WO2023184682A1 - 一种提高再生稻产量同时降低镉含量的栽培方法及其应用 - Google Patents

一种提高再生稻产量同时降低镉含量的栽培方法及其应用 Download PDF

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WO2023184682A1
WO2023184682A1 PCT/CN2022/094336 CN2022094336W WO2023184682A1 WO 2023184682 A1 WO2023184682 A1 WO 2023184682A1 CN 2022094336 W CN2022094336 W CN 2022094336W WO 2023184682 A1 WO2023184682 A1 WO 2023184682A1
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rice
fertilizer
season
cultivation method
water
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PCT/CN2022/094336
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English (en)
French (fr)
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周静
游来勇
梁家妮
周伶俐
刘梦丽
田瑞云
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中国科学院南京土壤研究所
江西洁地环境治理生态科技有限公司
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Publication of WO2023184682A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023184682A1/zh

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A01G22/20—Cereals
    • A01G22/22—Rice
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
    • A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
    • C05D9/00—Other inorganic fertilisers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G1/00—Mixtures of fertilisers belonging individually to different subclasses of C05

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  • the invention belongs to the field of agricultural planting technology, and specifically relates to a cultivation method and application for increasing the yield of regenerated rice while reducing cadmium content.
  • Ratooning rice refers to a cultivation method in which after harvesting mid-season rice, the upper axillary buds of 2 to 5 nodes of the previous crop of rice are differentiated into ears to harvest another crop of rice. It is mainly distributed in my country's tropical and subtropical monsoon climate conditions, especially in my country's light and heat conditions. The plain areas of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, the Sichuan Basin, and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau rice areas are widely distributed and have a long history of cultivation.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a cultivation method and its application that increase the yield of regenerated rice while reducing Cd content, which can realize the safe utilization of regenerated rice in lightly polluted rice fields with Cd and significantly improve the comprehensive performance of regenerated rice. benefit.
  • the invention provides a cultivation method for increasing the yield of regenerated rice while reducing Cd content, which includes the following steps:
  • Regeneration rice seeds are sown in mid-to-late March every year and transplanted to Cd-contaminated rice fields in mid-April of the same year for growth.
  • second-season rice water and fertilizer management is performed after harvesting the first-season rice; The harvesting position is between the bottom 1 node and the bottom 2 node.
  • the harvesting period of the first-season rice is when the first-season rice is nine-mature.
  • the nine-maturity state of the first-season rice means that the first to third leaves of the first-season rice remain obviously green and the grains are in the wax-mature stage.
  • the regenerated rice includes early/mid-indica rice varieties.
  • the stubble height of the first season rice is 40-60cm.
  • the first rice water and fertilizer management includes first water management and first fertilizer management
  • the first fertilizer management includes first season fertilizer and sprout-promoting fertilizer; the first season fertilizer is compound fertilizer, and the amount of compound fertilizer applied is 50kg/mu;
  • the sprout-promoting fertilizer is urea; the application period of the sprout-promoting fertilizer is one week before the first rice harvest; the amount of fertilizer applied is 10-20kg/acre;
  • the first water management method is to maintain the field surface water height at 2 to 6 cm 10 days before the first harvest of rice.
  • the second rice water and fertilizer management includes second water management and second fertilizer management
  • the second fertilizer management includes seedling fertilizer and foliar fertilizer
  • the seedling-raising fertilizer is a compound fertilizer; the application period of the seedling-raising fertilizer is 5 to 7 days after harvest; the application amount of the seedling-raising fertilizer is 25-30kg/mu;
  • the foliar fertilizer includes the following components by mass: 10-20 parts of ZnSO 4 , 5-10 parts of nano-selenium and 30-40 parts of nano-SiO 2 ;
  • the application period of the foliar fertilizer is to spray it separately during the jointing stage and flowering-grain-filling stage of the second rice season;
  • the second water management includes continuous flooding of the second-season rice; the height of the flooding is 5 to 10 cm.
  • the mass ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the compound fertilizer is 18:12:12.
  • the Cd content in the Cd-contaminated rice fields is 0.3-1.5 mg/kg.
  • the present invention provides the application of the cultivation method in Cd-contaminated rice field cultivation.
