WO2023236031A1 - 非水电解液、其制备方法、以及包含其的二次电池及用电装置 - Google Patents

非水电解液、其制备方法、以及包含其的二次电池及用电装置 Download PDF

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WO2023236031A1
WO2023236031A1 PCT/CN2022/097310 CN2022097310W WO2023236031A1 WO 2023236031 A1 WO2023236031 A1 WO 2023236031A1 CN 2022097310 W CN2022097310 W CN 2022097310W WO 2023236031 A1 WO2023236031 A1 WO 2023236031A1
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aqueous electrolyte
anion
optionally
lithium
secondary battery
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PCT/CN2022/097310
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English (en)
French (fr)
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吴则利
姜彬
韩昌隆
陈慧玲
黄磊
张翠平
郭洁
刘文浩
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宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司
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Priority to CN202280012713.2A priority Critical patent/CN117546329A/zh
Priority to KR1020247002061A priority patent/KR20240021982A/ko
Priority to EP22927578.9A priority patent/EP4312298A1/en
Priority to PCT/CN2022/097310 priority patent/WO2023236031A1/zh
Priority to US18/503,190 priority patent/US20240079651A1/en
Publication of WO2023236031A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023236031A1/zh

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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0567Liquid materials characterised by the additives
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052Li-accumulators
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0568Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0569Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/4235Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/131Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/50Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
    • H01M4/505Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
    • HELECTRICITY
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    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/52Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
    • H01M4/525Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
    • HELECTRICITY
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    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/621Binders
    • H01M4/622Binders being polymers
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/624Electric conductive fillers
    • H01M4/625Carbon or graphite
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/026Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/027Negative electrodes
    • HELECTRICITY
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    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/026Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/028Positive electrodes
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0025Organic electrolyte
    • H01M2300/0028Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0025Organic electrolyte
    • H01M2300/0045Room temperature molten salts comprising at least one organic ion
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present application belongs to the field of battery technology, and specifically relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte, its preparation method, a secondary battery and an electrical device containing the same.
  • the inventor of this application unexpectedly discovered during the research process that when the mass concentration of the first cation D1 ppm and the mass concentration of the first anion D2 ppm in the non-aqueous electrolyte satisfy D1 from 0.5 to 870 and D1/D2 from 0.02 to 2 Not only will the first cation not deteriorate the electrochemical performance of the secondary battery, but under the synergistic effect of the first cation and the first anion, the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present application can also enable the secondary battery to have good cycle performance and safety performance and dynamic performance.
  • the difference between the standard reduction potential of Men + and the standard reduction potential of Li + is more than 1.0V.
  • Men + represents Ni 2+ , Co 2+ , Mn 2+ , and Al 3+ and at least one of Fe 2+ . This can better ensure that Men + are reduced before lithium ions, thereby better reducing the irreversible consumption of active lithium ions during the formation of the SEI film and improving the capacity retention rate of the secondary battery.
  • D1 ranges from 100 to 870, optionally from 200 to 870.
  • the secondary battery can simultaneously achieve high capacity retention rate, low volume expansion rate and good dynamic performance.
  • D1/D2 is 0.3 to 2, optionally 0.3 to 1.2. At this time, it is beneficial to give full play to the synergistic effect between the first cation and the first anion, so that the secondary battery can take into account good cycle performance, safety performance and dynamic performance at the same time.
  • D2 ranges from 1 to 3000, optionally from 100 to 2000.
  • the secondary battery can simultaneously achieve high capacity retention rate, low volume expansion rate and good dynamic performance.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte solution further contains a second anion, and the second anion is a tetrafluoroborate anion BF 4 - .
  • the mass concentration of the second anion in the non-aqueous electrolyte is D3 ppm. Based on the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte, D3 is optionally 1 to 3000, more optionally 1 to 2000. This can improve the high-temperature stability and low-temperature performance of the secondary battery.
  • D2/D3 is 0.4 to 20, more optionally 1 to 10. This helps to give full play to the synergistic effect between BF 4 - and DFOB - , which can not only broaden the electrochemical window of the non-aqueous electrolyte, but also form a stable and low-resistance SEI film on the surface of the negative active material.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte further contains a third anion
  • the third anion includes perchlorate anion ClO 4 - and bistrifluoromethanesulfonyl imide anion N (SO 2 CF 3 ) At least one of 2 - , NO 3 - and SO 4 2- , optionally including at least one of NO 3 - and SO 4 2- .
  • the mass concentration of the third anion in the non-aqueous electrolyte is D4 ppm. Based on the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte, D4 is optionally 1 to 3000, more optionally 1 to 2000.
  • the third anion helps to make the non-aqueous electrolyte have higher thermal stability, thereby improving the high-temperature stability of the secondary battery; the third anion also helps DFOB - become a free ion, reducing the association of anions and cations, This can give full play to the improvement effect of DFOB on the capacity retention rate and dynamic performance of secondary batteries.
  • the mass concentration of the third anion in the non-aqueous electrolyte is D4 ppm, optionally, D2/D4 is 0.4 to 20, more optionally 0.8 to 5. At this time, it helps to give full play to the synergistic effect between the first anion and the third anion, which not only improves the thermal stability of the non-aqueous electrolyte, but also forms a stable and low-resistance SEI film on the surface of the negative active material. .
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte further contains a fourth anion, and the fourth anion includes hexafluorophosphate anion PF 6 - and bisfluorosulfonyl imide anion N (SO 2 F) 2 - or a combination thereof.
  • the mass percentage of the fourth anion in the non-aqueous electrolyte is 8% to 20%, more optionally 9% to 15%, based on the non-aqueous electrolyte. Total mass of water electrolyte.
  • the fourth anion includes both hexafluorophosphate anion PF 6 - and bisfluorosulfonylimide anion N(SO 2 F) 2 - , and more optionally , the mass ratio ⁇ of the hexafluorophosphate anion PF 6 - and the bisfluorosulfonylimide anion N(SO 2 F) 2 - is 0.2 to 3, more preferably 0.5 to 1.5. Therefore, the non-aqueous electrolyte is not easily hydrolyzed, can also achieve higher thermal stability, and at the same time, can help form an interface film with lower impedance.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte further contains a fifth anion
  • the fifth anion includes dioxaloborate anion BOB - , hexafluoroarsenate anion AsF 6 - , and triflate anion
  • This serves to further improve the interfacial properties of the positive electrode and/or the negative electrode, or to improve the ionic conductivity or thermal stability of the non-aqueous electrolyte.
  • the mass percentage of the fifth anion in the non-aqueous electrolyte is below 2%, more optionally below 0.5%, based on the Total mass meter.
  • the fifth anion includes a difluorophosphate anion PO2F2- .
  • the mass ratio ⁇ of the difluorophosphate anion PO 2 F 2 - and the fourth anion is 0.01 to 0.15, more optionally 0.01 to 0.1. This can increase the ionic conductivity of the non-aqueous electrolyte, improve the properties of the positive electrode interface film and/or the negative electrode interface film, and help to construct a stable and low-impedance positive electrode interface film and/or negative electrode interface film, thereby effectively reducing non-conducting The decomposition of water electrolyte further improves the kinetic performance and safety performance of secondary batteries.
  • the non-aqueous solvent includes a cyclic carbonate compound and a chain carbonate compound
  • the mass percentage of the cyclic carbonate compound in the non-aqueous electrolyte is E1
  • the mass percentage of the chain carbonate compound is E1.
  • the mass percentage of the ester compound is E2, based on the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte.
  • E1 is 5% to 40%, optionally 10% to 30%
  • E2 is 40% to 85%, which can be
  • the selected land is 60% to 80%. At this time, it helps the non-aqueous electrolyte to have appropriate viscosity and ionic conductivity, which is beneficial to the transport of lithium ions.
  • the non-aqueous solvent also includes ether compounds, and the ether compounds include tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxcyclopentane, and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether. , at least one of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, dimethoxymethane and diglyme. Ether compounds help the non-aqueous electrolyte to have appropriate viscosity and/or ionic conductivity, which in turn facilitates the transport of lithium ions.
  • the mass percentage of ether compounds in the non-aqueous electrolyte is E3. Based on the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte, optionally, E3 is 0.1% to 40%. , more optionally 0.5% to 20%.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte solution further contains a first additive, and the first additive is fluorinated ethylene carbonate. This can effectively improve the cycle performance of the secondary battery.
  • the mass concentration of the first additive in the non-aqueous electrolyte is D5 ppm, based on the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte, optionally, D5 is 1 to 30,000, more preferably The land selection is from 100 to 20000.
  • the mass concentration of the first additive in the non-aqueous electrolyte is D5 ppm, optionally, D5/D2 is 5 to 500, more optionally 5 to 100. This can give full play to the synergistic effect between FEC and DFOB - , which will not only not significantly increase the gas production of the secondary battery, but also further improve the cycle performance of the secondary battery.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte further contains a second additive
  • the second additive includes vinylene carbonate, lithium oxalate, vinyl sulfate, and 1,3-propanesultone. At least one.
  • the second additive helps to further improve the interface properties of the positive electrode and/or the negative electrode, thereby further improving at least one of cycle performance, safety performance and kinetic performance of the secondary battery.
  • the mass percentage of the second additive in the non-aqueous electrolyte is below 5%, more optionally below 2.5%, based on the weight of the non-aqueous electrolyte. Total mass meter.
  • the second aspect of the application provides a method for preparing a non-aqueous electrolyte, which includes the following steps: uniformly mixing a non-aqueous solvent, lithium salt, soluble Me salt, soluble difluoroxalate borate and optional additives to obtain a non-aqueous electrolyte.
  • Electrolyte, Me represents a metal element other than lithium element, wherein the non-aqueous electrolyte contains a non-aqueous solvent and lithium ions, a first cation and a first anion dissolved therein, and the first cation is other than lithium ion.
  • Metal cation M n+ , n represents the valence of the metal cation
  • the first anion is difluoroxaloborate anion DFOB -
  • the mass concentration of the first cation in the non-aqueous electrolyte is D1 ppm
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte The mass concentration of the first anion in is D2 ppm, both are based on the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte satisfies: D1 is 0.5 to 870 and D1/D2 is 0.02 to 2.
  • the difference between the standard reduction potential of Men + and the standard reduction potential of Li + is more than 1.0V.
  • Men + represents Ni 2+ , Co 2+ , Mn 2+ , and Al 3+ and at least one of Fe 2+ .
  • the soluble difluoroxalate borate includes at least one of Me(DFOB) n and LiDFOB. This helps to adjust the mass concentration of metal cations and first anions in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution within a required range.
  • the lithium salt includes a first lithium salt, the first lithium salt includes lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium bisfluorosulfonyl imide, or a combination thereof, optionally, the lithium salt further includes a third lithium salt.
  • Dilithium salt the second lithium salt includes lithium dioxaloborate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bistrifluoromethanesulfonimide, lithium perchlorate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, At least one of lithium fluorophosphate, lithium difluorodioxalate phosphate, and lithium tetrafluorooxalate phosphate. This helps to adjust the mass concentration of metal cations and different anions in the non-aqueous electrolyte within a desired range.
  • the additive includes at least one of a first additive and a second additive
  • the first additive is fluoroethylene carbonate
  • the second additive includes vinylene carbonate, oxalic acid At least one of lithium, vinyl sulfate, and 1,3-propanesultone.
  • a third aspect of the application provides a secondary battery, including a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate and a non-aqueous electrolyte, wherein the non-aqueous electrolyte is the non-aqueous electrolyte of the first aspect of the application or adopts the non-aqueous electrolyte of the first aspect of the application.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte obtained by the two preparation methods.
  • 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 0.50 and 0 ⁇ e ⁇ 0.50 optionally, 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 0.30 and 0 ⁇ e ⁇ 0.10.
  • FIG. 5 is an exploded schematic view of the embodiment of the battery pack shown in FIG. 4 .
  • Ranges disclosed herein are defined in terms of lower and upper limits. A given range is defined by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit that define the boundaries of the particular range. Ranges defined in this manner may be inclusive or exclusive of the endpoints, and may be arbitrarily combined, that is, any lower limit may be combined with any upper limit to form a range. For example, if ranges of 60-120 and 80-110 are listed for a particular parameter, understand that ranges of 60-110 and 80-120 are also expected. Furthermore, if the minimum range values 1 and 2 are listed, and if the maximum range values 3, 4, and 5 are listed, then the following ranges are all expected: 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2- 3, 2-4 and 2-5.
  • the method includes steps (a) and (b), which means that the method may include steps (a) and (b) performed sequentially, or may include steps (b) and (a) performed sequentially.
  • step (c) means that step (c) may be added to the method in any order.
  • the method may include steps (a), (b) and (c). , may also include steps (a), (c) and (b), may also include steps (c), (a) and (b), etc.
  • condition "A or B” is satisfied by any of the following conditions: A is true (or exists) and B is false (or does not exist); A is false (or does not exist) and B is true (or exists) ; Or both A and B are true (or exist).
  • Non-aqueous electrolyte is one of the key factors affecting the performance of secondary batteries.
  • the most widely used non-aqueous electrolyte system currently commercially is a mixed carbonate solution of lithium hexafluorophosphate.
  • lithium hexafluorophosphate has poor thermal stability in high temperature environments. It decomposes at higher temperatures to form LiF and PF 5 .
  • LiF will increase the interface resistance; PF 5 has strong Lewis acidity, which will interact with the lone pair of electrons on the oxygen atoms in the solvent molecules to cause the solvent to decompose; in addition, PF 5 has a high resistance to trace amounts of moisture in the non-aqueous electrolyte. Sensitivity, HF will be generated when contacting water, thereby increasing the acidity of the non-aqueous electrolyte, which will easily corrode the positive active material and the positive current collector, causing the transition metal ions in the positive active material to dissolve, and the structural stability of the positive active material to deteriorate. This affects the service life of the secondary battery.
  • the first aspect of the present application provides a non-aqueous electrolyte solution.
  • the inventor of this application unexpectedly discovered during the research process that when the mass concentration of the first cation D1 ppm and the mass concentration of the first anion D2 ppm in the non-aqueous electrolyte satisfy D1 from 0.5 to 870 and D1/D2 from 0.02 to 2 Not only will the first cation not deteriorate the electrochemical performance of the secondary battery, but under the synergistic effect of the first cation and the first anion, the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present application can also enable the secondary battery to have good cycle performance and safety performance and dynamic performance.
  • the mechanism is not yet clear, the inventor of the present application speculates that the possible reasons include at least the following points.
  • the metal cation Me n+ is electrochemically more active than lithium ions, so it will be reduced prior to lithium ions, thereby reducing the irreversible consumption of active lithium ions during the formation of the SEI film and improving the capacity retention rate of secondary batteries. .
  • the metal cation M n+ formed by the reduction of the metal cation Me n+ at the negative electrode has good electronic conductivity, so it can promote the transfer of electrons and promote the formation of a thicker SEI film on the surface of the negative electrode active material, thereby reducing the interaction between the negative electrode active material and non-conducting materials.
  • the interfacial side reaction between water and electrolyte improves the capacity retention rate of the secondary battery and reduces the volume expansion rate of the secondary battery.
  • difluoroxalate borate anion DFOB - contains an oxalate group, which will be oxidized to form carbon dioxide gas when heated. Therefore, when the secondary battery is in an abuse state such as overcharge or short circuit, the carbon dioxide gas generated will cause the battery to The internal pressure increases, which can quickly open the battery safety valve to prevent the secondary battery from catching fire or even exploding, thus improving the safety performance of the secondary battery.
  • the mass concentration of the first cation in the non-aqueous electrolyte is D1 ppm, and D1 is 0.5 to 870.
  • D1 is within a suitable range, the secondary battery can simultaneously achieve high capacity retention rate, low volume expansion rate and good dynamic performance.
  • the mass concentration of the first cation is too low, it has little improvement effect and cannot be reduced to form a metal element at the negative electrode to increase electronic conductivity and reduce the irreversible consumption of active lithium ions, thereby failing to effectively improve the performance of the secondary battery. Capacity retention rate and reduced volume expansion rate of secondary batteries.
  • the SEI film on the surface of the negative active material is too thick, and the dynamic performance of the secondary battery is poor; at the same time, when the mass concentration of the first cation is too high, its negative effect on the SEI film will be greater than Its improvement effect on the SEI film. At this time, too much metal element will catalyze the decomposition of the SEI film. In this process, on the one hand, more gas will be produced, causing the secondary battery to expand, affecting the safety performance of the secondary battery. On the other hand, On the one hand, the by-products produced by decomposition deposited on the surface of the SEI film will hinder the transmission of lithium ions and increase the impedance of the secondary battery.
