WO2023169058A1 - 一种花椒树的栽培方法 - Google Patents

一种花椒树的栽培方法 Download PDF

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WO2023169058A1
WO2023169058A1 PCT/CN2022/142332 CN2022142332W WO2023169058A1 WO 2023169058 A1 WO2023169058 A1 WO 2023169058A1 CN 2022142332 W CN2022142332 W CN 2022142332W WO 2023169058 A1 WO2023169058 A1 WO 2023169058A1
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cultivation method
pruning
seedling
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French (fr)
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李强
任云
陈泽雄
刘静
刘霞
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重庆文理学院
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
    • A01G2/10—Vegetative propagation by means of cuttings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
    • A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
    • A01G24/12—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing soil minerals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
    • A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
    • A01G24/12—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing soil minerals
    • A01G24/15—Calcined rock, e.g. perlite, vermiculite or clay aggregates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
    • A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
    • A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
    • A01G24/28—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing peat, moss or sphagnum
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
    • Y02P60/20—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
    • Y02P60/21—Dinitrogen oxide [N2O], e.g. using aquaponics, hydroponics or efficiency measures

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of plant propagation, and particularly relates to a cultivation method of Zanthoxylum bungeanum.
  • Zanthoxylum bungeanum is a deciduous shrub, 3 to 7 meters high.
  • the stems usually have enlarged prickles; the branches are gray or brownish gray, with small lenticels and slightly upward-growing prickles; they are mostly harvested around the Mid-Autumn Festival. It is best picked after the Mid-Autumn Festival. It is found in plains to mountains with higher altitudes. In Qinghai, it is found on slopes with an altitude of 2,500 meters and is also cultivated. It is drought-tolerant and likes sunshine, so it is widely planted in various places. It is produced in most parts of the country.
  • the production area starts from the southern part of Northeast China in the north, to the north slope of Wuling Mountain in the south, to the coastal areas of Jiangsu and Zhejiang in the southeast, and to southeastern China in the southwest; it is not produced in Taiwan, Hainan and Guangdong.
  • Medicinal value of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Warming and relieving pain, killing insects and relieving itching. It is used for cold pain in the epigastrium and abdomen, vomiting and diarrhea, abdominal pain due to worm infestation, and ascariasis; external treatment of eczema and itching.
  • the seeds are dried in the open air or on a reed mat. After the seed coat naturally cracks, the seeds are taken out and the impurities are removed. Then they are dried in the shade, stirred in water twice as much as the seeds and left for half an hour to remove floating impurities and obtain the seeds; Use alkaline water or washing powder to degrease, soak the seeds in boiling water, and degrease the seeds before sowing;
  • the sowing time is spring sowing and autumn sowing. Generally, autumn sowing is selected.
  • the sowing method is generally drill sowing.
  • the seeding rate is 10-15kg/acre;
  • Management after sowing includes covering with grass to protect moisture, thinning and stabilizing seedlings, top dressing during the seedling stage, and controlling pests and diseases.
  • the invention provides a method for cultivating Zanthoxylum bungeanum trees, which improves the survival rate of seedlings through cutting and cultivating seedlings, saves time and cost, and improves the survival rate of Zanthoxylum bungeanum trees through transplanting and pruning processes.
  • the invention provides a method for cultivating Zanthoxylum bungeanum trees, which includes the following steps:
  • S1 cutting and seedling cultivation prepare the transplanting bed, prepare the seedling cultivation substrate, disinfect and pack, and set aside;
  • the seedling cultivation substrate is made of peat, river sand, perlite and fish bone meal mixed according to a mass ratio of 1 to 2:1 to 2:1 to 2:1 to 2;
  • the growth-promoting fertilizer is uniformly mixed with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, GGR6 rooting powder, humus, peat and decomposed farmyard manure according to the mass ratio of 0.01-0.05g: 0.02-0.07g: 15-20g: 10-15g: 30g-40g ;
  • the seedling cultivation substrate is made of peat, river sand, perlite and fish bone meal mixed according to the mass ratio of 2:2:1:1.