  • the invention provides a cultivation method for increasing the yield of regenerated rice while reducing Cd content, which includes the following steps: sowing regenerated rice seeds in mid-to-late March every year, transplanting them to Cd-contaminated rice fields in mid-April of the same year for growth, and Water and fertilizer management for the first season of rice, water and fertilizer management for the second season of rice should be carried out after harvesting the first season of rice; the harvesting position of the first season of rice is between the bottom 1 node and the bottom 2 node.
  • the present invention has clarified the influencing factors that affect the Cd content in the rice and the yield of regenerated rice when planting regenerated rice in Cd-contaminated rice fields.
  • the invention ensures that the first and second seasons of rice are suitable.
  • the growing accumulated temperature conditions while strictly controlling the harvesting height, increase the number of staking nodes, improve the probability of axillary buds forming ears (increasing effective ears), and make full use of the Cd interception effect of nodes to reduce the accumulation of Cd in brown rice and improve the quality of ratoon rice.
  • Yield and quality so that high-yield and low-Cd regenerated rice can be obtained through cultivation and harvest. It can be seen that the rice-regenerated rice system provided by the present invention is safe and high-yield in Cd-contaminated rice fields, is easy to operate, and easy to promote, and provides technical support for the safe utilization of Cd-excessed rice fields.
  • the present invention specifically limits the varieties of regenerated rice to early/mid-indica rice varieties.
  • the present invention takes early/medium indica rice varieties as planting objects. Since the growth period of the early/medium indica rice varieties is not more than 135 days, it is beneficial to ensure that the rice is in suitable growth temperature conditions. Compared with other rice varieties, early/mid-indica rice varieties are more conducive to obtaining low-Cd and high-yielding rice.
  • the present invention specifically limits the harvesting time of the first season of rice, which is beneficial to avoid aging of the rice plant and ensure a high survival rate of regenerated buds, thereby further increasing rice yield.
  • the present invention specifically defines the water and fertilizer management methods for the first rice season and the second rice season.
  • the adaptive and coordinated management of water and fertilizer is beneficial to promoting rice growth while reducing the transport capacity of Cd in regenerated rice and reducing the activity of Cd.
  • Figure 1 shows the Cd content (mg kg -1 ) of brown rice screened for first- and second-season rice varieties
  • Figure 2 shows the screening yield (t ⁇ ha -1 ) of first- and second-season rice varieties.
  • the invention provides a cultivation method for increasing the yield of regenerated rice while reducing Cd content, comprising the following steps:
  • Regeneration rice seeds are sown in mid-to-late March every year and transplanted to Cd-contaminated rice fields in mid-April of the same year for growth.
  • second-season rice water and fertilizer management is performed after harvesting the first-season rice; The harvesting position is between the bottom 1 node and the bottom 2 node.
  • appropriate growth temperature is a necessary condition to ensure the robust growth of ratoon rice.
  • the invention ensures that the first-season rice seedlings can quickly adapt to the environment by specifically limiting the sowing time and transplanting time of regenerated rice seeds.
  • the regenerated rice seeds are sown in mid-to-late March and transplanted in mid-April to ensure that the rice seedlings have suitable growing temperature conditions when transplanted into the rice fields.
  • the regenerated rice preferably includes early/mid-indica rice varieties.
  • the early/medium indica rice varieties preferably include one or more of the following rice varieties: Fengliangyouxiang No. 1, Jiyou No. 3, and Kenliangyou 801.
  • the growth period of the early/medium indica rice variety is not longer than 140 days, which is beneficial to the optimal accumulated temperature conditions for the entire growth period of ratoon rice. However, a long growth period is not conducive to the experimental cultivation purpose of high yield and low Cd.
  • Cd-contaminated rice fields are preferably rice fields lightly contaminated with Cd.
  • Medium and light pollution is based on the "Agricultural Land Soil Environmental Quality Standard GB15618-2018" and the soil pH is between the risk control value and the risk screening value (0.3 ⁇ 1.5mg/Kg).
  • the first-season rice water and fertilizer management preferably includes first water management and first fertilizer management.
  • the first fertilizer management includes first season fertilizer and sprout-promoting fertilizer; the first season fertilizer is compound fertilizer.
  • the mass ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the compound fertilizer is preferably 18:12:12.
