according to the embodiment Since the thermoelectric material according to the embodiment has an excellent figure of merit, it has excellent industrial applicability.
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2022年6月29日に、日本に出願された特願2022-104443号に基づき優先権を主張し、その内容をここに援用する。
本発明の実施形態に係る熱電材料は、組成式がA2B3で表され、組成式のAがBiおよびSbからなる群から選択される1種以上の元素であり、組成式のBがTe,Se,およびSからなる群から選択される1種以上の元素であるマトリックスを有し、マトリックスの結晶粒内部およびマトリックスの結晶粒界の少なくとも一方に、Zn、Nb、およびAlからなるCの群から選択される1種以上の元素を含む酸化物粒子(以後、Cの群の元素を含む酸化物粒子と称す)と、Cの群から選択される1種以上の元素を含むテルル化物粒子(以後、Cの群の元素を含むテルル化物粒子と称す)と、が析出し、Cの群の元素を含む酸化物粒子の長径が1nm~1000nmであり、Cの群の元素を含む酸化物粒子の短径が1nm~500nmであり、Cの群の元素を含むテルル化物粒子の長径が0.4μm~40μmであり、Cの群の元素を含むテルル化物粒子の短径が0.4μm~20μmである。本実施形態に係る熱電材料はn型半導体およびp型半導体の両方に使用することができる。なお、本明細書中において、「~」を用いて表される数値範囲は、「~」の前後に記載される数値を下限値及び上限値として含む範囲を意味する。「未満」、「超」と示す数値には、その値が数値範囲に含まれない。以下、各要素について説明する。
本実施形態に係る熱電材料は、組成式がA2B3で表され、前記組成式のAがBiおよびSbからなる群から選択される1種以上の元素(以下、Aの群の元素と称する場合がある)であり、前記組成式のBがTe,Se,およびSからなる群から選択される1種以上の元素(以下、Bの群の元素と称する場合がある)である。Aの群の元素の原子数の合計とBの群の元素の原子数の合計との比(Aの群の元素:Bの群の元素)は、2:3である。マトリックスとしては、例えば、Bi2Te3、Sb2Te3、Bi2Se3、Sb2Se3、Bi2S3、Sb2S3、Bi0.46Sb1.54Te3、(Bi0.225Sb0.775)2Te3などが挙げられる。マトリックスには、Teが含有されていることが好ましい。
実施形態に係る熱電材料において、マトリックスの結晶粒内部およびマトリックスの結晶粒界の少なくとも一方に、Zn、Nb、およびAlからなる群から選択される1種以上Cの群の元素を含む酸化物粒子が析出する。実施形態において熱電材料において、Cの群の元素を含む酸化物粒子が少なくともZnを含むことが好ましい。また、実施形態において熱電材料において、Cの群の元素を含む酸化物粒子が少なくともNbを含むことが好ましい。実施形態において熱電材料において、Cの群の元素を含む酸化物粒子が少なくともAlを含むことが好ましい。実施形態において熱電材料において、Cの群の元素を含む酸化物粒子が少なくともZnを含むことが特に好ましい。Cの群の元素を含む酸化物粒子は、例えば、酸化亜鉛(ZnO)粒子である。実施形態に係る熱電材料において、Cの群の元素を含む酸化物粒子の数がCの群の元素を含むテルル化物粒子の数よりも多いことが好ましい。Cの群の元素を含む酸化物粒子の数がCの群の元素単体の粒子の数よりも多いことが好ましい。
実施形態に係る熱電材料において、マトリックスの結晶粒内部およびマトリックスの結晶粒界の少なくとも一方に、Zn、Nb、およびAlからなる群から選択される1種以上のCの群の元素を含むテルル化物粒子が析出する。Cの群の元素は、A2B3におけるAやBのサイトを容易に置換したりせず、A2B3の結晶格子間に入り込んでキャリア濃度を大きく変化させない元素であり、かつ、Aの群の元素およびBの群の元素よりもイオン化傾向が高い元素である。Cの群の元素はAの群の元素およびBの群の元素よりもイオン化傾向が高いので、酸素を吸収するゲッター材として機能する元素である。実施形態において熱電材料において、Cの群の元素を含むテルル化物粒子が少なくともZnを含むことが好ましい。また、実施形態において熱電材料において、Cの群の元素を含むテルル化物粒子が少なくともNbを含むことが好ましい。実施形態において熱電材料において、Cの群の元素を含むテルル化物粒子が少なくともAlを含むことが好ましい。実施形態において熱電材料において、Cの群の元素を含むテルル化物粒子が少なくともZnを含むことが特に好ましい。テルル化物粒子は、例えば、テルル化亜鉛(ZnTe)粒子である。なお、Cの群の元素を含む酸化物粒子およびCの群の元素を含むテルル化物粒子の少なくとも一方が少なくともZnを含んでいてもよい。Cの群の元素を含む酸化物粒子およびCの群の元素を含むテルル化物粒子の少なくとも一方が少なくともNbを含んでいてもよい。Cの群の元素を含む酸化物粒子およびCの群の元素を含むテルル化物粒子の少なくとも一方が少なくともAlを含んでいてもよい。
