WO2023155295A1 - Sheet welding deformation model construction method and sheet welding deformation leveling method - Google Patents

Sheet welding deformation model construction method and sheet welding deformation leveling method Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023155295A1
WO2023155295A1 PCT/CN2022/089135 CN2022089135W WO2023155295A1 WO 2023155295 A1 WO2023155295 A1 WO 2023155295A1 CN 2022089135 W CN2022089135 W CN 2022089135W WO 2023155295 A1 WO2023155295 A1 WO 2023155295A1
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strain
deformation
welding
transverse
longitudinal
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PCT/CN2022/089135
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French (fr)
Chinese (zh)
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许静
任超凡
许杰
吴百公
王秋平
谷家扬
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江苏科技大学
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Publication of WO2023155295A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023155295A1/en

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K31/00—Processes relevant to this subclass, specially adapted for particular articles or purposes, but not covered by only one of the preceding main groups
    • B23K31/12—Processes relevant to this subclass, specially adapted for particular articles or purposes, but not covered by only one of the preceding main groups relating to investigating the properties, e.g. the weldability, of materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C51/00—Measuring, gauging, indicating, counting, or marking devices specially adapted for use in the production or manipulation of material in accordance with subclasses B21B - B21F
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D1/00—Straightening, restoring form or removing local distortions of sheet metal or specific articles made therefrom; Stretching sheet metal combined with rolling
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D37/00—Tools as parts of machines covered by this subclass
    • B21D37/16—Heating or cooling
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K31/00—Processes relevant to this subclass, specially adapted for particular articles or purposes, but not covered by only one of the preceding main groups
    • B23K31/003—Processes relevant to this subclass, specially adapted for particular articles or purposes, but not covered by only one of the preceding main groups relating to controlling of welding distortion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K37/00—Auxiliary devices or processes, not specially adapted to a procedure covered by only one of the preceding main groups

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of thin plate welding deformation leveling, and relates to a model construction of thin plate welding deformation and a leveling method thereof.
  • the heating surface of the steel plate is heated first, while the back side is still cold.
  • the temperature gradient in the thickness direction of the plate is relatively large.
  • the heating surface will generate a large tensile stress to straighten the steel plate.
  • heat is easily transferred into the steel plate.
  • the ribs in the heating area are also easily heated, and the hard ribs will be thermally deformed. As a result, it takes longer and burns more gas to heat the steel plate to the target temperature. This method is slow and inefficient.
  • a large amount of poisonous gas will be generated during the leveling process, which has great potential safety hazards.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to overcome the defects of the prior art and provide a model construction and leveling method of thin plate welding deformation.
  • the heated leveling heating line can correct the leveling effect, so as to effectively improve the leveling efficiency, save resources, and reduce the safety hazards caused by leveling heating on site.
  • the present invention adopts the following technical solutions.
  • a method for building a thin plate welding deformation model of the present invention uses the inherent strain method to obtain a welding deformation model, comprising the following steps:
  • Step M1 Obtain corresponding material properties according to the sheet material to be leveled on site, including elastic modulus, sheet thickness, yield stress, and thermal expansion coefficient;
  • Step M2. Understand the data related to the on-site welding process, room temperature, maximum temperature during welding, welding speed, maximum temperature change value during cooling, and cross-sectional area of the weld;
  • Step M3. Calculate the values of compressive plastic strain and tensile plastic strain according to the corresponding data
  • Step M4 Adding the compressive plastic strain and the tensile plastic strain in the welding process to obtain the final intrinsic strain:
  • Step M5. Integrate the obtained inherent strains, and then correct them according to field experiment sampling to obtain the final mathematical models of the transverse and longitudinal intrinsic deformations, and the mathematical models of transverse and longitudinal bending deformations.
  • the step of obtaining the values of the compressive plastic strain and the tensile plastic strain according to the corresponding data includes:
  • Welding includes two processes: the heating of the weldment by the heat source, and the cooling of the weldment after the heat source leaves; the total strain inside the weldment during the whole process includes elastic strain, plastic strain, thermal strain and metal phase transformation, as expressed in the following formula
  • the inherent strain in the welding process is also called inelastic strain, namely
  • ⁇ represents the total strain
  • ⁇ * is the inelastic strain
  • ⁇ e is the elastic strain
  • ⁇ p is the plastic strain
  • ⁇ t is the thermal strain
  • ⁇ x is the metal phase transformation
  • the weldment After welding, the weldment returns to room temperature, and the thermal strain can be regarded as zero at this time; under the precondition of ignoring the metal phase transformation, the residual plastic strain is equal to the intrinsic strain, that is
  • compressive plastic strain and tensile plastic strain are calculated by the following formula, namely
  • ⁇ p1 -a(T max -T 0 ) (4)
  • ⁇ p1 is the compressive plastic strain
  • ⁇ p2 is the tensile plastic strain
  • a is the coefficient of thermal expansion
  • T max is the maximum temperature that can be reached during the heating process
  • T 0 is the initial temperature
  • T 2max is the maximum temperature change during the cooling process Value
  • ⁇ y is the yield stress
  • E is the modulus of elasticity
  • A is the cross-sectional area of the weld
  • L is the width of the inherent strain
  • k z is the elastic coefficient of the weldment.
  • the final intrinsic strain is obtained by adding the compressive plastic strain and the tensile plastic strain during the welding process, which is represented by the following formula:
  • Tc is the difference between the average temperature of the plastic strain zone
  • T cx is the difference of the transverse average temperature in the plastic strain zone
  • T cy is the difference of the longitudinal average temperature in the plastic strain zone.
  • Described step M5 comprises the following processes:
  • a set of welding deformation values is used to characterize the welding deformation mathematical model of the entire weld; the welding deformation mathematical model of the section perpendicular to the weld includes four parts: transverse and longitudinal inherent deformation, transverse and longitudinal bending deformation, which can be carried out through inherent strain Integral calculation, and finally the obtained model is corrected through multiple sampling experiments on site.
  • the specific mathematical model of welding deformation is as follows:
  • x is the vertical weld direction
  • h is the plate thickness
  • c, d, f, g are the compensation coefficients of transverse and longitudinal inherent deformation, transverse and longitudinal bending deformation, respectively.
  • a kind of flattening method of thin plate welding deformation of the present invention comprises the following steps:
  • Step 1 Construct the thin plate welding deformation model: understand the relevant properties of the leveling workpiece material and the relevant parameters of the on-site welding process, calculate the values of compressive plastic strain and tensile plastic strain according to the obtained data and related formulas, and add the values to get the workpiece
  • the final intrinsic strain is corrected according to the field experiment sampling to obtain the final transverse and longitudinal intrinsic deformation mathematical model, transverse and longitudinal bending deformation mathematical model;
  • Step 2 According to the obtained welding deformation mathematical model, it is judged whether the deformation after welding belongs to the wave deformation of angular deformation or longitudinal bending, and at the same time, a reasonable leveling heating line arrangement is carried out according to the actual situation of the thin plate on site;
  • Step 3 Using the magnetic conduction effect of the metal itself, the eddy current effect is generated by the induced current, and the steel plate is heated rapidly to generate a large temperature gradient in the thickness direction of the steel plate. After rapid cooling, it shrinks to achieve the purpose of eliminating the original deformation and realizing The effect of electromagnetic induction heating leveling;
  • Step 4 Carry out flatness inspection on the flattened thin plate, and determine whether further correction is required.
  • the thin plate welding deformation model is constructed, and the welding deformation model is obtained by using the inherent strain method, including:
  • Step 1.1 Obtain the corresponding material properties according to the sheet material that needs to be leveled on site: elastic modulus, sheet thickness, yield stress, thermal expansion coefficient;
  • Step 1.2 Understand the data related to the on-site welding process: room temperature, maximum temperature during welding, welding speed, maximum temperature change value during cooling, and cross-sectional area of the weld;
  • Step 1.3 Obtain the value of compressive plastic strain and tensile plastic strain according to corresponding data:
  • the welding process includes two processes: the heating of the weldment by the heat source and the cooling of the weldment after the heat source leaves.
  • the total strain inside the weldment includes elastic strain, plastic strain, thermal strain and metal phase transformation, expressed by the following formula
  • the inherent strain in the welding process is also called inelastic strain, namely
  • ⁇ represents the total strain
  • ⁇ * is the inelastic strain
  • ⁇ e is the elastic strain
  • ⁇ p is the plastic strain
  • ⁇ t is the thermal strain
  • ⁇ x is the metallic phase transition
  • the weldment After the welding process is over, the weldment returns to room temperature, and the thermal strain can be regarded as zero at this time; under the precondition of ignoring the metal phase transformation, the residual plastic strain is equal to the intrinsic strain, that is
  • the deformation of the weldment can be transverse deformation and longitudinal deformation according to the welding direction; the strain causing the transverse deformation can be regarded as the transverse intrinsic strain, and the strain causing the longitudinal deformation is the longitudinal intrinsic strain; during the welding process, the temperature of the weldment increases gradually, when When the temperature exceeds the yield temperature, it is compressed by elastic stress, resulting in compressive plastic deformation; during the cooling process, the weldment is stretched by elastic stress, resulting in tensile plastic deformation; compressive plastic strain and tensile plastic strain are calculated by the following formula ,Right now
  • ⁇ p 1 is the compressive plastic strain
  • ⁇ p2 is the tensile plastic strain
  • a is the coefficient of thermal expansion
  • T max is the highest temperature that can be reached during the heating process
  • T 0 is the initial temperature
  • T 2max is the maximum temperature change during the cooling process
  • ⁇ y is the yield stress
  • E is the elastic modulus
  • A is the cross-sectional area of the weld
  • L is the width of the inherent strain
  • kz is the elastic coefficient of the weldment
  • Step 1.4 Add the compressive plastic strain and the tensile plastic strain to obtain the final intrinsic strain, namely
  • Tc is the difference between the average temperature in the plastic strain zone
  • T cx is the difference of the transverse average temperature in the plastic strain zone
  • T cy is the difference of the longitudinal average temperature in the plastic strain zone
  • Step 1.5 Integrate the obtained intrinsic strain, and then obtain the final transverse and longitudinal intrinsic deformation mathematical model, transverse and longitudinal bending deformation mathematical model according to field experiment sampling correction;
  • the welding deformation is basically the same in each cross-section along the weld; therefore, only one set of welding deformation values can characterize the welding deformation mathematical model of the entire weld;
  • the mathematical model of welding deformation of the section includes four parts: transverse and longitudinal intrinsic deformation, transverse and longitudinal bending deformation. The model is as follows:
  • x is the vertical weld direction
  • h is the plate thickness
  • c, d, f, g are the compensation coefficients of transverse and longitudinal inherent deformation, transverse and longitudinal bending deformation, respectively.