  • the fertilization amount of the compound fertilizer is preferably 50kg/mu; the compound fertilizer is used as the first season fertilizer, and the fertilization period is 1 to 3 days before the transplanting of the first season rice.
  • the sprout-promoting fertilizer is preferably urea; the application period of the sprout-promoting fertilizer is preferably one week before the first rice harvest; the amount of the sprout-promoting fertilizer is preferably 10 to 20 kg/acre, and more preferably 15 kg/mu.
  • the first water management method is preferably to maintain a field surface water height of 2 to 6 cm 10 days before the first rice harvest.
  • the function is to promote the formation of axillary buds in the regeneration season, reduce the bioavailability of soil Cd, and reduce Cd absorption.
  • the harvesting period of the first-season rice is preferably nine-maturity of the first-season rice.
  • the nine-maturity state of the first-season rice preferably means that the first to third leaves of the first-season rice remain obviously green and the grains are in the wax-mature stage. Early harvest is to avoid plant aging, ensure the survival rate of regenerated buds, and increase yield. The impact on Cd is unclear.
  • the stubble height of the first-season rice is preferably 40-60cm, more preferably 45-55cm, and most preferably 50cm.
  • the second rice water and fertilizer management preferably includes second water management and second fertilizer management.
  • the second fertilizer management preferably includes seedling fertilizer and foliar fertilizer.
  • the seedling-raising fertilizer is preferably a compound fertilizer; the mass ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the compound fertilizer is preferably 18:12:12.
  • the application period of the seedling fertilizer is preferably 5 to 7 days after harvesting, and more preferably 6 days.
  • the application amount of the seedling-raising fertilizer is preferably 25-30kg/mu, and more preferably 28kg/mu.
  • the foliar fertilizer preferably includes the following components by mass: 10 to 20 parts of nano ZnO, 5 to 10 parts of nano selenium and 30 to 40 parts of nano SiO 2 ; more preferably, 12 to 18 parts of nano ZnO and 6 to 6 parts of nano selenium. 8 parts and 32-38 parts of nano-SiO 2 , the most preferred ones are 15 parts of nano-ZnO, 7 parts of nano-selenium and 35 parts of nano-SiO 2 .
  • the application period of the foliar fertilizer is preferably sprayed respectively during the jointing stage and flowering-graining stage of the second season rice, the spraying amount is 35-40L/mu, and the mass concentration of the foliar fertilizer is 0.2%-0.3 %.
  • the main function of spraying foliar fertilizer is to increase micro-fertilizer to improve the growth of regenerated rice, increase the panicle and yield of regenerated rice, and at the same time reduce the transport capacity of Cd in the regenerated rice body.
  • the principle of Cd reduction by nano-foliar fertilizer is mainly by increasing the retention of Cd in the stems and leaves of regenerated rice, which affects the relative expression of the genes OsCCX 2 and OsNramp2 related to Cd transport in the nodes.
  • the second water management includes preferably continuous flooding of the second season rice; the height of the flooding is preferably 5 to 10 cm. Continuous flooding improves the growth of regenerated rice buds and increases yield while reducing Cd activity.
  • the Cd content in the brown rice obtained by the above cultivation method is 0.09 to 0.20 mg ⁇ kg -1 ), and the yield of ratoon rice is 3 to 5 t ⁇ ha -1 . It can be seen that the cultivation provided by the present invention is suitable for Cd-contaminated rice fields and can obtain low-Cd and high-yield regenerated rice. Therefore, the present invention provides the application of the cultivation method in Cd-contaminated rice field cultivation.
  • a cultivation method for increasing the yield of ratooned rice while reducing cadmium content and its application provided by the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the examples, but they should not be understood as limiting the scope of the present invention.
  • Planting site information Yellow-brown paddy soil in Qichun County, Hubei province, Cd 1.08mg/kg, pH value 5.86;
  • Regeneration rice varieties to be screened 20 locally grown mid-range rice varieties are selected (see Figure 1), with a growth period of 118 to 140 days.
  • each plot is 20m 2 , repeat 3 times, and arrange in completely random blocks.
  • Water management Drainage 20 days before the first harvest of rice, flood 10 days before harvest, continue flooding in the early stage of the regeneration season, drain water 10 days before harvest in the regeneration season.