  • D1 can be 1 to 870, 1 to 800, 1 to 700, 1 to 600, 1 to 500, 10 to 870, 10 to 800, 10 to 700, 10 to 600, 10 to 500, 50 to 870 , 50 to 800, 50 to 700, 50 to 600, 50 to 500, 100 to 870, 100 to 800, 100 to 700, 100 to 600, 100 to 500, 200 to 870, 200 to 800, 200 to 700, 200 to 600, 200 to 500, 300 to 870, 300 to 800, 300 to 700, 300 to 600 or 300 to 500.
  • D1/D2 is 0.1 to 2, 0.1 to 1.8, 0.1 to 1.6, 0.1 to 1.4, 0.1 to 1.2, 0.1 to 1, 0.1 to 0.9, 0.1 to 0.8, 0.1 to 0.7, 0.1 to 0.6, 0.2 to 2, 0.2 to 1.8, 0.2 to 1.6, 0.2 to 1.4, 0.2 to 1.2, 0.2 to 1, 0.2 to 0.9, 0.2 to 0.8, 0.2 to 0.7, 0.2 to 0.6, 0.3 to 2, 0.3 to 1.8, 0.3 to 1.6, 0.3 to 1.4, 0.3 to 1.2, 0.3 to 1, 0.3 to 0.9, 0.3 to 0.8, 0.3 to 0.7, 0.3 to 0.6, 0.5 to 2, 0.5 to 1.8, 0.5 to 1.6, 0.5 to 1.4,
  • the mass concentration of the first anion in the non-aqueous electrolyte is D2 ppm, optionally, D2 is 1 to 3000.
  • D2 is within a suitable range, the secondary battery can simultaneously achieve high capacity retention rate, low volume expansion rate and good dynamic performance.
  • D2 is 10 to 3000, 10 to 2500, 10 to 2000, 10 to 1500, 10 to 1000, 100 to 3000, 100 to 2500, 100 to 2000, 100 to 1500, 100 to 1000, 200 to 3000 , 200 to 2500, 200 to 2000, 200 to 1500, 200 to 1000, 500 to 3000, 500 to 2500, 500 to 2000, 500 to 1500 or 500 to 1000.
  • the metal cation Me n+ represents a metal cation other than lithium ion, and n represents the valence of the metal cation.
  • the Me element represents at least one of a transition metal element and a fifth to seventh main group metal element, and n represents 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.
  • the difference between the Me n+ standard reduction potential (vs. standard hydrogen electrode potential) and the Li + standard reduction potential (vs. standard hydrogen electrode potential, that is -3.04V) is more than 1.0V.
  • Me represents at least one of Ni, Co, Mn, Al and Fe. More optionally, Men + represents at least one of Ni 2+ , Co 2+ , Mn 2+ , Al 3+ and Fe 2+ .
  • BF 4- can improve the high-temperature stability and low-temperature performance of secondary batteries and broaden the electrochemical window of non-aqueous electrolyte.
  • the ionic conductivity of BF 4- is low, and a high content is not conducive to the formation of a stable surface on the surface of the negative active material . SEI membrane. Therefore, its content should not be too high.
  • D3 is 1 to 2500, 1 to 2000, 1 to 1500, 1 to 1000, 1 to 500, 50 to 3000, 50 to 2500, 50 to 2000, 50 to 1500, 50 to 1000, 50 to 500 , 100 to 3000, 100 to 2500, 100 to 2000, 100 to 1500, 100 to 1000, 100 to 500, 200 to 3000, 200 to 2500, 200 to 2000, 200 to 1500, 200 to 1000 or 200 to 500.
  • the mass concentration of the first anion D2 ppm and the mass concentration of the second anion D3 ppm also satisfy: D2/D3 is 0.4 to 20.
  • D2/D3 is 0.4 to 20.
  • the inventor further studied and found that when D2/D3 is within a suitable range, it helps to give full play to the synergistic effect between BF 4 - and DFOB - , thereby not only broadening the electrochemical window of the non-aqueous electrolyte, but also A stable and low-resistance SEI film can be formed on the surface of the negative active material.
  • D2/D3 may be 0.5 to 20, 0.5 to 15, 0.5 to 10, 0.5 to 8, 0.5 to 6, 0.5 to 4, 0.5 to 2, 0.8 to 15, 0.8 to 10, 0.8 to 8, 0.8 to 6, 0.8 to 4, 0.8 to 2, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 8, 1 to 6, 1 to 4 or 1 to 2.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte may also contain a third anion, the third anion includes perchlorate anion ClO 4 - , bistrifluoromethanesulfonyl imide anion N (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 - (abbreviated as TFSI - ), at least one of NO 3 - and SO 4 2- , more optionally including at least one of NO 3 - and SO 4 2- .
  • the mass concentration of the third anion in the non-aqueous electrolyte is D4 ppm, and optionally, D4 is 1 to 3000 based on the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte.
  • D4 is 1 to 2500, 1 to 2000, 1 to 1500, 1 to 1000, 1 to 500, 50 to 3000, 50 to 2500, 50 to 2000, 50 to 1500, 50 to 1000, 50 to 500 , 100 to 3000, 100 to 2500, 100 to 2000, 100 to 1500, 100 to 1000, 100 to 500, 200 to 3000, 200 to 2500, 200 to 2000, 200 to 1500, 200 to 1000 or 200 to 500.
  • the mass concentration D2 ppm of the first anion and the mass concentration D4 ppm of the third anion also satisfy: D2/D4 is 0.4 to 20.
  • D2/D4 is 0.4 to 20.
  • the inventor further studied and found that when D2/D4 is within a suitable range, it helps to give full play to the synergistic effect between the first anion and the third anion, thereby not only improving the thermal stability of the non-aqueous electrolyte, but also It can also form a stable and low-resistance SEI film on the surface of the negative active material.
  • D2/D4 may be 0.5 to 20, 0.5 to 15, 0.5 to 10, 0.5 to 8, 0.5 to 6, 0.5 to 5, 0.5 to 4, 0.5 to 3, 0.5 to 2, 0.8 to 15, 0.8 to 10, 0.8 to 8, 0.8 to 6, 0.8 to 5, 0.8 to 4, 0.8 to 3 or 0.8 to 2.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte solution may contain both the above-mentioned second anion and the third anion.
  • the mass concentration of the second anion in the non-aqueous electrolyte is D3 ppm
  • the mass concentration of the third anion in the non-aqueous electrolyte is D4 ppm, both based on the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte, optionally , D3 ranges from 1 to 3000, D4 ranges from 1 to 3000.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte solution satisfies: D2/D3 is 0.4 to 20 and D2/D4 is 0.4 to 20.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte may also contain a fourth anion, the fourth anion includes hexafluorophosphate anion PF 6 - , bisfluorosulfonylimide anion N(SO 2 F) 2 - (abbreviated as FSI - ) or a combination thereof.
  • the mass percentage of the fourth anion in the non-aqueous electrolyte is 8% to 20%, more optionally 9% to 18%, further optionally 9% to 15%, based on the The total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte of the present application uses the compound formed by the fourth anion and lithium ions as the main lithium salt. That is, the present application can use lithium hexafluorophosphate and/or lithium bisfluorosulfonyl imide as the main lithium salt. Lithium hexafluorophosphate has the characteristics of high ionic conductivity and resistance to corrosion of the cathode current collector. As the main lithium salt, it can improve the ionic conductivity and thermal stability of the entire non-aqueous electrolyte.
  • the fourth anion includes hexafluorophosphate anion PF 6 - , that is, lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) can be used as the main lithium salt in this application.
  • the fourth anion includes bisfluorosulfonimide anion N(SO 2 F) 2 - , that is, lithium bisfluorosulfonimide (LiFSI) can be used as the main lithium salt in this application.
  • LiFSI lithium bisfluorosulfonimide
  • the fourth anion includes both hexafluorophosphate anion PF 6 - and bisfluorosulfonimide anion N(SO 2 F) 2 - , that is, the present application can use lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) and bis Lithium fluorosulfonyl imide (LiFSI) serves as the main lithium salt.
  • the mass ratio ⁇ of the hexafluorophosphate anion PF 6 - and the bisfluorosulfonylimide anion N(SO 2 F) 2 - is 0.2 to 3, more optionally 0.3 to 2, 0.4 to 1.8 Or 0.5 to 1.5. Therefore, the non-aqueous electrolyte is not easily hydrolyzed, can also achieve higher thermal stability, and at the same time, can help form an interface film with lower impedance.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte may also contain a fifth anion, and the fifth anion includes dioxaloborate anion BOB - , hexafluoroarsenate anion AsF 6 - , and trifluoromethanesulfonate At least one of the acid anion CF 3 SO 3 - , the difluorophosphate anion PO 2 F 2 - , the difluorodioxalate phosphate anion DODFP - and the tetrafluoroxalate phosphate anion OTFP - .
  • the mass percentage of the fifth anion in the non-aqueous electrolyte is below 2%, more optionally below 0.5%, based on the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte.
  • the fifth anion includes difluorophosphate anion PO 2 F 2 - , thereby improving the ionic conductivity of the non-aqueous electrolyte and improving the positive electrode interface film and/or the negative electrode interface film. properties, and helps to construct a stable and low-resistance positive electrode interface film and/or negative electrode interface film, thereby effectively reducing the decomposition of non-aqueous electrolyte and further improving the kinetic performance and safety performance of secondary batteries.
  • the mass ratio ⁇ of the difluorophosphate anion PO 2 F 2 - and the fourth anion is 0.01 to 0.15, more optionally 0.01 to 0.1.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte solution may also contain a first additive, and the first additive is fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC).
  • FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
  • the mass concentration of the first additive in the non-aqueous electrolyte is D5 ppm, based on the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte, optionally, D5 is 1 to 30,000.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte When the non-aqueous electrolyte further contains FEC, it is beneficial to give full play to the improvement effect of FEC on the cycle performance and energy density of the secondary battery.
  • FEC has a high dielectric constant. Therefore, when the non-aqueous electrolyte contains FEC, it helps DFOB - in the non-aqueous electrolyte to become free ions and reduces the association of anions and cations, thus enabling DFOB - to be fully utilized. Improvement of secondary battery capacity retention and kinetic properties.
  • HF will be formed when FEC decomposes, which will destroy the structural stability of the cathode active material, increase the gas production of the secondary battery, and worsen the storage performance of the secondary battery. Therefore, its content should not be too high.
  • D5 is 1 to 25000, 1 to 20000, 1 to 15000, 1 to 10000, 1 to 8000, 1 to 5000, 1 to 2000, 100 to 25000, 100 to 20000, 100 to 15000, 100 to 10000 , 100 to 8000, 100 to 5000 or 100 to 2000.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte solution may also contain a second additive, the second additive includes vinylene carbonate (VC), lithium oxalate, vinyl sulfate (DTD), 1,3 -At least one of propanesultone (PS).
  • the second additive helps to further improve the interface properties of the positive electrode and/or the negative electrode, thereby further improving at least one of cycle performance, safety performance and kinetic performance of the secondary battery.
  • the mass percentage of the second additive in the non-aqueous electrolyte is below 5%, more optionally below 2.5%, based on the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte may also contain the above-mentioned first additive and second additive at the same time, thereby helping to further improve the interfacial properties of the positive electrode and/or the negative electrode, thereby further improving the secondary Battery cycle performance, safety performance and kinetic performance.
  • the non-aqueous solvent includes cyclic carbonate compounds and chain carbonate compounds.
  • the cyclic carbonate compound can increase the ionic conductivity of the non-aqueous electrolyte due to its high dielectric constant, and the chain carbonate compound can reduce the viscosity of the non-aqueous electrolyte due to its small viscosity. Therefore, when the non-aqueous solvent includes a cyclic carbonate compound and a chain carbonate compound, it helps the non-aqueous electrolyte to have appropriate viscosity and ionic conductivity, which is beneficial to the transport of lithium ions.
  • the cyclic carbonate compound may include at least one of ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), and butylene carbonate (BC).
  • chain carbonate compounds may include ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), dipropyl carbonate (DPC), methylpropyl carbonate (MPC), and At least one of ethyl propyl carbonate (EPC).
  • the non-aqueous solvent may also include other solvents besides cyclic carbonate compounds and chain carbonate compounds.
  • it may also include at least one of carboxylate compounds, sulfone compounds, and ether compounds.
  • carboxylate compounds may include methyl formate (MF), methyl acetate (MA), ethyl acetate (EA), propyl acetate (PA), methyl propionate (MP), ethyl propionate ( At least one of EP), propyl propionate (PP), methyl butyrate (MB), ethyl butyrate (EB) and 1,4-butyrolactone (GBL).
  • the sulfone compound may include at least one of sulfolane (SF), dimethyl sulfone (MSM), methyl ethyl sulfone (EMS), and diethyl sulfone (ESE).
  • ether compounds include tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolane (DOL), ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DME), tetraethyl At least one of glycol dimethyl ether, dimethoxymethane (DMM) and diglyme (DG).
  • each component in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution for example, the first cation, the first anion, the second anion, the third anion, the fourth anion, the fifth anion, the first additive, the second additive, etc.
  • Its content can be determined according to methods known in the art. For example, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), ion chromatography (IC), liquid chromatography (LC), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) can be used. ) is measured.
  • GC-MS gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
  • IC ion chromatography
  • LC liquid chromatography
  • NMR nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
  • ICP-OES inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry
  • a second aspect of the present application provides a method for preparing a non-aqueous electrolyte solution.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte solution of the first aspect of the present application can be obtained by the method of preparing the non-aqueous electrolyte solution of the second aspect of the present application.
  • the preparation method of the non-aqueous electrolyte includes the following steps: Mix the non-aqueous solvent, lithium salt, soluble Me salt, soluble difluoroxalate borate and optional additives evenly to obtain a non-aqueous electrolyte, where Me represents lithium Elements other than metallic elements.
  • the soluble Me salt a compound containing Me n+ and soluble in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution can be used.
  • the soluble Me salts include Me(DFOB) n , Me(BF 4 ) n , Me(ClO 4 ) n , Me[N(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 ] n , Me (NO 3 ) n , Me(SO 4 ) n/2 , Me(PF 6 ) n , Me[N(SO 2 F) 2 ] n , Me(BOB) n , Me(AsF 6 ) n , Me(CF At least one of 3 SO 3 ) n , Me(PO 2 F 2 ) n , Me(DODFP) n and Me(OTFP) n .
  • the soluble difluoroxalate borate includes at least one of Me(DFOB) n and LiDFOB. This helps to adjust the mass concentration of metal cations and first anions in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution within a desired range.
  • the lithium salt includes a first lithium salt including lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ), lithium bisfluorosulfonyl imide (LiFSI), or a combination thereof.
  • the first lithium salt serves as the main lithium salt, and its mass percentage in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution can be 8% to 20%, optionally 9% to 18%, and more optionally 9% to 15%. %, based on the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution.
  • the first lithium salt includes lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ).
  • the first lithium salt includes both lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) and lithium bisfluorosulfonimide (LiFSI).
  • the mass ratio of lithium hexafluorophosphate and lithium bisfluorosulfonimide is 0.2 to 3, more optionally 0.3 to 2, 0.4 to 1.8 or 0.5 to 1.5. Therefore, the non-aqueous electrolyte is not easily hydrolyzed, can also achieve higher thermal stability, and at the same time, can help form an interface film with lower impedance.
  • the lithium salt may also include a second lithium salt, the second lithium salt including lithium dioxaloborate (LiBOB), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ), bistrifluoromethane Lithium sulfonylimide (LiTFSI), lithium perchlorate (LiClO 4 ), lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF 6 ), lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiTFS), lithium difluorophosphate (LiPO 2 F 2 ), difluorophosphate At least one of lithium fluorodioxalate phosphate (LiDODFP) and lithium tetrafluorooxalate phosphate (LiOTFP).
  • LiBOB lithium dioxaloborate
  • LiBF 4 lithium tetrafluoroborate
  • LiTFSI bistrifluoromethane Lithium sulfonylimide
  • LiClO 4 lithium perchlorate
  • the second lithium salt can further improve the interface properties of the positive electrode and/or the negative electrode, or improve the ionic conductivity or thermal stability of the non-aqueous electrolyte.
  • the mass percentage of the second lithium salt in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is below 2%, more optionally below 0.5%, based on the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution.
  • the additive includes at least one of a first additive that is fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and a second additive that includes vinylene carbonate (VC ), at least one of lithium oxalate, vinyl sulfate (DTD), and 1,3-propanesultone (PS).
  • FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
  • VC vinylene carbonate
  • DTD vinyl sulfate
  • PS 1,3-propanesultone
  • each raw material in the non-aqueous electrolyte helps to adjust the dissociation degree of lithium salt, soluble Me salt, and soluble difluoroxalate borate in the non-aqueous electrolyte, and helps to obtain A non-aqueous electrolyte solution that satisfies the required mass concentration of metal cations and anions (eg, first anion, second anion, third anion, fourth anion, fifth anion).
  • the types and specific contents of each component in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution thus obtained are the same as the non-aqueous electrolyte solution described in the first aspect of the embodiment of the present application.
  • the electrode assembly includes a positive electrode piece, a negative electrode piece and an isolation film.
  • the isolation film is set between the positive electrode piece and the negative electrode piece. It mainly prevents the positive and negative electrodes from short-circuiting and allows lithium ions to pass through.
  • the positive electrode sheet includes a positive current collector and a positive electrode film layer disposed on at least one surface of the positive current collector and including a positive active material.
  • the positive electrode current collector has two surfaces opposite in its thickness direction, and the positive electrode film layer is disposed on any one or both of the two opposite surfaces of the positive electrode current collector.
  • the cathode film layer includes a cathode active material
  • the cathode active material may be a cathode active material known in the art for secondary batteries.
  • the cathode active material may include at least one of a lithium transition metal oxide, an olivine-structured lithium-containing phosphate, and their respective modified compounds.
  • lithium transition metal oxides may include lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel cobalt oxide, lithium manganese cobalt oxide, lithium nickel manganese oxide, lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, lithium At least one of nickel cobalt aluminum oxides and their respective modified compounds.
  • lithium-containing phosphates with an olivine structure may include lithium iron phosphate, composites of lithium iron phosphate and carbon, lithium manganese phosphate, composites of lithium manganese phosphate and carbon, lithium iron manganese phosphate, and lithium iron manganese phosphate and carbon. At least one of the composite materials and their respective modifying compounds. Only one type of these positive electrode active materials may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination.
  • the layered material with the molecular formula Li a Ni b Co c Mn d Al e M f O g A h is optionally modified by M cation doping, A anion doping or simultaneous doping of M cations and A anions. properties, the crystal structure of the layered material obtained after doping is more stable, and can further improve the electrochemical performance of secondary batteries, such as cycle performance, kinetic performance, etc.
  • M is selected from at least one of Si, Ti, Mo, V, Ge, Se, Zr, Nb, Ru, Pd, Sb, Ce, Te, and W.
  • A is selected from at least one of F, N, P, and S.
  • A is selected from F.
  • the crystal structure of Li a Ni b Co c Mn d Al e M f O g A h is more stable, thus enabling the secondary battery to have better cycle performance and kinetic performance.
  • 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.98 In some embodiments, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.98. Alternatively, 0.50 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.98, 0.55 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.98, 0.60 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.98, 0.65 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.98, 0.70 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.98, 0.75 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.98 or 0.80 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.98.
  • c 0.
  • 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.20 In some embodiments, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.15, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.10, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.09, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.08, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.07, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.06, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.05, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.04, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.03, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.02 or 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.01.
  • Cobalt is less abundant in the earth's crust, difficult to mine, and expensive. Therefore, low-cobalt or cobalt-free has become an inevitable development trend for cathode active materials. However, cobalt contributes greatly to the lithium ion diffusion rate of the cathode active material.
  • DFOB- in the non-aqueous electrolyte can form a low-resistance protective film on the surface of the cathode active material, and the B atoms in DFOB- can easily combine with the O atoms in the cathode active material. , reducing the charge transfer resistance of the cathode active material, thereby reducing the diffusion resistance of lithium ions in the bulk phase of the cathode active material.
  • the crystal structure of the low-cobalt or cobalt-free cathode active material is more stable, it can greatly reduce the change in structural properties, chemical properties or electrochemical properties of the cathode active material due to excessive delithiation on the surface of the low-cobalt or cobalt-free cathode active material.
  • the probability of problems such as instability, for example, irreversible distortion of the cathode active material and increased lattice defects.
  • d 0 and 0 ⁇ e ⁇ 0.50.
  • e 0 and 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 0.50.
  • Li a Ni b Co c Mn d Al e M f O g A h can be prepared according to conventional methods in the art.
  • An exemplary preparation method is as follows: a lithium source, a nickel source, a cobalt source, a manganese source, an aluminum source, an M element precursor, and an A element precursor are mixed and then sintered.
  • the sintering atmosphere may be an oxygen-containing atmosphere, such as an air atmosphere or an oxygen atmosphere.
  • the O2 concentration of the sintering atmosphere is, for example, 70% to 100%.
  • the sintering temperature and sintering time can be adjusted according to actual conditions.
  • the M element precursor includes, but is not limited to, at least one of an oxide of the M element, a nitric acid compound, a carbonic acid compound, a hydroxide compound, and an acetic acid compound.
  • precursors of element A include, but are not limited to, ammonium fluoride, lithium fluoride, hydrogen fluoride, ammonium chloride, lithium chloride, hydrogen chloride, ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrite, ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium phosphate, phosphoric acid , at least one of ammonium sulfate, ammonium bisulfate, ammonium bisulfite, ammonium sulfite, ammonium bisulfide, hydrogen sulfide, lithium sulfide, ammonium sulfide and elemental sulfur.
  • the mass percentage of the layered material with the molecular formula Li a Ni b Co c Mn d Ale M f O g A h is 80% to 99%.
  • the mass percentage of the layered material with the molecular formula Li a Ni b Co c Mn d Al e M f O g A h can be 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86 %, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or any range above.
  • the mass percentage of the layered material with the molecular formula Li a Ni b Co c Mn d Al e M f O g A h is 85% to 99%, 90% to 99%, 95% to 99%, 80% to 98%, 85% to 98%, 90% to 98%, 95% to 98%, 80% to 97%, 85% to 97%, 90% to 97% or 95% to 97%.
  • the positive electrode film layer optionally further includes a positive electrode binder.
  • the positive electrode binder may include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene -At least one of propylene terpolymer, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene terpolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, and fluorine-containing acrylate resin.
  • the mass percentage of the cathode binder is less than 5% based on the total mass of the cathode film layer.
  • the positive electrode film layer is usually formed by coating the positive electrode slurry on the positive electrode current collector, drying, and cold pressing.
  • the positive electrode slurry is usually formed by dispersing the positive electrode active material, optional conductive agent, optional binder and any other components in a solvent and stirring evenly.
  • the solvent may be N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), but is not limited thereto.
  • the negative electrode sheet includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode film layer disposed on at least one surface of the negative electrode current collector and including a negative electrode active material.
  • the negative electrode current collector has two surfaces opposite in its thickness direction, and the negative electrode film layer is disposed on any one or both of the two opposite surfaces of the negative electrode current collector.
  • the negative active material may be a negative active material known in the art for secondary batteries.
  • the negative active material includes but is not limited to at least one of natural graphite, artificial graphite, soft carbon, hard carbon, silicon-based materials, tin-based materials, and lithium titanate.
  • the silicon-based material may include at least one of elemental silicon, silicon oxide, silicon-carbon composite, silicon-nitride composite, and silicon alloy material.
  • the tin-based material may include at least one of elemental tin, tin oxide, and tin alloy materials.
  • the present application is not limited to these materials, and other conventionally known materials that can be used as negative electrode active materials for secondary batteries can also be used. Only one type of these negative electrode active materials may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination.
  • the negative electrode film layer optionally further includes a negative electrode conductive agent.
  • a negative electrode conductive agent may include superconducting carbon, conductive graphite, acetylene black, carbon black, Ketjen black, carbon dots, carbon nanotubes, graphite At least one of alkenes and carbon nanofibers.
  • the mass percentage of the negative electrode conductive agent is less than 5%.
  • the negative electrode current collector may be a metal foil or a composite current collector.
  • the metal foil copper foil can be used.
  • the composite current collector may include a polymer material base layer and a metal material layer formed on at least one surface of the polymer material base layer.
  • the metal material may be selected from at least one of copper, copper alloy, nickel, nickel alloy, titanium, titanium alloy, silver, and silver alloy.
  • the polymer material base layer may include polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE) etc.
  • the isolation film is disposed between the positive electrode piece and the negative electrode piece, and mainly plays a role in preventing short circuit between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and at the same time allows lithium ions to pass through.
  • the material of the isolation membrane may include at least one of fiberglass, non-woven fabric, polyethylene, polypropylene and polyvinylidene fluoride.
  • the isolation film may be a single-layer film or a multi-layer composite film. When the isolation film is a multi-layer composite film, the materials of each layer may be the same or different.
  • the positive electrode piece, the isolation film and the negative electrode piece can be made into an electrode assembly through a winding process or a lamination process.
  • the secondary battery may include an outer packaging.
  • the outer packaging can be used to package the above-mentioned electrode assembly and the non-aqueous electrolyte.
  • the outer packaging of the secondary battery may be a hard shell, such as a hard plastic shell, an aluminum shell, a steel shell, etc.
  • the outer packaging of the secondary battery may also be a soft bag, such as a bag-type soft bag.
  • the soft bag may be made of plastic, such as at least one of polypropylene (PP), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polybutylene succinate (PBS), and the like.
  • This application has no particular limitation on the shape of the secondary battery, which can be cylindrical, square or any other shape. As shown in FIG. 1 , a square-structured secondary battery 5 is shown as an example.
  • the outer package may include a housing 51 and a cover 53 .
  • the housing 51 may include a bottom plate and side plates connected to the bottom plate, and the bottom plate and the side plates enclose to form a receiving cavity.
  • the housing 51 has an opening communicating with the accommodation cavity, and the cover plate 53 is used to cover the opening to close the accommodation cavity.
  • the positive electrode piece, the negative electrode piece and the isolation film can be formed into the electrode assembly 52 through a winding process or a lamination process.
  • the electrode assembly 52 is packaged in the containing cavity.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte soaks into the electrode assembly 52 .
  • the number of electrode assemblies 52 contained in the secondary battery 5 can be one or more, and can be adjusted according to needs.
  • the positive electrode sheet, the separator, the negative electrode sheet, and the non-aqueous electrolyte may be assembled to form a secondary battery.
  • the positive electrode sheet, isolation film, and negative electrode sheet can be formed into an electrode assembly through a winding process or a lamination process.
  • the electrode assembly is placed in an outer package, dried, and then injected with non-aqueous electrolyte. After vacuum packaging, static Through processes such as placement, formation, and shaping, secondary batteries are obtained.
  • the secondary batteries according to the present application can be assembled into battery modules.
  • the number of secondary batteries contained in the battery module can be multiple, and the specific number can be adjusted according to the application and capacity of the battery module.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the battery module 4 as an example.
  • a plurality of secondary batteries 5 may be arranged in sequence along the length direction of the battery module 4 .
  • the plurality of secondary batteries 5 can be fixed by fasteners.
  • the battery module 4 may further include a housing having a receiving space in which a plurality of secondary batteries 5 are received.
  • the above-mentioned battery modules can also be assembled into a battery pack, and the number of battery modules contained in the battery pack can be adjusted according to the application and capacity of the battery pack.
  • the battery pack 1 may include a battery box and a plurality of battery modules 4 arranged in the battery box.
  • the battery box includes an upper box 2 and a lower box 3 .
  • the upper box 2 is used to cover the lower box 3 and form a closed space for accommodating the battery module 4 .
  • Multiple battery modules 4 can be arranged in the battery box in any manner.
  • a fourth aspect of the present application also provides an electrical device, which includes at least one of a secondary battery, a battery module or a battery pack of the present application.
  • the secondary battery, battery module or battery pack may be used as a power source for the electrical device or as an energy storage unit for the electrical device.
  • the electrical device may be, but is not limited to, mobile devices (such as mobile phones, laptops, etc.), electric vehicles (such as pure electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, electric bicycles, electric scooters, electric Golf carts, electric trucks, etc.), electric trains, ships and satellites, energy storage systems, etc.
  • the power-consuming device can select a secondary battery, a battery module or a battery pack according to its usage requirements.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an electrical device as an example.
  • the electric device is a pure electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, etc.
  • battery packs or battery modules can be used.
  • the power-consuming device may be a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, etc.
  • the electrical device is usually required to be light and thin, and secondary batteries can be used as power sources.
  • a porous polyethylene (PE) film is used as the isolation membrane.
  • Electrode assembly Stack and wind the positive electrode sheet, isolation film, and negative electrode sheet in order to obtain the electrode assembly; put the electrode assembly into the outer packaging, add the above-mentioned non-aqueous electrolyte, and then go through the processes of packaging, standing, forming, aging, etc. , get the secondary battery.
  • Test of metal cations After the secondary battery prepared above is fully charged, take out 10ml of free electrolyte from the liquid injection port, and use the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry method of Thermo Fisher Scientific company model ICAP-7400 for testing. According to the test As a result, the mass concentration of the first cation in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution was calculated to be D1 ppm.
  • Deuterated reagents are prepared according to the following steps: dry deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO-d6), deuterated acetonitrile and trifluoromethylbenzene with 4A molecular sieves at a temperature above 25°C for more than 3 days to ensure that all reagents are The water content is less than 3ppm.
  • the moisture testing instrument can be the 831KF Coulomb moisture tester of Swiss Metrohm Co., Ltd. Then, in a glove box filled with nitrogen, take 10 ml of dried DMSO-d6 and 300 ⁇ l of dried internal standard trifluoromethylbenzene and mix them evenly to obtain the first solution.
  • the secondary battery At 25°C, charge the secondary battery to 4.3V with a constant current of 1C, and continue charging with a constant voltage until the current is 0.05C. At this time, the secondary battery is fully charged; discharge the secondary battery with a constant current of 0.5C and adjust When the secondary battery reaches 50% SOC, the voltage of the secondary battery at this time is recorded as U 1 ; the secondary battery is discharged with a constant current of 4C I 1 for 30 seconds, using a 0.1 second sampling point, and the voltage at the end of the discharge is recorded as U 2 .
  • the initial DC internal resistance of the secondary battery is represented by the discharge DC internal resistance of the secondary battery at 50% SOC.
  • the initial DC internal resistance of the secondary battery (m ⁇ ) (U 1 -U 2 )/I 1 .
  • Table 2 gives the test results of Examples 1 to 36 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4.
  • non-aqueous electrolyte further contains the first additive and/or the second additive of the present application, it will help to further improve the cycle performance, kinetic performance and storage of the secondary battery. At least one of the properties.