  • the concentration of the naphthalene acetic acid solution is 100 to 150 ppm.
  • the mass fraction of the urea aqueous solution is 0.4-0.6%.
  • the growth-promoting fertilizer is uniformly mixed with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, GGR6 rooting powder, humus, peat and decomposed farmyard manure according to the mass ratio of 0.03g:0.02g:20g:15g:35g.
  • the seedling pruning step is: cut the stem height to 25-35cm, and when the new shoots grow to 10-30cm, 3-5 branches with even distribution and strong growth are selected as the main branches.
  • the opening angle is 40° to 60°, and the upper and lower main branches are staggered. If the main branch grows upright, the branch pulling method can be used to open it. All other new shoots are topping, and other branches can be grown horizontally using the branch pulling method.
  • the main branch opening angle is 50-55°.
  • the winter pruning steps are specifically: observe the tree vigor, appropriately thin out some branches of the strong main branches, do more slowly, and lightly shorten the branches; for weak main branches, shorten the branches more often and thin the branches less. Increase the number of branches. Cut the extension branches of the backbone branches to a length of 35 to 45 cm. Select the first side branch on the main branch. The first side branch is 20 to 30 cm away from the main trunk. The side branches should be selected on the diagonally upper side, and the side branches are separated from the main branch. The horizontal angle of the branches is 40 to 45°.
  • the shaping step specifically includes: pruning the second layer of side branches of each main branch to a length of 55 to 65 cm.
  • the present invention improves the survival rate of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seedlings by preparing seedling substrates from peat, river sand, perlite and fish bone meal, and soaking the cuttings in naphthalene acetic acid solution before cutting, up to 98%. Compared with sowing method to raise seedlings, the survival rate is 30% higher.
  • the present invention achieves efficient planting of Zanthoxylum bungeanum trees by combining cutting and seedling raising methods with transplanting and pruning, and improves the transplant survival rate of Zanthoxylum bungeanum. Compared with farmyard manure, the transplant survival rate is increased by about 13.3%.
  • Preparation of seedling substrate Preparation of seedling substrate: Mix peat, river sand, perlite and fish bone meal evenly according to the mass ratio of 2:2:1:1 to obtain the seedling substrate. After disinfection, place it in a cutting bed with a low temperature. ,spare;
  • Cutting treatment Soak the lower 5cm part of the ear strips in a naphthalene acetic acid solution with a concentration of 100 ppm for 6 hours, and make cuttings in mid-March. When cutting, insert the cuttings into the seedling medium at an angle, spray water, and keep it moist.
  • Land preparation Choose an area with sandy soil, deep soil, loose soil, and good drainage as the pepper garden. Select the location of the pepper garden on a slope with a slope of about 10°. Dig a planting hole with a length, width, and depth of 60cm. When digging the pit, reserve topsoil within 30cm of the surface, mix the topsoil and growth-promoting fertilizer evenly at a mass ratio of 3:1, then backfill it into the planting hole and compact it.
  • the growth-promoting fertilizer is uniformly mixed with 0.05 nitrogen-fixing bacteria, 0.07g GGR No. 6 rooting powder, 20g humus, 10g peat, and 40g decomposed farmyard manure;
  • the nitrogen-fixing bacteria were purchased from the General Microbiology Center of the China Microbial Culture Collection Committee, and the collection number is CGMCC No. 10821;
  • the GGR No. 6 rooting powder was purchased from Ika Reagent Main Store (Taobao).
  • Seedling cultivation Select the cultivated Zanthoxylum bungeanum seedlings whose branches have been fully lignified, dry and cut off some branches and leaves (cut off some branches and leaves), put them into the planting holes to allow the roots of the Zanthoxylum bungeanum seedlings to stretch, and then fill them with top soil.
  • the transplanting process It is necessary to make the rhizome of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seedlings higher than the ground. Use a triangular planting method. After transplanting, trim the ends of the seedlings appropriately.