  • Water and fertilizer management For rice, 50kg/mu of compound fertilizer (18-12-12) is used as the first season fertilizer, and 15kg/mu of urea is applied as a sprout-promoting fertilizer one week before the first harvest. Compound fertilizer is added within 6 days after harvesting.
  • the rubber roller huller (GB/T29898-2013) is used for shelling.
  • the brown rice was dried in a drying oven at 70°C to constant weight, crushed and passed through a 60-mesh sieve, digested using the HNO 3 -HClO 4 (5:1, volume ratio) method, and the Cd content in the brown rice was measured using ICP-MS.
  • Foliage micro-fertilizer resistance control test Fengliang Youxiang No. 1 was selected as the test variety. The soil type was yellow-brown paddy soil, total Cd 1.08 mg/kg, pH value 5.62, and the foliar micro-fertilizer resistance control test was carried out, respectively.
  • Example 1 Choose a sunny and windless afternoon for spraying. If it rains for 48 hours, spray it again. Spray at 50ml ⁇ m -2 .
  • the remaining water and fertilizer management refers to Example 1. Seven days after spraying, two treatments were selected: control and nano-selenium + nano-silica + nano-zinc oxide. The above-ground parts of 5 regenerated rice plants were collected, and the stems and leaves were divided. After washing with deionized water, they were dried with absorbent paper.
  • Example 1 quick-frozen in liquid nitrogen, stored and transported on dry ice to Wuhan Sevier Biotechnology Company to extract RNA, use real-time fluorescence PCR amplification, and determine OsHMA 2 (primer sequence CGCCATCTCCCAATCCCAAA (SEQ ID NO: 1), TTGAGCGGGTGCCAGAAAT (SEQ ID NO: 2)) , OsCCX 2 (primer sequence CGTCCTTCGTCTCGCTCTATG (SEQ ID NO: 3), CGGATAGGAGGCAATGAAGGTA (SEQ ID NO: 4)) gene relative expression, respectively, the method of Example 1 was used to determine the Cd content and yield of brown rice in the first season and the regeneration season.