  • the leveling heating line layout is carried out according to the welding deformation model, and the process includes:
  • the heating line along the direction parallel to the weld, heat the plate at a certain distance on the back of the weld, and use the tensile stress generated by the metal during cooling to level the deformation;
  • the present invention has the following beneficial effects and advantages:
  • the present invention collects the relevant data of the material properties of the actual welding workpiece and the data of the actual welding condition, and puts the actual data into the formula of the inherent strain method to establish a mathematical model of workpiece welding deformation that meets the field conditions;
  • the present invention compares the constructed welding deformation mathematical model with the actual weldment, corrects the error of the theoretical model, and makes the description of the actual welding deformation by the required model more accurate;
  • the present invention judges whether the post-welding deformation belongs to the angular deformation of the vertical weld seam or the longitudinal bending wave deformation parallel to the weld seam direction, and then arranges the induction leveling heating line according to the obtained deformation type. Make the final leveling effect optimal;
  • the present invention uses the method of electromagnetic induction heating to level the thin plate.
  • the heating efficiency of the induction heating heat source is high, which is beneficial to control and will not have collateral effects, and the degree of controllability is high, the thermal efficiency is high, energy-saving and clean, and the straightening effect of the thin plate is obvious;
  • the present invention detects the flatness of the flattened sheet, compares the detection result with the required flatness, and further corrects to ensure the final leveling effect.
  • Fig. 1 is a flowchart of a model construction method for welding deformation of a thin plate according to the present invention.
  • Fig. 2 is a flow chart of a method for leveling thin plate welding deformation according to the present invention.
  • a model construction and leveling method of thin plate welding deformation of the present invention obtains corresponding material properties according to the material of the thin plate to be leveled, and collects welding process parameters such as welding method, welding temperature, and welding speed on site; according to Corresponding data and inherent strain theory establish a welding deformation mathematical model, and correct the model through actual sampling; judge the welding deformation type according to the model output, and arrange the corresponding leveling heating line; apply electromagnetic induction heating method to adjust the deformation according to the position of the heating line
  • the workpiece is leveled; after leveling, measure the flatness of the workpiece, and then judge whether it meets the standard according to the actual requirements. If it does not meet the standard, it will be further leveled. If it meets the standard, the work is over.
  • the invention establishes a mathematical model of welding deformation on the basis of actual data, can accurately identify welding deformation and make reasonable leveling heating lines, and uses electromagnetic induction heating technology for leveling, which can achieve pollution-free and efficient leveling effects.
  • a kind of thin plate welding deformation model construction method of the present invention utilizes inherent strain method to obtain welding deformation model, comprises the following steps:
  • Step M1 Obtain corresponding material properties according to the sheet material to be leveled on site, including elastic modulus, sheet thickness, yield stress, and thermal expansion coefficient;
  • Step M2. Understand the data related to the on-site welding process, room temperature, maximum temperature during welding, welding speed, maximum temperature change value during cooling, and cross-sectional area of the weld;
  • Step M3. Calculate the values of compressive plastic strain and tensile plastic strain according to the corresponding data
  • Step M4 Adding the compressive plastic strain and the tensile plastic strain in the welding process to obtain the final intrinsic strain:
  • Step M5. Integrate the obtained inherent strains, and then correct them according to field experiment sampling to obtain the final mathematical models of the transverse and longitudinal intrinsic deformations, and the mathematical models of transverse and longitudinal bending deformations.
  • the step of obtaining the values of the compressive plastic strain and the tensile plastic strain according to the corresponding data includes:
  • Welding includes two processes: the heating of the weldment by the heat source, and the cooling of the weldment after the heat source leaves; the total strain inside the weldment during the whole process includes elastic strain, plastic strain, thermal strain and metal phase transformation, as expressed in the following formula
  • the inherent strain in the welding process is also called inelastic strain, namely
  • ⁇ represents the total strain
  • ⁇ * is the inelastic strain
  • ⁇ e is the elastic strain
  • ⁇ p is the plastic strain
  • ⁇ t is the thermal strain
  • ⁇ x is the metal phase transformation
  • the weldment After welding, the weldment returns to room temperature, and the thermal strain can be regarded as zero at this time; under the precondition of ignoring the metal phase transformation, the residual plastic strain is equal to the intrinsic strain, that is
  • compressive plastic strain and tensile plastic strain are calculated by the following formula, namely
  • ⁇ p1 is the compressive plastic strain
  • ⁇ p2 is the tensile plastic strain
  • a is the coefficient of thermal expansion
  • T max is the maximum temperature that can be reached during the heating process
  • T 0 is the initial temperature
  • T 2max is the maximum temperature change during the cooling process Value
  • ⁇ y is the yield stress
  • E is the modulus of elasticity
  • A is the cross-sectional area of the weld
  • L is the width of the inherent strain
  • k z is the elastic coefficient of the weldment.
  • step M4 the compressive plastic strain and the tensile plastic strain in the welding process are added to obtain the final intrinsic strain, which is represented by the following formula:
  • Tc is the difference between the average temperature of the plastic strain zone
  • T cx is the difference of the transverse average temperature in the plastic strain zone
  • T cy is the difference of the longitudinal average temperature in the plastic strain zone.
  • Described step M5 comprises the following processes:
  • a set of welding deformation values is used to characterize the welding deformation mathematical model of the entire weld; the welding deformation mathematical model of the section perpendicular to the weld includes four parts: transverse and longitudinal inherent deformation, transverse and longitudinal bending deformation, which can be carried out through inherent strain Integral calculation, and finally the obtained model is corrected through multiple sampling experiments on site.
  • the specific mathematical model of welding deformation is as follows:
  • x is the vertical weld direction
  • h is the plate thickness
  • c, d, f, g are the compensation coefficients of transverse and longitudinal inherent deformation, transverse and longitudinal bending deformation, respectively.
  • a kind of flattening method of sheet welding deformation of the present invention comprises the following steps:
  • Step 1 Construction of thin plate welding deformation model: understand the relevant properties of the leveling workpiece material and the relevant parameters of the on-site welding process, calculate the values of compressive plastic strain and tensile plastic strain according to the obtained data and related formulas, and add the values to get The final intrinsic strain of the workpiece is corrected according to the field experiment sampling to obtain the final transverse and longitudinal intrinsic deformation mathematical model, and the transverse and longitudinal bending deformation mathematical model.
  • Step 2 According to the obtained welding deformation mathematical model, it is judged whether the deformation after welding belongs to the wave deformation of angular deformation or longitudinal bending, and at the same time, a reasonable leveling heating line arrangement is carried out according to the actual situation of the thin plate on site;
  • Step 3 Using the magnetic conduction effect of the metal itself, the eddy current effect is generated by the induced current, and the steel plate is heated rapidly to generate a large temperature gradient in the thickness direction of the steel plate. After rapid cooling, it shrinks to achieve the purpose of eliminating the original deformation and realizing The effect of electromagnetic induction heating leveling;
  • Step 4 Carry out flatness inspection on the flattened thin plate, and determine whether further correction is required.
  • Step 1.1 Obtain the corresponding material properties, elastic modulus, sheet thickness, yield stress, thermal expansion coefficient, etc. according to the sheet material that needs to be leveled on site:
  • Step 1.2 Understand the data related to the on-site welding process, room temperature, maximum temperature during welding, welding speed, etc., the maximum temperature change value during the cooling process, and the cross-sectional area of the weld;
  • Step 1.3 Obtain the value of compressive plastic strain and tensile plastic strain according to corresponding data:
  • the welding process includes two processes: the heating of the weldment by the heat source and the cooling of the weldment after the heat source leaves.
  • the total strain inside the weldment is composed of elastic strain, plastic strain, thermal strain and metal phase transformation, expressed by the following formula
  • the inherent strain in the welding process is also called inelastic strain, namely
  • ⁇ represents the total strain
  • ⁇ * is the inelastic strain
  • ⁇ e is the elastic strain
  • ⁇ p is the plastic strain
  • ⁇ t is the thermal strain
  • ⁇ x is the metallic phase transition.
  • the weldment After the welding process, the weldment returns to room temperature, so the thermal strain can be regarded as zero at this time. At the same time, under the precondition of ignoring the metal phase transformation, the residual plastic strain is equal to the intrinsic strain, that is
  • the deformation of the weldment can be transverse deformation and longitudinal deformation according to the welding direction.
  • the strain causing the transverse deformation can be regarded as the transverse intrinsic strain
  • the strain causing the longitudinal deformation is the longitudinal intrinsic strain.
  • the temperature of the weldment gradually increases. When the temperature exceeds the yield temperature, it is compressed by the elastic stress, resulting in compressive plastic deformation; during the cooling process, the weldment is stretched by the elastic stress, resulting in tensile plasticity.
  • the deformation, compressive plastic strain and tensile plastic strain are calculated by the following formula, namely
  • ⁇ p1 -a(T max -T 0 ) (40)
  • ⁇ p1 is the compressive plastic strain
  • ⁇ p2 is the tensile plastic strain
  • a is the thermal expansion coefficient
  • T max is the highest temperature that can be reached during the heating process
  • T 0 is the initial temperature
  • T 2max is the maximum temperature during the cooling process Change value
  • ⁇ y is the yield stress
  • E is the modulus of elasticity
  • A is the cross-sectional area of the weld
  • L is the width of the inherent strain
  • k z is the elastic coefficient of the weldment.
  • Step 1.4 Add the compressive plastic strain and tensile plastic strain during welding to get the final intrinsic strain:
  • the final intrinsic strain is obtained by adding the compressive plastic strain and the tensile plastic strain during the welding process, namely
  • Tc is the difference between the average temperature of the plastic strain zone.
  • T cx is the difference of the transverse average temperature in the plastic strain zone
  • T cy is the difference of the longitudinal average temperature in the plastic strain zone.
  • Step 1.5 Integrate the obtained intrinsic strain, and then obtain the final transverse and longitudinal intrinsic deformation mathematical model, transverse and longitudinal bending deformation mathematical model according to field experiment sampling correction;
  • each section perpendicular to the weld has a certain amount of deformation, and these deformations are welding deformation.
  • the welding deformation is basically the same in all cross-sections along the weld. Therefore, only a set of welding deformation values can characterize the welding deformation mathematical model of the entire weld.
  • the welding deformation mathematical model of the section perpendicular to the weld includes four parts: transverse and longitudinal inherent deformation, transverse and longitudinal bending deformation. These deformations can be calculated by integral calculation of intrinsic strain, and finally the obtained model is corrected through multiple sampling experiments on site , the specific welding deformation mathematical model is as follows:
  • x is the vertical weld direction
  • h is the plate thickness
  • c, d, f, g are the compensation coefficients of transverse and longitudinal inherent deformation, transverse and longitudinal bending deformation, respectively.
  • the leveling heating line is arranged according to the model, and the process includes:
  • the post-welding deformation belongs to the angle deformation of the vertical weld seam and the longitudinal bending wave deformation parallel to the direction of the weld seam.
  • reasonable leveling is carried out according to the thickness of the thin plate on site Heating line layout; in actual production, the process of judging the deformation of the stiffened plate structure through the welding deformation model and making a corresponding reasonable leveling heating line is as follows:
  • the heating line along the direction parallel to the weld, heat the plate at a certain distance on the back of the weld, and use the tensile stress generated by the metal during cooling to level the deformation.
  • the heated position will be a wide area in actual use.