Cの群の元素を含む酸化物粒子およびCの群の元素を含むテルル化物粒子の長径および短径は、例えば、以下の方法で測定することができる。熱電材料を例えば、イオンミリング、集束イオンビーム(FIB)などで加工をし、断面観察用の試料を得る。得られた断面観察用試料に対し、透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM)または走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)で断面観察を行い、断面画像を得る。なお、断面観察において、例えばTEMなどに付属するエネルギー分散型X線分光器(EDS)を用いて、元素マッピングを行う。元素マッピングにおいて、Cの群の元素および酸素が検出された粒子をCの群の元素を含む酸化物粒子とし、Cの群の元素およびTeが検出された粒子をCの群の元素を含むテルル化物粒子とする。Cの群の元素のみが検出される粒子をCの群の元素単体の粒子とする。得られた元素マッピング像に対し、ImageJ Fijiなどの画像解析ソフト等を用いて、酸化物粒子およびテルル化物粒子の輪郭が明確になるように閾値(例えば、2値化する際の濃度分布ヒストグラムのバックグラウンド側5.94%除外など。)を設定して画像処理を行う。得られた酸化物粒子およびテルル化物粒子について楕円近似処理を行うことで、Cの群の元素を含む酸化物粒子およびCの群の元素を含むテルル化物粒子の長径および短径を得ることができる。計測する粒子が球形の場合でも、同様に楕円処理を行い処理する。なお、Cの群の元素を含む酸化物粒子については8視野観察(例えば、測定視野:3.3μm×3.3μm)、Cの群の元素を含むテルル化物粒子については4視野観察(例えば、測定視野:414μm×285μm)し、各マッピング像から得られたCの群の元素を含む酸化物粒子の長径および短径と、Cの群の元素を含むテルル化物粒子の長径および短径とから、その範囲を評価する。
実施形態に係る熱電材料のZn含有量は、熱電材料全体に対して、0.40~2.3at%であることが好ましい。より好ましいZn含有量は、0.40~1.2at%である。さらに好ましくは、0.79~1.2at%である。実施形態に係る熱電材料中のZnの含有量は例えば、Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS)で測定することができる。なお、含有量の数値については四捨五入により2桁とした。
実施形態に係るAlの含有量は、熱電材料全体に対して、1.99~3.97at%であることが好ましい。実施形態に係る熱電材料中のZnの含有量は例えば、Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS)で測定することができる。なお、含有量の数値については四捨五入により3桁とした。
実施形態に係る熱電材料において、Sb酸化物粒子の個数密度の最大値が31.2個/μm2以下であることが好ましい。Sb酸化物粒子の個数密度の最大値が12.4個/μm2以下であることがより好ましい。さらに好ましいSb酸化物粒子の個数密度の最大値は1.6個/μm2以下である。Sb酸化物は少ないが好ましいため、Sb酸化物粒子の個数密度の下限は0個/mm2である。Sb酸化物は、例えば、Sb2O3である。
実施形態に係る熱電材料において、Bi酸化物粒子の個数密度の最大値が31.2個/μm2以下であることが好ましい。Bi酸化物粒子の個数密度の最大値が12.4個/μm2以下であることがより好ましい。さらに好ましいBi酸化物粒子の個数密度の最大値は1.6個/μm2以下である。Sb酸化物は少ないが好ましいため、Bi酸化物粒子の個数密度の最大値の下限は0個/mm2である。Bi酸化物は、例えば、Bi2O3である。
Sb酸化物粒子およびBi酸化物粒子の個数密度は、例えば、以下の方法で測定することができる。熱電材料を例えば、集束イオンビーム(FIB)などで加工をし、断面観察用の試料を得る。得られた断面観察用試料に対し、透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM)などで観察を行い、断面画像を得る。断面観察において、例えばTEMなどに付属するエネルギー分散型X線分光器で、元素マッピングを行い、Sbおよび酸素が検出された粒子をSb酸化物粒子とし、Biおよび酸素が検出された粒子をBi酸化物粒子と判定する。8視野観察(例えば、測定視野:3.3μm×3.3μm)し、断面画像から得られたSb酸化物粒子の数と、Bi酸化物粒子の数と、その測定視野の面積とから、Sb酸化物粒子の個数密度と、Bi酸化物粒子の個数密度とを計算する。8視野の測定で得られた各視野のSb酸化物粒子の個数密度のうちの最大値をSb酸化物粒子の個数密度の最大値とする。8視野の測定で得られた各視野のBi酸化物粒子の個数密度のうちの最大値をBi酸化物粒子の個数密度の最大値とする。