  • OsHMA 2 primary sequence CGCCATCTCCCAATCCCAAA (SEQ ID NO: 1), TTGAGCGGGTGCCAGAAAT (SEQ ID NO: 2)
  • OsCCX 2 primary sequence CGTCCTTCGTCTCGCTCTATG (SEQ ID NO: 3), CGGATAGGAGGCAATGAA

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Abstract

提供一种提高再生稻产量同时降低Cd含量的栽培方法及栽培方法在Cd污染稻田种植中的应用，于每年3月中下旬播种稻种，于同年4月中旬移栽至Cd污染的稻田中生长，经头季水稻水肥管理，收割头季水稻后进行第二季稻水肥管理；头季水稻的收割位置在倒1节点至倒2节点之间。该栽培方法可显著提高再生稻产量，显著降低再生稻季糙米Cd含量。

Description

一种提高再生稻产量同时降低镉含量的栽培方法及其应用
本申请要求于2022年04月02日提交中国专利局、申请号为202210351001.5、发明名称为“一种提高再生稻产量同时降低镉含量的栽培方法及其应用”的中国专利申请的优先权，其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本发明属于农业种植技术领域，具体涉及一种提高再生稻产量同时降低镉含量的栽培方法及其应用。
背景技术
再生稻是指通过收获一季中稻后，通过前茬水稻倒2～5节点上侧腋芽分化成穗再次收获一季水稻的栽培方式，主要分布在我国热带和亚热带季风气候条件，尤其是在我国光热条件两季不足，一季有余的长江中下游平原区，长江上游四川盆地，云贵高原稻区广泛分布，有着悠久的栽培历史。然而，由于头季播种时期管理，适宜品种选择，头季采收后水肥管理的关键种植环节把控不当，导致再生稻再生季的产量一直维持在较低水平，近年来通过优化水稻品种和栽培环节管理，再生稻因其具有省工，省肥，省水，省种，高产优质等特点，使得再生稻较传统的单双季稻种植模式有更高的综合效益，尤其在湖北，江西，湖南，四川，福建等地推广面积逐年增加，长江流域是我国经济发展最快的地区，也是我国矿业活动最为频繁的区域之一。
目前，土壤Cd污染导致稻米超标问题较为突出，俨然成为制约水稻产业高质量发展的重要瓶颈，因此针对区域的再生稻生产需求，研发出针对中轻度Cd污染稻田的再生稻高产低Cd栽培技术方法，对于提高再生稻的综合效益，实现受Cd污染耕地的安全利用有重要意义。目前，关于再生稻重金属Cd的累积特征和阻控策略相关报道较少，相关的技术支撑严重不足，还未有关于在Cd污染土壤中如何种植高产、低Cd含量的再生稻米的报道。
发明内容
有鉴于此，本发明的目的在于提供一种提高再生稻产量同时降低Cd含量的栽培方法及其应用，可以实现在Cd中轻度污染稻田再生稻的安全利用，并显著提高了再生稻的综合效益。
本发明提供了一种提高再生稻产量同时降低Cd含量的栽培方法，包括以下步骤：
于每年3月中下旬播种再生稻种子，于同年4月中旬移栽至Cd污染的稻田中生长，经头季水稻水肥管理，收割头季水稻后进行第二季稻水肥管理；头季水稻的收割位置在倒1节点至倒2节点之间。
优选的，所述头季水稻的收割时期为头季水稻九成熟。
优选的，所述头季水稻九成熟是指头季水稻的倒1～倒3叶片明显保持绿色，籽粒处于蜡熟期。
优选的，所述再生稻包括早/中籼稻品种。
优选的，所述头季水稻的留茬高度为40～60cm。
优选的，所述头季水稻水肥管理包括第一水分管理和第一肥料管理；
所述第一肥料管理包括第一季肥和促芽肥；所述第一季肥为复合肥，复合肥的施肥量为50kg/亩；
所述促芽肥为尿素；所述促芽肥的施用时期为在头季水稻收割前一周施入；所述促芽肥的施肥量为10～20kg/亩；
所述第一水分管理的方法为在头季水稻收获前10天保持田面水高度2～6cm。
优选的，所述第二季稻水肥管理包括第二水分管理和第二肥料管理；
所述第二肥料管理包括提苗肥和叶面肥；
所述提苗肥为复合肥；所述提苗肥的施用时期为收割后5～7天；所述提苗肥的施用量为25～30kg/亩；
所述叶面肥包括以下质量份的组分：ZnSO 410～20份、纳米硒5～10份和纳米SiO 230～40份；
所述叶面肥的施用时期为在第二季稻的拔节期和扬花-灌浆阶段分别喷施；
所述第二水分管理包括第二季稻进行持续淹水；所述淹水的高度为 5～10cm。
优选的，所述复合肥中氮、磷和钾的质量比为18：12：12。