  • Top dressing Spray a urea aqueous solution with a mass fraction of 0.6% once on the leaves during the bud stage, flowering stage and fruit bearing stage.
  • Pruning of saplings The saplings are set to a fixed stem and the cutting height is 35cm. When the new shoots grow to 30cm, 3 evenly distributed and strong growing branches are selected as the main branches. The opening angle of the main branches is 40°, and the upper and lower main branches are staggered. , if the main branch grows upright, you can use the branch pulling method to open it, and all the other new shoots are topiary, and the other branches can be pulled to make it grow horizontally, so as to ease the tree vigor and increase the nutrient accumulation of the tree;
  • This embodiment provides a method for cultivating Zanthoxylum bungeanum.
  • the specific steps are basically the same as those in Embodiment 1. The differences are:
  • the seedling cultivation substrate is obtained by uniformly mixing peat, river sand, perlite and fish bone meal in a mass ratio of 2:1:1:2;
  • Cutting treatment Soak the lower 3cm part of the ear strips in a naphthalene acetic acid solution with a concentration of 150 ppm for 2 hours. Carry out cuttings in mid-March. When cutting, insert the cuttings into the seedling medium at an angle, spray water and keep them moist.
  • the length, width and depth of the planting hole are all 50cm.
  • reserve topsoil within 30cm of the surface. Mix the topsoil and growth-promoting fertilizer evenly according to a mass ratio of 2:1 and then backfill it to the pressure inside the planting hole. Reality.
  • the growth-promoting fertilizer is uniformly mixed with 0.01 nitrogen-fixing bacteria, 0.02g GGR No. 6 rooting powder, 15g humus, 12g peat, and 30g decomposed farmyard manure.
  • the mass fraction of the urea aqueous solution is 0.4%.
  • Pruning of saplings The saplings are set to a fixed stem, and the cutting height is 25cm. When the new shoots grow to 10-30cm, 5 evenly distributed and strong growing branches are selected as the main branches, and the opening angle of the main branches is 60°;
  • This embodiment provides a method for cultivating Zanthoxylum bungeanum.
  • the specific steps are the same as those in Embodiment 1, but the difference is:
  • the seedling cultivation substrate is obtained by uniformly mixing peat, river sand, perlite and fish bone meal in a mass ratio of 2:1:1:2;
  • Cutting treatment Soak the lower 3cm part of the ear strips in a naphthalene acetic acid solution with a concentration of 150 ppm for 2 hours. Carry out cuttings in mid-March. When cutting, insert the cuttings into the seedling medium at an angle, spray water and keep them moist.
  • the length, width and depth of the planting hole are all 50cm.
  • reserve topsoil within 30cm of the surface. Mix the topsoil and growth-promoting fertilizer evenly according to a mass ratio of 2:1 and then backfill it to the pressure inside the planting hole. Reality.
  • the growth-promoting fertilizer is uniformly mixed with 0.01 nitrogen-fixing bacteria, 0.02g GGR No. 6 rooting powder, 15g humus, 12g peat, and 30g decomposed farmyard manure.
  • the mass fraction of the urea aqueous solution is 0.4%.
  • Pruning of saplings The saplings are set to a fixed stem, and the cutting height is 30cm. When the new shoots grow to 20cm, 4 evenly distributed and strong growing branches are selected as the main branches, and the opening angle of the main branches is 50°;
  • Examples 1-3 are specific examples of the present invention, and the number of cuttings collected in each example is 160.
  • Comparative Example 1 provides a method for cultivating Zanthoxylum bungeanum. The specific steps are the same as Example 1, with the difference being:
  • Comparative Example 2 provides a method for cultivating Zanthoxylum bungeanum. The specific steps are the same as those in Embodiment 1. The difference is:
  • the growth-promoting fertilizer is replaced by decomposed farmyard manure of the same quality.