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Abstract

本申请提供一种非水电解液、其制备方法、以及包含其的二次电池及用电装置。所述非水电解液含有非水溶剂以及溶解于其中的锂离子、第一阳离子和第一阴离子,其中,所述第一阳离子为锂离子以外的金属阳离子Me n+,n表示金属阳离子的化合价,所述第一阴离子为二氟草酸硼酸根阴离子DFOB -,所述非水电解液中第一阳离子的质量浓度为D1ppm,所述非水电解液中第一阴离子的质量浓度为D2 ppm,均基于所述非水电解液的总质量计,并且所述非水电解液满足:D1为0.5至870和D1/D2为0.02至2。本申请的非水电解液能够使二次电池同时兼顾良好的循环性能、安全性能和动力学性能。

Description

非水电解液、其制备方法、以及包含其的二次电池及用电装置 技术领域
本申请属于电池技术领域,具体涉及一种非水电解液、其制备方法、以及包含其的二次电池及用电装置。
背景技术
近年来,二次电池被广泛应用于水力、火力、风力和太阳能电站等储能电源系统,以及电动工具、电动自行车、电动摩托车、电动汽车、军事装备、航空航天等多个领域。随着二次电池的应用及推广,其综合性能受到越来越多的关注,例如二次电池需要同时满足循环寿命长、安全性能高、倍率性能好等。因此,如何提供一种综合性能良好的二次电池,是目前亟待解决的技术问题。
发明内容
本申请的目的在于提供一种非水电解液、其制备方法、以及包含其的二次电池及用电装置,其能够使二次电池同时兼顾良好的循环性能、安全性能和动力学性能。
本申请第一方面提供一种非水电解液,含有非水溶剂以及溶解于其中的锂离子、第一阳离子和第一阴离子,其中,所述第一阳离子为锂离子以外的金属阳离子Me n+,n表示金属阳离子的化合价,所述第一阴离子为二氟草酸硼酸根阴离子DFOB -,所述非水电解液中第一阳离子的质量浓度为D1 ppm,所述非水电解液中第一阴离子的质量浓度为D2ppm,均基于所述非水电解液的总质量计,并且所述非水电解液满足:D1为0.5至870和D1/D2为0.02至2。
本申请的发明人在研究过程中意外发现,当非水电解液中第一阳离子的质量浓度D1 ppm和第一阴离子的质量浓度D2 ppm满足D1为0.5至870和D1/D2为0.02至2时,第一阳离子不仅不会恶化二次电池的电化学性能,而且在第一阳离子和第一阴离子的协同作用下,本申请的非水电解液还能够使二次电池同时兼顾良好的循环性能、安全性能和动力学性能。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,Me n+标准还原电势与Li +标准还原电势的差值在1.0V以上,可选地,Me n+表示Ni 2+、Co 2+、Mn 2+、Al 3+和Fe 2+中的至少一种。由此能够更好地保证Me n+先于锂离子被还原,从而更好地起到减少SEI膜形成过程中对活性锂离子不可逆消耗的作用并提高二次电池的容量保持率。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,D1为100至870,可选地为200至870。由此二次电池能够同时兼顾较高的容量保持率、较低的体积膨胀率和良好的动力学性能。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,D1/D2为0.3至2,可选地为0.3至1.2。此时有利于充分发挥第一阳离子和第一阴离子之间的协同作用效果,由此二次电池能够同时兼顾良 好的循环性能、安全性能和动力学性能。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,D2为1至3000,可选地为100至2000。由此二次电池能够同时兼顾较高的容量保持率、较低的体积膨胀率和良好的动力学性能。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,所述非水电解液还含有第二阴离子,所述第二阴离子为四氟硼酸根阴离子BF 4 -。所述非水电解液中第二阴离子的质量浓度为D3 ppm,基于所述非水电解液的总质量计,可选地,D3为1至3000,更可选地为1至2000。由此能够提高二次电池的高温稳定性和低温性能。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,可选地,D2/D3为0.4至20,更可选地为1至10。由此有助于充分发挥BF 4 -与DFOB -之间的协同作用效果,由此不仅能够拓宽非水电解液的电化学窗口,还能够在负极活性材料表面形成稳定且低阻抗的SEI膜。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,所述非水电解液还含有第三阴离子,所述第三阴离子包括高氯酸根阴离子ClO 4 -、双三氟甲磺酰亚胺根阴离子N(SO 2CF 3) 2 -、NO 3 -和SO 4 2-中的至少一种,可选地包括NO 3 -和SO 4 2-中的至少一种。所述非水电解液中第三阴离子的质量浓度为D4 ppm,基于所述非水电解液的总质量计,可选地,D4为1至3000,更可选地为1至2000。第三阴离子有助于使非水电解液具有较高的热稳定性,由此能够提高二次电池的高温稳定性;第三阴离子还有助于DFOB -成为自由离子,减少阴阳离子缔合,由此能够充分发挥DFOB -对二次电池容量保持率和动力学性能的改善作用。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,所述非水电解液中第三阴离子的质量浓度为D4 ppm,可选地,D2/D4为0.4至20,更可选地为0.8至5。此时有助于充分发挥第一阴离子和第三阴离子之间的协同作用效果,由此不仅能够提高非水电解液的热稳定性,还能够在负极活性材料表面形成稳定且低阻抗的SEI膜。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,所述非水电解液还含有第四阴离子,所述第四阴离子包括六氟磷酸根阴离子PF 6 -、双氟磺酰亚胺根阴离子N(SO 2F) 2 -或其组合。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,可选地,所述非水电解液中第四阴离子的质量百分含量为8%至20%,更可选地为9%至15%,基于所述非水电解液的总质量计。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,可选地,所述第四阴离子同时包括六氟磷酸根阴离子PF 6 -和双氟磺酰亚胺根阴离子N(SO 2F) 2 -,更可选地,六氟磷酸根阴离子PF 6 -和双氟磺酰亚胺根阴离子N(SO 2F) 2 -的质量比α为0.2至3,更可选地为0.5至1.5。由此所述非水电解液不易水解,并且还能够兼顾更高的热稳定性,同时,有助于形成阻抗更低的界面膜。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,所述非水电解液还含有第五阴离子,所述第五阴离子包括二草酸硼酸根阴离子BOB -、六氟砷酸根阴离子AsF 6 -、三氟甲磺酸根阴离子CF 3SO 3 -、二氟磷酸根阴离子PO 2F 2 -、二氟二草酸磷酸根阴离子DODFP -和四氟草酸磷酸根阴离子OTFP -中的至少一种。由此起到进一步改善正极和/或负极的界面性能、或者改善非水电解液的离子电导率或热稳定性的作用。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,可选地,所述非水电解液中第五阴离子的质量百分含量在2%以下,更可选地在0.5%以下,基于所述非水电解液的总质量计。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,所述第五阴离子包括二氟磷酸根阴离子PO 2F 2 -。可选地,二氟磷酸根阴离子PO 2F 2 -和第四阴离子的质量比β为0.01至0.15,更可选地为0.01至0.1。由此能够提高非水电解液的离子电导率,改善正极界面膜和/或负极界面膜的性质, 并有助于构建稳定且低阻抗的正极界面膜和/或负极界面膜,从而有效减少非水电解液的分解,进一步改善二次电池的动力学性能和安全性能。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,所述非水溶剂包括环状碳酸酯化合物和链状碳酸酯化合物,所述非水电解液中环状碳酸酯化合物的质量百分含量为E1,链状碳酸酯化合物的质量百分含量为E2,均基于所述非水电解液的总质量计,E1为5%至40%,可选地为10%至30%,E2为40%至85%,可选地为60%至80%。此时有助于非水电解液具有合适的粘度和离子电导率,进而有利于锂离子的传输。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,所述非水溶剂还包括醚类化合物,所述醚类化合物包括四氢呋喃、2-甲基四氢呋喃、1,3-二氧环戊烷、乙二醇单甲醚、乙二醇二甲醚、四乙二醇二甲醚、二甲氧基甲烷和二甘醇二甲醚中的至少一种。醚类化合物有助于非水电解液具有合适的粘度和/或离子电导率,进而有利于锂离子的传输。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,所述非水电解液中醚类化合物的质量百分含量为E3,基于所述非水电解液的总质量计,可选地,E3为0.1%至40%,更可选地为0.5%至20%。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,所述非水电解液还含有第一添加剂,所述第一添加剂为氟代碳酸乙烯酯。由此能有效提升二次电池的循环性能。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,所述非水电解液中第一添加剂的质量浓度为D5 ppm,基于所述非水电解液的总质量计,可选地,D5为1至30000,更可选地为100至20000。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,所述非水电解液中第一添加剂的质量浓度为D5 ppm,可选地,D5/D2为5至500,更可选地为5至100。由此能够充分发挥FEC和DFOB -之间的协同作用效果,不仅不会明显增加二次电池的产气量,还会进一步改善二次电池的循环性能。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,所述非水电解液还含有第二添加剂,所述第二添加剂包括碳酸亚乙烯酯、草酸锂、硫酸乙烯酯、1,3-丙磺酸内酯中的至少一种。第二添加剂有助于进一步改善正极和/或负极的界面性能,从而进一步提高二次电池的循环性能、安全性能和动力学性能中的至少一者。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,可选地,所述非水电解液中第二添加剂的质量百分含量在5%以下,更可选地在2.5%以下,基于所述非水电解液的总质量计。
本申请第二方面提供一种非水电解液的制备方法,包括如下步骤:将非水溶剂、锂盐、可溶性Me盐、可溶性二氟草酸硼酸盐以及可选的添加剂混合均匀,得到非水电解液,Me表示锂元素以外的金属元素,其中,所述非水电解液含有非水溶剂以及溶解于其中的锂离子、第一阳离子和第一阴离子,所述第一阳离子为锂离子以外的金属阳离子Me n+,n表示金属阳离子的化合价,所述第一阴离子为二氟草酸硼酸根阴离子DFOB -,所述非水电解液中第一阳离子的质量浓度为D1 ppm,所述非水电解液中第一阴离子的质量浓度为D2 ppm,均基于所述非水电解液的总质量计,并且所述非水电解液满足:D1为0.5至870和D1/D2为0.02至2。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,Me n+标准还原电势与Li +标准还原电势的差值在1.0V以上,可选地,Me n+表示Ni 2+、Co 2+、Mn 2+、Al 3+和Fe 2+中的至少一种。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,所述可溶性Me盐包括Me(DFOB) n、Me(BF 4) n、Me(ClO 4) n、Me[N(SO 2CF 3) 2] n、Me(NO 3) n、Me(SO 4) n/2、Me(PF 6) n、Me[N(SO 2F) 2] n、 Me(BOB) n、Me(AsF 6) n、Me(CF 3SO 3) n、Me(PO 2F 2) n、Me(DODFP) n和Me(OTFP) n中的至少一种。由此有助于调节所述非水电解液中金属阳离子和不同阴离子的质量浓度在所需范围内。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,所述可溶性二氟草酸硼酸盐包括Me(DFOB) n、LiDFOB中的至少一种。由此有助于调节所述非水电解液中金属阳离子、第一阴离子的质量浓度在所需范围内。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,所述非水溶剂包括环状碳酸酯化合物和链状碳酸酯化合物,可选地,所述非水溶剂同时包括环状碳酸酯化合物、链状碳酸酯化合物和醚类化合物。由此有助于调节所述非水电解液中金属阳离子和不同阴离子的质量浓度在所需范围内。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,所述锂盐包括第一锂盐,所述第一锂盐包括六氟磷酸锂、双氟磺酰亚胺锂或其组合,可选地,所述锂盐还包括第二锂盐,所述第二锂盐包括二草酸硼酸锂、四氟硼酸锂、双三氟甲烷磺酰亚胺锂、高氯酸锂、六氟砷酸锂、三氟甲磺酸锂、二氟磷酸锂、二氟二草酸磷酸锂和四氟草酸磷酸锂中的至少一种。由此有助于调节所述非水电解液中金属阳离子和不同阴离子的质量浓度在所需范围内。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,所述添加剂包括第一添加剂和第二添加剂中的至少一种,所述第一添加剂为氟代碳酸乙烯酯,所述第二添加剂包括碳酸亚乙烯酯、草酸锂、硫酸乙烯酯、1,3-丙磺酸内酯中的至少一种。
本申请第三方面提供一种二次电池,包括正极极片、负极极片以及非水电解液,其中,所述非水电解液为本申请第一方面的非水电解液或采用本申请第二方面的制备方法得到的非水电解液。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,所述正极极片包括分子式为Li aNi bCo cMn dAl eM fO gA h的层状材料,M表示过渡金属位掺杂阳离子,A表示氧位掺杂阴离子,0.8≤a≤1.2,0≤b≤1,0≤c≤1,0≤d≤1,0≤e≤1,0≤f≤0.2,0≤g≤2,0≤h≤2,b+c+d+e+f=1,g+h=2。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,可选地,M选自Si、Ti、Mo、V、Ge、Se、Zr、Nb、Ru、Pd、Sb、Ce、Te和W中的至少一种。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,可选地,A选自F、N、P和S中的至少一种,更可选地,A选自F。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,可选地,0<b<0.98,更可选地,0.50≤b<0.98。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,可选地,c=0。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,可选地,0<c≤0.20,更可选地,0<c≤0.10。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,可选地,d=0并且0<e<0.50,更可选地,d=0并且0<e≤0.10。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,可选地,e=0并且0<d<0.50,更可选地,e=0并且0<d≤0.10。
在本申请的任意实施方式中,可选地,0<d<0.50并且0<e<0.50,更可选地,0<d≤0.30并且0<e≤0.10。
本申请第四方面提供一种用电装置,包括本申请第三方面的二次电池。
本申请的二次电池能够同时兼顾良好的循环性能、安全性能和动力学性能,本申请的用电装置包括本申请提供的二次电池,因而至少具有与所述二次电池相同的优势。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本申请实施例的技术方案,下面将对本申请实施例中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍。显而易见地,下面所描述的附图仅仅是本申请的一些实施方式,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据附图获得其他的附图。