优选的，所述Cd污染稻田中Cd的含量为0.3～1.5mg/kg。
本发明提供了所述栽培方法在Cd污染稻田种植中的应用。
本发明提供了一种提高再生稻产量同时降低Cd含量的栽培方法，包括以下步骤：于每年3月中下旬播种再生稻种子，于同年4月中旬移栽至Cd污染的稻田中生长，经头季水稻水肥管理，收割头季水稻后进行第二季稻水肥管理；头季水稻的收割位置在倒1节点至倒2节点之间。本发明通过3年的田间实验明确在Cd污染稻田中种植再生稻时影响稻米中Cd含量高低以及再生稻产量高低的影响因素，通过合理调整播种移栽时间，确保头季和第二季水稻适宜的生积温条件，同时严格控制收割高度，增加了留桩节点数量，提高了腋芽成穗几率(提高有效穗)，且充分利用节点对Cd的拦截效益，减少糙米Cd的累积，提高再生稻的产量和品质，从而栽培收获得到高产低Cd的再生稻。可见，本发明提供的水稻-再生稻体系在受Cd污染稻田上的安全高产，具有操作简便，易于推广等，为实现受Cd超标稻田的安全利用提供了技术支撑。
进一步的，本发明具体限定再生稻的品种为早/中籼稻品种。本发明以早/中籼稻品种为种植对象，由于早/中籼稻品种的生育期不大于135天，有利于保证水稻处于适宜的生长温度条件。与其他水稻品种相比，早/中籼稻品种更有利于获得低Cd高产的稻米。
进一步的，本发明具体限定了头季水稻的收割时间，有利于避免稻株体老化，保证再生芽成活率高，从而进一步提高水稻产量。
进一步的，本发明具体限定了头季水稻和第二季稻的水肥管理方法。水分和肥料适应性协调管理，有利于促进水稻生长的同时，降低Cd在再生稻体内转运能力，减少Cd的活性。
附图说明
图1为头季水稻和第二季稻品种筛选糙米Cd含量(mg kg -1)；
图2为头季水稻和第二季稻品种品种筛选产量(t·ha -1)。
具体实施方式
本发明提供了一种提高再生稻产量同时降低Cd含量的栽培方法，包 括以下步骤：
于每年3月中下旬播种再生稻种子，于同年4月中旬移栽至Cd污染的稻田中生长，经头季水稻水肥管理，收割头季水稻后进行第二季稻水肥管理；头季水稻的收割位置在倒1节点至倒2节点之间。
在本发明中，适宜的生积温是保证再生稻健壮生长的必要条件。本发明通过具体限定再生稻种子的播种时间以及移栽时间保证头季水稻苗快速适应环境。在本发明实施例中，将再生稻种子在3月中下旬播种，在4月中旬移栽保证稻苗移栽至稻田中有适宜的生积温条件。
在本发明中，所述再生稻优选包括早/中籼稻品种。所述早/中籼稻品种优选包括以下一种或几种水稻品种：丰两优香1号、济优3号和垦两优801。所述早/中籼稻品种的生育期不长于140天，有利于再生稻的整个生育期处于较佳的生积温条件，而生育期过长不利于实验高产低Cd的栽培目的。
在本发明中，Cd污染的稻田优选为Cd中轻度污染的稻田。中轻度污染是根据《农用地土壤环境质量标准GB15618-2018》根据土壤pH介于风险管制值和风险筛选值之间(0.3～1.5mg/Kg)。
在本发明中，所述头季水稻水肥管理优选包括第一水分管理和第一肥料管理。所述第一肥料管理包括第一季肥和促芽肥；所述第一季肥为复合肥。所述复合肥中氮、磷和钾的质量比优选为18：12：12。所述复合肥的施肥量优选为50kg/亩；所述复合肥作为第一季肥，施肥时期为头季稻移栽前1～3天。所述促芽肥优选为尿素；所述促芽肥的施用时期优选为在头季水稻收割前一周施入；所述促芽肥的施肥量优选为10～20kg/亩，更优选为15kg/亩。所述第一水分管理的方法优选为在头季水稻收获前10天保持田面水高度2～6cm，作用是促进再生季腋芽形成，降低土壤Cd的生物有效性，减少Cd的吸收。
在本发明中，所述头季水稻的收割时期优选为头季水稻九成熟。所述头季水稻九成熟优选是指头季水稻的倒1～倒3叶片明显保持绿色，籽粒处于蜡熟期。早收割是为了避免株体老化，保证再生芽成活率，提高产量，对Cd的影响不清楚。所述头季水稻的留茬高度优选为40～60cm，更优选 为45～55cm，最优选为50cm。本发明实验证明，高位留茬(60cm以上)可以明显提高再生稻产量，增加再生稻有效穗，低位留茬(20cm以下)不利于产量，其中中位留茬(40～60cm)有利于高产和低Cd。