  • Group A selects 1-year-old branches on the Zanthoxylum bungeanum tree to collect cuttings (15 pieces);
  • Group B selects 2-year-old branches on the Zanthoxylum bungeanum tree to collect cuttings (15 pieces);
  • Group C selects Cuttings (15) were collected from 3-year-old branches of Zanthoxylum bungeanum trees; the specific cutting steps were the same as in Example 1. After 40 days of cultivation, the survival rate and number of roots of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seedlings were recorded and calculated.
  • Example Seedling survival rate Transplant survival rate average number of roots average rooting rate
  • Example 1 98.0% 90% 4.5 100%
  • Example 2 96.0% 87% 4.4 98%
  • Example 3 97.3% 86% 4.1 98% Comparative example 1 68.0% - - - Comparative example 2 96.7% 76% 4.2 97%
  • Table 2 records the survival rate of seedlings raised by cuttings in Examples 1-3 and the seedling emergence rate of Comparative Example 1-2. It can be seen from Table 2 that Examples 1-3 of the present invention greatly improved the survival rate through the method of raising seedlings by cuttings. , among which the survival rate of Example 1 is the highest, reaching 98%;
  • the growth-promoting fertilizer used in the present invention significantly improves the transplant survival rate of pepper, which is about 13.3% higher than the transplant survival rate of ordinary decomposed farmyard manure.

Abstract

本发明属于植株繁殖技术领域，特别涉及一种花椒树的栽培方法，包括育苗，移栽和修剪。本发明通过扦插育苗、移栽和修剪提高了花椒树得成活率，获得高育苗存活率和高移栽存活率，从而促进了花椒树的生长和产量。

Description

一种花椒树的栽培方法 技术领域
本发明属于植株繁殖技术领域，特别涉及一种花椒树的栽培方法。
背景技术
花椒树属落叶灌木，高3～7m，茎干通常有增大皮刺；枝灰色或褐灰色，有细小的皮孔及略斜向上生的皮刺；多于中秋节前后采收。以中秋节后采者为佳，见于平原至海拔较高的山地，在青海见于海拔2500米的坡地，也有栽种。耐旱，喜阳光，各地多栽种。全国大部地区均有生产。产地北起东北南部，南至五岭北坡，东南至江苏、浙江沿海地带，西南至西藏东南部；台湾、海南及广东不产。花椒的药用价值：温中止痛，杀虫止痒。用于脘腹冷痛，呕吐泄泻，虫积腹痛，蛔虫症；外治湿疹瘙痒。