  • double heating wires are used for correction
  • thinner panels single heating wires are used for heating correction.
  • the induction heating leveling process comprises:
  • the induction heating leveling method has the advantages of high controllability, high thermal efficiency, energy saving and cleaning, and obvious thin plate straightening effect.
  • the flatness of the flattened sheet is tested, if the final leveling result does not meet the actual requirements, further electromagnetic induction heating for leveling correction; if the requirements are met, the leveling work ends.

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Abstract

A sheet welding deformation model construction method. The method comprises: obtaining material attributes according to a sheet material needing to be leveled, and collecting on-site welding process parameters; and constructing a welding deformation mathematical model according to corresponding data and intrinsic strain theory, and correcting the model by means of actual sampling. Further disclosed is a leveling method. The method comprises: determining a welding deformation type according to a model output, and arranging a corresponding leveling heating wire; using an electromagnetic induction heating method to level a deformed workpiece according to the position of the heating wire; and measuring the flatness of the workpiece after leveling, determining, according to actual requirements, whether a standard is reached, and if the standard is not reached, further performing leveling until leveling reaches the standard. In the methods, the welding deformation mathematical model is constructed on the basis of actual data, so that a reasonable leveling heating wire arrangement can be made while a welding deformation condition can be identified accurately; and a leveling process is pollution-free, reliable and efficient.

Description

一种薄板焊接变形的模型建构及其矫平方法A Model Construction and Leveling Method of Welding Deformation of Thin Plate 技术领域technical field
本发明属于薄板焊接变形矫平技术领域，涉及一种薄板焊接变形的模型建构及其矫平方法。The invention belongs to the technical field of thin plate welding deformation leveling, and relates to a model construction of thin plate welding deformation and a leveling method thereof.
背景技术Background technique
目前，在船舶及海洋工程结构中大量采用焊接工艺对各个分段和板件进行加工，金属材料在焊接过程中，焊缝及其附近区域会因外部的热输入以及受到周围温度较低金属的约束，而产生塑性应变、热应变和相应变等现象，冷却后的残余应变会导致最终的残余应力与变形。这不仅会影响生产工艺流程的正常进行，而且会降低整体结构的承载能力，造成结构发生脆性破坏、压杆稳定承载力降低、构件尺寸和形状发生变化等后果。At present, a large number of welding processes are used in ships and ocean engineering structures to process various sections and plates. During the welding process of metal materials, the weld seam and its surrounding areas will be affected by external heat input and the surrounding temperature of the metal. Constraints, resulting in plastic strain, thermal strain and corresponding strain, the residual strain after cooling will lead to the final residual stress and deformation. This will not only affect the normal progress of the production process, but also reduce the bearing capacity of the overall structure, resulting in brittle failure of the structure, reduction of the stable bearing capacity of the compression bar, and changes in the size and shape of the components.
在传统的人工火工矫平方法过程中，钢板受热面先被加热，而背面还是冷的，在板材厚度方向温度梯度较大，在冷却时受热面会产生较大的拉应力使钢板拉直。然而当矫正薄钢板时，热量很容易传递到钢板内。这时，加热区域内的筋板也容易被加热，坚硬的筋板就会产生热变形。由此，把钢板加热到目标温度时，需要更长的时间、燃烧更多的气体。此方法速度慢、效率低，同时在矫平过程会产生大量有毒气体，存在较大安全隐患。In the traditional artificial pyrotechnic leveling method, the heating surface of the steel plate is heated first, while the back side is still cold. The temperature gradient in the thickness direction of the plate is relatively large. When cooling, the heating surface will generate a large tensile stress to straighten the steel plate. However, when straightening a thin steel plate, heat is easily transferred into the steel plate. At this time, the ribs in the heating area are also easily heated, and the hard ribs will be thermally deformed. As a result, it takes longer and burns more gas to heat the steel plate to the target temperature. This method is slow and inefficient. At the same time, a large amount of poisonous gas will be generated during the leveling process, which has great potential safety hazards.
因此，需要开发一种高效、方便运行的矫平方法，能够根据现场焊接情况判断薄板实际形变、并且合理地布置矫平加热线的有效矫正薄板焊接变形。Therefore, it is necessary to develop an efficient and convenient leveling method, which can judge the actual deformation of the thin plate according to the welding situation on site, and reasonably arrange the leveling heating line to effectively correct the welding deformation of the thin plate.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明目的在于克服现有技术的缺陷，提供一种薄板焊接变形的模型建构及其矫平方法，首先建构薄板焊接变形模型，然后根据焊接形变模型来精确地判断薄板形变类型，合理布置电磁感应加热的矫平加热线并对矫平效果进行修正，从而有效地提高矫平效率、节约资源，减少现场由于矫平加热导致的安全隐患。The purpose of the present invention is to overcome the defects of the prior art and provide a model construction and leveling method of thin plate welding deformation. The heated leveling heating line can correct the leveling effect, so as to effectively improve the leveling efficiency, save resources, and reduce the safety hazards caused by leveling heating on site.
为实现上述技术目的，本发明采用以下技术方案。In order to achieve the above technical purpose, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions.
本发明的一种薄板焊接变形的模型建构方法，利用固有应变法获得焊接变形模型，包括以下步骤：A method for building a thin plate welding deformation model of the present invention uses the inherent strain method to obtain a welding deformation model, comprising the following steps:
步骤M1.根据现场需要矫平的薄板材质获得相应的材料属性，包括弹性模量、薄板厚度、屈服应力、热膨胀系数；Step M1. Obtain corresponding material properties according to the sheet material to be leveled on site, including elastic modulus, sheet thickness, yield stress, and thermal expansion coefficient;
步骤M2.了解现场焊接工艺相关数据，室温、焊接时最高温度、焊接速度，冷却过程中温度最大变化值、焊缝的横剖面积；Step M2. Understand the data related to the on-site welding process, room temperature, maximum temperature during welding, welding speed, maximum temperature change value during cooling, and cross-sectional area of the weld;
步骤M3.根据相应数据求取压缩塑性应变和拉伸塑性应变的值；Step M3. Calculate the values of compressive plastic strain and tensile plastic strain according to the corresponding data;
步骤M4.将焊接过程中压缩塑性应变和拉伸塑性应变相加得到最终的固有应变:Step M4. Adding the compressive plastic strain and the tensile plastic strain in the welding process to obtain the final intrinsic strain:
步骤M5.将所得固有应变进行积分，再根据现场实验取样修正得到最终横向和纵向固有变形数学模型、横向和纵向弯曲变形数学模型。Step M5. Integrate the obtained inherent strains, and then correct them according to field experiment sampling to obtain the final mathematical models of the transverse and longitudinal intrinsic deformations, and the mathematical models of transverse and longitudinal bending deformations.
所述步骤M3中，根据相应数据求取压缩塑性应变和拉伸塑性应变的值的步骤包括：In the step M3, the step of obtaining the values of the compressive plastic strain and the tensile plastic strain according to the corresponding data includes:
焊接包括两个过程：热源对焊件的加热、热源离开后焊件的冷却；在整个过程中焊件内部的总应变包括弹性应变、塑性应变、热应变和金属相变，如下式表达Welding includes two processes: the heating of the weldment by the heat source, and the cooling of the weldment after the heat source leaves; the total strain inside the weldment during the whole process includes elastic strain, plastic strain, thermal strain and metal phase transformation, as expressed in the following formula
ε＝ε e+ε p+ε t+ε x        (1) ε＝ε e +ε p +ε t +ε x (1)
而在焊接过程中固有应变也称之为非弹性应变，即The inherent strain in the welding process is also called inelastic strain, namely
ε *＝ε-ε e＝ε p+ε t+ε x        (2) ε * ＝ε-ε e ＝ε p +ε t +ε x (2)
其中，ε代表总应变，ε *是非弹性应变，ε e是弹性应变，ε p是塑性应变，ε t是热应变，ε x是金属相变； Among them, ε represents the total strain, ε * is the inelastic strain, ε e is the elastic strain, ε p is the plastic strain, ε t is the thermal strain, ε x is the metal phase transformation;
焊接结束后，焊件恢复到室温，此时热应变可以看作为零；在忽略金属相变的前提条件下，残余的塑性应变就等于固有应变，即After welding, the weldment returns to room temperature, and the thermal strain can be regarded as zero at this time; under the precondition of ignoring the metal phase transformation, the residual plastic strain is equal to the intrinsic strain, that is
ε *＝ε p           (3) ε * = ε p (3)
产生拉伸塑性形变，压缩塑性应变和拉伸塑性应变由下式计算，即To produce tensile plastic deformation, compressive plastic strain and tensile plastic strain are calculated by the following formula, namely
ε p1＝-a(T max-T 0)           (4) ε p1 ＝-a(T max -T 0 ) (4)
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000001
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000001
其中，ε p1是压缩塑性应变，ε p2是拉伸塑性应变，a为热膨胀系数，T max为加热过程所能达到的最高温度，T 0为初始温度，T 2max为冷却过程中的温度最大变化值，σ y为屈服应力，E为弹性模量，A为焊缝的横剖面积，L为固有应变的宽度，k z为焊件的弹性系数。 Among them, ε p1 is the compressive plastic strain, ε p2 is the tensile plastic strain, a is the coefficient of thermal expansion, T max is the maximum temperature that can be reached during the heating process, T 0 is the initial temperature, and T 2max is the maximum temperature change during the cooling process Value, σ y is the yield stress, E is the modulus of elasticity, A is the cross-sectional area of the weld, L is the width of the inherent strain, and k z is the elastic coefficient of the weldment.
所述步骤M4中，将焊接过程中压缩塑性应变和拉伸塑性应变相加得到最终的固有应变，用下式表示：In the step M4, the final intrinsic strain is obtained by adding the compressive plastic strain and the tensile plastic strain during the welding process, which is represented by the following formula:
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000002
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000002
在式中T c为塑性应变区的平均温度之差； In the formula, Tc is the difference between the average temperature of the plastic strain zone;
焊接的横、纵向固有应变值由下式计算，即The transverse and longitudinal inherent strain values of welding are calculated by the following formula, namely
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000003
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000003
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000004
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000004
在式中
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000005
为横固有应变，
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000006
为纵向固有应变，T cx为塑性应变区的横向平均温度之差，T cy为塑性应变区的纵向平均温度之差。 in the formula
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000005
is the transverse intrinsic strain,
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000006
is the longitudinal inherent strain, T cx is the difference of the transverse average temperature in the plastic strain zone, and T cy is the difference of the longitudinal average temperature in the plastic strain zone.