在本发明中，所述第二季稻水肥管理优选包括第二水分管理和第二肥料管理。所述第二肥料管理优选包括提苗肥和叶面肥。所述提苗肥优选为复合肥；所述复合肥中氮、磷和钾的质量比优选为18：12：12。所述提苗肥的施用时期优选为收割后5～7天，更优选为6天。所述提苗肥的施用量优选为25～30kg/亩，更优选为28kg/亩。所述叶面肥优选包括以下质量份的组分：纳米ZnO 10～20份、纳米硒5～10份和纳米SiO 230～40份；更优选为纳米ZnO 12～18份、纳米硒6～8份和纳米SiO 232～38份，最优选为纳米ZnO 15份、纳米硒7份和纳米SiO 235份。所述叶面肥的施用时期优选为在第二季稻的拔节期和扬花-灌浆阶段分别喷施，喷施量为35～40L/亩，所述叶面肥的质量浓度为0.2％～0.3％。喷施叶面肥作用主要是提高微肥提高再生稻的生长，增加再生稻成穗和产量，同时降低Cd在再生稻体内转运能力。纳米叶面肥的降Cd的原理主要是通过增加Cd在再生稻茎叶里的滞留，影响节点中有关于Cd转运的基因OsCCX 2和OsNramp2的相对表达量。所述第二水分管理包括第二季稻优选进行持续淹水；所述淹水的高度优选为5～10cm。持续淹水提高再生稻芽的生长，增加产量，同时减少Cd的活性。
在本发明中，采用上述栽培方法获得的糙米中Cd含量为0.09～0.20mg·kg -1)，再生稻产量为3～5t·ha -1。可见，本发明提供的栽培适用于Cd污染稻田，能够获得低Cd、高产的再生稻。因此，本发明提供了所述栽培方法在Cd污染稻田种植中的应用。
下面结合实施例对本发明提供的一种提高再生稻产量同时降低镉含量的栽培方法及其应用进行详细的说明，但是不能把它们理解为对本发明保护范围的限定。
实施例1
高产和低积累再生稻品种筛选试验
1.种植地信息：湖北蕲春县黄棕壤性水稻土，Cd 1.08mg/kg，pH值 5.86；
2.待筛选再生稻品种：选择当地主栽中稻品种20个(见图1)，生育期在118～140天。
3.设置小区试验，每个小区20m 2，重复3次，完全随机区组排列。水分管理：头季水稻收获前20天排水，收获前10天淹水，再生季前期持续淹水，再生季收获前10天排水。水肥管理：稻采用复合肥(18-12-12)50kg/亩作第一季肥，并在头季收获前一周施入15kg/亩的尿素作为促芽肥，采收后6天内补充复合肥(18-12-12)25kg/亩作为提苗肥，分别收割每个小区全部水稻，经脱粒-晒干-去杂后称重取得产量，并经充分混匀后分取500g，使用粮油机械胶辊砻谷机(GB/T29898-2013)进行脱壳。取得糙米于70℃干燥箱内烘干至恒重，粉碎过60目筛，采用HNO 3-HClO 4(5:1，体积比)法进行消解，采用ICP-Ms测定糙米中Cd含量。
结果见图1和图2。由图看出，两优537和丰两优香一号具有较高的产量水平，丰两优香1号和垦两优801和济优3号具有较低的Cd含量水平，且第二季的糙米Cd含量显著低于头季水稻。选择丰两优香1号、济优3号、垦两优801可同时满足两季稻米Cd达标和高产的目标。
实施例2
留茬高度优化试验
以丰两优香1号作为再生稻的种植品种，优选5个品种开展不同留茬高度试验，开展裂区试验，分别设置留桩20cm(倒4节)；40cm(倒2节)；60cm(倒1节)，水肥管理参照实施例1，分别按照实施例1的相关方法测定头季和再生季中糙米Cd含量和产量。
结果见表1。表1结果表明高留桩有利于实现高产，低位留桩有利于实现降低Cd含量，因此试验低Cd和高产，推荐留桩高度在40cm。
表1 留桩高度对糙米Cd含量和再生季产量影响
Figure PCTCN2022094336-appb-000001
Figure PCTCN2022094336-appb-000002
实施例3
叶面微肥阻控试验：优选丰两优香1号为供试品种，土壤类型为黄棕壤水稻土，总Cd1.08mg/kg，pH值5.62，开展叶面微肥阻控试验，分别设置喷施清水(对照)，喷施纳米Se，纳米SiO 2，纳米ZnO，纳米Se+纳米SiO 2，纳米SiO 2+纳米ZnO，纳米Se+纳米SiO 2+纳米ZnO 11个处理，具体浓度(见表2)，分别于再生稻苗期和孕穗期进行叶面喷施，选择晴朗无风的下午进行喷施，喷施若48h下雨则补充一次，其中按照50ml·m -2进行喷施。其余水肥管理参照实施例1。于喷施后7天，选取对照和纳米硒+纳米氧化硅+纳米氧化锌2个处理，采集5株再生稻地上部，并分茎，叶，用去离子水洗净后和吸水纸吸干，采用液氮速冻，干冰保存运输至武汉赛维尔生物科技公司提取RNA，采用实时荧光PCR扩增，测定OsHMA 2(引物序列CGCCATCTCCCAATCCCAAA(SEQ ID NO:1)，TTGAGCGGGTGCCAGAAAT(SEQ ID NO:2))，OsCCX 2(引物序列CGTCCTTCGTCTCGCTCTATG(SEQ ID NO:3)，CGGATAGGAGGCAATGAAGGTA(SEQ ID NO:4))基因相对表达量，分别实施例1方法测定头季和再生季中糙米Cd含量和产量。