目前对花椒的种植大多直接利用播种方式直接栽培，存活率和产量均不理想，具体种植方式为：
种子晾晒，摊在露天的土地或芦席上晾晒，待种皮自然开裂后脱出种子，除去杂质，然后阴干，放入多于种子2倍水中搅拌静置半小时，除去上浮的杂质，获得种子；利用碱水或洗衣粉水脱脂，开水浸种，纱藏脱脂等处理种子，然后进行播种；
播种时间为春播和秋播，一般选择秋季播种，播种方法一般选择条播，播种量为10-15kg/亩；
播种后进行管理，包括覆草保墒、间苗定苗、苗期追肥，病虫害防治等。
传统播种方式出苗率低，从而直接影响花椒最终的产量。
发明内容
本发明提供的一种花椒树的栽培方法，通过扦插育苗提高了幼苗存活率， 节省了时间成本，通过移栽和修剪过程提高了花椒树的成活率。
本发明提供了一种花椒树的栽培方法，包括如下步骤：
包括如下步骤：
S1，扦插育苗：准备插床，制备育苗基质消毒分装，备用；
所述育苗基质由泥炭、河沙、珍珠岩和鱼骨粉按照质量比1～2：1～2：1～2：1～2混合制成；
选择无病害的花椒树上1～2年生粗壮枝条，采集16～24cm插穗，将其下半部分置于萘乙酸溶液中浸泡2～6h，然后插入育苗基质中，培养40～60天，获得花椒树幼苗；
S2，移栽：花椒园中挖出长、宽、深均为50～60cm的栽植穴，坑时预留出表层30cm以内的表层土，将表层土与促生肥按照质量比2～3:1混合均匀后回填到栽植穴内压实，然后采用三角形定植方式移栽花椒树幼苗；
所述促生肥由固氮菌、GGR6号生根粉、腐殖质、草炭和腐熟的农家肥按照质量比0.01～0.05g：0.02～0.07g：15～20g:10～15g:30g～40g均匀混合而成；
芽期、谢花期和挂果期叶面各喷施一次尿素水溶液；
S3，修剪：分别进行幼苗修剪、冬剪和定型。
进一步地，S1中，采集插穗的枝条选择一年生的粗壮枝。
进一步地，S1中，所述育苗基质由泥炭、河沙、珍珠岩和鱼骨粉按照质量比2：2：1：1混合制成。
进一步地，S1中，所述萘乙酸溶液的浓度为100～150ppm。
进一步地，所述尿素水溶液的质量分数为0.4～0.6％。
进一步地，S2中，所述促生肥由固氮菌、GGR6号生根粉、腐殖质、草炭和腐熟的农家肥按照质量比0.03g：0.02g：20g:15g:35g均匀混合而成。
进一步地，S3中，所述幼苗修剪步骤为：截干高度为25～35cm，待新梢长到10～30cm时，初选3～5个分布均匀、生长健壮的枝条作为主枝，主枝开张角度40°～60°，上下主枝错开，若主枝直立生长，可采用拉枝方法使其开 张，其余新梢全部摘心，其他枝采用拉枝方法使其水平生长。
进一步地，S3中，主枝开张角度50～55°。
进一步地，S3中，所述冬剪步骤具体为：观察树势，对长势强的主枝适当疏除部分枝条，多缓放，轻短截，对弱主枝多短截、少疏枝，增加枝条量，对骨干枝的延长枝剪留长度，剪留35～45cm，选留主枝上的第一侧枝，第一侧枝距主干20～30cm，侧枝宜选在斜上侧，侧枝与主枝的水平夹角为40～45°。
进一步地，所述定型步骤具体为：修剪各主枝的第二层侧枝，剪留长度为55～65cm。
与现有技术相比，本发明的有益效果：
1、本发明通过由泥炭、河沙、珍珠岩和鱼骨粉制备育苗基质，以及扦插前对插穗的萘乙酸溶液浸泡处理等手段，提高了花椒的育苗存活率，最高达98％，相比较播种方式育苗，存活率高出30％。
2、本发明通过联合扦插育苗手段和移栽和修剪实现了花椒树的高效种植，提高花椒移栽存活率，相比较农家肥，移栽存活率提高约13.3％。
具体实施方式
下面对本发明的具体实施方式进行详细描述，但应当理解本发明的保护范围并不受具体实施方式的限制。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动的前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。本发明各实施例中所述实验方法，如无特殊说明，均为常规方法。