图1是本申请的二次电池的一实施方式的示意图。
图2是图1的二次电池的实施方式的分解示意图。
图3是本申请的电池模块的一实施方式的示意图。
图4是本申请的电池包的一实施方式的示意图。
图5是图4所示的电池包的实施方式的分解示意图。
图6是包含本申请的二次电池作为电源的用电装置的一实施方式的示意图。
在附图中,附图未必按照实际的比例绘制。附图标记说明如下:1电池包,2上箱体,3下箱体,4电池模块,5二次电池,51壳体,52电极组件,53盖板。
具体实施方式
以下,适当地参照附图详细说明具体公开了本申请的非水电解液、其制备方法、以及包含其的二次电池及用电装置的实施方式。但是会有省略不必要的详细说明的情况。例如,有省略对已众所周知的事项的详细说明、实际相同结构的重复说明的情况。这是为了避免以下的说明不必要地变得冗长,便于本领域技术人员的理解。此外,附图及以下说明是为了本领域技术人员充分理解本申请而提供的,并不旨在限定权利要求书所记载的主题。
本申请所公开的“范围”以下限和上限的形式来限定,给定范围是通过选定一个下限和一个上限进行限定的,选定的下限和上限限定了特别范围的边界。这种方式进行限定的范围可以是包括端值或不包括端值的,并且可以进行任意地组合,即任何下限可以与任何上限组合形成一个范围。例如,如果针对特定参数列出了60-120和80-110的范围,理解为60-110和80-120的范围也是预料到的。此外,如果列出的最小范围值1和2,和如果列出了最大范围值3,4和5,则下面的范围可全部预料到:1-3、1-4、1-5、2-3、2-4和2-5。在本申请中,除非有其他说明,数值范围“a-b”表示a到b之间的任意实数组合的缩略表示,其中a和b都是实数。例如数值范围“0-5”表示本文中已经全部列出了“0-5”之间的全部实数,“0-5”只是这些数值组合的缩略表示。另外,当表述某个参数为≥2的整数,则相当于公开了该参数为例如整数2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12等。
如果没有特别的说明,本申请的所有实施方式以及可选实施方式可以相互组合形成新的技术方案,并且这样的技术方案应被认为包含在本申请的公开内容中。
如果没有特别的说明,本申请的所有技术特征以及可选技术特征可以相互组合形 成新的技术方案,并且这样的技术方案应被认为包含在本申请的公开内容中。
如果没有特别的说明,本申请的所有步骤可以顺序进行,也可以随机进行,优选是顺序进行的。例如,所述方法包括步骤(a)和(b),表示所述方法可包括顺序进行的步骤(a)和(b),也可以包括顺序进行的步骤(b)和(a)。例如,所述提到所述方法还可包括步骤(c),表示步骤(c)可以任意顺序加入到所述方法,例如,所述方法可以包括步骤(a)、(b)和(c),也可包括步骤(a)、(c)和(b),也可以包括步骤(c)、(a)和(b)等。
如果没有特别的说明,本申请所提到的“包括”和“包含”表示开放式,也可以是封闭式。例如,所述“包括”和“包含”可以表示还可以包括或包含没有列出的其他组分,也可以仅包括或包含列出的组分。
如果没有特别的说明,在本申请中,术语“或”是包括性的。举例来说,短语“A或B”表示“A,B,或A和B两者”。更具体地,以下任一条件均满足条件“A或B”:A为真(或存在)并且B为假(或不存在);A为假(或不存在)而B为真(或存在);或A和B都为真(或存在)。
在本申请中,术语“多个”、“多种”是指两个或两种以上。
随着二次电池的应用及推广,其综合性能受到越来越多的关注。非水电解液是影响二次电池性能的关键因素之一,目前商业化应用最广的非水电解液体系为六氟磷酸锂的混合碳酸酯溶液,但是,六氟磷酸锂在高温环境下的热稳定性较差,其在较高温度下会分解生成LiF和PF 5。LiF会增加界面阻抗;PF 5具有较强的路易斯酸性,会与溶剂分子中氧原子上的孤对电子作用而使溶剂发生分解;此外,PF 5对于非水电解液中微量的水分具有较高的敏感性,遇水会产生HF,从而增加非水电解液的酸度,进而容易腐蚀正极活性材料和正极集流体、造成正极活性材料中过渡金属离子溶出、正极活性材料结构稳定性变差,由此影响二次电池的使用寿命。
另外,目前研究人员通常认为除了锂离子之外,非水电解液中的其他金属阳离子均为异物或杂质,其会严重影响二次电池的电化学性能。但是本申请的发明人在进行大量研究后意外发现,当非水电解液中同时包含合适含量的如下所述的金属阳离子Me n+和二氟草酸硼酸根阴离子DFOB -时,金属阳离子Me n+不仅不会恶化二次电池的电化学性能,并且还能使采用本申请所述非水电解液的二次电池同时兼顾良好的循环性能、安全性能和动力学性能。
非水电解液
具体地,本申请第一方面提供一种非水电解液。
所述非水电解液含有非水溶剂以及溶解于其中的锂离子、第一阳离子和第一阴离子,所述第一阳离子为锂离子以外的金属阳离子Me n+,n表示金属阳离子的化合价,所述第一阴离子为二氟草酸硼酸根阴离子DFOB -,所述非水电解液中第一阳离子的质量浓度为D1 ppm,所述非水电解液中第一阴离子的质量浓度为D2 ppm,均基于所述非水电解液的总质量计,并且所述非水电解液满足:D1为0.5至870和D1/D2为0.02至2。
需要说明的是,本申请非水电解液中的金属阳离子Me n+通过在非水电解液中加入含有Me元素的可溶性盐并解离得到,而并不是来源于非水电解液各制备原料中的杂质相。同时,二次电池性能的改善主要源自非水电解液制备过程中加入的含有Me元素的可溶性 盐以及由此解离出的Me n+,而不是二次电池使用过程中正极活性材料溶出至非水电解液中的金属阳离子。
本申请的发明人在研究过程中意外发现,当非水电解液中第一阳离子的质量浓度D1 ppm和第一阴离子的质量浓度D2 ppm满足D1为0.5至870和D1/D2为0.02至2时,第一阳离子不仅不会恶化二次电池的电化学性能,而且在第一阳离子和第一阴离子的协同作用下,本申请的非水电解液还能够使二次电池同时兼顾良好的循环性能、安全性能和动力学性能。尽管机理尚不明确,本申请的发明人推测可能的原因至少包括如下几点。
第一,金属阳离子Me n+在电化学活性上比锂离子活泼,因此会优先于锂离子被还原,从而能够减少SEI膜形成过程中对活性锂离子的不可逆消耗,提高二次电池的容量保持率。
第二,金属阳离子Me n+在负极被还原形成的金属单质具有较好的电子导电性,因此能够促进电子的转移并促使负极活性材料表面形成更厚的SEI膜,进而能够减少负极活性材料与非水电解液之间的界面副反应,提高二次电池的容量保持率、降低二次电池的体积膨胀率。
第三,二氟草酸硼酸根阴离子DFOB -会参与负极活性材料表面SEI膜的形成,起到修饰SEI膜、改善SEI膜组成的作用,从而有利于形成低阻抗的SEI膜,降低二次电池的阻抗。
第四,二氟草酸硼酸根阴离子DFOB -含有一个草酸根基团,其受热时会被氧化形成二氧化碳气体,因此当二次电池处于诸如过充或短路等滥用状态时,产生的二氧化碳气体会使电池内压升高,从而能够迅速冲开电池安全阀,避免二次电池起火甚至爆炸,由此改善二次电池的安全性能。
第五,通常研究人员认为较厚的SEI膜会增加二次电池的阻抗,恶化二次电池的动力学性能,但是,本申请的发明人惊奇地发现,通过使非水电解液中第一阳离子的质量浓度D1 ppm和第一阴离子的质量浓度D2 ppm满足D1为0.5至870和D1/D2为0.02至2时,尽管在负极活性材料表面形成了较厚的SEI膜,但是二次电池的阻抗反而降低,进而二次电池具有良好的动力学性能和较长的寿命。
非水电解液中第一阳离子的质量浓度为D1 ppm,D1为0.5至870。D1在合适的范围内时,二次电池能够同时兼顾较高的容量保持率、较低的体积膨胀率和良好的动力学性能。第一阳离子的质量浓度过低时,几乎起不到改善作用,无法在负极被还原形成金属单质并起到增加电子导电性、降低活性锂离子不可逆消耗的作用,进而无法有效提高二次电池的容量保持率和降低二次电池的体积膨胀率。第一阳离子的质量浓度过高时,负极活性材料表面的SEI膜过厚,二次电池的动力学性能较差;同时第一阳离子的质量浓度过高时,其对SEI膜的负面作用将大于其对SEI膜的改善作用,此时,过多的金属单质会催化SEI膜分解,在此过程中一方面会产生较多气体,使二次电池发生膨胀,影响二次电池的安全性能,另一方面,分解产生的副产物沉积在SEI膜表面会阻碍锂离子传输,增加二次电池阻抗,又一方面,为补充损失的SEI膜,非水电解液和电池内部的活性锂离子被不断消耗,由此还给二次电池容量保持率带来不可逆的影响。可选地,D1可以为1至870,1至800,1至700,1至600,1至500,10至870,10至800,10至700,10至600,10至500,50至870,50至800,50至700,50至600,50至500,100至870,100至 800,100至700,100至600,100至500,200至870,200至800,200至700,200至600,200至500,300至870,300至800,300至700,300至600或300至500。
非水电解液中第一阳离子的质量浓度D1 ppm、第一阴离子的质量浓度D2 ppm还满足D1/D2为0.02至2,此时有利于充分发挥第一阳离子和第一阴离子之间的协同作用效果,由此二次电池能够同时兼顾良好的循环性能、安全性能和动力学性能。D1/D2过小时,SEI膜主要由第一阴离子修饰而成,第一阳离子几乎起不到改善作用,无法有效提高二次电池的容量保持率和降低二次电池的体积膨胀率。D1/D2过大时,SEI膜过厚,二次电池的动力学性能较差;同时D1/D2过大时,第一阴离子对SEI膜修饰作用以及降低负极界面阻抗的作用将小于第一阳离子对SEI膜的负面作用,此时,过多的金属单质会催化SEI膜分解,在此过程中一方面会产生较多气体,使二次电池发生膨胀,影响二次电池的安全性能,另一方面,分解产生的副产物沉积在SEI膜表面会阻碍锂离子传输,增加二次电池阻抗,又一方面,为补充损失的SEI膜,非水电解液和电池内部的活性锂离子被不断消耗,由此还给二次电池容量保持率带来不可逆的影响。可选地,D1/D2为0.1至2,0.1至1.8,0.1至1.6,0.1至1.4,0.1至1.2,0.1至1,0.1至0.9,0.1至0.8,0.1至0.7,0.1至0.6,0.2至2,0.2至1.8,0.2至1.6,0.2至1.4,0.2至1.2,0.2至1,0.2至0.9,0.2至0.8,0.2至0.7,0.2至0.6,0.3至2,0.3至1.8,0.3至1.6,0.3至1.4,0.3至1.2,0.3至1,0.3至0.9,0.3至0.8,0.3至0.7,0.3至0.6,0.5至2,0.5至1.8,0.5至1.6,0.5至1.4,0.5至1.2,0.5至1,0.5至0.9或0.5至0.8。
在一些实施例中,非水电解液中第一阴离子的质量浓度为D2 ppm,可选地,D2为1至3000。D2在合适的范围内时,二次电池能够同时兼顾较高的容量保持率、较低的体积膨胀率和良好的动力学性能。并且能够有效避免以下情况:第一阴离子的质量浓度过低时,不能起到修饰SEI膜、改善SEI膜组成的作用,从而二次电池的阻抗较高、动力学性能较差;第一阴离子的质量浓度过高时,SEI膜主要由第一阴离子修饰而成,无法发挥第一阳离子在负极被还原形成金属单质后所起到的增加电子导电性和降低活性锂离子不可逆消耗的作用,不利于提高二次电池的容量保持率,此外第一阴离子本身不耐氧化,其含量过多时,还会影响二次电池的存储性能,尤其是高温环境下的存储性能。更可选地,D2为10至3000,10至2500,10至2000,10至1500,10至1000,100至3000,100至2500,100至2000,100至1500,100至1000,200至3000,200至2500,200至2000,200至1500,200至1000,500至3000,500至2500,500至2000,500至1500或500至1000。
在本申请中,金属阳离子Me n+表示锂离子以外的金属阳离子,n表示金属阳离子的化合价。例如,可选地,Me元素表示过渡金属元素、第五至第七主族金属元素中的至少一种,n表示1、2、3、4、5或6。可选地,Me n+标准还原电势(vs.标准氢电极电势)与Li +标准还原电势(vs.标准氢电极电势,即-3.04V)的差值在1.0V以上。Me n+标准还原电势与Li +标准还原电势的差值在1.0V以上,能够更好地保证Me n+先于锂离子被还原,由此更好地起到减少SEI膜形成过程中对活性锂离子不可逆消耗的作用并提高二次电池的容量保持率。
可选地,Me表示Ni、Co、Mn、Al和Fe中的至少一种。更可选地,Me n+表示Ni 2+、Co 2+、Mn 2+、Al 3+和Fe 2+中的至少一种。
在一些实施例中,可选地,所述非水电解液还可以含有第二阴离子,所述第二阴离子为四氟硼酸根阴离子BF 4 -。所述非水电解液中第二阴离子的质量浓度为D3 ppm,基于所述非水电解液的总质量计,可选地,D3为1至3000。BF 4 -具有较高的热稳定性,由此能够提高二次电池的高温稳定性;BF 4 -还具有较低的电荷转移电阻Rct,由此能够提高二次电池的低温性能。BF 4 -能够提高二次电池的高温稳定性和低温性能,拓宽非水电解液的电化学窗口,但是BF 4 -的离子电导率较低,含量较高时不利于在负极活性材料表面形成稳定的SEI膜。因此,其含量不宜过高。更可选地,D3为1至2500,1至2000,1至1500,1至1000,1至500,50至3000,50至2500,50至2000,50至1500,50至1000,50至500,100至3000,100至2500,100至2000,100至1500,100至1000,100至500,200至3000,200至2500,200至2000,200至1500,200至1000或200至500。
在一些实施例中,可选地,第一阴离子的质量浓度D2 ppm和第二阴离子的质量浓度D3 ppm还满足:D2/D3为0.4至20。发明人进一步研究发现,当D2/D3在合适的范围内时,有助于充分发挥BF 4 -与DFOB -之间的协同作用效果,由此不仅能够拓宽非水电解液的电化学窗口,还能够在负极活性材料表面形成稳定且低阻抗的SEI膜。更可选地,D2/D3可以为0.5至20,0.5至15,0.5至10,0.5至8,0.5至6,0.5至4,0.5至2,0.8至15,0.8至10,0.8至8,0.8至6,0.8至4,0.8至2,1至15,1至10,1至8,1至6,1至4或1至2。
在一些实施例中,可选地,所述非水电解液还可以含有第三阴离子,所述第三阴离子包括高氯酸根阴离子ClO 4 -、双三氟甲磺酰亚胺根阴离子N(SO 2CF 3) 2 -(简写为TFSI -)、NO 3 -和SO 4 2-中的至少一种,更可选地包括NO 3 -和SO 4 2-中的至少一种。所述非水电解液中第三阴离子的质量浓度为D4 ppm,基于所述非水电解液的总质量计,可选地,D4为1至3000。第三阴离子有助于使非水电解液具有较高的热稳定性,由此能够提高二次电池的高温稳定性;第三阴离子还有助于DFOB -成为自由离子,减少阴阳离子缔合,由此能够充分发挥DFOB -对二次电池容量保持率和动力学性能的改善作用。更可选地,D4为1至2500,1至2000,1至1500,1至1000,1至500,50至3000,50至2500,50至2000,50至1500,50至1000,50至500,100至3000,100至2500,100至2000,100至1500,100至1000,100至500,200至3000,200至2500,200至2000,200至1500,200至1000或200至500。
在一些实施例中,可选地,第一阴离子的质量浓度D2 ppm和第三阴离子的质量浓度D4 ppm还满足:D2/D4为0.4至20。发明人进一步研究发现,当D2/D4在合适的范围内时,有助于充分发挥第一阴离子和第三阴离子之间的协同作用效果,由此不仅能够提高非水电解液的热稳定性,还能够在负极活性材料表面形成稳定且低阻抗的SEI膜。更可选地,D2/D4可以为0.5至20,0.5至15,0.5至10,0.5至8,0.5至6,0.5至5,0.5至4,0.5至3,0.5至2,0.8至15,0.8至10,0.8至8,0.8至6,0.8至5,0.8至4,0.8至3或0.8至2。
在一些实施例中,可选地,所述非水电解液可以同时含有上述第二阴离子和第三阴离子。所述非水电解液中第二阴离子的质量浓度为D3 ppm,所述非水电解液中第三阴离子的质量浓度为D4 ppm,均基于所述非水电解液的总质量计,可选地,D3为1至3000,D4为1至3000。由此不仅能够拓宽非水电解液的电化学窗口、提高非水电解液的热稳定 性,还能够在负极活性材料表面形成稳定且低阻抗的SEI膜,从而更好地改善二次电池的循环性能、安全性能和动力学性能。更可选地,所述非水电解液满足:D2/D3为0.4至20和D2/D4为0.4至20。