実施形態に係る熱電材料の酸素濃度は、100ppm以上であることが好ましい。より好ましい酸素濃度は、400ppm以上である。さらに好ましい酸素濃度は、1000ppm以上である。熱電材料の酸素濃度は、例えば、不活性ガス融解-日分散型赤外線吸収法(NDIR)で測定することができる。
実施形態に係る熱電材料は、マトリックスの結晶粒内部およびマトリックスの結晶粒界の少なくとも一方に、Cの群の元素を含む酸化物粒子(長径:1nm~1000nm、短径:1nm~500nm)が析出しているので、キャリア移動度を低下させずに格子熱伝導率を低減することができる。これによって、実施形態に係る熱電材料の性能指数Zを向上させることができる。
次に、実施形態に係る熱電材料の製造方法について説明する。以下に説明する製造方法は、実施形態に係る熱電材料の製造方法の一例であり、本発明は、以下の製造方法に限定されない。図1は、実施形態に係る熱電材料の製造方法のフローチャートである。実施形態に係る熱電材料の製造方法は、BiおよびSbからなる群から選択される少なくとも1種であるAの群の元素と、Te,Se,およびSからなる群から選択される少なくとも1種であるBの群の元素と、Zn、Nb、およびAlからなるCの群から選択される少なくとも1種である元素と、を含有する原料を溶解凝固させて、凝固物を得る溶解凝固工程S1と、当該凝固物から粉末を得る粉末作製工程S2と、当該粉末を焼結させる焼結工程S3と、を備える。溶解凝固工程S1において、原料中のCの群から選択される1種以上の元素の少なくとも一部が単体で存在する。以下、各工程について説明する。
溶解凝固工程S1では、BiおよびSbからなるAの群から選択される少なくとも1種の元素と、Te,Se,およびSからなるBの群から選択される少なくとも1種の元素と、Zn、Nb、およびAlからなるCの群から選択される少なくとも1種の元素と、を含有する原料を溶解凝固させる。
原料は、BiおよびSbからなるAの群から選択される少なくとも1種の元素と、Te,Se,およびSからなるBの群から選択される少なくとも1種の元素と、Zn、Nb、およびAlからなるCの群から選択される少なくとも1種の元素と、を含有する。原料は例えば、yat%のCの群の元素を含むテルル化物および、残部が組成式A2B3で表されるマトリックスとなるように各元素の原子比率を決定してもよい。ここで、yat%のyは、原料中の全原子に対するCの群の元素を含むテルル化物の原子濃度を意味する。ここで当該組成式中のAは、BiおよびSbからなる群から選択される少なくとも1種である元素を意味する。また、当該組成式中のBは、Te,Se,およびSからなる群から選択される少なくとも1種である元素を意味する。Cの群の元素を含むテルル化物は、ZnTe、Al2Te3、NbTe2、Nb3Te4、NbTe4等である。なお、Cの群の元素を含むテルル化物は、テルル化物として含有されている必要はなく、Cの群の元素およびTeがそれぞれ単体として原料に含有されていればよい。本実施形態において、原料中のCの群の元素を含む少なくとも一部が単体で存在する。Cの群の元素は単体として原料に含まれることが好ましい。各元素は、原料中で均一に混合されていることが好ましい。また、原料中には、上記で挙げたハロゲン元素、第14族元素などを含有していてもよい。
溶解凝固工程S1において、原料は、真空中または不活性ガス中で、原料の融点以上かつ、1000℃以下の加熱温度で加熱する。より好ましくは、650℃~850℃の範囲で原料を加熱する。この時の加熱温度は、例えば、加熱炉の設定温度である。650℃~850℃の範囲で原料を加熱することで、原料中の各元素を溶解させることができる。
原料は当該加熱温度で一定時間加熱する。加熱時間は、原料が完全に融解すれば特に限定されない。例えば、加熱時間は、1時間~60時間である。
溶解凝固工程S1において、室温(例えば、20℃~30℃)から加熱温度まで昇温する際の平均昇温速度は例えば、1℃/分~20℃/分であることが好ましい。原料の酸化を抑制するために、真空中または不活性ガス中で、原料を昇温することが好ましい。
溶解凝固工程S1において、原料を一定時間加熱した後、加熱温度から室温まで降温して、凝固物を得る。加熱温度から室温まで降温する際の平均降温速度は例えば、0.1℃/分~20℃/分であることが好ましい。
粉末作製工程S2において、溶解凝固工程で得た凝固物から粉末を得る。凝固物には、気泡が残留している場合があり、また、元素が偏析していることがある。そのため、凝固物を粉末にする。この際、大気中で凝固物を粉砕する、あるいは、作製した粉末を大気中に暴露することが好ましい。