实施例1
本实施例提供一种花椒树的栽培方法
一、扦插育苗
1、育苗基质准备：制备育苗基质：将泥炭、河沙、珍珠岩和鱼骨粉按照质量比2：2：1：1均匀混合，获得育苗基质，消毒后分装于加底温的扦插床内，备用；
2、插穗采集：从3年的无病虫害、结果多的花椒树上，选择1年生长的、有2个嫩芽的粗壮枝，剪出16cm的插穗，上端剪平，下端剪成马耳形，截口要平滑，上截口距离芽眼1.0cm；
3、插穗处理：将穗条下半部分5cm置于浓度为100ppm的萘乙酸溶液中浸泡6h，于3月中旬进行扦插，扦插时将插穗倾斜插入育苗基质中，喷洒水分，保持湿润。
培育40天后记录并计算花椒幼苗存活率和生根数。
二、移栽
1、整地：选择沙质土壤、土层深厚、土质疏松、排水良好的区域作为花椒园，花椒园位置选择在坡度10°左右的坡地，挖出长、宽、深均为60cm的栽植穴，挖坑时预留出表层30cm以内的表层土，将表层土与促生肥按照质量比3:1混合均匀后回填到栽植穴内压实。
所述促生肥由固氮菌0.05，双吉尔(GGR)6号生根粉0.07g，腐殖质20g，草炭10g，腐熟的农家肥40g均匀混合而成；
所述固氮菌购买自中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心，保藏编号为CGMCC No.10821；
所述的双吉尔(GGR)6号生根粉购买自伊卡试剂总店(淘宝)。
2、幼苗栽培：选择培育获得的枝梢已经充分木质化的花椒幼苗定干截梢(剪去部分枝叶)，放入栽植穴中，使得花椒幼苗根系舒展，然后填入表层土，移栽过程中需要使得花椒幼苗根茎比地面高，采用三角形定植方式，移栽完成后对幼苗末梢适当修剪。
追肥：芽期、谢花期、挂果期叶面各喷施一次质量分数为0.6％的尿素水溶液。
观察2个月后记录并计算移栽后存活率。
三、修剪
1、幼树修剪：幼苗定干，截干高度为35cm，待新梢长到30cm时，初选 3个分布均匀、生长健壮的枝条作为主枝，主枝开张角度40°，上下主枝错开，若主枝直立生长，可采用拉枝方法使其开张，其余新梢全部摘心，其他枝采用拉枝方法使其水平生长，以缓和树势，增加树体营养积累；
2、冬剪：移栽后第二年入冬前，观察树势，对长势强的主枝适当疏除部分枝条，多缓放，轻短截，对弱主枝多短截、少疏枝，增加枝条量，对骨干枝的延长枝剪留长度，剪留45cm，选留主枝上的第一侧枝，第一侧枝距主干20cm，侧枝宜选在斜上侧，侧枝与主枝的水平夹角为45°；
3、定型：移栽后第三年春季，修剪各主枝的第二层侧枝，剪留长度为65cm。
实施例2
本实施例提供一种花椒树的栽培方法，具体步骤与实施例1基本相同，区别在于：
一、扦插育苗
1、所述育苗基质由泥炭、河沙、珍珠岩和鱼骨粉按照质量比2：1：1：2均匀混合获得；
2、插穗采集：从2年的无病虫害、结果多的花椒树上，选择1年生长的、有3个嫩芽的粗壮枝，剪出24cm的插穗，上端剪平，下端剪成马耳形，截口要平滑，上截口距离芽眼2.0cm
3、插穗处理：将穗条下半部分3cm置于浓度为150ppm的萘乙酸溶液中浸泡2h，于3月中旬进行扦插，扦插时将插穗倾斜插入育苗基质中，喷洒水分，保持湿润。
二、移栽
1、所述栽植穴为长、宽、深均为50cm，挖坑时预留出表层30cm以内的表层土，将表层土与促生肥按照质量比2:1混合均匀后回填到栽植穴内压实。
所述促生肥由固氮菌0.01，双吉尔(GGR)6号生根粉0.02g，腐殖质15g，草炭12g，腐熟的农家肥30g均匀混合而成。
所述尿素水溶液质量分数为0.4％。
三、修剪
1、幼树修剪：幼苗定干，截干高度为25cm，待新梢长到10～30cm时，初选5个分布均匀、生长健壮的枝条作为主枝，主枝开张角度60°；
2、冬剪：移栽后第二年入冬前，观察树势，对长势强的主枝适当疏除部分枝条，多缓放，轻短截，对弱主枝多短截、少疏枝，增加枝条量，对骨干枝的延长枝剪留长度，剪留35cm，选留主枝上的第一侧枝，第一侧枝距主干30cm，侧枝宜选在斜上侧，侧枝与主枝的水平夹角为40°；
3、定型：移栽后第三年春季，修剪各主枝的第二层侧枝，剪留长度为55cm。