在一些实施例中,可选地,所述非水电解液还可以含有第四阴离子,所述第四阴离子包括六氟磷酸根阴离子PF 6 -、双氟磺酰亚胺根阴离子N(SO 2F) 2 -(简写为FSI -)或其组合。可选地,所述非水电解液中第四阴离子的质量百分含量为8%至20%,更可选地为9%至18%,进一步可选地为9%至15%,基于所述非水电解液的总质量计。
本申请的非水电解液以第四阴离子与锂离子形成的化合物作为主锂盐,即本申请可以六氟磷酸锂和/或双氟磺酰亚胺锂作为主锂盐。六氟磷酸锂具有离子电导率高且不易腐蚀正极集流体的特性,作为主锂盐可以提高非水电解液整体的离子电导率和热稳定性。双氟磺酰亚胺锂的化学式为F 2NO 4S 2﹒Li,其中N原子与两个吸电子的磺酰基团相连,由此使得N原子上的电荷得到了充分离域,进而双氟磺酰亚胺锂具有较低的晶格能、容易解离,从而能够提高非水电解液的离子电导率、降低非水电解液的粘度;此外,双氟磺酰亚胺锂还具有耐高温性好、不易水解的特性,能在负极活性材料表面形成更薄、阻抗更低且热稳定性更高的界面膜,从而减少负极活性材料与非水电解液之间的副反应。
在一些实施例中,所述第四阴离子包括六氟磷酸根阴离子PF 6 -,即本申请可以六氟磷酸锂(LiPF 6)作为主锂盐。
在一些实施例中,所述第四阴离子包括双氟磺酰亚胺根阴离子N(SO 2F) 2 -,即本申请可以双氟磺酰亚胺锂(LiFSI)作为主锂盐。
在一些实施例中,所述第四阴离子同时包括六氟磷酸根阴离子PF 6 -和双氟磺酰亚胺根阴离子N(SO 2F) 2 -,即本申请可以六氟磷酸锂(LiPF 6)和双氟磺酰亚胺锂(LiFSI)共同作为主锂盐。可选地,六氟磷酸根阴离子PF 6 -和双氟磺酰亚胺根阴离子N(SO 2F) 2 -的质量比α为0.2至3,更可选地为0.3至2,0.4至1.8或0.5至1.5。由此所述非水电解液不易水解,并且还能够兼顾更高的热稳定性,同时,有助于形成阻抗更低的界面膜。
在一些实施例中,可选地,所述非水电解液还可以含有第五阴离子,所述第五阴离子包括二草酸硼酸根阴离子BOB -、六氟砷酸根阴离子AsF 6 -、三氟甲磺酸根阴离子CF 3SO 3 -、二氟磷酸根阴离子PO 2F 2 -、二氟二草酸磷酸根阴离子DODFP -和四氟草酸磷酸根阴离子OTFP -中的至少一种。由此能够起到进一步改善正极和/或负极的界面性能、或者改善非水电解液的离子电导率或热稳定性的作用。可选地,所述非水电解液中第五阴离子的质量百分含量在2%以下,更可选地在0.5%以下,基于所述非水电解液的总质量计。
可选地,在一些实施例中,所述第五阴离子包括二氟磷酸根阴离子PO 2F 2 -,由此能够提高非水电解液的离子电导率,改善正极界面膜和/或负极界面膜的性质,并有助于构建稳定且低阻抗的正极界面膜和/或负极界面膜,从而有效减少非水电解液的分解,进一步改善二次电池的动力学性能和安全性能。可选地,二氟磷酸根阴离子PO 2F 2 -和第四阴离子的质量比β为0.01至0.15,更可选地为0.01至0.1。
[添加剂]
在一些实施例中,可选地,所述非水电解液还可以含有第一添加剂,所述第一添加剂为氟代碳酸乙烯酯(FEC)。所述非水电解液中第一添加剂的质量浓度为D5 ppm,基于所述非水电解液的总质量计,可选地,D5为1至30000。
对二次电池而言,FEC能在较高的电位下发生还原分解反应,并在负极活性材料表面形成具有一定柔韧性的SEI膜,同时还能抑制较低电位的非水溶剂的还原分解以及抑制非水溶剂嵌入负极活性材料。因此,当非水电解液含有FEC时,能有效提升二次电池的循环性能。此外,FEC耐高压氧化,有利于匹配高电压正极活性材料,从而有利于提升二次电池的能量密度。
当非水电解液进一步含有FEC时,有利于充分发挥FEC对二次电池循环性能和能量密度的改善作用。此外,FEC具有较高的介电常数,因此当非水电解液中含有FEC时,有助于非水电解液中的DFOB -成为自由离子,减少阴阳离子缔合,由此能够充分发挥DFOB -对二次电池容量保持率和动力学性能的改善作用。但是,FEC分解时会形成HF,HF会破坏正极活性材料的结构稳定性,增加二次电池的产气量,恶化二次电池的存储性能。因此,其含量不宜太高。
更可选地,D5为1至25000,1至20000,1至15000,1至10000,1至8000,1至5000,1至2000,100至25000,100至20000,100至15000,100至10000,100至8000,100至5000或100至2000。
在一些实施例中,可选地,第一阴离子的质量浓度D2 ppm和第一添加剂的质量浓度D5 ppm满足:D5/D2为5至500。发明人进一步研究发现,D5/D2在合适的范围内时,能够充分发挥FEC和DFOB -之间的协同作用效果,此时不仅不会明显增加二次电池的产气量,还会进一步改善二次电池的循环性能。更可选地,D5/D2为5至400,5至300,5至200,5至150,5至100,5至75,5至50或5至40。
在一些实施例中,可选地,所述非水电解液还可以含有第二添加剂,所述第二添加剂包括碳酸亚乙烯酯(VC)、草酸锂、硫酸乙烯酯(DTD)、1,3-丙磺酸内酯(PS)中的至少一种。第二添加剂有助于进一步改善正极和/或负极的界面性能,从而进一步提高二次电池的循环性能、安全性能和动力学性能中的至少一者。可选地,所述非水电解液中第二添加剂的质量百分含量在5%以下,更可选地在2.5%以下,基于所述非水电解液的总质量计。
在一些实施例中,可选地,所述非水电解液还可以同时含有上述第一添加剂和第二添加剂,由此有助于进一步改善正极和/或负极的界面性能,从而进一步提高二次电池的循环性能、安全性能和动力学性能。
[非水溶剂]
在本申请中,非水溶剂主要用于溶解锂盐使锂盐形成可以导电的离子,同时减少非水电解液中阳离子(例如,锂离子、金属阳离子Me n+等)和阴离子(例如,第一阴离子、第二阴离子、第三阴离子、第四阴离子、第五阴离子等)的缔合。
在一些实施例中,所述非水溶剂包括环状碳酸酯化合物和链状碳酸酯化合物。环状碳酸酯化合物由于具有较高的介电常数,可以增加非水电解液的离子电导率,链状碳酸酯化合物由于具有较小的粘度,可以降低非水电解液的粘度。因此,当非水溶剂包括环状碳酸酯化合物和链状碳酸酯化合物时,有助于非水电解液具有合适的粘度和离子电导率,进而有利于锂离子的传输。作为示例,环状碳酸酯化合物可以包括碳酸乙烯酯(EC)、碳酸丙烯酯(PC)和碳酸亚丁酯(BC)中的至少一种。作为示例,链状碳酸酯化合物可以包括碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)、碳酸二甲酯(DMC)、碳 酸二丙酯(DPC)、碳酸甲丙酯(MPC)和碳酸乙丙酯(EPC)中的至少一种。
在一些实施例中,所述非水溶剂还可以包括环状碳酸酯化合物和链状碳酸酯化合物以外的其他溶剂,例如,还可以包括羧酸酯化合物、砜类化合物、醚类化合物中的至少一种。作为示例,羧酸酯化合物可以包括甲酸甲酯(MF)、乙酸甲酯(MA)、乙酸乙酯(EA)、乙酸丙酯(PA)、丙酸甲酯(MP)、丙酸乙酯(EP)、丙酸丙酯(PP)、丁酸甲酯(MB)、丁酸乙酯(EB)和1,4-丁内酯(GBL)中的至少一种。作为示例,砜类化合物可以包括环丁砜(SF)、二甲砜(MSM)、甲乙砜(EMS)和二乙砜(ESE)中的至少一种。作为示例,醚类化合物包括四氢呋喃(THF)、2-甲基四氢呋喃、1,3-二氧环戊烷(DOL)、乙二醇单甲醚、乙二醇二甲醚(DME)、四乙二醇二甲醚、二甲氧基甲烷(DMM)和二甘醇二甲醚(DG)中的至少一种。这些溶剂有助于非水电解液具有合适的粘度和/或离子电导率,进而有利于锂离子的传输。此外,这些溶剂还有助于非水电解液中的DFOB -成为自由离子,减少阴阳离子缔合,由此能够充分发挥DFOB -对二次电池容量保持率和动力学性能的改善作用。
可选地,在一些实施例中,所述非水溶剂同时包括环状碳酸酯化合物、链状碳酸酯化合物和醚类化合物。
所述非水电解液中环状碳酸酯化合物的质量百分含量为E1,链状碳酸酯化合物的质量百分含量为E2,醚类化合物的质量百分含量为E3,均基于所述非水电解液的总质量计。在一些实施例中,E1为5%至40%,可选地,E1为10%至30%;E2为40%至85%,可选地,E2为60%至80%;E3为0.1%至40%,可选地,E3为0.5%至20%。
在本申请中,非水电解液中各组分(例如,第一阳离子、第一阴离子、第二阴离子、第三阴离子、第四阴离子、第五阴离子、第一添加剂、第二添加剂等)及其含量可以按照本领域已知的方法测定。例如,可以通过气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)、离子色谱法(IC)、液相色谱法(LC)、核磁共振波谱法(NMR)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)进行测定。
需要说明的是,本申请的非水电解液测试时,可直接取新鲜制备的非水电解液,也可以从二次电池中获取非水电解液。从二次电池中获取非水电解液的一个示例性方法包括如下步骤:将二次电池放电至放电截止电压(为了安全起见,一般使电池处于满放状态)后进行离心处理,之后取适量离心处理得到的液体即为非水电解液。也可以从二次电池的注液口直接获取非水电解液。
制备方法
本申请第二方面提供一种非水电解液的制备方法,通过本申请第二方面的非水电解液的制备方法能够得到本申请第一方面的非水电解液。
具体地,非水电解液的制备方法包括如下步骤:将非水溶剂、锂盐、可溶性Me盐、可溶性二氟草酸硼酸盐以及可选的添加剂混合均匀,得到非水电解液,Me表示锂元素以外的金属元素。所述非水电解液含有非水溶剂以及溶解于其中的锂离子、第一阳离子和第一阴离子,所述第一阳离子为锂离子以外的金属阳离子Me n+,n表示金属阳离子的化合价,所述第一阴离子为二氟草酸硼酸根阴离子DFOB -,所述非水电解液中第一阳离子的质量浓度为D1 ppm,所述非水电解液中第一阴离子的质量浓度为D2 ppm,均基于所述非水电解液的总质量计,并且所述非水电解液满足:D1为0.5至870和D1/D2为0.02至2。
可选地,Me元素表示过渡金属元素、第五至第七主族金属元素中的至少一种。可选地,Me n+标准还原电势(vs.标准氢电极电势)与Li +标准还原电势(vs.标准氢电极电势,即-3.04V)的差值在1.0V以上。更可选地,Me表示Ni、Co、Mn、Al和Fe中的至少一种。可选地,Me n+表示Ni 2+、Co 2+、Mn 2+、Al 3+和Fe 2+中的至少一种。
各物料的添加顺序并没有特别的限制,例如,可以同时加入也可以分批次加入。
所述可溶性Me盐可以使用含有Me n+并且可溶于所述非水电解液的化合物。在一些实施例中,可选地,所述可溶性Me盐包括Me(DFOB) n、Me(BF 4) n、Me(ClO 4) n、Me[N(SO 2CF 3) 2] n、Me(NO 3) n、Me(SO 4) n/2、Me(PF 6) n、Me[N(SO 2F) 2] n、Me(BOB) n、Me(AsF 6) n、Me(CF 3SO 3) n、Me(PO 2F 2) n、Me(DODFP) n和Me(OTFP) n中的至少一种。更可选地,所述可溶性Me盐包括Me(DFOB) n、Me(BF 4) n、Me(NO 3) n、Me(SO 4) n/2中的至少一种。由此有助于调节所述非水电解液中金属阳离子和不同阴离子的质量浓度在所需范围内。
在一些实施例中,所述可溶性二氟草酸硼酸盐包括Me(DFOB) n、LiDFOB中的至少一种。由此有助于调节所述非水电解液中金属阳离子和第一阴离子的质量浓度在所需范围内。
在一些实施例中,可选地,所述可溶性Me盐和所述可溶性二氟草酸硼酸盐中的至少一者包括Me(DFOB) n。由此有助于二次电池更好地兼顾良好的循环性能、安全性能和动力学性能。
在一些实施例中,所述非水溶剂包括环状碳酸酯化合物和链状碳酸酯化合物。可选地,所述非水溶剂还可以包括环状碳酸酯化合物和链状碳酸酯化合物以外的其他溶剂,例如,还可以包括羧酸酯化合物、砜类化合物、醚类化合物中的至少一种。更可选地,所述非水溶剂同时包括环状碳酸酯化合物、链状碳酸酯化合物和醚类化合物。醚类化合物有助于增加可溶性Me盐和可溶性二氟草酸硼酸盐在所述非水电解液中的解离度,由此有助于调节所述非水电解液中金属阳离子和不同阴离子的质量浓度在所需范围内。
在一些实施例中,所述锂盐包括第一锂盐,所述第一锂盐包括六氟磷酸锂(LiPF 6)、双氟磺酰亚胺锂(LiFSI)或其组合。第一锂盐作为主锂盐,其在所述非水电解液中的质量百分含量可以为8%至20%,可选地为9%至18%,更可选地为9%至15%,基于所述非水电解液的总质量计。
本申请的非水电解液以六氟磷酸锂和/或双氟磺酰亚胺锂作为主锂盐。六氟磷酸锂具有离子电导率高且不易腐蚀正极集流体的特性,作为主锂盐可以提高非水电解液整体的离子电导率和热稳定性。双氟磺酰亚胺锂的化学式为F 2NO 4S 2﹒Li,其中N原子与两个吸电子的磺酰基团相连,由此使得N原子上的电荷得到了充分离域,进而双氟磺酰亚胺锂具有较低的晶格能、容易解离,从而能够提高非水电解液的离子电导率、降低非水电解液的粘度;此外,双氟磺酰亚胺锂还具有耐高温性好、不易水解的特性,能在负极活性材料表面形成更薄、阻抗更低且热稳定性更高的界面膜,从而减少负极活性材料与非水电解液之间的副反应。
在一些实施例中,所述第一锂盐包括六氟磷酸锂(LiPF 6)。
在一些实施例中,所述第一锂盐包括双氟磺酰亚胺锂(LiFSI)。
在一些实施例中,所述第一锂盐同时包括六氟磷酸锂(LiPF 6)和双氟磺酰亚胺锂(LiFSI),可选地,六氟磷酸锂和双氟磺酰亚胺锂的质量比为0.2至3,更可选地为0.3至2, 0.4至1.8或0.5至1.5。由此所述非水电解液不易水解,并且还能够兼顾更高的热稳定性,同时,有助于形成阻抗更低的界面膜。
在一些实施例中,可选地,所述锂盐还可以包括第二锂盐,所述第二锂盐包括二草酸硼酸锂(LiBOB)、四氟硼酸锂(LiBF 4)、双三氟甲烷磺酰亚胺锂(LiTFSI)、高氯酸锂(LiClO 4)、六氟砷酸锂(LiAsF 6)、三氟甲磺酸锂(LiTFS)、二氟磷酸锂(LiPO 2F 2)、二氟二草酸磷酸锂(LiDODFP)和四氟草酸磷酸锂(LiOTFP)中的至少一种。第二锂盐作为辅助锂盐可以起到进一步改善正极和/或负极的界面性能、或者改善非水电解液的离子电导率或热稳定性的作用。可选地,第二锂盐在所述非水电解液中的质量百分含量在2%以下,更可选地在0.5%以下,基于所述非水电解液的总质量计。
在一些实施例中,可选地,所述第二锂盐包括二氟磷酸锂(LiPO 2F 2)、四氟草酸磷酸锂(LiOTFP)或其组合,更可选地,所述第二锂盐包括二氟磷酸锂(LiPO 2F 2)。二氟磷酸锂具有较高的电化学稳定性,能够提高非水电解液的离子电导率,改善正极界面膜和/或负极界面膜的性质,并有助于构建稳定且低阻抗的正极界面膜和/或负极界面膜,从而有效减少非水电解液的分解,进一步改善二次电池的动力学性能和安全性能。可选地,二氟磷酸锂和第一锂盐的质量比为0.01至0.15,更可选地为0.01至0.1。
在一些实施例中,所述添加剂包括第一添加剂和第二添加剂中的至少一种,所述第一添加剂为氟代碳酸乙烯酯(FEC),所述第二添加剂包括碳酸亚乙烯酯(VC)、草酸锂、硫酸乙烯酯(DTD)、1,3-丙磺酸内酯(PS)中的至少一种。
通过调节非水电解液中各原料的种类及其加入量等,有助于调节非水电解液中锂盐、可溶性Me盐、可溶性二氟草酸硼酸盐的解离度,并有助于得到满足所需金属阳离子和阴离子(例如,第一阴离子、第二阴离子、第三阴离子、第四阴离子、第五阴离子)质量浓度的非水电解液。由此得到的非水电解液中各组分的种类和具体含量如本申请实施方式第一方面所述的非水电解液。
二次电池
本申请第三方面提供一种二次电池,二次电池包括电极组件和非水电解液,其中,所述非水电解液为本申请第一方面的非水电解液或采用本申请第二方面的方法得到的非水电解液,由此二次电池能够同时兼顾良好的循环性能、安全性能和动力学性能。本申请的二次电池可为锂二次电池,特别地可为锂离子二次电池。
电极组件包括正极极片、负极极片和隔离膜,隔离膜设置在正极极片和负极极片之间,主要起到防止正极和负极短路的作用,同时可以使锂离子通过。
[正极极片]
在一些实施例中,所述正极极片包括正极集流体以及设置在所述正极集流体至少一个表面且包括正极活性材料的正极膜层。例如,所述正极集流体具有在自身厚度方向相对的两个表面,所述正极膜层设置于所述正极集流体的两个相对表面中的任意一者或两者上。
所述正极膜层包括正极活性材料,所述正极活性材料可采用本领域公知的用于二次电池的正极活性材料。例如,所述正极活性材料可包括锂过渡金属氧化物、橄榄石结构的含锂磷酸盐及其各自的改性化合物中的至少一种。锂过渡金属氧化物的示例可包括锂钴氧化物、锂镍氧化物、锂锰氧化物、锂镍钴氧化物、锂锰钴氧化物、锂镍锰氧化物、 锂镍钴锰氧化物、锂镍钴铝氧化物及其各自的改性化合物中的至少一种。橄榄石结构的含锂磷酸盐的示例可包括磷酸铁锂、磷酸铁锂与碳的复合材料、磷酸锰锂、磷酸锰锂与碳的复合材料、磷酸锰铁锂、磷酸锰铁锂与碳的复合材料及其各自的改性化合物中的至少一种。这些正极活性材料可以仅单独使用一种,也可以将两种以上组合使用。