所述的步骤M5包括以下过程：Described step M5 comprises the following processes:
用一组焊接变形的数值来表征整个焊缝的焊接变形数学模型；垂直于焊缝的截面的焊接变形数学模型包含横向和纵向固有变形、横向和纵向弯曲变形四个部分，可以通过固有应变进行积分计算，最后通过现场多次取样实验对所得模型进行修正，具体焊接变形数学模型如下：A set of welding deformation values is used to characterize the welding deformation mathematical model of the entire weld; the welding deformation mathematical model of the section perpendicular to the weld includes four parts: transverse and longitudinal inherent deformation, transverse and longitudinal bending deformation, which can be carried out through inherent strain Integral calculation, and finally the obtained model is corrected through multiple sampling experiments on site. The specific mathematical model of welding deformation is as follows:
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000007
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000007
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000008
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000008
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000009
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000009
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000010
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000010
在式中，x为垂直焊缝方向，y厚度方向和z焊缝方向，h为板材厚度，c、d、f、g分别为横向和纵向固有变形、横向和纵向弯曲变形的补偿系数。In the formula, x is the vertical weld direction, y thickness direction and z weld direction, h is the plate thickness, c, d, f, g are the compensation coefficients of transverse and longitudinal inherent deformation, transverse and longitudinal bending deformation, respectively.
本发明的一种薄板焊接变形的矫平方法，包括以下步骤：A kind of flattening method of thin plate welding deformation of the present invention comprises the following steps:
步骤一、建构薄板焊接变形模型：了解矫平工件材料相关属性以及现场焊接工艺相关参数，根据所得的数据与相关公式求取压缩塑性应变和拉伸塑性应变的值，并将值相加得到工件最终的固有应变，再根据现场实验取样修正得到最终横向和纵向固有变形数学模型、横向和纵向弯曲变形数学模型；Step 1. Construct the thin plate welding deformation model: understand the relevant properties of the leveling workpiece material and the relevant parameters of the on-site welding process, calculate the values of compressive plastic strain and tensile plastic strain according to the obtained data and related formulas, and add the values to get the workpiece The final intrinsic strain is corrected according to the field experiment sampling to obtain the final transverse and longitudinal intrinsic deformation mathematical model, transverse and longitudinal bending deformation mathematical model;
步骤二、根据所得焊接变形数学模型判断焊接后的变形是属于角变形和纵向弯曲的波浪变形中哪一类，同时根据现场薄板实际情况进行合理的矫平加热线布置；Step 2. According to the obtained welding deformation mathematical model, it is judged whether the deformation after welding belongs to the wave deformation of angular deformation or longitudinal bending, and at the same time, a reasonable leveling heating line arrangement is carried out according to the actual situation of the thin plate on site;
步骤三、利用金属本身的导磁作用，通过感应电流产生涡流效应，将钢板迅速加热，在钢板的厚度方向产生较大的温度梯度，快速冷却后收缩，以达到消除原有变形的目的，实现电磁感应加热矫平的效果；Step 3. Using the magnetic conduction effect of the metal itself, the eddy current effect is generated by the induced current, and the steel plate is heated rapidly to generate a large temperature gradient in the thickness direction of the steel plate. After rapid cooling, it shrinks to achieve the purpose of eliminating the original deformation and realizing The effect of electromagnetic induction heating leveling;
步骤四、对矫平后的薄板进行平整度检测，判断是否需要进一步修正。Step 4: Carry out flatness inspection on the flattened thin plate, and determine whether further correction is required.
进一步地，在所述的步骤一中，建构薄板焊接变形模型，利用固有应变法获得焊接变形模型，包括：Further, in the first step, the thin plate welding deformation model is constructed, and the welding deformation model is obtained by using the inherent strain method, including:
步骤1.1.根据现场需要矫平的薄板材质获得相应的材料属性：弹性模量、薄板厚度、屈服应力、热膨胀系数；Step 1.1. Obtain the corresponding material properties according to the sheet material that needs to be leveled on site: elastic modulus, sheet thickness, yield stress, thermal expansion coefficient;
步骤1.2.了解现场焊接工艺相关数据：室温、焊接时最高温度、焊接速度，冷却过程中温度最大变化值、焊缝的横剖面积；Step 1.2. Understand the data related to the on-site welding process: room temperature, maximum temperature during welding, welding speed, maximum temperature change value during cooling, and cross-sectional area of the weld;
步骤1.3.根据相应数据求取压缩塑性应变和拉伸塑性应变的值:Step 1.3. Obtain the value of compressive plastic strain and tensile plastic strain according to corresponding data:
焊接过程包括两个过程：热源对焊件的加热以及热源离开后焊件的冷却，焊件内部的总应变包括弹性应变、塑性应变、热应变和金属相变，由下公式表达The welding process includes two processes: the heating of the weldment by the heat source and the cooling of the weldment after the heat source leaves. The total strain inside the weldment includes elastic strain, plastic strain, thermal strain and metal phase transformation, expressed by the following formula
ε＝ε e+ε p+ε t+ε x          (13) ε＝ε e +ε p +ε t +ε x (13)
而在焊接过程中固有应变也称为非弹性应变，即The inherent strain in the welding process is also called inelastic strain, namely
ε *＝ε-ε e＝ε p+ε t+ε x          (14) ε * ＝ε-ε e ＝ε p +ε t +ε x (14)
其中ε代表总应变，ε *是非弹性应变，ε e是弹性应变，ε p是塑性应变，ε t是热应变，ε x是金属相变； where ε represents the total strain, ε * is the inelastic strain, ε e is the elastic strain, ε p is the plastic strain, ε t is the thermal strain, ε x is the metallic phase transition;
焊接过程结束后，焊件恢复到室温，此时热应变可以看作为零；在忽略金属相变的前提条件下，残余的塑性应变等于固有应变，即After the welding process is over, the weldment returns to room temperature, and the thermal strain can be regarded as zero at this time; under the precondition of ignoring the metal phase transformation, the residual plastic strain is equal to the intrinsic strain, that is
ε *＝ε p           (15) ε * = ε p (15)
焊件变形按照焊接方向可以为横向变形和纵向变形；引起横向变形的应变可以看作为横向固有应变，引起纵向变形的应变为纵向固有应变；在焊接过程中，焊件的温度逐渐升高，当温度超过屈服温度时，受到弹性应力的压缩作用，产生压缩塑性形变；降温过程中，焊件受到弹性应力的拉伸作用，产生拉伸塑性形变；压缩塑性应变和拉伸塑性应变由下式计算，即The deformation of the weldment can be transverse deformation and longitudinal deformation according to the welding direction; the strain causing the transverse deformation can be regarded as the transverse intrinsic strain, and the strain causing the longitudinal deformation is the longitudinal intrinsic strain; during the welding process, the temperature of the weldment increases gradually, when When the temperature exceeds the yield temperature, it is compressed by elastic stress, resulting in compressive plastic deformation; during the cooling process, the weldment is stretched by elastic stress, resulting in tensile plastic deformation; compressive plastic strain and tensile plastic strain are calculated by the following formula ,Right now
ε p1＝-a(T max-T 0)             (16) ε p1 ＝-a(T max -T 0 ) (16)
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000011
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000011
其中，εp 1是压缩塑性应变，ε p2是拉伸塑性应变，a为热膨胀系数，T max为加热过程所能达到的最高温度，T 0为初始温度，T 2max为冷却过程中的温度最大变化值，σ y为屈服应力，E为弹性模量，A为焊缝的横剖面积，L为固有应变的宽度，k z为焊件的弹性系数； Among them, εp 1 is the compressive plastic strain, ε p2 is the tensile plastic strain, a is the coefficient of thermal expansion, T max is the highest temperature that can be reached during the heating process, T 0 is the initial temperature, and T 2max is the maximum temperature change during the cooling process σy is the yield stress, E is the elastic modulus, A is the cross-sectional area of the weld, L is the width of the inherent strain, and kz is the elastic coefficient of the weldment;
步骤1.4.压缩塑性应变和拉伸塑性应变相加得到最终的固有应变，即Step 1.4. Add the compressive plastic strain and the tensile plastic strain to obtain the final intrinsic strain, namely
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000012
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000012
T c为塑性应变区的平均温度之差； Tc is the difference between the average temperature in the plastic strain zone;
焊接的横、纵向固有应变值由下式计算，即The transverse and longitudinal inherent strain values of welding are calculated by the following formula, namely
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000013
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000013
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000014
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000014
在式中
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000015
为横固有应变，
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000016
为纵向固有应变，T cx为塑性应变区的横向平均温度之差，T cy为塑性应变区的纵向平均温度之差； in the formula
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000015
is the transverse intrinsic strain,
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000016
is the longitudinal inherent strain, T cx is the difference of the transverse average temperature in the plastic strain zone, and T cy is the difference of the longitudinal average temperature in the plastic strain zone;
步骤1.5.将所得固有应变进行积分，再根据现场实验取样修正得到最终横向和纵向固有变形数学模型、横向和纵向弯曲变形数学模型；Step 1.5. Integrate the obtained intrinsic strain, and then obtain the final transverse and longitudinal intrinsic deformation mathematical model, transverse and longitudinal bending deformation mathematical model according to field experiment sampling correction;
在忽略端部效应的前提下，焊接变形在沿着焊缝的各个横截面上基本相同；因此，仅用一组焊接变形的数值可以表征整个焊缝的焊接变形数学模型；垂直于焊缝的截面的焊接变形数学模型包含横向和纵向固有变形、横向和纵向弯曲变形四个部分，这些变形可以通过固有应变进行积分计算得到，最后通过现场多次取样实验对所得模型进行修正，具体焊接变形数学模型如下：Under the premise of ignoring the end effect, the welding deformation is basically the same in each cross-section along the weld; therefore, only one set of welding deformation values can characterize the welding deformation mathematical model of the entire weld; The mathematical model of welding deformation of the section includes four parts: transverse and longitudinal intrinsic deformation, transverse and longitudinal bending deformation. The model is as follows:
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000017
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000017
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000018
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000018
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000019
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000019
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000020
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000020
在式中x为垂直焊缝方向，y厚度方向和z焊缝方向，h为板材厚度，c、d、f、g分别为横向和纵向固有变形、横向和纵向弯曲变形的补偿系数。In the formula, x is the vertical weld direction, y thickness direction and z weld direction, h is the plate thickness, c, d, f, g are the compensation coefficients of transverse and longitudinal inherent deformation, transverse and longitudinal bending deformation, respectively.
进一步地，在所述的步骤二中，根据焊接变形模型进行矫平加热线布置，其过程包括：Further, in the second step, the leveling heating line layout is carried out according to the welding deformation model, and the process includes:
根据所建构的焊接变形数学模型，判断焊接后变形是属于垂直焊缝横向起折的角变形和平行焊缝方向的纵向弯曲的波浪变形中哪一类，同时根据现场薄板厚度情况进行相应合理的矫平加热线布置：在实际生产中，通过焊接变形模型判断加筋板结构的变形并进行相应合理的矫平加热线布置的过程为：According to the constructed mathematical model of welding deformation, it is judged whether the post-welding deformation belongs to the angle deformation of vertical bending in the direction of the weld or the wave deformation of longitudinal bending parallel to the direction of the welding seam. Arrangement of leveling heating lines: In actual production, the process of judging the deformation of the stiffened plate structure through the welding deformation model and making a corresponding reasonable arrangement of leveling heating lines is as follows:
(1)垂直焊缝横向起折的角变形(1) Angular deformation of vertical weld seam from lateral fold
在加强筋的背面，沿平行于焊缝的方向布置加热线，在焊缝的背面一定距离上对板材进行加热，利用金属在冷却时产生的拉应力，将变形矫平；On the back of the rib, arrange the heating line along the direction parallel to the weld, heat the plate at a certain distance on the back of the weld, and use the tensile stress generated by the metal during cooling to level the deformation;
(2)平行焊缝方向的纵向弯曲的波浪变形(2) Wave deformation of longitudinal bending parallel to the weld seam direction
在波浪变形的波峰波谷处布置加热线多次加热，来达到矫正效果；对于面板厚度较大的，采用双加热线进行矫正，对于面板厚度较小的，则采用单加热线进行加热矫正。Arrange heating wires at the crests and troughs of wave deformation for multiple heating to achieve the correction effect; for thicker panels, double heating wires are used for correction, and for thinner panels, single heating wires are used for heating and correction.