焼結工程S3において、粉末作製工程S2で得た粉末を焼結させることで、熱電材料を得る。焼結方法は、特に限定されない。焼結方法としては、例えば、ホットプレス焼結又はパルス通電焼結(PECS:pulsed electric current sintering)が挙げられる。パルス通電焼結においては、温度を目標まで急速に上昇させることができる。
従来、酸化亜鉛の粉末を合成前の段階で添加していることが多かった。この場合、元の酸化亜鉛の粉末の粒径以下になることはない。また、酸化亜鉛の比重が小さく融点が高いため、マトリックス内に溶解したり分散したりせずにガラス管や石英管底部に分離したままの状態となっていたり、粉末同士が凝集してしまうなどの理由から、酸化亜鉛粒子を満遍なく分散させることは困難であった。
一方、本実施形態の熱電材料の製造方法は、亜鉛などのCの群の元素とTeとが余剰になるように原料に添加することにより、酸化亜鉛ナノ粒子を析出させ分散させることができる。この場合、Cの群の元素を含むテルル化物も析出し、熱伝導率低減に寄与することができ、性能指数を向上させることができる。
各組成に合わせて、Bi、Sb、Te、Se、Zn、Alの各元素単体を含有する原料を石英またはパイレックス(登録商標)ガラス管内に封入し、合金の融点(Bi2Te3の融点588.5℃、Sb2Te3の融点618.5℃)より高い650℃以上かつ、1000℃以下の温度で加熱溶解、凝固させることにより、インゴットを作製した。この時の仕込み組成は、以下の通りである。比較例として、Zn単体の代わりに酸化亜鉛を添加したものについても同様にインゴットを作製したところ、酸化亜鉛は溶解せず、均一に分散しなかった。また、比較例として、Bi2Se0.3Te2.7およびBi0.45Sb1.55Te3についても作製した。なお、下記の(BixSb1-x)2Te3+y at%ZnTeは、(BixSb1-x)2Te3 1モルに対して、ZnTeがy/100モルあることを意味する。Bi0.45Sb1.55Te3+y at% AlTeは、Bi0.45Sb1.55Te31モルに対して、AlTeがy/100モルあることを意味する。Bi0.45Sb1.55Te3+y at% Al2Te3は、Bi0.45Sb1.55Te31モルに対して、Al2Te3がy/100モルあることを意味する。同様に、Bi2(Te0.9Se0.1)3+y at%ZnTeは、Bi2(Te0.9Se0.1)3 1モルに対して、ZnTeがy/100モルあることを意味する。下記のBi2Se0.3Te2.7+y at%ZnTeは、Bi2Se0.3Te2.7 1モルに対して、ZnTeがy/100モルあることを意味する。BiI3はキャリア濃度調整のために複合添加したが、直接的な熱電性能向上の効果はない。下記のBi2Se0.3Te2.7+y at%AlTeは、Bi2Se0.3Te2.7 1モルに対して、AlTeがy/100モルあることを意味する。下記のBi2Se0.3Te2.7+y at%Al2Te3は、Bi2Se0.3Te2.7 1モルに対して、Al2Te3がy/100モルあることを意味する。
p型熱電材料1:(BixSb1-x)2Te3+y at%ZnTe(x=0.2,0.225、y=0,2,4,6,12)
p型熱電材料2:Bi0.45Sb1.55Te3+y at% AlTe(y=4)
p型熱電材料3:Bi0.45Sb1.55Te3+y at% Al2Te3(y=2)
n型熱電材料1:Bi2(Te0.9Se0.1)3+y at%ZnTe(y=0,2,4)
n型熱電材料2:Bi2Se0.3Te2.7+y at%ZnTe+0.08wt% BiI3 (y=0,2,4)
n型熱電材料3:Bi2Se0.3Te2.7+y at%AlTe(y=2)
n型熱電材料4:Bi2Se0.3Te2.7+y at%Al2Te3(y=0.5)
ゼーベック係数と電気抵抗率の測定は、ゼーベック係数および電気抵抗測定用試料をアドバンス理工社製の熱電特性評価装置(ZEM-3M8)により、室温から250℃の温度範囲にて測定した。
各熱電材料をArイオンミリングで加工をし、断面観察用の試料を得た。得られた断面観察用試料をTEMまたはSEMで観察し、EDSで元素マッピングを行った。亜鉛および酸素が検出された粒子をCの群の元素を含む酸化物粒子(亜鉛酸化物粒子)とし、亜鉛およびTeが検出された粒子をCの群の元素を含むテルル化物粒子(亜鉛テルル化粒子)とした。得られた元素マッピング像に対し、画像解析ソフトImageJ Fijiを用いて、酸化物粒子およびテルル化物粒子の輪郭が明確になるように閾値(2値化する際の濃度分布ヒストグラムのバックグラウンド側5.94%除外など。)を設定して画像処理を行った。得られた酸化物粒子およびテルル化物粒子について楕円近似処理を行うことで、Cの群の元素を含む酸化物粒子およびCの群の元素を含むテルル化物粒子の長径および短径を得た。なお、酸化物粒子については8視野観察(測定視野:3.3μm×3.3μm)、テルル化物粒子については4視野観察(測定視野:414μm×285μm)し、各断面画像から得られたCの群の元素を含む酸化物粒子の長径および短径と、Cの群の元素を含むテルル化物粒子の長径および短径とから、その範囲を評価した。