在一些实施例中,可选地,所述正极活性材料包括分子式为Li aNi bCo cMn dAl eM fO gA h的层状材料,M表示过渡金属位掺杂阳离子,A表示氧位掺杂阴离子,0.8≤a≤1.2,0≤b≤1,0≤c≤1,0≤d≤1,0≤e≤1,0≤f≤0.2,0≤g≤2,0≤h≤2,b+c+d+e+f=1,g+h=2。
分子式为Li aNi bCo cMn dAl eM fO gA h的层状材料可选地被M阳离子掺杂改性、A阴离子掺杂改性或被M阳离子和A阴离子同时掺杂改性,掺杂后得到的层状材料晶体结构更加稳定,能进一步提升二次电池的电化学性能,例如循环性能、动力学性能等。
在一些实施例中,M选自Si、Ti、Mo、V、Ge、Se、Zr、Nb、Ru、Pd、Sb、Ce、Te和W中的至少一种。
在一些实施例中,A选自F、N、P和S中的至少一种。可选地,A选自F。经F掺杂改性后,Li aNi bCo cMn dAl eM fO gA h的晶体结构更加稳定,由此能使二次电池具有更好的循环性能和动力学性能。
a、b、c、d、e、f、g、h的值满足以下条件:使Li aNi bCo cMn dAl eM fO gA h保持电中性。
在一些实施例中,0<b<0.98。可选地,0.50≤b<0.98,0.55≤b<0.98,0.60≤b<0.98,0.65≤b<0.98,0.70≤b<0.98,0.75≤b<0.98或0.80≤b<0.98。
在一些实施例中,c=0。
在一些实施例中,0<c≤0.20。可选地,0<c≤0.15,0<c≤0.10,0<c≤0.09,0<c≤0.08,0<c≤0.07,0<c≤0.06,0<c≤0.05,0<c≤0.04,0<c≤0.03,0<c≤0.02或0<c≤0.01。钴在地壳中含量较少、开采困难且价格昂贵,因此,低钴或无钴成为正极活性材料必然的发展趋势。然而,钴对正极活性材料锂离子扩散速率贡献很大,低钴或无钴会降低正极活性材料的锂离子扩散速率,影响二次电池的循环性能。研究者们一直致力于提升低钴或无钴正极活性材料的锂离子扩散速率,但是目前尚没有很好的解决方案。
本申请的发明人在研究过程中意外发现,非水电解液中的DFOB -能在正极活性材料表面形成低阻抗的保护膜,且DFOB -中的B原子容易与正极活性材料中的O原子结合,降低正极活性材料的电荷转移电阻,从而降低锂离子在正极活性材料体相内的扩散阻力。因此,当非水电解液中含有合适含量的DFOB -时,低钴或无钴正极活性材料能具有显著改善的锂离子扩散速率,低钴或无钴正极活性材料体相内的锂离子能及时地补充到表面,避免低钴或无钴正极活性材料表面过脱锂,从而稳定低钴或无钴正极活性材料的晶体结构。由于低钴或无钴正极活性材料的晶体结构更稳定,因此能够极大地降低由于低钴或无钴正极活性材料表面出现过脱锂而导致正极活性材料结构性质、化学性质或电化学性质变得不稳定等问题出现的概率,例如,正极活性材料不可逆畸变和晶格缺陷增加的问题。
在一些实施例中,d=0并且0<e<0.50。可选地,d=0并且0<e≤0.45,d=0并 且0<e≤0.40,d=0并且0<e≤0.35,d=0并且0<e≤0.30,d=0并且0<e≤0.25,d=0并且0<e≤0.20,d=0并且0<e≤0.15或d=0并且0<e≤0.10。
在一些实施例中,e=0并且0<d<0.50。可选地,e=0并且0<d≤0.45,e=0并且0<d≤0.40,e=0并且0<d≤0.35,e=0并且0<d≤0.30,e=0并且0<d≤0.25,e=0并且0<d≤0.20,e=0并且0<d≤0.15或e=0并且0<d≤0.10。
在一些实施例中,0<d<0.50并且0<e<0.50。可选地,0<d≤0.30并且0<e≤0.10。
在一些实施例中,g=2,h=0。
在一些实施例中,g=0,h=2。
在一些实施例中,0<g<2,0<h<2,且g+h=2。
作为示例,分子式为Li aNi bCo cMn dAl eM fO gA h的层状材料包括但不限于LiNi 0.8Co 0.1Mn 0.1O 2、LiNi 0.6Co 0.2Mn 0.2O 2、LiNi 0.5Co 0.2Mn 0.3O 2、LiNi 0.8Co 0.05Mn 0.15O 2、LiNi 0.7Mn 0.3O 2、LiNi 0.69Co 0.01Mn 0.3O 2、LiNi 0.68Co 0.02Mn 0.3O 2、LiNi 0.65Co 0.05Mn 0.3O 2、LiNi 0.63Co 0.07Mn 0.3O 2、LiNi 0.61Co 0.09Mn 0.3O 2中的至少一种。
Li aNi bCo cMn dAl eM fO gA h可以按照本领域常规方法制备。示例性制备方法如下:将锂源、镍源、钴源、锰源、铝源、M元素前驱体、A元素前驱体混合后烧结得到。烧结气氛可为含氧气氛,例如,空气气氛或氧气气氛。烧结气氛的O 2浓度例如为70%至100%。烧结温度和烧结时间可根据实际情况进行调节。
作为示例,锂源包括但不限于氧化锂(Li 2O)、磷酸锂(Li 3PO 4)、磷酸二氢锂(LiH 2PO 4)、醋酸锂(CH 3COOLi)、氢氧化锂(LiOH)、碳酸锂(Li 2CO 3)和硝酸锂(LiNO 3)中的至少一种。作为示例,镍源包括但不限于硫酸镍、硝酸镍、氯化镍、草酸镍和醋酸镍中的至少一种。作为示例,钴源包括但不限于硫酸钴、硝酸钴、氯化钴、草酸钴和醋酸钴中的至少一种。作为示例,锰源包括但不限于硫酸锰、硝酸锰、氯化锰、草酸锰和醋酸锰中的至少一种。作为示例,铝源包括但不限于硫酸铝、硝酸铝、氯化铝、草酸铝和醋酸铝中的至少一种。作为示例,M元素前驱体包括但不限于M元素的氧化物、硝酸化合物、碳酸化合物、氢氧化合物和醋酸化合物中的至少一种。作为示例,A元素的前驱体包括但不限于氟化铵、氟化锂、氟化氢、氯化铵、氯化锂、氯化氢、硝酸铵、亚硝酸铵、碳酸铵、碳酸氢铵、磷酸铵、磷酸、硫酸铵、硫酸氢铵、亚硫酸氢铵、亚硫酸铵、硫化氢铵、硫化氢、硫化锂、硫化铵和单质硫中的至少一种。
在一些实施例中,基于正极膜层的总质量计,分子式为Li aNi bCo cMn dAl eM fO gA h的层状材料的质量百分含量为80%至99%。例如,分子式为Li aNi bCo cMn dAl eM fO gA h的层状材料的质量百分含量可以为80%,81%,82%,83%,84%,85%,86%,87%,88%,89%,90%,91%,92%,93%,94%,95%,96%,97%,98%,99%或以上任何数值所组成的范围。可选地,分子式为Li aNi bCo cMn dAl eM fO gA h的层状材料的质量百分含量为85%至99%,90%至99%,95%至99%,80%至98%,85%至98%,90%至98%,95%至98%,80%至97%,85%至97%,90%至97%或95%至97%。
在一些实施例中,所述正极膜层还可选地包括正极导电剂。本申请对所述正极导电剂的种类没有特别的限制,作为示例,所述正极导电剂包括超导碳、导电石墨、乙炔黑、炭黑、科琴黑、碳点、碳纳米管、石墨烯、碳纳米纤维中的至少一种。在一些实施 例中,基于所述正极膜层的总质量计,所述正极导电剂的质量百分含量在5%以下。
在一些实施例中,所述正极膜层还可选地包括正极粘结剂。本申请对所述正极粘结剂的种类没有特别的限制,作为示例,所述正极粘结剂可包括聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、偏氟乙烯-四氟乙烯-丙烯三元共聚物、偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯-四氟乙烯三元共聚物、四氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物、含氟丙烯酸酯类树脂中的至少一种。在一些实施例中,基于所述正极膜层的总质量计,所述正极粘结剂的质量百分含量在5%以下。
在一些实施例中,所述正极集流体可采用金属箔片或复合集流体。作为金属箔片的示例,可采用铝箔。复合集流体可包括高分子材料基层以及形成于高分子材料基层至少一个表面上的金属材料层。作为示例,金属材料可包括铝、铝合金、镍、镍合金、钛、钛合金、银、银合金中的至少一种。作为示例,高分子材料基层可包括聚丙烯(PP)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚乙烯(PE)等。
所述正极膜层通常是将正极浆料涂布在正极集流体上,经干燥、冷压而成的。所述正极浆料通常是将正极活性材料、可选的导电剂、可选的粘结剂以及任意的其他组分分散于溶剂中并搅拌均匀而形成的。溶剂可以是N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP),但不限于此。
[负极极片]
在一些实施例中,所述负极极片包括负极集流体以及设置在所述负极集流体至少一个表面且包括负极活性材料的负极膜层。例如,所述负极集流体具有在自身厚度方向相对的两个表面,所述负极膜层设置在所述负极集流体的两个相对表面中的任意一者或两者上。
所述负极活性材料可采用本领域公知的用于二次电池的负极活性材料。作为示例,所述负极活性材料包括但不限于天然石墨、人造石墨、软炭、硬炭、硅基材料、锡基材料、钛酸锂中的至少一种。所述硅基材料可包括单质硅、硅氧化物、硅碳复合物、硅氮复合物、硅合金材料中的至少一种。所述锡基材料可包括单质锡、锡氧化物、锡合金材料中的至少一种。本申请并不限定于这些材料,还可以使用其他可被用作二次电池负极活性材料的传统公知的材料。这些负极活性材料可以仅单独使用一种,也可以将两种以上组合使用。
在一些实施例中,所述负极膜层还可选地包括负极导电剂。本申请对所述负极导电剂的种类没有特别的限制,作为示例,所述负极导电剂可包括超导碳、导电石墨、乙炔黑、炭黑、科琴黑、碳点、碳纳米管、石墨烯、碳纳米纤维中的至少一种。在一些实施例中,基于所述负极膜层的总质量计,所述负极导电剂的质量百分含量在5%以下。
在一些实施例中,所述负极膜层还可选地包括负极粘结剂。本申请对所述负极粘结剂的种类没有特别的限制,作为示例,所述负极粘结剂可包括丁苯橡胶(SBR)、水溶性不饱和树脂SR-1B、水性丙烯酸类树脂(例如,聚丙烯酸PAA、聚甲基丙烯酸PMAA、聚丙烯酸钠PAAS)、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、聚乙烯醇(PVA)、海藻酸钠(SA)、羧甲基壳聚糖(CMCS)中的至少一种。在一些实施例中,基于所述负极膜层的总质量计,所述负极粘结剂的质量百分含量在5%以下。
在一些实施例中,所述负极膜层还可选地包括其他助剂。作为示例,其他助剂可包括增稠剂,例如,羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)、PTC热敏电阻材料等。在一些实施例 中,基于所述负极膜层的总质量计,所述其他助剂的质量百分含量在2%以下。
在一些实施例中,所述负极集流体可采用金属箔片或复合集流体。作为金属箔片的示例,可采用铜箔。复合集流体可包括高分子材料基层以及形成于高分子材料基层至少一个表面上的金属材料层。作为示例,金属材料可选自铜、铜合金、镍、镍合金、钛、钛合金、银、银合金中的至少一种。作为示例,高分子材料基层可包括聚丙烯(PP)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚乙烯(PE)等。
所述负极膜层通常是将负极浆料涂布在负极集流体上,经干燥、冷压而成的。所述负极浆料通常是将负极活性材料、可选的导电剂、可选地粘结剂、其他可选的助剂分散于溶剂中并搅拌均匀而形成的。溶剂可以是N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)或去离子水,但不限于此。
[隔离膜]
所述隔离膜设置在所述正极极片和所述负极极片之间,主要起到防止正极和负极短路的作用,同时可以使锂离子通过。本申请对所述隔离膜的种类没有特别的限制,可以选用任意公知的具有良好的化学稳定性和机械稳定性的多孔结构隔离膜。
在一些实施例中,所述隔离膜的材质可以包括玻璃纤维、无纺布、聚乙烯、聚丙烯和聚偏氟乙烯中的至少一种。所述隔离膜可以是单层薄膜,也可以是多层复合薄膜。当所述隔离膜为多层复合薄膜时,各层的材料相同或不同。
在一些实施例中,所述正极极片、所述隔离膜和所述负极极片可通过卷绕工艺或叠片工艺制成电极组件。
在一些实施例中,所述二次电池可包括外包装。该外包装可用于封装上述电极组件以及非水电解液。
在一些实施例中,所述二次电池的外包装可以是硬壳,例如硬塑料壳、铝壳、钢壳等。所述二次电池的外包装也可以是软包,例如袋式软包。所述软包的材质可以是塑料,如聚丙烯(PP)、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)、聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)等中的至少一种。
本申请对二次电池的形状没有特别的限制,其可以是圆柱形、方形或其他任意的形状。如图1是作为一个示例的方形结构的二次电池5。
在一些实施例中,如图2所示,外包装可包括壳体51和盖板53。壳体51可包括底板和连接于底板上的侧板,底板和侧板围合形成容纳腔。壳体51具有与容纳腔连通的开口,盖板53用于盖设所述开口,以封闭所述容纳腔。正极极片、负极极片和隔离膜可经卷绕工艺或叠片工艺形成电极组件52。电极组件52封装于所述容纳腔。非水电解液浸润于电极组件52中。二次电池5所含电极组件52的数量可以为一个或多个,可根据需求来调节。
本申请的二次电池的制备方法是公知的。在一些实施例中,可将正极极片、隔离膜、负极极片和非水电解液组装形成二次电池。作为示例,可将正极极片、隔离膜、负极极片经卷绕工艺或叠片工艺形成电极组件,将电极组件置于外包装中,烘干后注入非水电解液,经过真空封装、静置、化成、整形等工序,得到二次电池。
在本申请的一些实施例中,根据本申请的二次电池可以组装成电池模块,电池模 块所含二次电池的数量可以为多个,具体数量可根据电池模块的应用和容量来调节。
图3是作为一个示例的电池模块4的示意图。如图3所示,在电池模块4中,多个二次电池5可以是沿电池模块4的长度方向依次排列设置。当然,也可以按照其他任意的方式进行排布。进一步可以通过紧固件将该多个二次电池5进行固定。
可选地,电池模块4还可以包括具有容纳空间的外壳,多个二次电池5容纳于该容纳空间。
在一些实施例中,上述电池模块还可以组装成电池包,电池包所含电池模块的数量可以根据电池包的应用和容量进行调节。
图4和图5是作为一个示例的电池包1的示意图。如图4和图5所示,在电池包1中可以包括电池箱和设置于电池箱中的多个电池模块4。电池箱包括上箱体2和下箱体3,上箱体2用于盖设下箱体3,并形成用于容纳电池模块4的封闭空间。多个电池模块4可以按照任意的方式排布于电池箱中。
用电装置
本申请第四方面还提供一种用电装置,所述用电装置包括本申请的二次电池、电池模块或电池包中的至少一种。所述二次电池、电池模块或电池包可以用作所述用电装置的电源,也可以用作所述用电装置的能量存储单元。所述用电装置可以但不限于是移动设备(例如手机、笔记本电脑等)、电动车辆(例如纯电动车、混合动力电动车、插电式混合动力电动车、电动自行车、电动踏板车、电动高尔夫球车、电动卡车等)、电气列车、船舶及卫星、储能系统等。
所述用电装置可以根据其使用需求来选择二次电池、电池模块或电池包。
图6是作为一个示例的用电装置的示意图。该用电装置为纯电动车、混合动力电动车或插电式混合动力电动车等。为了满足该用电装置对高功率和高能量密度的需求,可以采用电池包或电池模块。
作为另一个示例的用电装置可以是手机、平板电脑、笔记本电脑等。该用电装置通常要求轻薄化,可以采用二次电池作为电源。
实施例
下述实施例更具体地描述了本申请公开的内容,这些实施例仅仅用于阐述性说明,因为在本申请公开内容的范围内进行各种修改和变化对本领域技术人员来说是明显的。除非另有声明,以下实施例中所报道的所有份、百分比、和比值都是基于质量计,而且实施例中使用的所有试剂都可商购获得或是按照常规方法进行合成获得,并且可直接使用而无需进一步处理,以及实施例中使用的仪器均可商购获得。
实施例1至36和对比例1至4的二次电池均按照下述方法进行制备。
正极极片的制备
将正极活性材料LiNi 0.65Co 0.05Mn 0.3O 2、导电剂炭黑、粘结剂聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)按重量比97.5:1.4:1.1在适量的溶剂NMP中充分搅拌混合,形成均匀的正极浆料;将正极浆料均匀涂覆于正极集流体铝箔的表面上,经干燥、冷压后,得到正极极片。
负极极片的制备
将负极活性材料石墨、粘结剂丁苯橡胶(SBR)、增稠剂羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)、导电剂炭黑(SuperP)按重量比96.2:1.8:1.2:0.8在适量的溶剂去离子水中 充分搅拌混合,形成均匀的负极浆料;将负极浆料均匀涂覆于负极集流体铜箔的表面上,经干燥、冷压后,得到负极极片。