与现有技术相比，本发明具有以下有益效果和优点：Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects and advantages:
1.本发明通过对实际焊接工件的材料属性的相关数据以及实际焊接工况的数据进行收集，将实际数据待入固有应变法的公式建立符合现场工况的工件焊接变形数学模型；1. The present invention collects the relevant data of the material properties of the actual welding workpiece and the data of the actual welding condition, and puts the actual data into the formula of the inherent strain method to establish a mathematical model of workpiece welding deformation that meets the field conditions;
2.本发明将所构建的焊接变形数学模型与实际焊接件进行比对，修正理论模型的误差，使所求模型对实际焊接变形的描述更加精确；2. The present invention compares the constructed welding deformation mathematical model with the actual weldment, corrects the error of the theoretical model, and makes the description of the actual welding deformation by the required model more accurate;
3.本发明根据焊接变形模型判断焊接后变形是属于垂直焊缝横向起折的角变形还是平行焊缝方向的纵向弯曲的波浪变形，再根据所得的变形类型进行感应矫平加热线的布置，使得最后矫平效果最优；3. According to the welding deformation model, the present invention judges whether the post-welding deformation belongs to the angular deformation of the vertical weld seam or the longitudinal bending wave deformation parallel to the weld seam direction, and then arranges the induction leveling heating line according to the obtained deformation type. Make the final leveling effect optimal;
4.本发明使用电磁感应加热的方法对薄板进行矫平，感应加热热源加热效率高、利于控制不会有连带影响，而且可控程度高，热效率高、节能清洁，薄板矫正效果明显；4. The present invention uses the method of electromagnetic induction heating to level the thin plate. The heating efficiency of the induction heating heat source is high, which is beneficial to control and will not have collateral effects, and the degree of controllability is high, the thermal efficiency is high, energy-saving and clean, and the straightening effect of the thin plate is obvious;
5.本发明最后对矫平后的薄板进行平整度检测，将检测结果与所要求的平整度比对，进一步修正确保了最终矫平的效果。5. Finally, the present invention detects the flatness of the flattened sheet, compares the detection result with the required flatness, and further corrects to ensure the final leveling effect.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为本发明的一种薄板焊接变形的模型建构方法的流程图。Fig. 1 is a flowchart of a model construction method for welding deformation of a thin plate according to the present invention.
图2为本发明的一种薄板焊接变形的矫平方法的流程图。Fig. 2 is a flow chart of a method for leveling thin plate welding deformation according to the present invention.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
本发明的一种薄板焊接变形的模型建构及其矫平方法，根据所需要矫平的薄板材质获得相应的材料属性，对现场的焊接方法、焊接温度、焊接速度等焊接工艺参数进行采集；根据相应数据与固有应变理论建立焊接形变数学模型，并通过实际取样对此模型进行修正；根据 模型输出判断焊接形变类型，并布置相应的矫平加热线；应用电磁感应加热方法根据加热线位置对变形工件进行矫平；矫平后测量工件的平整度，再根据实际要求判断是否达标，如果不达标则进一步矫平，如果达标工作结束。本发明是在实际数据基础上建立焊接形变数学模型，能精准识别焊接形变情况并作出合理的矫平加热线，并应用电磁感应加热技术矫平，可达到无污染且高效的矫平效果。A model construction and leveling method of thin plate welding deformation of the present invention obtains corresponding material properties according to the material of the thin plate to be leveled, and collects welding process parameters such as welding method, welding temperature, and welding speed on site; according to Corresponding data and inherent strain theory establish a welding deformation mathematical model, and correct the model through actual sampling; judge the welding deformation type according to the model output, and arrange the corresponding leveling heating line; apply electromagnetic induction heating method to adjust the deformation according to the position of the heating line The workpiece is leveled; after leveling, measure the flatness of the workpiece, and then judge whether it meets the standard according to the actual requirements. If it does not meet the standard, it will be further leveled. If it meets the standard, the work is over. The invention establishes a mathematical model of welding deformation on the basis of actual data, can accurately identify welding deformation and make reasonable leveling heating lines, and uses electromagnetic induction heating technology for leveling, which can achieve pollution-free and efficient leveling effects.
下面结合附图对本发明做进一步详细说明。The present invention will be described in further detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
如图1所示，本发明的一种薄板焊接变形的模型建构方法，利用固有应变法获得焊接变形模型，包括以下步骤：As shown in Figure 1, a kind of thin plate welding deformation model construction method of the present invention utilizes inherent strain method to obtain welding deformation model, comprises the following steps:
步骤M1.根据现场需要矫平的薄板材质获得相应的材料属性，包括弹性模量、薄板厚度、屈服应力、热膨胀系数；Step M1. Obtain corresponding material properties according to the sheet material to be leveled on site, including elastic modulus, sheet thickness, yield stress, and thermal expansion coefficient;
步骤M2.了解现场焊接工艺相关数据，室温、焊接时最高温度、焊接速度，冷却过程中温度最大变化值、焊缝的横剖面积；Step M2. Understand the data related to the on-site welding process, room temperature, maximum temperature during welding, welding speed, maximum temperature change value during cooling, and cross-sectional area of the weld;
步骤M3.根据相应数据求取压缩塑性应变和拉伸塑性应变的值；Step M3. Calculate the values of compressive plastic strain and tensile plastic strain according to the corresponding data;
步骤M4.将焊接过程中压缩塑性应变和拉伸塑性应变相加得到最终的固有应变:Step M4. Adding the compressive plastic strain and the tensile plastic strain in the welding process to obtain the final intrinsic strain:
步骤M5.将所得固有应变进行积分，再根据现场实验取样修正得到最终横向和纵向固有变形数学模型、横向和纵向弯曲变形数学模型。Step M5. Integrate the obtained inherent strains, and then correct them according to field experiment sampling to obtain the final mathematical models of the transverse and longitudinal intrinsic deformations, and the mathematical models of transverse and longitudinal bending deformations.
所述步骤M3中，根据相应数据求取压缩塑性应变和拉伸塑性应变的值的步骤包括：In the step M3, the step of obtaining the values of the compressive plastic strain and the tensile plastic strain according to the corresponding data includes:
焊接包括两个过程：热源对焊件的加热、热源离开后焊件的冷却；在整个过程中焊件内部的总应变包括弹性应变、塑性应变、热应变和金属相变，如下式表达Welding includes two processes: the heating of the weldment by the heat source, and the cooling of the weldment after the heat source leaves; the total strain inside the weldment during the whole process includes elastic strain, plastic strain, thermal strain and metal phase transformation, as expressed in the following formula
ε＝ε e+ε p+ε t+ε x              (25) ε＝ε e +ε p +ε t +ε x (25)
而在焊接过程中固有应变也称之为非弹性应变，即The inherent strain in the welding process is also called inelastic strain, namely
ε *＝ε-ε e＝ε p+ε t+ε x         (26) ε * ＝ε-ε e ＝ε p +ε t +ε x (26)
其中，ε代表总应变，ε *是非弹性应变，ε e是弹性应变，ε p是塑性应变，ε t是热应变，ε x是金属相变； Among them, ε represents the total strain, ε * is the inelastic strain, ε e is the elastic strain, ε p is the plastic strain, ε t is the thermal strain, ε x is the metal phase transformation;
焊接结束后，焊件恢复到室温，此时热应变可以看作为零；在忽略金属相变的前提条件下，残余的塑性应变就等于固有应变，即After welding, the weldment returns to room temperature, and the thermal strain can be regarded as zero at this time; under the precondition of ignoring the metal phase transformation, the residual plastic strain is equal to the intrinsic strain, that is
ε *＝ε p          (27) ε * = ε p (27)
产生拉伸塑性形变，压缩塑性应变和拉伸塑性应变由下式计算，即To produce tensile plastic deformation, compressive plastic strain and tensile plastic strain are calculated by the following formula, namely
ε p1＝-a(T max-T 0)               (28) ε p1 ＝-a(T max -T 0 ) (28)
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000021
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000021
其中，ε p1是压缩塑性应变，ε p2是拉伸塑性应变，a为热膨胀系数，T max为加热过程所能达到的最高温度，T 0为初始温度，T 2max为冷却过程中的温度最大变化值，σ y为屈服应力，E为弹性模量，A为焊缝的横剖面积，L为固有应变的宽度，k z为焊件的弹性系数。 Among them, ε p1 is the compressive plastic strain, ε p2 is the tensile plastic strain, a is the coefficient of thermal expansion, T max is the maximum temperature that can be reached during the heating process, T 0 is the initial temperature, and T 2max is the maximum temperature change during the cooling process Value, σ y is the yield stress, E is the modulus of elasticity, A is the cross-sectional area of the weld, L is the width of the inherent strain, and k z is the elastic coefficient of the weldment.
所述步骤M4中，将焊接过程中压缩塑性应变和拉伸塑性应变相加得到最终的固有应变， 用下式表示：In the step M4, the compressive plastic strain and the tensile plastic strain in the welding process are added to obtain the final intrinsic strain, which is represented by the following formula:
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000022
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000022
在式中T c为塑性应变区的平均温度之差； In the formula, Tc is the difference between the average temperature of the plastic strain zone;
焊接的横、纵向固有应变值由下式计算，即The transverse and longitudinal inherent strain values of welding are calculated by the following formula, namely
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000023
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000023
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000024
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000024
在式中
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000025
为横固有应变，
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000026
为纵向固有应变，T cx为塑性应变区的横向平均温度之差，T cy为塑性应变区的纵向平均温度之差。 in the formula
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000025
is the transverse intrinsic strain,
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000026
is the longitudinal inherent strain, T cx is the difference of the transverse average temperature in the plastic strain zone, and T cy is the difference of the longitudinal average temperature in the plastic strain zone.