结果显示，最优叶面处理和对照的糙米Cd分别为0.09mg kg -1和0.47mg kg -1，产量分别为3.16t·ha -1和2.82t·ha -1，叶面微肥较对照分别降Cd80.85％，增产10.7％。最优处理和对照处理节点中OsHMA 2相对表达量为分别为 ，5.257和0.978，OsCCX 2相对表达量为分别为0.657和1.121，其中OsHMA2在茎节中的表达可以减少Cd的转运，叶面处理明显影响了Cd从茎节向籽粒的迁移。
表2 叶面喷施纳米材料对再生稻Cd含量和产量的影响
Figure PCTCN2022094336-appb-000003
Figure PCTCN2022094336-appb-000004
注：同一检测指标中，不同小写字母表示显著性差异，p＜0.05。
以上实施例的说明只是用于帮助理解本发明的方法及其核心思想。应当指出，对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明原理的前提下，还可以对本发明进行若干改进和修饰，这些改进和修饰也落入本发明权利要求的保护范围内。对这些实施例的多种修改对本领域的专业技术人员来说是显而易见的，本文中所定义的一般原理可以在不脱离本发明的精神或范围的情况下在其它实施例中实现。因此，本发明将不会被限制于本文所示的这些实施例，而是要符合与本文所公开的原理和新颖特点相一致的最宽的范围。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种提高再生稻产量同时降低Cd含量的栽培方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
    于每年3月中下旬播种再生稻种子，于同年4月中旬移栽至Cd污染的稻田中生长，进行头季水稻水肥管理，收割头季水稻后进行第二季稻水肥管理；头季水稻的收割位置在倒1节点至倒2节点之间。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述栽培方法，其特征在于，所述收割头季水稻的时期为头季水稻九成熟。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述栽培方法，其特征在于，所述头季水稻九成熟是指头季水稻的倒1～倒3叶片明显保持绿色，籽粒处于蜡熟期。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述栽培方法，其特征在于，所述再生稻包括早/中籼稻品种。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述栽培方法，其特征在于，所述头季水稻的留茬高度为40～60cm。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述栽培方法，其特征在于，所述头季水稻水肥管理包括第一水分管理和第一肥料管理；
    所述第一肥料管理包括施第一季肥和促芽肥；所述第一季肥为复合肥，复合肥的施肥量为50kg/亩；
    所述促芽肥为尿素；所述促芽肥的施用时期为在头季水稻收割前一周施入；所述促芽肥的施肥量为10～20kg/亩；
    所述第一水分管理的方法为在头季水稻收获前10天保持田面水高度2～6cm。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述栽培方法，其特征在于，所述第二季稻水肥管理包括第二水分管理和第二肥料管理；
    所述第二肥料管理包括施提苗肥和叶面肥；
    所述提苗肥为复合肥；所述提苗肥的施用时期为收割头季水稻后5～7天；所述提苗肥的施用量为25～30kg/亩；
    所述叶面肥包括以下质量份的组分：纳米氧化锌10～20份，纳米硒5～10份和纳米二氧化硅30～40份；
    所述叶面肥的施用时期为在第二季稻的拔节期和扬花-灌浆阶段分别 喷施；
    所述第二水分管理包括第二季稻进行持续淹水；所述淹水的高度为5～10cm。
  8. 根据权利要求6或7所述栽培方法，其特征在于，所述复合肥中氮、磷和钾的质量比为18：12：12。
  9. 根据权利要求1所述栽培方法，其特征在于，所述Cd污染的稻田中Cd的含量为0.3～1.5mg/kg。
  10. 权利要求1～9任意一项所述栽培方法在Cd污染稻田种植中的应用。
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