隔离膜
采用多孔聚乙烯(PE)膜作为隔离膜。
非水电解液的制备
按照表1所示组成将环状碳酸酯化合物和链状碳酸酯化合物混合均匀得到有机溶剂,之后按照表1所示组成将锂盐、添加剂、可溶性Me盐、可溶性二氟草酸硼酸盐加入有机溶剂中混合均匀,得到非水电解液。在表1中,各组分的加入量均基于非水电解液的总质量计。
二次电池的制备
将正极极片、隔离膜、负极极片按顺序堆叠并卷绕,得到电极组件;将电极组件放入外包装中,加入上述非水电解液,经封装、静置、化成、老化等工序后,得到二次电池。
测试部分
(1)非水电解液组成及含量测试
金属阳离子的测试:将上述制备的二次电池满放后,从注液口取出10ml游离电解液,采用Thermo Fisher Scientific公司型号为ICAP-7400的电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法进行测试,根据测试结果计算得到非水电解液中第一阳离子的质量浓度D1 ppm。
阴离子的测试:将上述制备的二次电池满放后,从注液口取出约1.5ml游离电解液备用。通过核磁共振波谱法测试第一阴离子的质量浓度D2 ppm、第二阴离子的质量浓度D3 ppm、第三阴离子的质量浓度D4 ppm。
具体测试步骤如下:在充满氮气的手套箱中将500μl氘代试剂加到核磁管中,取100μl非水电解液样品加到核磁管中,摇动核磁管以使非水电解液溶解到氘代试剂中,采用牛津仪器公司的台式核磁共振谱仪X-Pulse进行测试。由于非水电解液对水分非常敏感,因此在进行核磁测试时以及准备样品时均在氮气气氛中进行(H 2O含量小于0.1ppm,O 2含量小于0.1ppm),同时与测试相关的仪器也需要预先经纯水洗涤并在60℃的真空环境中干燥48小时以上。
氘代试剂按照如下步骤进行制备:将氘代二甲亚砜(DMSO-d6)、氘代乙腈和三氟甲基苯用4A分子筛在25℃以上的温度下干燥3天以上,确保所有试剂的水含量均小于3ppm,水分测试仪器可以采用瑞士万通有限公司的831KF型库仑水分测试仪。之后在充满氮气的手套箱中取10ml干燥后的DMSO-d6和300μl干燥后的内标物三氟甲基苯混合均匀得到第一溶液,取10ml干燥后的氘代乙腈和300μl干燥后的内标物三氟甲基苯混合均匀得到第二溶液,将第一溶液和第二溶液混合均匀得到氘代试剂。
(2)二次电池常温循环性能测试
在25℃下,将二次电池以1C恒流充电至4.3V,继续恒压充电至电流为0.05C,此时二次电池为满充状态,记录此时的充电容量,即为第1圈充电容量;将二次电池静置5min后,以1C恒流放电至2.8V,此为一个循环充放电过程,记录此时的放电容量,即为第1圈放电容量。将二次电池按照上述方法进行循环充放电测试,记录每圈循环后的放电容量。二次电池25℃循环600圈容量保持率(%)=600圈循环后的放电容量/第1圈放电 容量×100%。
(3)二次电池高温循环性能测试
在45℃下,将二次电池以1C恒流充电至4.3V,继续恒压充电至电流为0.05C,此时二次电池为满充状态,记录此时的充电容量,即为第1圈充电容量;将二次电池静置5min后,以1C恒流放电至2.8V,此为一个循环充放电过程,记录此时的放电容量,即为第1圈放电容量。将二次电池按照上述方法进行循环充放电测试,记录每圈循环后的放电容量。二次电池45℃循环600圈容量保持率(%)=600圈循环后的放电容量/第1圈放电容量×100%。
(4)二次电池初始直流内阻测试
在25℃下,将二次电池以1C恒流充电到4.3V,继续恒压充电至电流为0.05C,此时二次电池为满充状态;将二次电池以0.5C恒流放电并调整二次电池至50%SOC,此时二次电池的电压记为U 1;将二次电池以4C的电流I 1恒流放电30秒,采用0.1秒采点,放电末期电压记为U 2。用二次电池50%SOC时的放电直流内阻表示二次电池的初始直流内阻,二次电池的初始直流内阻(mΩ)=(U 1-U 2)/I 1
(5)二次电池高温存储性能测试
在60℃下,将二次电池以1C恒流充电到4.3V,继续恒压充电至电流为0.05C,此时用排水法测试二次电池的体积并记为V 0;将二次电池放入60℃的恒温箱,存储30天后取出,此时用排水法测试二次电池的体积并记为V 1。二次电池60℃存储30天后的体积膨胀率(%)=[(V 1-V 0)/V 0]×100%。
表2给出实施例1至36和对比例1至4的测试结果。
Figure PCTCN2022097310-appb-000001
Figure PCTCN2022097310-appb-000002
Figure PCTCN2022097310-appb-000003
Figure PCTCN2022097310-appb-000004
综合实施例1至30的测试结果可知,当非水电解液中含有本申请的第一阳离子和第一阴离子,并且第一阳离子的质量浓度D1 ppm和第一阴离子的质量浓度D2 ppm满足D1为0.5至870和D1/D2为0.02至2时,第一阳离子不仅不会恶化二次电池的电化学性能,而且在第一阳离子和第一阴离子的协同作用下,本申请的非水电解液还能够使二次电池同时具有较高的循环容量保持率、较低的内阻和较低的体积膨胀率。
综合对比例1至4的测试结果可知,当非水电解液中仅含有第一阴离子不含有第一阳离子或者含有过多的第一阳离子时,均不能同时改善二次电池的循环性能、动力学性能和存储性能。
综合实施例24至30的测试结果还可知,当非水电解液中进一步含有本申请的第一添加剂和/或第二添加剂时,有助于进一步改善二次电池循环性能、动力学性能以及存储性能中的至少一者。
综合实施例5、31至36的测试结果还可知,当Me n+满足Me n+标准还原电势(vs.标准氢电极电势)与Li +标准还原电势(vs.标准氢电极电势,即-3.04V)的差值在1.0V以上,特别地为Ni 2+、Co 2+、Mn 2+、Al 3+和Fe 2+中的至少一种时,有助于更好地改善二次电池的综合性能。实施例35和实施例36分别采用Na +和K +作为第一阳离子,由于其标准还原电势与Li +标准还原电势接近,从而其增加电子导电性、降低活性锂离子不可逆消耗的作用较差,进而导致对二次电池综合性能的改善效果较差。
需要说明的是,本申请不限定于上述实施方式。上述实施方式仅为示例,在本申请的技术方案范围内具有与技术思想实质相同的构成、发挥相同作用效果的实施方式均包含在本申请的技术范围内。此外,在不脱离本申请主旨的范围内,对实施方式施加本领域技术人员能够想到的各种变形、将实施方式中的一部分构成要素加以组合而构筑的其它方式也包含在本申请的范围内。

Claims (18)

  1. 一种非水电解液,含有非水溶剂以及溶解于其中的锂离子、第一阳离子和第一阴离子,其中,所述第一阳离子为锂离子以外的金属阳离子Me n+,n表示金属阳离子的化合价,所述第一阴离子为二氟草酸硼酸根阴离子DFOB -,所述非水电解液中第一阳离子的质量浓度为D1 ppm,所述非水电解液中第一阴离子的质量浓度为D2 ppm,均基于所述非水电解液的总质量计,并且所述非水电解液满足:D1为0.5至870和D1/D2为0.02至2。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的非水电解液,其中,Me n+标准还原电势与Li +标准还原电势的差值在1.0V以上,可选地,Me n+表示Ni 2+、Co 2+、Mn 2+、Al 3+和Fe 2+中的至少一种。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的非水电解液,其中,
    D1为100至870,可选地为200至870;和/或,
    D1/D2为0.3至2,可选地为0.3至1.2;和/或,
    D2为1至3000,可选地为100至2000。
  4. 根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的非水电解液,其中,所述非水电解液还含有第二阴离子,所述第二阴离子为四氟硼酸根阴离子BF 4 -,所述非水电解液中第二阴离子的质量浓度为D3 ppm,基于所述非水电解液的总质量计,
    可选地,D3为1至3000,更可选地为1至2000;和/或,
    可选地,D2/D3为0.4至20,更可选地为1至10。
  5. 根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的非水电解液,其中,所述非水电解液还含有第三阴离子,所述第三阴离子包括高氯酸根阴离子ClO 4 -、双三氟甲磺酰亚胺根阴离子N(SO 2CF 3) 2 -、NO 3 -和SO 4 2-中的至少一种,可选地包括NO 3 -和SO 4 2-中的至少一种,所述非水电解液中第三阴离子的质量浓度为D4 ppm,基于所述非水电解液的总质量计,
    可选地,D4为1至3000,更可选地为1至2000;和/或,
    可选地,D2/D4为0.4至20,更可选地为0.8至5。
  6. 根据权利要求1-5中任一项所述的非水电解液,其中,所述非水电解液还含有第四阴离子,所述第四阴离子包括六氟磷酸根阴离子PF 6 -、双氟磺酰亚胺根阴离子N(SO 2F) 2 -或其组合,
    可选地,所述非水电解液中第四阴离子的质量百分含量为8%至20%,更可选地为9%至15%,基于所述非水电解液的总质量计,
    可选地,所述第四阴离子同时包括六氟磷酸根阴离子PF 6 -和双氟磺酰亚胺根阴离子N(SO 2F) 2 -,更可选地,六氟磷酸根阴离子PF 6 -和双氟磺酰亚胺根阴离子N(SO 2F) 2 -的质量比α为0.2至3,更可选地为0.5至1.5。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的非水电解液,其中,所述非水电解液还含有第五阴离子,所述第五阴离子包括二草酸硼酸根阴离子BOB -、六氟砷酸根阴离子AsF 6 -、三氟甲磺酸根阴离子CF 3SO 3 -、二氟磷酸根阴离子PO 2F 2 -、二氟二草酸磷酸根阴离子DODFP -和四氟草酸磷酸根阴离子OTFP -中的至少一种,
    可选地,所述非水电解液中第五阴离子的质量百分含量在2%以下,更可选地在0.5%以下,基于所述非水电解液的总质量计。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的非水电解液,其中,所述第五阴离子包括二氟磷酸根阴离子PO 2F 2 -
    可选地,二氟磷酸根阴离子PO 2F 2 -和第四阴离子的质量比β为0.01至0.15,更可选地为0.01至0.1。
  9. 根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的非水电解液,其中,所述非水溶剂包括环状碳酸酯化合物和链状碳酸酯化合物,所述非水电解液中环状碳酸酯化合物的质量百分含量为E1,链状碳酸酯化合物的质量百分含量为E2,均基于所述非水电解液的总质量计,
    E1为5%至40%,可选地为10%至30%;
    E2为40%至85%,可选地为60%至80%。
  10. 根据权利要求9所述的非水电解液,其中,所述非水溶剂还包括醚类化合物,所述醚类化合物包括四氢呋喃、2-甲基四氢呋喃、1,3-二氧环戊烷、乙二醇单甲醚、乙二醇二甲醚、四乙二醇二甲醚、二甲氧基甲烷和二甘醇二甲醚中的至少一种,所述非水电解液中醚类化合物的质量百分含量为E3,基于所述非水电解液的总质量计,
    可选地,E3为0.1%至40%,更可选地为0.5%至20%。
  11. 根据权利要求1-10中任一项所述的非水电解液,其中,所述非水电解液还含有第一添加剂,所述第一添加剂为氟代碳酸乙烯酯,所述非水电解液中第一添加剂的质量浓度为D5 ppm,基于所述非水电解液的总质量计,
    可选地,D5为1至30000,更可选地为100至20000;和/或,
    可选地,D5/D2为5至500,更可选地为5至100。
  12. 根据权利要求1-11中任一项所述的非水电解液,其中,所述非水电解液还含有第二添加剂,所述第二添加剂包括碳酸亚乙烯酯、草酸锂、硫酸乙烯酯、1,3-丙磺酸内酯中的至少一种,
    可选地,所述非水电解液中第二添加剂的质量百分含量在5%以下,更可选地在2.5%以下,基于所述非水电解液的总质量计。
  13. 一种非水电解液的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
    将非水溶剂、锂盐、可溶性Me盐、可溶性二氟草酸硼酸盐以及可选的添加剂混合均匀,得到非水电解液,Me表示锂元素以外的金属元素,
    其中,所述非水电解液含有非水溶剂以及溶解于其中的锂离子、第一阳离子和第一阴离子,所述第一阳离子为锂离子以外的金属阳离子Me n+,n表示金属阳离子的化合价,所述第一阴离子为二氟草酸硼酸根阴离子DFOB -,所述非水电解液中第一阳离子的质量浓度为D1 ppm,所述非水电解液中第一阴离子的质量浓度为D2 ppm,均基于所述非水电解液的总质量计,并且所述非水电解液满足:D1为0.5至870和D1/D2为0.02至2。
  14. 根据权利要求13所述的制备方法,其中,Me n+标准还原电势与Li +标准还原电势的差值在1.0V以上,可选地,Me n+表示Ni 2+、Co 2+、Mn 2+、Al 3+和Fe 2+中的至少一种。
  15. 根据权利要求13或14所述的制备方法,其中,
    所述可溶性Me盐包括Me(DFOB) n、Me(BF 4) n、Me(ClO 4) n、Me[N(SO 2CF 3) 2] n、Me(NO 3) n、Me(SO 4) n/2、Me(PF 6) n、Me[N(SO 2F) 2] n、Me(BOB) n、Me(AsF 6) n、Me(CF 3SO 3) n、Me(PO 2F 2) n、Me(DODFP) n和Me(OTFP) n中的至少一种;和/或,
    所述可溶性二氟草酸硼酸盐包括Me(DFOB) n、LiDFOB中的至少一种;和/或,
    所述非水溶剂包括环状碳酸酯化合物和链状碳酸酯化合物,可选地,所述非水溶剂同时包括环状碳酸酯化合物、链状碳酸酯化合物和醚类化合物;和/或,
    所述锂盐包括第一锂盐,所述第一锂盐包括六氟磷酸锂、双氟磺酰亚胺锂或其组合,可选地,所述锂盐还包括第二锂盐,所述第二锂盐包括二草酸硼酸锂、四氟硼酸锂、双三氟甲烷磺酰亚胺锂、高氯酸锂、六氟砷酸锂、三氟甲磺酸锂、二氟磷酸锂、二氟二草酸磷酸锂和四氟草酸磷酸锂中的至少一种;和/或,
    所述添加剂包括第一添加剂和第二添加剂中的至少一种,所述第一添加剂为氟代碳酸乙烯酯,所述第二添加剂包括碳酸亚乙烯酯、草酸锂、硫酸乙烯酯、1,3-丙磺酸内酯中的至少一种。
  16. 一种二次电池,包括正极极片、负极极片以及非水电解液,其中,所述非水电解液为根据权利要求1-12中任一项所述的非水电解液或采用权利要求13-15中任一项所述的制备方法得到的非水电解液。
  17. 根据权利要求15或16所述的二次电池,其中,所述正极极片包括分子式为Li aNi bCo cMn dAl eM fO gA h的层状材料,M表示过渡金属位掺杂阳离子,A表示氧位掺杂阴离子,0.8≤a≤1.2,0≤b≤1,0≤c≤1,0≤d≤1,0≤e≤1,0≤f≤0.2,0≤g≤2,0≤h≤2,b+c+d+e+f=1,g+h=2,
    可选地,Li aNi bCo cMn dAl eM fO gA h满足如下条件(1)至(8)中的至少一者:
    (1)M选自Si、Ti、Mo、V、Ge、Se、Zr、Nb、Ru、Pd、Sb、Ce、Te和W中的至少一种;
    (2)A选自F、N、P和S中的至少一种,可选地,A选自F;
    (3)0<b<0.98,可选地,0.50≤b<0.98;
    (4)c=0;
    (5)0<c≤0.20,可选地,0<c≤0.10;
    (6)d=0并且0<e<0.50,可选地,d=0并且0<e≤0.10;
    (7)e=0并且0<d<0.50,可选地,e=0并且0<d≤0.10;
    (8)0<d<0.50并且0<e<0.50,可选地,0<d≤0.30并且0<e≤0.10。
  18. 一种用电装置,包括权利要求16或17所述的二次电池。
PCT/CN2022/097310 2022-06-07 2022-06-07 非水电解液、其制备方法、以及包含其的二次电池及用电装置 WO2023236031A1 (zh)

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CN106797021A (zh) * 2014-10-09 2017-05-31 宝马股份公司 基于碱金属、尤其是基于锂的蓄能器的添加剂
CN107534185A (zh) * 2015-05-26 2018-01-02 三井化学株式会社 电池用非水电解液及锂二次电池
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