实施例3
本实施例提供了一种花椒树的栽培方法，具体步骤与实施例1相同，区别在于：
一、扦插育苗
1、所述育苗基质由泥炭、河沙、珍珠岩和鱼骨粉按照质量比2：1：1：2均匀混合获得；
2、插穗采集：从2年的无病虫害、结果多的花椒树上，选择1年生长的、有3个嫩芽的粗壮枝，剪出24cm的插穗，上端剪平，下端剪成马耳形，截口要平滑，上截口距离芽眼2.0cm
3、插穗处理：将穗条下半部分3cm置于浓度为150ppm的萘乙酸溶液中浸泡2h，于3月中旬进行扦插，扦插时将插穗倾斜插入育苗基质中，喷洒水分，保持湿润。
二、移栽
1、所述栽植穴为长、宽、深均为50cm，挖坑时预留出表层30cm以内的表层土，将表层土与促生肥按照质量比2:1混合均匀后回填到栽植穴内压实。
所述促生肥由固氮菌0.01，双吉尔(GGR)6号生根粉0.02g，腐殖质15g， 草炭12g，腐熟的农家肥30g均匀混合而成。
所述尿素水溶液质量分数为0.4％。
三、修剪
1、幼树修剪：幼苗定干，截干高度为30cm，待新梢长到20cm时，初选4个分布均匀、生长健壮的枝条作为主枝，主枝开张角度50°；
2、冬剪：移栽后第二年入冬前，观察树势，对长势强的主枝适当疏除部分枝条，多缓放，轻短截，对弱主枝多短截、少疏枝，增加枝条量，对骨干枝的延长枝剪留长度，剪留40cm，选留主枝上的第一侧枝，第一侧枝距主干25cm，侧枝宜选在斜上侧，侧枝与主枝的水平夹角为42°；
3、定型：移栽后第三年春季，修剪各主枝的第二层侧枝，剪留长度为60cm。
以上实施例1-3为本发明的具体实施例，每个实施例采集的插穗数为160支。
对比例1
对比例1提供了一种花椒树的栽培方法，具体步骤与实施例1相同，区别在于：
不进行扦插育苗，采用播种方式育苗，具体播种方法见现有技术记载(翟军哲.花椒播种育苗技术[J])的条播，具体为：播种采用条播，行距25cm，沟深5cm，把种子均匀撒入沟内，将两边的土培于沟上，开春后，检查种子发芽情况，每亩用脱脂催芽处理后的种子12kg，2个月后记录计算出苗率(相当于实施例1中的育苗存活率)。
对比例2
对比例2供了一种花椒树的栽培方法，具体步骤与实施例1相同，区别在于：
第二部分，移栽过程中，所述促生肥由同质量的腐熟的农家肥替换。
一、预实验研究
新枝条形成时间对扦插苗成活率的影响；
分三组，记为A组、B组和C组，A组选择花椒树上1年生枝条采集插穗(15支)；B组选择花椒树上2年生枝条采集插穗(15支)；C组选择花椒树上3年生枝条采集插穗(15支)；具体扦插步骤与实施例1中的相同，培育40天后记录并计算花椒幼苗存活率和生根数。
表1 新枝条形成时间对扦插苗成活率的影响
分组 平均生根数(根) 存活率(％)
A组 4.4 100％
B组 3.6 93％
C组 3.1 86％
由表1可以看到，新枝条形成时间对扦插苗成活率和生根数有很大的影响，采用1年生的枝条时有利于提高平均生根数和存活率。
表2 本发明育苗的存活率
实施例 育苗存活率 移栽存活率 平均生根数 平均生根率
实施例1 98.0％ 90％ 4.5 100％
实施例2 96.0％ 87％ 4.4 98％
实施例3 97.3％ 86％ 4.1 98％
对比例1 68.0％ - - -
对比例2 96.7％ 76％ 4.2 97％
表2中记载了实施例1-3扦插育苗的存活率和对比例1-2播种出苗率，由表2中可以看到，本发明实施例1-3通过扦插育苗的方法大大提高了存活率， 其中实施例1的存活率最高，达到98％；
与对比例1相比，说明扦插育苗的存活率远远大于播种的出苗率，说明本发明通过扦插不仅缩短了整个育苗的过程，同时显著提高了出苗率(即存活率)，本发明的扦插方法比播种育苗方法的存活率高出约30％。
与对比例2相比，本发明使用的促生肥显著提高了花椒移栽存活率，比普通的腐熟的农家肥的移栽存活率高出约13.3％。
需要说明的是，本发明权利要求书中采用的步骤方法与上述实施例相同，为了防止赘述，本发明的描述了优选的实施例，但本领域内的技术人员一旦得知了基本创造性概念，则可对这些实施例做出另外的变更和修改。所以，所附权利要求意欲解释为包括优选实施例以及落入本发明范围的所有变更和修改。