所述的步骤M5包括以下过程：Described step M5 comprises the following processes:
用一组焊接变形的数值来表征整个焊缝的焊接变形数学模型；垂直于焊缝的截面的焊接变形数学模型包含横向和纵向固有变形、横向和纵向弯曲变形四个部分，可以通过固有应变进行积分计算，最后通过现场多次取样实验对所得模型进行修正，具体焊接变形数学模型如下：A set of welding deformation values is used to characterize the welding deformation mathematical model of the entire weld; the welding deformation mathematical model of the section perpendicular to the weld includes four parts: transverse and longitudinal inherent deformation, transverse and longitudinal bending deformation, which can be carried out through inherent strain Integral calculation, and finally the obtained model is corrected through multiple sampling experiments on site. The specific mathematical model of welding deformation is as follows:
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000027
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000027
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000028
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000028
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000029
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000029
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000030
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000030
在式中，x为垂直焊缝方向，y厚度方向和z焊缝方向，h为板材厚度，c、d、f、g分别为横向和纵向固有变形、横向和纵向弯曲变形的补偿系数。In the formula, x is the vertical weld direction, y thickness direction and z weld direction, h is the plate thickness, c, d, f, g are the compensation coefficients of transverse and longitudinal inherent deformation, transverse and longitudinal bending deformation, respectively.
如图2所示，本发明的一种薄板焊接变形的矫平方法，包括以下步骤：As shown in Figure 2, a kind of flattening method of sheet welding deformation of the present invention comprises the following steps:
步骤一、薄板焊接变形模型的建构：了解矫平工件材料相关属性以及现场焊接工艺相关参数，根据所得的数据与相关公式求取压缩塑性应变和拉伸塑性应变的值，并将值相加得到工件最终的固有应变，再根据现场实验取样修正得到最终横向和纵向固有变形数学模型、横向和纵向弯曲变形数学模型。Step 1. Construction of thin plate welding deformation model: understand the relevant properties of the leveling workpiece material and the relevant parameters of the on-site welding process, calculate the values of compressive plastic strain and tensile plastic strain according to the obtained data and related formulas, and add the values to get The final intrinsic strain of the workpiece is corrected according to the field experiment sampling to obtain the final transverse and longitudinal intrinsic deformation mathematical model, and the transverse and longitudinal bending deformation mathematical model.
步骤二、根据所得焊接变形数学模型判断焊接后的变形是属于角变形和纵向弯曲的波浪变形中哪一类，同时根据现场薄板实际情况进行合理的矫平加热线布置；Step 2. According to the obtained welding deformation mathematical model, it is judged whether the deformation after welding belongs to the wave deformation of angular deformation or longitudinal bending, and at the same time, a reasonable leveling heating line arrangement is carried out according to the actual situation of the thin plate on site;
步骤三、利用金属本身的导磁作用，通过感应电流产生涡流效应，将钢板迅速加热，在钢板的厚度方向产生较大的温度梯度，快速冷却后收缩，以达到消除原有变形的目的，实现电磁感应加热矫平的效果；Step 3. Using the magnetic conduction effect of the metal itself, the eddy current effect is generated by the induced current, and the steel plate is heated rapidly to generate a large temperature gradient in the thickness direction of the steel plate. After rapid cooling, it shrinks to achieve the purpose of eliminating the original deformation and realizing The effect of electromagnetic induction heating leveling;
步骤四、对矫平后的薄板进行平整度检测，判断是否需要进一步修正。Step 4: Carry out flatness inspection on the flattened thin plate, and determine whether further correction is required.
所述的步骤一，建构薄板焊接变形模型：利用固有应变法获得焊接变形模型，包括：The first step, constructing the welding deformation model of the thin plate: using the inherent strain method to obtain the welding deformation model, including:
步骤1.1.根据现场需要矫平的薄板材质获得相应的材料属性，弹性模量、薄板厚度、屈服应力、热膨胀系数等:Step 1.1. Obtain the corresponding material properties, elastic modulus, sheet thickness, yield stress, thermal expansion coefficient, etc. according to the sheet material that needs to be leveled on site:
步骤1.2.了解现场焊接工艺相关数据，室温、焊接时最高温度、焊接速度等、冷却过程中温度最大变化值、焊缝的横剖面积；Step 1.2. Understand the data related to the on-site welding process, room temperature, maximum temperature during welding, welding speed, etc., the maximum temperature change value during the cooling process, and the cross-sectional area of the weld;
步骤1.3.根据相应数据求取压缩塑性应变和拉伸塑性应变的值:Step 1.3. Obtain the value of compressive plastic strain and tensile plastic strain according to corresponding data:
焊接过程包括热源对焊件的加热以及热源离开后焊件的冷却2个过程，在整个过程中焊件内部的总应变由弹性应变、塑性应变、热应变和金属相变组成，由下公式表达The welding process includes two processes: the heating of the weldment by the heat source and the cooling of the weldment after the heat source leaves. During the whole process, the total strain inside the weldment is composed of elastic strain, plastic strain, thermal strain and metal phase transformation, expressed by the following formula
ε＝ε e+ε p+ε t+ε x            (37) ε＝ε e +ε p +ε t +ε x (37)
而在焊接过程中固有应变也称之为非弹性应变，即The inherent strain in the welding process is also called inelastic strain, namely
ε *＝ε-ε e＝ε p+ε t+ε x          (38) ε * ＝ε-ε e ＝ε p +ε t +ε x (38)
在公式中ε代表总应变，ε *是非弹性应变，ε e是弹性应变，ε p是塑性应变，ε t是热应变，ε x是金属相变。 In the formula ε represents the total strain, ε * is the inelastic strain, ε e is the elastic strain, ε p is the plastic strain, ε t is the thermal strain, and ε x is the metallic phase transition.
焊接过程结束后，焊件恢复到室温，所以此时热应变可以看作为零。同时在忽略金属相变的前提条件下，残余的塑性应变就等于固有应变，即After the welding process, the weldment returns to room temperature, so the thermal strain can be regarded as zero at this time. At the same time, under the precondition of ignoring the metal phase transformation, the residual plastic strain is equal to the intrinsic strain, that is
ε *＝ε p               (39) ε * = εp (39)
焊件变形按照焊接方向可以为横向变形和纵向变形，相应的，引起横向变形的应变可以看作为横向固有应变，引起纵向变形的应变为纵向固有应变。在焊接过程中，焊件的温度逐渐升高，当温度超过屈服温度时，受到弹性应力的压缩作用，产生压缩塑性形变；降温过程中，焊件受到弹性应力的拉伸作用，产生拉伸塑性形变，压缩塑性应变和拉伸塑性应变由下式计算，即The deformation of the weldment can be transverse deformation and longitudinal deformation according to the welding direction. Correspondingly, the strain causing the transverse deformation can be regarded as the transverse intrinsic strain, and the strain causing the longitudinal deformation is the longitudinal intrinsic strain. During the welding process, the temperature of the weldment gradually increases. When the temperature exceeds the yield temperature, it is compressed by the elastic stress, resulting in compressive plastic deformation; during the cooling process, the weldment is stretched by the elastic stress, resulting in tensile plasticity. The deformation, compressive plastic strain and tensile plastic strain are calculated by the following formula, namely
ε p1＝-a(T max-T 0)          (40) ε p1 ＝-a(T max -T 0 ) (40)
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000031
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000031
在式中ε p1是压缩塑性应变，ε p2是拉伸塑性应变，a为热膨胀系数，T max为加热过程所能达到的最高温度，T 0为初始温度，T 2max为冷却过程中的温度最大变化值，σ y为屈服应力，E为弹性模量，A为焊缝的横剖面积，L为固有应变的宽度，k z为焊件的弹性系数。 In the formula, ε p1 is the compressive plastic strain, ε p2 is the tensile plastic strain, a is the thermal expansion coefficient, T max is the highest temperature that can be reached during the heating process, T 0 is the initial temperature, and T 2max is the maximum temperature during the cooling process Change value, σ y is the yield stress, E is the modulus of elasticity, A is the cross-sectional area of the weld, L is the width of the inherent strain, and k z is the elastic coefficient of the weldment.
步骤1.4.将焊接过程中压缩塑性应变和拉伸塑性应变相加得到最终的固有应变:Step 1.4. Add the compressive plastic strain and tensile plastic strain during welding to get the final intrinsic strain:
将焊接过程中压缩塑性应变和拉伸塑性应变相加得到最终的固有应变，即The final intrinsic strain is obtained by adding the compressive plastic strain and the tensile plastic strain during the welding process, namely
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000032
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000032
在式中T c为塑性应变区的平均温度之差。 In the formula, Tc is the difference between the average temperature of the plastic strain zone.
那么焊接的横、纵向固有应变值由下式计算，即Then the transverse and longitudinal inherent strain values of welding are calculated by the following formula, namely
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000033
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000033
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000034
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000034
在式中
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000035
为横固有应变，
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000036
为纵向固有应变，T cx为塑性应变区的横向平均温度之差，T cy为塑性应变区的纵向平均温度之差。 in the formula
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000035
is the transverse intrinsic strain,
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000036
is the longitudinal inherent strain, T cx is the difference of the transverse average temperature in the plastic strain zone, and T cy is the difference of the longitudinal average temperature in the plastic strain zone.
步骤1.5.将所得固有应变进行积分，再根据现场实验取样修正得到最终横向和纵向固有变形数学模型、横向和纵向弯曲变形数学模型；Step 1.5. Integrate the obtained intrinsic strain, and then obtain the final transverse and longitudinal intrinsic deformation mathematical model, transverse and longitudinal bending deformation mathematical model according to field experiment sampling correction;
在焊接过程中，垂直于焊缝的每个截面都有一定量的变形，这些变形就是焊接变形。在忽略端部效应的前提下，焊接变形在沿着焊缝的各个横截面上基本相同。因此，仅用一组焊接变形的数值就可以表征整个焊缝的焊接变形数学模型。垂直于焊缝的截面的焊接变形数学模型包含横向和纵向固有变形、横向和纵向弯曲变形四个部分，这些变形可以通过固有应变进行积分计算得到，最后通过现场多次取样实验对所得模型进行修正，具体焊接变形数学模型如下：During the welding process, each section perpendicular to the weld has a certain amount of deformation, and these deformations are welding deformation. Under the premise of ignoring the end effect, the welding deformation is basically the same in all cross-sections along the weld. Therefore, only a set of welding deformation values can characterize the welding deformation mathematical model of the entire weld. The welding deformation mathematical model of the section perpendicular to the weld includes four parts: transverse and longitudinal inherent deformation, transverse and longitudinal bending deformation. These deformations can be calculated by integral calculation of intrinsic strain, and finally the obtained model is corrected through multiple sampling experiments on site , the specific welding deformation mathematical model is as follows:
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000037
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000037
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000038
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000038
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000039
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000039
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000040
Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-000040
在式中x为垂直焊缝方向，y厚度方向和z焊缝方向，h为板材厚度，c、d、f、g分别为横向和纵向固有变形、横向和纵向弯曲变形的补偿系数。In the formula, x is the vertical weld direction, y thickness direction and z weld direction, h is the plate thickness, c, d, f, g are the compensation coefficients of transverse and longitudinal inherent deformation, transverse and longitudinal bending deformation, respectively.