各熱電材料を、集束イオンビーム(FIB)で加工をし、断面観察用の試料を得た。得られた断面観察用試料をTEMで観察し、EDSで元素マッピングを行った。Sbおよび酸素が検出された粒子をSb酸化物粒子とし、Biおよび酸素が検出された粒子をBi酸化物粒子と判定した。8視野観察(測定視野:3.3μm×3.3μm)し、各断面画像から得られたSb酸化物粒子の数と、その測定視野の面積とから、各視野のSb酸化物粒子の個数密度を計算した。得られた個数密度の内、最大値を個数密度の最大値とした。
熱伝導率はNetsch社製のレーザーフラッシュ装置(LFA 467 HyperFlash)により室温から250℃の温度範囲にて測定した。
上記で作製した熱電材料の酸素濃度を株式会社HORIBA製作所製酸素・窒素分析装置EMGA-920を用いて測定した。
図3~図6の結果について、キャリア濃度の影響をより厳密に排除するため、下記(1)式で表されるWeighted Mobility μwと下記(2)式および(3)式で表される格子熱伝導率κlatを用いて上記の試料の特性を次に比較した。下記式(1)において、hは、プランク定数、σは導電率、eは電気素量、meは電子の質量、kBはボルツマン定数、Tは絶対温度、αはゼーベック係数である。下記(2)式および(3)式において、κelは、電子熱伝導率であり、Lはローレンツ数であり、Tは絶対温度であり、σは導電率である。これらの値はそれぞれ、キャリア濃度の影響を除外した移動度に相当する値、キャリアによる熱伝導を除外した熱伝導率である。
Claims (17)
- 組成式がA2B3で表され、前記組成式のAがBiおよびSbからなる群から選択される1種以上の元素であり、前記組成式のBがTe,Se,およびSからなる群から選択される1種以上の元素であるマトリックスを有し、
前記マトリックスの結晶粒内部および前記マトリックスの結晶粒界の少なくとも一方に、
Zn、Nb、およびAlからなるCの群から選択される1種以上の元素を含む酸化物粒子と、
前記Cの群から選択される1種以上の元素を含むテルル化物粒子と、
が析出し、
前記酸化物粒子の長径が1nm~1000nmであり、
前記酸化物粒子の短径が1nm~500nmであり、
前記テルル化物粒子の長径が0.4μm~40μmであり、
前記テルル化物粒子の短径が0.4μm~20μmである、熱電材料。 - 前記酸化物粒子および前記テルル化物粒子の少なくとも一方が少なくともZnを含む、請求項1に記載の熱電材料。
- 前記酸化物粒子および前記テルル化物粒子の少なくとも一方が少なくともNbを含む、請求項1に記載の熱電材料。
- 前記酸化物粒子および前記テルル化物粒子の少なくとも一方が少なくともAlを含む、請求項1に記載の熱電材料。
- 前記酸化物粒子の数が前記テルル化物粒子の数よりも多い、請求項1または2に記載の熱電材料。
- Sb酸化物粒子の個数密度の最大値が31.2個/μm2以下である、請求項1または2に記載の熱電材料。
- Bi酸化物粒子の個数密度の最大値が12.4個/mm2以下である、請求項1または2に記載の熱電材料。
- 酸素濃度が100ppm以上であり、前記酸化物粒子の数が前記Cの群の元素単体の粒子の数よりも多い、請求項1または2に記載の熱電材料。
- 酸素濃度が400ppm以上であり、前記酸化物粒子の数が前記Cの群の元素単体の粒子の数よりも多い、請求項1または2に記載の熱電材料。
- 酸素濃度が1000ppm以上であり、前記酸化物粒子の数が前記Cの群の元素単体の粒子の数よりも多い、請求項1または2に記載の熱電材料。
- Znの含有量が0.40~2.4at%である、請求項1または2に記載の熱電材料。
- Alの含有量が1.99~3.97at%である、請求項1または2に記載の熱電材料。
- 請求項1または2の熱電材料を用いた熱電素子。
- 請求項13の熱電素子を用いた熱電モジュール。
- 請求項14の熱電モジュールを用いたデバイス。
- 請求項1に記載の熱電材料の製造方法であって、
BiおよびSbからなるAの群から選択される少なくとも1種の元素と、
Te,Se,およびSからなるBの群から選択される少なくとも1種の元素と、
と、Zn、Nb、およびAlからなるCの群から選択される少なくとも1種の元素と、を含有する原料を溶解凝固させて、凝固物を得る溶解凝固工程と、
前記凝固物から粉末を得る粉末作製工程と、
前記粉末を焼結させる焼結工程と、
を備え、
前記原料中の前記Cの群から選択される元素の少なくとも一部が単体で存在する、熱電材料の製造方法。 - 前記粉末作製工程において、大気中で前記凝固物を粉砕する、請求項16に記載の熱電材料の製造方法。