显然，本领域的技术人员可以对本发明进行各种改动和变型而不脱离本发明的精神和范围。这样，倘若本发明的这些修改和变型属于本发明权利要求及其等同技术的范围之内，则本发明也意图包含这些改动和变型在内。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种花椒树的栽培方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤：
    S1，扦插育苗：准备插床，制备育苗基质消毒分装，备用；
    所述育苗基质由泥炭、河沙、珍珠岩和鱼骨粉按照质量比1～2：1～2：1～2：1～2混合制成；
    选择无病害的花椒树上1～2年生粗壮枝条，采集16～24cm插穗，将其下半部分置于萘乙酸溶液中浸泡2～6h，然后插入育苗基质中，培养40～60天，获得花椒树幼苗；
    S2，移栽：花椒园中挖出长、宽、深均为50～60cm的栽植穴，坑时预留出表层30cm以内的表层土，将表层土与促生肥按照质量比2～3:1混合均匀后回填到栽植穴内压实，然后采用三角形定植方式移栽花椒树幼苗；
    所述促生肥由固氮菌、GGR6号生根粉、腐殖质、草炭和腐熟的农家肥按照质量比0.01～0.05g：0.02～0.07g：15～20g:10～15g:30g～40g均匀混合而成；
    芽期、谢花期和挂果期叶面各喷施一次尿素水溶液；
    S3，修剪：分别进行幼苗修剪、冬剪和定型。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的栽培方法，其特征在于，S1中，采集插穗的枝条选择一年生的粗壮枝。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的栽培方法，其特征在于，S1中，所述育苗基质由泥炭、河沙、珍珠岩和鱼骨粉按照质量比2：2：1：1混合制成。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的栽培方法，其特征在于，S1中，所述萘乙酸溶液的浓度为100～150ppm。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的栽培方法，其特征在于，S2中，所述尿素水溶液的质量分数为0.4～0.6％。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的栽培方法，其特征在于，S2中，所述促生肥由固氮菌、GGR6号生根粉、腐殖质、草炭和腐熟的农家肥按照质量比0.03g： 0.02g：20g:15g:35g均匀混合而成。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的栽培方法，其特征在于，S3中，所述幼苗修剪步骤为：截干高度为25～35cm，待新梢长到10～30cm时，初选3～5个分布均匀、生长健壮的枝条作为主枝，主枝开张角度40°～60°，上下主枝错开，若主枝直立生长，可采用拉枝方法使其开张，其余新梢全部摘心，其他枝采用拉枝方法使其水平生长。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的栽培方法，其特征在于，S3中，主枝开张角度50～55°。
  9. 根据权利要求1所述的栽培方法，其特征在于，S3中，所述冬剪步骤具体为：观察树势，对长势强的主枝适当疏除部分枝条，多缓放，轻短截，对弱主枝多短截、少疏枝，增加枝条量，对骨干枝的延长枝剪留长度，剪留35～45cm，选留主枝上的第一侧枝，第一侧枝距主干20～30cm，侧枝宜选在斜上侧，侧枝与主枝的水平夹角为40～45°。
  10. 根据权利要求1所述的栽培方法，其特征在于，S3中，所述定型步骤具体为：修剪各主枝的第二层侧枝，剪留长度为55～65cm。
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