所述的步骤二，根据模型进行矫平加热线布置，其过程包括：In the second step, the leveling heating line is arranged according to the model, and the process includes:
根据所建构的焊接变形数学模型判断焊接后变形是属于垂直焊缝横向起折的角变形和平行焊缝方向的纵向弯曲的波浪变形中哪一类，同时根据现场薄板厚度情况进行合理的矫平加热线布置；在实际生产中，通过焊接变形模型判断加筋板结构的变形并进行相应合理的矫平加热线布置的过程为：According to the constructed mathematical model of welding deformation, it is judged whether the post-welding deformation belongs to the angle deformation of the vertical weld seam and the longitudinal bending wave deformation parallel to the direction of the weld seam. At the same time, reasonable leveling is carried out according to the thickness of the thin plate on site Heating line layout; in actual production, the process of judging the deformation of the stiffened plate structure through the welding deformation model and making a corresponding reasonable leveling heating line is as follows:
(1)垂直焊缝横向起折的角变形(1) Angular deformation of vertical weld seam from lateral fold
在加强筋的背面，沿平行于焊缝的方向布置加热线，在焊缝的背面一定距离上对板材进行加热，利用金属在冷却时产生的拉应力，将变形矫平。On the back of the rib, arrange the heating line along the direction parallel to the weld, heat the plate at a certain distance on the back of the weld, and use the tensile stress generated by the metal during cooling to level the deformation.
(2)平行焊缝方向的纵向弯曲的波浪变形(2) Wave deformation of longitudinal bending parallel to the weld seam direction
在波浪变形的波峰波谷处布置加热线多次加热，来达到矫正效果。Arrange heating wires at the crests and troughs of wave deformation for multiple heatings to achieve the corrective effect.
由于电磁感应加热设备有一定的体积，设备内部的感应线圈具有一定的宽度，在实际使用中被加热的位置将是一个有宽度的区域。对于面板厚度较大的，采用双加热线进行矫正，对于面板厚度较小的，则采用单加热线进行加热矫正。Since the electromagnetic induction heating equipment has a certain volume and the induction coil inside the equipment has a certain width, the heated position will be a wide area in actual use. For thicker panels, double heating wires are used for correction, and for thinner panels, single heating wires are used for heating correction.
所述的步骤三、感应加热矫平过程包括：Described step three, the induction heating leveling process comprises:
利用金属本身固有的导磁作用，通过感应电流，利用电磁感应的涡流效应，在钢板的加热面产生“集肤效应”，将钢板的加热面迅速加热到金属本身的居里温度，进而在钢板的厚度方向上产生较大的温度梯度，快速冷却后收缩，以达到消除原有变形的目的，实现电磁感应加热矫平的效果。感应加热矫平的方法具有可控程度高，热效率高、节能清洁，薄板矫正效果明显的优点。Using the inherent magnetic conduction effect of the metal itself, through the induced current and the eddy current effect of electromagnetic induction, a "skin effect" is generated on the heating surface of the steel plate, and the heating surface of the steel plate is quickly heated to the Curie temperature of the metal itself, and then the steel plate is heated A large temperature gradient is generated in the thickness direction of the steel plate, and it shrinks after rapid cooling, so as to eliminate the original deformation and achieve the effect of electromagnetic induction heating and leveling. The induction heating leveling method has the advantages of high controllability, high thermal efficiency, energy saving and cleaning, and obvious thin plate straightening effect.
所述的步骤四、根据矫平效果判断是否要修正：Said step 4, judging whether to correct according to the leveling effect:
对矫平后的薄板进行平整度检测，如果最后矫平结果未达到实际要求，则进一步电磁感应加热矫平修正；如果达到要求则矫平工作结束。The flatness of the flattened sheet is tested, if the final leveling result does not meet the actual requirements, further electromagnetic induction heating for leveling correction; if the requirements are met, the leveling work ends.

Claims (7)

  1. 一种薄板焊接变形的模型建构方法，其特征在于，利用固有应变法获得焊接变形模型，包括以下步骤：A method for building a model of thin plate welding deformation, characterized in that the welding deformation model is obtained using the inherent strain method, comprising the following steps:
    步骤M1.根据现场需要矫平的薄板材质获得相应的材料属性，包括弹性模量、薄板厚度、屈服应力、热膨胀系数；Step M1. Obtain corresponding material properties according to the sheet material to be leveled on site, including elastic modulus, sheet thickness, yield stress, and thermal expansion coefficient;
    步骤M2.了解现场焊接工艺相关数据，室温、焊接时最高温度、焊接速度，冷却过程中温度最大变化值、焊缝的横剖面积；Step M2. Understand the data related to the on-site welding process, room temperature, maximum temperature during welding, welding speed, maximum temperature change value during cooling, and cross-sectional area of the weld;
    步骤M3.根据相应数据求取压缩塑性应变和拉伸塑性应变的值；Step M3. Calculate the values of compressive plastic strain and tensile plastic strain according to the corresponding data;
    步骤M4.将焊接过程中压缩塑性应变和拉伸塑性应变相加得到最终的固有应变:Step M4. Adding the compressive plastic strain and the tensile plastic strain in the welding process to obtain the final intrinsic strain:
    步骤M5.将所得固有应变进行积分，再根据现场实验取样修正得到最终横向和纵向固有变形数学模型、横向和纵向弯曲变形数学模型。Step M5. Integrate the obtained inherent strains, and then correct them according to field experiment sampling to obtain the final mathematical models of the transverse and longitudinal intrinsic deformations, and the mathematical models of transverse and longitudinal bending deformations.
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种薄板焊接变形的模型建构方法，其特征在于，所述步骤M3中，根据相应数据求取压缩塑性应变和拉伸塑性应变的值的步骤包括：A method for building a model of thin plate welding deformation according to claim 1, wherein, in the step M3, the step of obtaining the values of the compressive plastic strain and the tensile plastic strain according to the corresponding data includes:
    焊接包括两个过程：热源对焊件的加热、热源离开后焊件的冷却；在整个过程中焊件内部的总应变包括弹性应变、塑性应变、热应变和金属相变，如下式表达Welding includes two processes: the heating of the weldment by the heat source, and the cooling of the weldment after the heat source leaves; the total strain inside the weldment during the whole process includes elastic strain, plastic strain, thermal strain and metal phase transformation, as expressed in the following formula
    ε＝ε e+ε p+ε t+ε x       (1) ε＝ε e +ε p +ε t +ε x (1)
    而在焊接过程中固有应变也称之为非弹性应变，即The inherent strain in the welding process is also called inelastic strain, namely
    ε *＝ε-ε e＝ε p+ε t+ε x      (2) ε * ＝ε-ε e ＝ε p +ε t +ε x (2)
    其中，ε代表总应变，ε *是非弹性应变，ε e是弹性应变，ε p是塑性应变，ε t是热应变，ε x是金属相变； Among them, ε represents the total strain, ε * is the inelastic strain, ε e is the elastic strain, ε p is the plastic strain, ε t is the thermal strain, ε x is the metal phase transformation;
    焊接结束后，焊件恢复到室温，此时热应变可以看作为零；在忽略金属相变的前提条件下，残余的塑性应变就等于固有应变，即After welding, the weldment returns to room temperature, and the thermal strain can be regarded as zero at this time; under the precondition of ignoring the metal phase transformation, the residual plastic strain is equal to the intrinsic strain, that is
    ε *＝ε p       (3) ε * = ε p (3)
    产生拉伸塑性形变，压缩塑性应变和拉伸塑性应变由下式计算，即To produce tensile plastic deformation, compressive plastic strain and tensile plastic strain are calculated by the following formula, namely
    ε p1＝-a(T max-T 0)       (4) ε p1 ＝-a(T max -T 0 ) (4)
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100001
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100001
    其中，ε p1是压缩塑性应变，ε p2是拉伸塑性应变，a为热膨胀系数，T max为加热过程所能达到的最高温度，T 0为初始温度，T 2max为冷却过程中的温度最大变化值，σ y为屈服应力，E为弹性模量，A为焊缝的横剖面积，L为固有应变的宽度，k z为焊件的弹性系数。 Among them, ε p1 is the compressive plastic strain, ε p2 is the tensile plastic strain, a is the coefficient of thermal expansion, T max is the maximum temperature that can be reached during the heating process, T 0 is the initial temperature, and T 2max is the maximum temperature change during the cooling process Value, σ y is the yield stress, E is the modulus of elasticity, A is the cross-sectional area of the weld, L is the width of the inherent strain, and k z is the elastic coefficient of the weldment.
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的一种薄板焊接变形的模型建构方法，其特征在于，所述步骤M4中，将焊接过程中压缩塑性应变和拉伸塑性应变相加得到最终的固有应变，用下式表示：A method for building a model of thin plate welding deformation according to claim 1, characterized in that, in the step M4, the final intrinsic strain is obtained by adding the compressive plastic strain and the tensile plastic strain during the welding process, using the following formula express:
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100002
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100002
    在式中T c为塑性应变区的平均温度之差； In the formula, Tc is the difference between the average temperature of the plastic strain zone;
    焊接的横、纵向固有应变值由下式计算，即The transverse and longitudinal inherent strain values of welding are calculated by the following formula, namely
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100003
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100003
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100004
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100004
    在式中
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100005
    为横固有应变，
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100006
    为纵向固有应变，T cx为塑性应变区的横向平均温度之差，T cy为塑性应变区的纵向平均温度之差。     in the formula
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100005
    is the transverse intrinsic strain,
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100006
    is the longitudinal inherent strain, T cx is the difference of the transverse average temperature in the plastic strain zone, and T cy is the difference of the longitudinal average temperature in the plastic strain zone.
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的一种薄板焊接变形的模型建构方法，其特征在于，所述的步骤M5包括以下过程：A method for building a model of thin plate welding deformation according to claim 1, wherein said step M5 includes the following processes:
    用一组焊接变形的数值来表征整个焊缝的焊接变形数学模型；垂直于焊缝的截面的焊接变形数学模型包含横向和纵向固有变形、横向和纵向弯曲变形四个部分，可以通过固有应变进行积分计算，最后通过现场多次取样实验对所得模型进行修正，具体焊接变形数学模型如下：A set of welding deformation values is used to characterize the welding deformation mathematical model of the entire weld; the welding deformation mathematical model of the section perpendicular to the weld includes four parts: transverse and longitudinal inherent deformation, transverse and longitudinal bending deformation, which can be carried out through inherent strain Integral calculation, and finally the obtained model is corrected through multiple sampling experiments on site. The specific mathematical model of welding deformation is as follows:
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100007
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100007
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100008
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100008
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100009
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100009
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100010
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100010
    在式中，x为垂直焊缝方向，y厚度方向和z焊缝方向，h为板材厚度，c、d、f、g分别为横向和纵向固有变形、横向和纵向弯曲变形的补偿系数。In the formula, x is the vertical weld direction, y thickness direction and z weld direction, h is the plate thickness, c, d, f, g are the compensation coefficients of transverse and longitudinal inherent deformation, transverse and longitudinal bending deformation, respectively.