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| US8840799B2 (en) * | 2011-12-01 | 2014-09-23 | Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. | Binary thermoelectric material containing nanoparticles and process for producing the same |
| JP2014013869A (ja) * | 2012-07-05 | 2014-01-23 | Toyota Motor Corp | ナノコンポジット熱電変換材料およびその製造方法 |
| WO2014051709A1 (en) * | 2012-09-27 | 2014-04-03 | Laird Technologies, Inc. | Bismuth antimony telluride nano-bulk composites with high figures of merit (zt) |
-
2023
- 2023-06-29 US US18/879,102 patent/US20250386731A1/en active Pending
- 2023-06-29 CN CN202380048858.2A patent/CN119404622A/zh active Pending
- 2023-06-29 JP JP2024530980A patent/JP7854160B2/ja active Active
- 2023-06-29 WO PCT/JP2023/024251 patent/WO2024005159A1/ja not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (2)
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20100108115A1 (en) * | 2008-10-23 | 2010-05-06 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Bulk thermoelectric material and thermoelectric device comprising the same |
| US20120145212A1 (en) * | 2009-08-17 | 2012-06-14 | Laird Technologies, Inc. | Synthesis of silver, antimony, and tin doped bismuth telluride nanoparticles and bulk bismuth telluride to form bismuth telluride composites |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
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| DHARMAIAH PEYALA; LEE KAP-HO; SONG SUNG HO; KIM HYOUNG SEOP; HONG SOON-JIK: "Enhanced thermoelectric performance of Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 composites through potential barrier scattering at heterogeneous interfaces", MATERIALS RESEARCH BULLETIN, ELSEVIER, KIDLINGTON., GB, vol. 133, 2 August 2020 (2020-08-02), GB , XP086301166, ISSN: 0025-5408, DOI: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2020.111023 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN119404622A (zh) | 2025-02-07 |
| JPWO2024005159A1 (ja) | 2024-01-04 |
| US20250386731A1 (en) | 2025-12-18 |
| JP7854160B2 (ja) | 2026-05-01 |
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