  5. 一种薄板焊接变形的矫平方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：A method for leveling thin plate welding deformation, characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
    步骤一、建构薄板焊接变形模型：了解矫平工件材料相关属性以及现场焊接工艺相关参数，根据所得的数据与相关公式求取压缩塑性应变和拉伸塑性应变的值，并将值相加得到工件最终的固有应变，再根据现场实验取样修正得到最终横向和纵向固有变形数学模型、横向和纵向弯曲变形数学模型；Step 1. Construct the thin plate welding deformation model: understand the relevant properties of the leveling workpiece material and the relevant parameters of the on-site welding process, calculate the values of compressive plastic strain and tensile plastic strain according to the obtained data and related formulas, and add the values to get the workpiece The final intrinsic strain is corrected according to the field experiment sampling to obtain the final transverse and longitudinal intrinsic deformation mathematical model, transverse and longitudinal bending deformation mathematical model;
    步骤二、根据所得焊接变形数学模型判断焊接后的变形是属于角变形和纵向弯曲的波浪变形中哪一类，同时根据现场薄板实际情况进行合理的矫平加热线布置；Step 2. According to the obtained welding deformation mathematical model, it is judged whether the deformation after welding belongs to the wave deformation of angular deformation or longitudinal bending, and at the same time, a reasonable leveling heating line arrangement is carried out according to the actual situation of the thin plate on site;
    步骤三、利用金属本身的导磁作用，通过感应电流产生涡流效应，将钢板迅速加热，在钢板的厚度方向产生较大的温度梯度，快速冷却后收缩，以达到消除原有变形的目的，实现电磁感应加热矫平的效果；Step 3. Using the magnetic conduction effect of the metal itself, the eddy current effect is generated by the induced current, and the steel plate is heated rapidly to generate a large temperature gradient in the thickness direction of the steel plate. After rapid cooling, it shrinks to achieve the purpose of eliminating the original deformation and realizing The effect of electromagnetic induction heating leveling;
    步骤四、对矫平后的薄板进行平整度检测，判断是否需要进一步修正。Step 4: Carry out flatness inspection on the flattened thin plate, and determine whether further correction is required.
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的一种薄板焊接变形的矫平方法，其特征在于，在所述的步骤一，建构薄板焊接变形模型，利用固有应变法获得焊接变形模型，包括：A method for leveling thin plate welding deformation according to claim 5, characterized in that, in the first step, constructing a thin plate welding deformation model, using the inherent strain method to obtain the welding deformation model, including:
    步骤1.1.根据现场需要矫平的薄板材质获得相应的材料属性：弹性模量、薄板厚度、屈服应力、热膨胀系数；Step 1.1. Obtain the corresponding material properties according to the sheet material that needs to be leveled on site: elastic modulus, sheet thickness, yield stress, thermal expansion coefficient;
    步骤1.2.了解现场焊接工艺相关数据：室温、焊接时最高温度、焊接速度，冷却过程中温度最大变化值、焊缝的横剖面积；Step 1.2. Understand the data related to the on-site welding process: room temperature, maximum temperature during welding, welding speed, maximum temperature change value during cooling, and cross-sectional area of the weld;
    步骤1.3.根据相应数据求取压缩塑性应变和拉伸塑性应变的值:Step 1.3. Obtain the value of compressive plastic strain and tensile plastic strain according to corresponding data:
    焊接过程包括两个过程：热源对焊件的加热以及热源离开后焊件的冷却，焊件内部的总应变包括弹性应变、塑性应变、热应变和金属相变，由下公式表达The welding process includes two processes: the heating of the weldment by the heat source and the cooling of the weldment after the heat source leaves. The total strain inside the weldment includes elastic strain, plastic strain, thermal strain and metal phase transformation, expressed by the following formula
    ε＝ε e+ε p+ε t+ε x       (13) ε＝ε e +ε p +ε t +ε x (13)
    而在焊接过程中固有应变也称为非弹性应变，即The inherent strain in the welding process is also called inelastic strain, namely
    ε *＝ε-ε e＝ε p+ε t+ε x      (14) ε * ＝ε-ε e ＝ε p +ε t +ε x (14)
    其中ε代表总应变，ε *是非弹性应变，ε e是弹性应变，ε p是塑性应变，ε t是热应变，ε x是金属相变； where ε represents the total strain, ε * is the inelastic strain, ε e is the elastic strain, ε p is the plastic strain, ε t is the thermal strain, ε x is the metallic phase transition;
    焊接过程结束后，焊件恢复到室温，此时热应变可以看作为零；在忽略金属相变的前提条件下，残余的塑性应变等于固有应变，即After the welding process is over, the weldment returns to room temperature, and the thermal strain can be regarded as zero at this time; under the precondition of ignoring the metal phase transformation, the residual plastic strain is equal to the intrinsic strain, that is
    ε *＝ε p      (15) ε * = ε p (15)
    焊件变形按照焊接方向可以为横向变形和纵向变形；引起横向变形的应变可以看作为横向固有应变，引起纵向变形的应变为纵向固有应变；在焊接过程中，焊件的温度逐渐升高，当温度超过屈服温度时，受到弹性应力的压缩作用，产生压缩塑性形变；降温过程中，焊件受到弹性应力的拉伸作用，产生拉伸塑性形变；压缩塑性应变和拉伸塑性应变由下式计算，即The deformation of the weldment can be transverse deformation and longitudinal deformation according to the welding direction; the strain causing the transverse deformation can be regarded as the transverse intrinsic strain, and the strain causing the longitudinal deformation is the longitudinal intrinsic strain; during the welding process, the temperature of the weldment increases gradually, when When the temperature exceeds the yield temperature, it is compressed by elastic stress, resulting in compressive plastic deformation; during the cooling process, the weldment is stretched by elastic stress, resulting in tensile plastic deformation; compressive plastic strain and tensile plastic strain are calculated by the following formula ,Right now
    ε p1＝-a(T max-T 0)        (16) ε p1 ＝-a(T max -T 0 ) (16)
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100011
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100011
    其中，ε p1是压缩塑性应变，ε p2是拉伸塑性应变，a为热膨胀系数，T max为加热过程所能达到的最高温度，T 0为初始温度，T 2max为冷却过程中的温度最大变化值，σ y为屈服应力，E为弹性模量，A为焊缝的横剖面积，L为固有应变的宽度，k z为焊件的弹性系数； Among them, ε p1 is the compressive plastic strain, ε p2 is the tensile plastic strain, a is the coefficient of thermal expansion, T max is the maximum temperature that can be reached during the heating process, T 0 is the initial temperature, and T 2max is the maximum temperature change during the cooling process σy is the yield stress, E is the elastic modulus, A is the cross-sectional area of the weld, L is the width of the inherent strain, and kz is the elastic coefficient of the weldment;
    步骤1.4.压缩塑性应变和拉伸塑性应变相加得到最终的固有应变，即Step 1.4. Add the compressive plastic strain and the tensile plastic strain to obtain the final intrinsic strain, namely
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100012
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100012
    T c为塑性应变区的平均温度之差； Tc is the difference between the average temperature in the plastic strain zone;
    焊接的横、纵向固有应变值由下式计算，即The transverse and longitudinal inherent strain values of welding are calculated by the following formula, namely
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100013
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100013
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100014
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100014
    在式中
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100015
    为横固有应变，
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100016
    为纵向固有应变，T cx为塑性应变区的横向平均温度之差，T cy为塑性应变区的纵向平均温度之差；     in the formula
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100015
    is the transverse intrinsic strain,
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100016
    is the longitudinal inherent strain, T cx is the difference of the transverse average temperature in the plastic strain zone, and T cy is the difference of the longitudinal average temperature in the plastic strain zone;
    步骤1.5.将所得固有应变进行积分，再根据现场实验取样修正得到最终横向和纵向固有变形数学模型、横向和纵向弯曲变形数学模型；Step 1.5. Integrate the obtained intrinsic strain, and then obtain the final transverse and longitudinal intrinsic deformation mathematical model, transverse and longitudinal bending deformation mathematical model according to field experiment sampling correction;
    在忽略端部效应的前提下，焊接变形在沿着焊缝的各个横截面上基本相同；因此，仅用一组焊接变形的数值可以表征整个焊缝的焊接变形数学模型；垂直于焊缝的截面的焊接变形数学模型包含横向和纵向固有变形、横向和纵向弯曲变形四个部分，这些变形可以通过固有应变进行积分计算得到，最后通过现场多次取样实验对所得模型进行修正，具体焊接变形数学模型如下：Under the premise of ignoring the end effect, the welding deformation is basically the same in each cross-section along the weld; therefore, only one set of welding deformation values can characterize the welding deformation mathematical model of the entire weld; The mathematical model of welding deformation of the section includes four parts: transverse and longitudinal intrinsic deformation, transverse and longitudinal bending deformation. The model is as follows:
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100017
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100017
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100018
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100018
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100019
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100019
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100020
    Figure PCTCN2022089135-appb-100020
    在式中x为垂直焊缝方向，y厚度方向和z焊缝方向，h为板材厚度，c、d、f、g分别为横向和纵向固有变形、横向和纵向弯曲变形的补偿系数。In the formula, x is the vertical weld direction, y thickness direction and z weld direction, h is the plate thickness, c, d, f, g are the compensation coefficients of transverse and longitudinal inherent deformation, transverse and longitudinal bending deformation, respectively.
  7. 根据权利要求5所述的一种薄板焊接变形的矫平方法，其特征在于，在所述的步骤二中，根据焊接变形模型进行矫平加热线布置，其过程包括：A method for leveling thin plate welding deformation according to claim 5, characterized in that, in the second step, the leveling heating line is arranged according to the welding deformation model, and the process includes:
    根据所建构的焊接变形数学模型，判断焊接后变形是属于垂直焊缝横向起折的角变形和平行焊缝方向的纵向弯曲的波浪变形中哪一类，同时根据现场薄板厚度情况进行相应合理的矫平加热线布置：在实际生产中，通过焊接变形模型判断加筋板结构的变形并进行相应合理的矫平加热线布置的过程为：According to the constructed mathematical model of welding deformation, it is judged whether the post-welding deformation belongs to the angle deformation of vertical bending in the direction of the weld or the wave deformation of longitudinal bending parallel to the direction of the welding seam. Arrangement of leveling heating lines: In actual production, the process of judging the deformation of the stiffened plate structure through the welding deformation model and making a corresponding reasonable arrangement of leveling heating lines is as follows:
    (1)垂直焊缝横向起折的角变形(1) Angular deformation of vertical weld seam from lateral fold
    在加强筋的背面，沿平行于焊缝的方向布置加热线，在焊缝的背面一定距离上对板材进行加热，利用金属在冷却时产生的拉应力，将变形矫平；On the back of the rib, arrange the heating line along the direction parallel to the weld, heat the plate at a certain distance on the back of the weld, and use the tensile stress generated by the metal during cooling to level the deformation;
    (2)平行焊缝方向的纵向弯曲的波浪变形(2) Wave deformation of longitudinal bending parallel to the weld seam direction
    在波浪变形的波峰波谷处布置加热线多次加热，来达到矫正效果；对于面板厚度较大的，采用双加热线进行矫正，对于面板厚度较小的，则采用单加热线进行加热矫正。Arrange heating wires at the crests and troughs of wave deformation for multiple heating to achieve the correction effect; for thicker panels, double heating wires are used for correction, and for thinner panels, single heating wires are used for heating and correction.
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